I 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


THE 


ORDNANCE   MANUAL 


THE  USE  OF  THE  OFFICERS 


UNITED    8TATE8  ARMY, 


THIED    EDITION, 


PHILADELPHIA : 
J.    B.    LIPPINCOTT    &    CO. 

1862. 


Entei-ed  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1861,  by 

J.  B.  LIPPINCOTT  &  CO. 

In  the  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  United  States,  in  and  for  the 

Eastern  District  of  Pennsylvania. 


Washington,  D.  C. 

September  2,  1861. 
General : — 

I  have  the  honor  to  report  that  I  have  completed  the  duty  assigned  me 
of  preparing  a  new  edition  of  the  Ordnance  Manual  for  publication.  The 
manuscript  is  now  ready  for  the  printer. 

Very  respectfully,  I  am.  General, 
Your  obedient  servant, 
T.  T.  S.  Laidley, 
Brig.  Gen.  J.  W.  Ripley,  Bvt.  Major,  Capt.  of  Ordnance. 

Chief  of  Ordnance. 


Watertown  Arsenal, 
Gen.  J.  W.  Ripley,  October  24,  1801. 

Ordnance  Office, 

Washington,  D.  C. 
Sir:— 

The  undersigned  have  the  honor  to  report  that,  in  obedience  to  your  in- 
structions of  the  3d  of  September,  1861,  they  have  examined  the  new 
edition  of  the  Ordnance  Manual,  prepared  by  Brevet  Major  Laidley,  and 
have  made  such  alterations  as  to  them  appeared  to  be  required. 

A.  B.  Dyer, 

Capt.  of  Ordnance. 
T.  J.  Rodman, 

Capt.  of  Ordnance. 
T.  T.  S.  Laidley, 
Bvt.  Major,  Capt.  of  Ordnance. 


Ordnance  Department, 
Hon.  S.  Cameron,  AVashington,  Nov.  4,  1861. 

Secretary  of  War. 
It  is  respectfully  recommended  that  the  revised  edition  of  the  Ordnance 
Manual  be  published  for  the  use  of  the  Army. 

William  ^Maynadier, 

Lt.  Col.  of  Ordnance, 
in  charge  of  Bureau. 
Approved,  November  4,  1861. 
Thomas  A.  Scott, 

Acting  Secretary  of  War. 

1-  V 


Lm\(. 


TABLE  OF  CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

Chapter  I. — Ordnance 13 

II. — Shot  and  Shells 34 

III. — Artillery  Carriages 44 

IV. — Machines,  etc.,  for  Siege  and  Garrison  Service...  Ill 

V. — Implements  and  Equipments 128 

VI. — Artillery  Harness  and  Cavalry  Equipments 142 

VII. — Paints,    Lackers,  etc 169 

VIII. — Small  Arms,  Swords,  and  Accoutrements 177 

IX. —  Gunpowder 234 

X. — Ammunition  and  Fireworks 254 

XI. — Equipment  of  Batteries  for  Field,  Siege,  and  Gar- 
rison Service 332 

XII. — Mechanical  Manceuvres 372 

XIII. — Artillery  Practice 384 

XIV.— Materials 405 

XV. — Mscellaneous  Information 445 


LIST  OF  PLATES. 


PIATE 

Guns 1 

Field-Gun  Carriage 2 

Caisson  and  Limber : 3 

Travelling  Forge 4 

Battery- Wagon 5 

Mountain  Artillery 6 

Siege-Gun  Carriage 7 

Mortar- Wagon 8 

Barbette-Gun  Carriage  (Wooden) 9 

Casemate-Gun  Carriage  "         10 

Casemate-Gun  Carriage  for  24-pdr.  Howitzer  (Wooden) 11 

Parts  of  Garrison  and  Sea-Coast  Carriages  (Iron) 12 

Barbette-Carriages,  Front  Pintle  (Iron) 13 

Barbette-Carriages,  Centre  Pintle     "       14 

Casemate-Carriages  (Iron) 15 

Field-Gin 16 

Casemate-Gin 17 

Sling-Cart 18 

Machines 19 

Artillery  Saddles 20 

Artillery  Harness 21 

Parts  of  Cavalry  Equipments 22 

Cavalry  Equipments 23 

Parts  of  Muskets 24 

25 

Small  Arms 26 

Packing  Small  Arms 27 

Swords  and  Sabres 28 

Apparatus  for  Proving  Gunpowder 29 

Lightning-Conductors 30 

Ammunition 31 

Ammunition-Chests 32 

Knots 33 

ix 


ORDNANCE  MANUAL. 


CHAPTER  FIRST. 

OEDNANCE. 

All  ordnance  for  the  land  service  is  made  by  private  contractors,  under 
the  direction  of  officers  of  the  Ordnance  Department.  The  kinds  and 
calibres  used  are  as  follow  : 


Guns. 


Field 


Mn.  (rifled)  {  ^^^^^"^g^^^^^^j  Model  18G1. 


Siege  and  gar- 
rison   


Sea-coast. 


6-pounder...  ^ 
12       " 
12       " 

4.5-in.  (rifled) 
12-pounder... 
18        -        ... 

[24       "        ... 

(-32 

l42 

8-inch 


V  Bronze, 


-  Cast  iron* 


Columbiads 


10 

10 
15 


f  Mountain 12-pounder. 

rl2 

Field 


j-  Cast  iron. 


Howitzers 


\  24 
32 


"*  I  Bronze. 


Garrison 
siege... 


and 


Sea-coast. 


24-pounder ... 

8-inch  

8     "     

/    8     "     

tlO     "     

2 


-  Cast  iron. 


1841. 
1841. 
1857. 

18r>l, 
1839. 
1839. 
1839. 
1841. 
1841. 

1844. 
1861. 
1844. 
1861. 
1861. 

1841. 
1841. 
1844. 
1844. 

1841. 
1811. 
1861. 
1841. 
1841. 


13 


14 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL 


Mortars 


Siege . 


Sea-coast. 


r   8-incli 

8  " 

]  10  " 

[lO  " 

flO  - 

10  " 

il3  " 

L13  " 


Cast 


.Model  1841. 

.  "  1861. 

.  "  1841. 

.  "  1861. 

.  "  1844. 

,  "  1861. 

.  "  1841. 

.  "  1861. 


1841. 


Coeliorn 24-pounder.  ...Bronze 

There  are,  in  some  of  the  forts,  guns  of  an  older  model  than  the  above. 
The  42-pounder  gun,  and  the  8  and  10-inch  sea-coast  howitzers,  are  sup- 
pressed, by  order  of  Feb.  9,  1861. 

The  forms  of  the  several  pieces  of  ordnance  are  shown  in  the  plates  1, 
2,  6,  7,  9,  10,  11,  and  14. 

Guns  and  howitzers  take  their  denominations  from  the  weights  of  their 
solid  shot  in  round  numbers,  including  the  42-pounder;  larger  pieces, 
rifle  guns,  and  mortars,  from  the  diameter  of  the  bore. 


DEFINITIONS. 

Cascahle. — The  knob  on  the  end  of  the  breech  of  a  gun;  it  is  composed 
of  the  Inioh  and  the  neck ;   sometimes  {he,  fillet. 

Breech. — The  mass  of  solid  metal  behind  the  bottom  of  the  bore,  ex- 
tending to  the  cascable. 

Base  of  the  breech. — The  rear  surface  of  the  breech. 

Base-line. — A  line  traced  around  the  gun  in  rear  of  the  vent. 

Base-ring. — A  projecting  band  of  metal  adjoining  the  base  of  the  breech 
and  connected  with  the  body  of  the  gun  by  a  concave  moulding. 

Reirforce. — The  thickest  part  of  the  body  of  the  gun,  in  front  of  the 
base  ring  or  line  :  if  there  is  more  than  one  reinforce,  that  which  is  next 
to  the  base-ring  is  called  i\\Q  first  reinforce;  the  other,  the  second  reinforce. 

Reinforce-band. — A  band  at  the  junction  of  the  first  and  second  reinforces. 

Chase. — The  conical  part  of  the  gun  in  front  of  the  reinforce. 

Astragal  SLiid  fillets. — The  moulding  at  the  front  end  of  the  chase. 

Chase-ring. — A  band  at  the  front  end  of  the  chase. 

Neck. — The  smallest  part  of  the  piece,  in  front  of  the  chase. 

Swell  of  the  muzzle. — The  largest  part  of  the  gun  in  front  of  the  neck. 

Muzzle-band. — A  band  which  takes  the  place  of  the  swell  of  the  muzzle, 
in  some  guns. 

Face  of  the  piece. — The  plane  terminating  the  gun  at  the  muzzle. 

Trunnions. — Two  cylinders  near  the  centre  of  gravity  of  the  gun,  by 
which  it  is  supported  on  its  carriage.  The  axes  of  the  trunnions  are  in  a 
line  perpendicular  to  the  axis  of  the  bore,  and,  in  our  guns,  in  the  same 
plane  with  that  axis. 


NOMENCLATURE. 


15 


Rimbase.— The  shoulder  at  the  base  of  the  trunnion. 

j^ore. — All  the  part  bored  out,  including  the  chamber,  and  the  junction 
of  the  bore  with  the  chamber. 

Chamber.— The  small  part  of  some  bores;  it  contains  the  charge  of 
powder. 

Gomer  chamber. — A  conical  chamber  which  is  joined  to  the  cylinder  of 
the  bore  by  a  portion  of  a  spherical  surface. 

True  tcindage. — The  difference  between  the  true  diameters  of  the  bore 
and  of  the  ball. 

Lock-piece. — A  block  of  metal  at  the  outer  opening  of  the  vent,  to  facili- 
tate attaching  a  lock  to  the  gun. 

Natural  line  of  sight. — A  line  drawn  in  a  vertical  plane  through  the  axis 
of  the  piece,  from  the  highest  point  of  the  base-ring  to  the  highest  point 
of  the  swell  of  the  muzzle,  or  to  the  top  of  the  sight,  if  there  be  one. 

Natural  angle  of  sight. — The  angle  which  the  natural  line  of  sight  makes 
with  the  axis  of  the  piece. 

Dispart. — The  difference  of  the  semi-diameters  of  the  base-ring  and  the 
swell  of  the  muzzle,  or  the  muzzle-band.  It  is  therefore  the  tangent  of  the 
natural  angle  of  sight,  to  a  radius  ecjual  to  the  distance  from  the  rear  of 
the  base-ring  to  the  highest  point  of  the  swell  of  the  muzzle,  the  sight,  or 
the  front  of  the  muzzle-band,  as  the  case  may  be. 

Preponderance. — The  excess  of  weight  of  the  part  in  rear  of  the  trunnions 
over  that  in  front :  it  is  measured  by  the  weight  which  the  breech  bears 
on  a  balance,  the  point  of  support  resting  at  the  rear  of  the  base-ring, 
at  the  base-line,  or  at  the  bottom  of  the  ratchet,  the  gun  being  suspended 
freely  on  the  axis  of  the  trunnions. 

Handles. — Flat  rings  cast  on  some  bronze  pieces :  they  are  placed  Avith 
their  centres  over  the  centre  of  gravity  of  the  piece. 

Ear. — A  lug  of  metal  cast  on  some  mortars :  it  is  attached  to  a  clevis  by 
a  bolt,  and  constitutes  a  handle. 


NOMENCLATURE. 

Guns  of  the  Model  of  1861. 

Parts. — The  bore,  a  cylinder  terminated  by  a  semi-ellipsoid,  the  chamfer. 
The  breech:  the  cascable,  the  knob,  the  neck.  The  body  of  the  gun:  the  re- 
inforce, the  chase,  the  muzzle,  the  face,  the  trunnions,  the  rimbases.  For 
rifled  guns,  vent-piece,  wrought  copper,  screwed  in. 

Mouldings. — None. 

CoLUMBiADS. — Add  to  the  above  the  ratchet;  the  sight-piece. 

Mortars. — Omit  the  cascable,  the  knob,  the  neck,  and  add  the  ratchet. 
For  the  sea-coast  mortars,  add  the  ear. 

The  columbiads  and  mortars  have  their  vents  in  planes  parallel  to  the 


16  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

plane  through  the  axis  of  the  bore  and  perpendicular  to  the  axis  of  the 
trunnions,  and  at  a  distance  from  it  equal  to  one-half  the  radius  of  the 
bore.  The  vents  are  at  right  angles  to  the  elements  of  the  cylinder  of 
the  bore :  the  one  on  the  right  of  the  axis  is  not  bored  entirely  through  to 
the  bore,  by  one  inch.  The  vent  of  the  siege  and  field  pieces  is  at  right 
angles  to  the  axis,  and  in  the  vertical  plane  passing  through  it. 

Guns  of  the  Model  o/1841  and  1844. 

The  same  as  for  guns  of  model  of  1861,  with  the  following  exceptions : 

Farts. — The  bore  is  terminated  by  a  plane  perpendicular  to  the  axis, 
united  with  the  sides  (in  profile)  by  an  arc  of  a  circle,  the  radius  of  which 
is  one-fourth  of  the  diameter  of  the  bore  at  the  bottom.  The  vent  is  in 
the  vertical  plane  passing  through  the  axis,  and  makes  an  angle  of  80° 
with  it.  It  enters  the  bore  at  a  distance  from  the  bottom  equal  to  one- 
fourth  the  diameter  of  the  bore. 

Add  the  second  reinforce,  the  swell  of  the  muzzle. 

Mouldings. — Add  the  fillet  of  the  cascahle,  the  hctse-ring,  the  lock-piece, 
the  chase-ring,  the  muzzle-mouldings,  tiro  echinus.  The  rimbases  are  cylin- 
drical. 

Field  Guxs. — The  same  as  above,  except  as  follows:  Omit  the  second 
reinforce,  lock-piece,  chase-ring,  two  echinus,  and  add  vent-piece,  wrought 
copper,  screwed  in,  for  bronze  guns.  The  astragal,  the  fillets,  the  lip,  the 
fillet,  the  handles  for  the  12-pounders. 

CoLUMBiADS. — Same  as  guns  of  the  model  of  1841  and  1844,  except  as 
follows:  Bore,  add  the  chamber  cylindrical,  terminated  by  a  hemisphere; 
the  junction  of  the  bore  with  chamber  conical;  add  the  ratchet,  the  sight- 
piece  ;  omit  the  lock-piece. 

Sea-Coast  Howitzers. — Same  as  guns  of  model  of  1844,  except  as  fol- 
lows :  Bore,  add  the  chamber  cylindrical,  the  junction  of  the  bore  with 
chamber  conical. 

Mouldings. — Add  the  reinforce-band. 

Siege  Howitzers. — Same  as  sea-coast  howitzers,  except  as  follows  :  for 
iha  first  reinforce,  substitute  the  recess ;  the  base  of  breech  is  the  frustum 
of  a  cone;  omit  the  chase-ring,  the  swell  of  the  muzzle;  add  the  muzzle-band, 
the  fillet. 

Field  Howitzers. — Same  as  sea-coast  howitzers,  except  as  folloAvs : 
Base  of  breech,  a  frustum  of  a  cone  ;  omit  lock-piece,  reinforce-band,  stcell 
of  muzzle;  add  muzzle-band,  fillet,  handles,  except  for  the  12-pounder, 
which  has  none  ;  vent-piece,  wrought  copper,  screwed  in. 

Mountain  Howitzers. — Same  as  field  12-pounder,  except  for  reinforce 
read  recess. 

Sea-Coast  Mortars. — The  bore,  the  chamber  conical,  terminated  by  a 


NOMENCLATURE. 


17 


lere;  the  junction  of  the  bore  with  chamber,  (in  profile,)  the  arc  of  a 
circle.  The  body  of  the  mortar,  the  breech,  portion  of  a  sphere  ;  the  trun- 
nions, at  the  end  of  the  breech;  the  rimbases,  the  muzzle,  the  face,  the  muz- 
zle-band, the  ear.  Vent  at  right  angles  to  the  axis  of  the  bore,  in  the  ver- 
tical plane  through  it. 

Siege  Mortars. — Same  as  the  sea-coast,  except  the  chamber,  which  is 
"Gomer,"  terminated  at  the  bottom  by  a  plane,  the  angles  rounded  by 
arcs  of  circles.     Add  muzzle-fillet :  no  ear. 


Guns  of  the  Model  of  1839. 

Same  as  those  of  1841,  except  the  muzzle-mouldings,  which  consist  of  an 
echinus,  a  fillet,  and  a  cavctto. 

Grooves  of  the  Rifled  Guns. 

Tcr      ■,         n  f  4.Vinch  gun 9 

Number  of  grooves.,  i     -^  ° 

I    5    "       "    7 


Width 

Depth 

Twist 

(uniform)  ., 

Width  of  lands. 


\    3 


j4J 
I    3 

\   3 


97  inch. 

84     " 

075  '' 

075  " 

1  turn  in  15  feet. 
1        "       11     " 

6  inch. 

5     " 


TO    DESIGNATE    A    PIECE    OF    ORDNANCE. 

State  the  kind,  the  calibre,  (in  inches  if  it  be  foreign  ordnance,)  the 
material,  the  weight,  the  inspector's  initials,  the  number,  the  country  in 
which  it  was  made,  the  date,  the  place  of  fabrication,  the  founder's  name, 
the  name  inscribed  on  it,  its  condition  for  service,  the  kind  of  chamber,  if 
any ;  whether  it  has  a  vent-piece,  a  lock-piece,  handles ;  the  ornaments, 
and  any  particular  marks  which  may  serve  to  identify  it. 


18 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL 


"^ 


C5 


c; 


^ 

i 

C<1 

0 

-v 

>o 

0 
0 

1 

•7 

t;  aJ     '  0  e^j  <^  -r  (M  cc  cc  cc  0  0  (M  0  --0 

i-T 

-a 
3 

d 

«          CO          10 

1 

tn 

3 

flr-l          CS^             r-({Mi— li-lr-lT-(CS          i-lC^ 

r-T 

ri 

S 

c 

^           CO           10 
^       _   r—    '-"^^  CQ   0   'O    lO       _       .  "^   '^  ^.   "^ 

0 
0 

''' 

1^ 

"So     ■  1^4  CO  A~^  '^^  i--  '-"^  "^  f^  <^^  0  CO  cs  0 

i-T 

S^ 

^rH           CO                   CO-*T-l,-HCO(MCO           r-tCO 

ci 

?5       CO       C5                                  'O 

0 

l-H 

c 

;:i         ^         0  ^          0  ul  ..0  0  'tT  -f  0 

s 

"^  CO     ■  '^'  c«i  «^  ^""  -^'  — '  — '  ^i  -^  -■':  ^'~-  '"i  £2 

- 

C  rH          CO                  CO  >0  CS  Cq  CO  CSl  -*          rH  '* 

T-H 

?          (M          r-f                         10          >-0)  Ci                 C^ 

^      _  rH  uO  Oq  0       _          !■-  0  iM  0  0  0  CX)  0 
"  OD      '  c£  «3  0  0*  0"  X  t-1  Ct  -^"  X  'O  uo  Ir-^ 

MOZJIAVO 

II  oSoig 

•V 

CO 

^       .         -^                .00                -r  0 )  r- 

-- 

■"^ 

tp       m       CO  '•'5  0       ^       '^  !5 

i^ 

<r  0 

^ 

c 

^00      _  CO  ^'  =~l  «^  i^  0  i-  ^  '-'^  '^^  =^ 

S 

i? 

"§  CO     '  'O  ^  cs  0  CO  -qi  CO  'O  3  '='-  <^  ^'  ^"^     • 

cc 

f^ 

^                OC<lOi:-                '^  Zu                       OiO 

t/i        LO        CO  'O.                                to 

0  0 

« 

?. 

2    .-0     0                S    Jr          .           .     ^^     '-"^     '•'^     tt      =;     0     CO 

■0  0 

-f  CO 

"S  ^'     ■  0  CO  -'•  ^"  CO  x-l  ^"  ■£  cc  uo  -f  0  tc  0 

r^ 

^ 

=                 01  c5  CO  M  CO                 (M  i-  r-1                 r-l  ^ 

CO" 

■^ 

w         CO         «0               i-                     '-o         10 

KO     0 

s 

^         r-.         t^      _  .0  -r  '.0  --0  .0  i,  t^  -1      _  0 

5 

'S  cc  0  0  eo  0  r-^  0  e^i  0  0  CO  'd  CO  06  .6  c<j 

-r_co 

^                  i-^r-t           r—   T-^,-H           rHj.~-C<)                  C^O 

CO 

"? 

M         CO                              0  CO                              >o 

0   Ci 

s 

6 

s 

:£           1-1                   uO           cc    0   rH                   1— 1  Cs| 

0  I— 1 

O'  0 

r^ 

t;  0  d  0  (?i  i>l  !m"  0  >-o  cc  —  •■£  e-i  CO  d  c^  d 

C  r-1          <>)  ,H          (M  CO  r-l          !r^  cc  CO          r-l  CO  r-i 

10 

1 

Ztj 

'"' 

X         CO                                    '^ 

ro  0 

1 

c      _  ,- 00      _  1-,  _J  ,0 

s 

"o  'd  d  0  r-i  d  d  d  :o  ci  d  cc  oi  d  0  ->:  .0 

o^cs 

diT^ 

1—                    —1                     —    —J                     —    r-                                      ^-, 

"f 

1 

'.     CJ 

5  3 
0  0 

:  '^ 

:  ^ 

:  s 

•  ? 

1 

'•  — 

•  <S 

•  ~ 

:  03 

0  ^ 

i 

! 
I 

=   - 

-  y. 

:  5 

I 

^ 

2  .« 

0 

■g  13  ^ 

:  "S 

-2-^0 

.~    0   *   s   <» 

:  a 

—  —    „    fl    cj 

•    c3 

1 

1    N   0   ;3   ii 

,^    •  •-- 

lilliilll= 

.2  i:  -A 

'■>  1 

.=  f|3  =  =  Inline 

I  J 

1 

:  a 

1 

.   0 

g  0  to  0  -^  tt-B  -q  -s  5  i?  ii  tc  s  -5  « 

:E'^a 

1 

(= 

it 

-   a 

-1  K 

J 

; 

D 

j^^ 

.   0   0 
-  CC  J/ 

jS5J= 

^^^ 

Vfi 

^^5 

; 

DIMENSIONS    AND    WEIGHTS    OF    GUNS, 


19 


1 

to 

1 

X  I-  Oi          C*                  VO  CM                  lO                         1^  rH 

"<*<  t^ 

i 

i       -- 

«  CD  O  to  <f)      ^  lO  T-l  ^^  t--         (M  CO  CO  00  CD  C3 

00  "* 

^ 

o  CO  O  l-^  If)  O*  >^  O  -*  00  ^  CO  O  05  (M*  CO*  ■* 

00 

5 

a                OhCOCO                 .o'^'MrH                        CO 

i 

rr:  C<J   O            10            O            VO            V                                 lO 

1^  CO 

'6 

[3 

si 

S  CD  T-H  CD  >      _  T-1  UO  <M       .  '^  '*.       .  ^?  '^'.  ^1  *-? 

'S  Tji  O  Co'  CO  '^^  "^i  ^'^  "^  ^'^"  2-1  '-'^'  '--^  rH  CO  Tji  CO 

n           cdJ^cdi^            cd"cv1t-it-(            CO 

g^^ 

ec 

fij 

" 

^ 

^;  c^  o                          t-                              CIO 

r^  QO 

CI 

J  £d  rM       _       _       ^       _  lO  ^  05           l^       ^       _  lO  CD  ci 

10  0 

o  ^  O  '^I  (O  00  >0*  --D  id  CD*  2^  O  CO*  C>^  CO  Tj^*  ^ 

5           1^  H  i^  CO            i^  "^  CO  T-i  T-H            "* 

l^  I— 1 

'"^ 

di 

ieCIOOO                      cov                              '^'^ 

0  0 

^ 

?^ 

^  O  .-;  -rt^  CO      _      _  t-.  Oi  CO  O      _  Tji  00  to  CD  CD 

C5   1- 

oo 

1  r}l"  O  CO   e«j  GO  CD  00  id  id  O     Ci  1^  '*"  ^"  ■*  CO 
C                 O  ^   O  .-^                  O  ,-H  Tjl  ,-H  rH                  CD 

uO^C^ 

2 

1 

00" 

CO 

oo 

^             >o  o 
»;      CO       t>       lO  I-  CO       >^  o  uo       lO       lO 

05  10 

o 

Si  CO  1-H  O  tJ«          (M  00  CI  CD  O  o  1-  00  1-  CO  00 

r— 1 

1 

•73 

T-i 

,1;     .      . CO • 

JJOOCC'O'^COClCDrHo     COCiCD-^Ol^ 
M                    SW^:^                     ^^^^^                     CD 

Ci  CO 

Ji) 

1 

! 

Tj^" 

^ 

,_                          00 

0  lO 

\       o 
i       "^ 

CAi 

^ 

_^C»rH_in_          t-l-          0          -^                  coo 

"  id  0  00*  CO  ■^*  '^  0*  1-^  rH  0   00'  T-H  00*  id  id  06 

00 

l^  CO 

i 

lO'' 

^ 

oj      10      CO                          :            - 

0  to 

%^ 

CI 

S^tii— iCDt".          t^t^l^             :(M-<tll-^         "^CD 

> 

1 

*^ 

CO 

0  0  0  1  -  CD  '+'  'O  T-H*  1-^  ci     :  ci  CO*  0*  CD  CO  06 

CI  0 

Xi 

1 

1 

M           ^H^^-^       r-jl^CMcq            CD 

1- 

i 

•^ 

1 

s 

r«           CD            H 

to  0 

k^      li 

VJ 

CI 

2    ,  '-;     _  I>     ^       (M  Tj^ 

CI  '^          to          CO 

CD  0 

y  t--l  0  0  10  i-^  ci  c-i  06  id 

CO  '^^  C:i  CD  t-1  0 

-*^CD 

1 1 

t^                 T^  H  1-H  CI  rH          ,-1 

TJ^  CJ  CI              1^ 

00" 

r^       :■ 

m 

: 

CO    m 
-73  '-J 

CO 

r^ 

s  s 

2 

i 

6 

fl 

Tj 

0  0 

1 

N 

S! 

3 

Ph  Pi 

1 

s 

;3 

a 

3 

1 

pi 

m 

;h 

1 

H 

^H 

-^ 

^ 

?t-l 

rS     -2 

«t-l 

0 

^ 

c 

i 
1 

0 
a; 
0 

0 
9 

0 

■+-1 

0 

•S^ 

i                                                    1 

0 

0   J^ 

0 

;j 

j 

y 

bC 

.3 

If! 

.s 

1 

0 

j 

•Ills 

m    0. 

0        ^H 

1 

0 

i 
1 

0 

c 

ii 

a 
c 

•r 

r 

g  ©  bc     bc-^  •-:  -li  «  :3  =s  a  =«  bc  a  cS 

bO&H 

.■ 

)  E^ 

5^ 

J 

^^ 

5   a 
2  a 

^^ 

;qp 

3c 

.^ 

ro 

^ 

p^ 

i 

2* 


'2(1 


•  ItDNAXrH    BIAXIAL. 


—    =    /    CO 


;;         ^  K-  00  -o 

"h  ji  d  ■/  "^t^  t'  v:  - ! 


"1  X 


. 

:r:          C^l           00                                  O    .-. 

3        .    -    ■■'5   CD   ~    'O        _        _    r-    ^1        _ 

•  -^   CI   1-          -f   '^^ 

=               X  ,_,               —   ^  —         ~- 

:  1  ^  •:  i  C-'  -^  id  1- 

C/D 

:  r:  c-i  ?i              lo 

o' 

. 

./        -^                                ^-    _    -^ 

O    '--5 

=     ;^     CD     .~     ?i  ?'i  ~i  o 

:        1";        'O 

O    I- 

'7 

■-  ~  =^  ■£  ci  1-^  c-i  ri  ~  zi  ^.  £: 

'-'t.'^ 

1     '^ 

:  -  Ti  ri          '  « 

Ci' 

X  d  ='  ca  d 


-■  r^'  ci  X 


O       _  CM  I":       _       _  "^_       _  >"5 

x."  i~l  o    — ^  d  .o  :~  -ji  fi 


C-1  o 


DIMENSIONS    AND    WEIGHTS    OF    MORTARS. 


21 


-24 


m"  C\|  ■<#  C<J  H 

^Go  i-H  GO  in 

"  o  o  cfO  r-i       CO  oi  -*'  CO  CO  t-^  c<i  cs 


^     .n 

00                    o 

O              O  lO  c^ 

O 
CO 

OCqH 

OTtlTt^CvICOCDTtlCD 
Gn|  r-i  r-l 

^  u> 

1-1  CO                    o  o 

oooc 

t-OOOt^t^COCS 
i-H  -<+l  CO  C<l 

^^  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

MATERIALS  FOR  ORDNANCE. 

Bronze. 

Bronze  for  cannon  (commonly  called  brass)  consists  of  90  parts  of  copper 
and  10  of  tin,  allowing  a  variation  of  one  part  of  tin,  more  or  less.  It  is 
more  fusible  than  copper,  much  less  so  than  tin,  more  sonorous,  hardei% 
and  less  susceptible  of  oxidation,  and  much  loss  ductile,  than  either  of  its 
components.  When  the  mixture  is  well  made,  the  metal  is  homogeneous: 
the  fracture  is  of  a  uniform  yellow  color,  with  an  even  grain.  The  spe- 
cific gravity  of  bronze  is  about  8.700,  being  greater  than  the  mean  of  the 
specific  gravities  of  copper  and  tin. 

Pure  copper  is  of  a  red  color,  inclining  to  yellow;  it  has  a  fine  metallic 
lustre.  The  fracture  of  cast  copper  is  even-grained  ;  that  of  a  forged  bar 
exhibits  a  short,  even,  close  gi'ain,  of  a  silky  appearance  ;  it  is  strong,  very 
ductile,  and  very  malleable.  The  greater  the  purity  of  copper,  the  more 
malleable  it  is,  and  the  finer  the  grain.  Specific  gravity,  from  8.  GOO  to 
9.000.  The  copper  of  commerce  is  impure,  frequently  containing  oxygen, 
silver,  iron,  lead,  tin,  zinc,  antimony,  and  arsenic.  It  should  be  rejected, 
for  the  manufacture  of  guns,  if  it  contain  sulphur  in  an  appreciable  quan- 
tity ;  more  than  one-thousandth  of  arsenic  and  antimony  united ;  more 
than  about  three-thousandths  of  lead,  iron,  or  oxygen;  if  it  contain  more 
than  about  five-thousandths  of  foreign  substances  altogether ;  or  if,  near 
these  limits,  it  give  bad  results  when  subjected  to  the  mechanical  tests  of 
hammering,  rolling,  and  wire-drawing. 

Pure  tin  is  of  a  white  color,  a  little  darker  than  silver;  it  is  very  mal- 
leable, and  susceptible  of  being  rolled  into  thin  sheets ;  it  is  not  very  ductile  ; 
it  is  soft,  and,  when,  in  rods  or  bars,  is  bent  backwards  and  forwards,  it 
gives  a  peculiar  crackling  sound,  the  distinctness  of  which  is  in  proportion 
to  the  purity  of  the  tin.     Specific  gravity,  7.290  to  7.320. 

Tin  for  gun-metal  should  be  rejected  if,  when  run  into  elongated  drops,  it 
have  not  a  smooth  and  reflecting  surface,  without  any  considerable  sign  of 
rough  spots  ;  if,  when  analyzed,  it  contain  more  than  about  one-thousandth 
of  arsenic  and  antimony  united;  more  than  about  three-thousandths  of 
lead  or  iron;  or  more  than  four-thousandths  of  foreign  substances. 

All  bronze  ought  to  be  rejected  which  contains  sulpur  in  an  appreciable 
amount;  which  contains  more  than  about  one-thousandth  of  arsenic  and 
antimony  united  ;  more  than  about  three-thousandths  of  lead,  iron,  or 
zinc;  or,  in  all,  more  than  about  five-thousandths  of  foreign  substances. 

Notice  should  be  taken  of  the  appearance  of  the  fracture  of  specimens: 
it  sometimes  gives  indications  sufficient  to  authorize  the  rejection  of  certain 
bronzes  full  of  stilphur  or  oxides. 


MATERIALS    FOR   ORDNANCE.  23 

Analysis  of  bronze. 

Tin. — Nitric  acid  dissolves  the  copper  and  converts  the  tin  into  an  inso- 
luble peroxide.  Put  into  a  small  glass  matrass  10  parts  (say  100  grains) 
of  bronze,  in  small  particles,  and  80  parts  of  very  pure  nitric  acid,  at  22° 
Beaume's  hydrometer,  (specific  gravity,  1,180;)  heat  it  gradually  to  ebul- 
lition, and  continue  that  heat  until  red  vapors  cease  to  come  over.  Let  it 
settle ;  pour  off  the  liquor,  and  add  to  the  oxide  of  tin  20  parts  of  nitric 
acid  ;  let  it  boil  ten  minutes  ;  decant  the  liquor  again,  and  repeat  the  same 
operation ;  dilute  the  first  portion  decanted  with  2  or  3  times  its  volume 
of  water,  and  pass  it  through  a  filter ;  do  the  same  with  the  second  and 
third  portions.  Then  throw  the  oxide  of  tin  on  a  double  filter,  the  two 
parts  of  which  are  equal ;  wash  the  precipitate  on  the  filter  until  the  water 
that  comes  off  no  longer  gives  a  blue  color  when  heated  with  ammonia, 
and  does  not  change  the  color  of  litmus-paper.  Spread  the  filter  on  paper, 
and  dry  it  perfectly  in  a  stove  or  a  sand-bath.  Weigh  it,  adding  the  ex- 
terior filter  to  the  weights,  in  order  to  ascertain  the  quantity  of  peroxide 
of  tin  which  remains  on  the  upper  filter ;  127  parts  of  peroxide  give  100 
parts  of  pure  tin. 

Copper. — Collect  the  nitric  acid  solutions  obtained  in  the  process  described 
above ;  evaporate  them  to  dryness  ;  calcine  and  weigh  the  black  residuum  ; 
it  is  the  oxide  of  copper  ;  100  grains  of  oxide  of  copper  contains  79.82  grs. 
of  copper.  Or,  dissolve,  in  a  large  matrass  with  a  narrow  neck,  about  1.1 
gr.  of  bronze  in  pure  aqua  regia,  adding  to  it  about  0.1  gr.  of  lead.  Pour 
into  the  solution  an  excess  of  ammonia ;  then,  keeping  the  liquid  constantly 
boiling,  pour  into  it  from  a  graduated  vessel  a  solution  of  monosulphuret 
of  sodium,  until  the  liquid  becomes  entirely  colorless.  From  the  volume 
of  sulphuret  used,  the  amount  of  copper  in  the  liquid  can  be  determined. 

Sulphur. — In  boiling  bronze  in  nitric  acid  or  aqua  regia,  a  part  of  the 
sulphur  is  converted  into  sulphuric  acid,  which  remains  in  the  solution : 
the  rest  collects  on  the  surface  in  yellow  globules.  These  globules  are  col- 
lected and  weighed. 

The  sulphuric  acid  is  precipitated  as  a  sulphate  of  baryta  by  the  chloride 
of  barium,  and  is  weighed  after  being  washed  and  dried :  100  grains  of  the 
sulphate  of  baryta  contains  13.797  grs.  of  sulphur. 

Mechanical  Tests. 

Chemical  analysis  is  not  sufficient  to  give  a  correct  estimate  of  the 
qualities  of  all  bronzes.  In  other  words,  good  bronzes  according  to  the 
results  of  analysis  may  be  very  inferior,  deficient  in  strength,  on  account 
of  oxides  interspersed  between  the  molGcules,  or  want  of  homogeneity. 

Bronzes  should  be  subjected  to  fusion  in  a  close  crucible;  to  hammering 
into  thin  plates,  and  to  wire-drawing,  both  before  and  aftei  fusion ;  if  it 


('IU)NA.\rF.    .^l.WILAL. 


iiii]ir<»vos  in  tlio^c  ]^;irt  iculars  hy  tlio  i'u^ini!,  a  cniii]iavison  ^vitll  llie  analysis 
Avill  slidw  wlii'llu'r  llio  iiiijiriiviMiiciit  is  ilne  tn  tlir  volat  ilizat  ion  o1'  certain 
metals,  or  to  tlic  (lecdiiip.usit  ion  of  oxiilcs.  'I'iie  I'csiills  ol'laiiUM]  ])y  hani- 
nierinii;  ami  Avire-ilrawiioj;  should  be  cuni])ar(M]  \Nitl]  tlios<'  made  oti  hronzo 
known  to  be  oT  the  best  iiualily. 

rV',s7   Iron. 

Iron  for  making-  cannon  should  be  smelted  Avitli  the  greato:^!  j.ossiblc 
car'e,  Avilh  charcoal,  and  a  blast  of  a  constant  t emiierat are  of  l"-!-""*"  to  -inip, 
dependino-  upon  the  ore  used.  All  the  materials  which  enter  the  smelfing- 
furmice  should  be  of  the  best  aitd  jiurest  (juality,  should  be  kejit  dry.  lie 
su}>p1ied  at  regular  intervals  of  time,  be  regularly  and  uniformly  mixed 
togetlier  in  the  smelting-furnace,  and,  as  far  as  practicable,  rendered  in- 
dependent of  the  vicissitudes  of  the  -weather,  iliat  the  greatest  possible 
uniformity  in  the  iron  ]»roil;iccd  IVom  day  to  day  may  l)e  obtained. 

The  most  important  ([tiality  of  gun-iron,  after  a  medium  strength  of 
20. Oil!)  lo  :](),Otitl  pou.nds  p(M-  sfiuare  imdi.  is  iniifuniii'ji,  -without  Avhi(di  no 
two  guns  can  l)e  made  alike,  or  any  i<lea  lormcd  of  Avhat  kin-l  of  o.-uns  are 
bi'ing  made. 

The  quality  of  iron  in  the  pig  is  generally  judged  of  by  its  strength,  and 
Ijy  the  appearance  and  feel  of  the  freshly-fractured  surface.  It  should  be 
soft,  yieldiiig  easily  to  the  iile  or  chisel  :  its  fracture  should  jU'cseru  a  rough, 
jagged  surfac(>,  of  uniform  appearance,  a  dark  gray  color,  a  brilliant  aspect, 
and,  crystals  iinde-r  medium  si/e.  angular,  and  :-!iarj)  to  tlie  toU(di. 

l')Ut  ii'on  for  making  guns  veijuires  to  be  still  further  tested  befm-e  it  canl)e 
known,  even  by  the  most  ]»iaclised  eye  and  judgment,  to  ])Osse-s  all  of  the  es- 
sential rjualilies  of  a  good  giui-ir(Ui.  The>e  (pialitie^  are  temaciiy.  ela-ticity, 
extensibility,  ami  itu'omjiressibiliiy  :  that  iron  will  l)et  lie  best  -wlii'di  h,-i-  them 
all  to  the  greatest  degree,  and  the  alisence  of  any  oi'.e  Avill  retulc]'  the  iron 
unlit  for  guns.  The  existence  of  these  (pialities  i^  best  detertnined  l)y 
actual  exiieriment  on  specimens  cut  IVom  castings  of  the  size  of  the  gun 
to  bie  nuule. 

The  density  is  indicative  to  some  extent  of  the  temicity,  elasticity,  and 
incomjires-ilnlity  (d'  the  iron  :  but  the  den.-iiy  will  increase  after  tlie  tenacity 
and  exien^ibiliiy  have  reached  theii'  maximum. 

^^'hen  cast  into  cannon,  \von  should  l)e  above  med.ium  in  hardness,  but 
yiidding  r«'adily  to  the  tile  or  chisel,  and  ollVring  no  g-reat  dilhcully  in 
turning  and  boi'lng.  lis  color  should  be  a  bright,  lively  gray,  showing  in- 
cipient mottle  in  small  guns,  ami  becoming  more  marked  as  the  size  of  the 
gUiU.  ami  time  of  cooling,  increase.  The  structure  shouhl  be  unitorm,  close 
and  com]iact  ;   crystals  small,  Avitli  acute  angles,  and  sliarp  to  the  touch ; 


INSPECTION    OF    ORDNANCE.  25 

the  fractured  surface  uneven,  rough,  and  jagged,  with  many  fragments 
strongly  adhering. 

Before  making  guns  from  an  iron  -which  has  never  been  tried  for  this 
purpose,  a  sample-gun  of  the  calibre  of  the  gun  to  be  made  should  first 
endure  a  satisfactory  proof  with  service-charges. 

The  mean  specific  gravity  of  gun-iron  is  about  7.248,  and  the  average 
tenacity  about  30,000  per  square  inch. 

Wrought  Iron  and  Steel. 
Experimental  guns  have  been  made  of  wrought  iron  and  steel,  giving 
satisfactory  results,  and  an  order  has  been  given  for  guns,  to  be  made  of 
the  former  material.  The  superior  strength  of  these  materials,  and  the 
evenness,  smoothness,  and  hardness  of  surface  of  which  they  are  suscep- 
tible, render  it  probable  that  these  are  the  mateinals  of  which  our  field  rifle 
guns  will  soon  be  made,  exclusively. 

INSPECTION  OF  ORDNANCE. 

Instruments. 

1.  Star  gauge. — This  is  an  instrument  for  measuring  the  diameter  of  the 
bore  of  a  gun,  at  any  part. 

The  head  is  of  brass,  with  fovir  steel  sockets  for  the  measuring-points. 
Two  of  the  sockets  are  soldered  fast  into  the  head;  the  other  two  are 
movable.  The  movable  sockets  and  points  are  pushed  out  by  means  of  two 
inclined  cylinders,  which  are  fastened  to  a  stem,  forming  a  conical  slider. 
This  slider  tapers  0.35  in.  in  a  length  of  2.2  in.;  so  that  by  pushing  the 
slider  the  35th  part  of  this  length  (about  .06  in.)  the  distance  between  the 
movable  points  is  increased  .01  in. 

The  slider  is  connected  with  a  square  steel  rod,  consisting  of  three  parts, 
which  are  screwed  together,  according  to  the  length  of  bore  to  be  measured. 
This  rod  slides  through  a  brass  tube,  which  is  also  made  in  three  pieces. 

The  tube  is  graduated,  in  inches  and  quarters,  commencing  at  the  mea- 
suring-points, so  as  to  indicate  the  distance  of  the  latter  from  the  muzzle 
of  the  gun. 

The  handle  is  of  wood,  attached  to  a  brass  cylinder,  or  socket,  through 
which  the  sliding-rod  passes.  In  the  tube  of  the  handle  there  is  a  slit,  on 
the  side  of  which  a  scale  is  marked,  to  indicate  the  movements  of  the 
measuring-points.  Each  joint  of  the  long  tube  has  a  mark,  made  on  a 
small  plate  of  silver,  which  shows  the  place  of  the  zero  on  the  scale  when 
the  measuring-points  are  adjusted  to  the  true  diameter  of  the  bore.  In  this 
position  the  handle  is  fixed  on  the  sliding-rod  by  means  of  a  screw  clamp. 

A  ring  gauge,  for  each  calibre,  is  used  for  adjusting  the  instrument  for  use. 

A  rest,  in  the  form  of  a  T,  is  placed  in  the  mouth  of  the  gun,  to  keep  the 


26  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

instrument  in  the  axis  of  the  bore.  This  rest  has  three  slides,  which  can 
be  adjusted  to  the  difi'erent  sizes  of  bore ;  the  upright  branch  is  movable, 
for  convenience  of  packing. 

The  star  gauge,  its  points  and  rest,  are  packed  in  one  box,  and  the  ring 
gauges  in  another. 

2.  The  cylinder-staff. — This  is  a  round  staff,  made  of  mahogany,  or  other 
hard  wood.  It  is  in  two  parts,  which  are  joined  together  by  brass  sockets 
and  screws;  each  part  has  also  a  brass  socket  and  screw  at  the  outer  end, 
to  receive  the  cylinder-gauge,  guide-plate,  and  measuring-point .  The  staff  is 
graduated,  in  inches  and  tenths,  on  a  strip  of  brass  let  into  it,  on  one  side. 
These  graduations  are  arranged  to  read  the  distances  from  the  extremity 
of  the  measuring-point,  when  it  is  screwed  on  the  staff. 

The  cylinder-staff  is  supported,  at  the  muzzle  of  the  piece,  by  a  half-tom- 
pion  of  wood,  having  in  the  centre  a  groove  of  the  size  of  the  staff.  The 
rest  for  the  star  gauge  may  be  used  also  for  this  purpose. 

3.  The  cylinder-gauge  is  a  hollow  cylinder  of  wrought  or  cast  iron,  turned 
to  the  exact  minimum  (or  true)  diameter  of  the  bore.  The  length  of  the 
cylinder  is  equal  to  its  diameter.  It  has  cross-heads,  at  right  angles  to 
each  other :  one  with  a  smooth  hole  of  the  same  diameter  as  the  cylinder- 
staff;  the  other  tapped  for  the  screw  of  the  staff  socket.    Weight  for  8  in., 

27  lbs.;  for  10  in.,  40  lbs. 

4.  The  guide-plate  is  a  circular  iron  plfite  0.2  inch  thick,  and  of  the  mini- 
mum diameter  of  the  bore ;  it  has  a  hole  in  the  centre,  with  a  thread  by 
which  it  is  screwed  to  the  cylinder-staff;  it  serves  to  direct  the  measuring- 
point  to  the  centre  of  the  bottom  of  the  bore. 

6.  The  measuring-point  is  screwed  on  the  end  of  the  cylinder-staff,  over 
the  guide-plate,  to  measure  the  depth  of  the  bore;  it  is  of  iron,  cylindrical 
in  shape,  so  far  as  it  screws  on  the  end  of  the  staff,  and  tapering  down  to 
the  diameter  of  0.75  inch. 

6.  The  trunnion-gauge  is  an  iron  ring  of  the  diameter  of  the  trunnions, 
which  must  pass  over  them  and  fit  closely.  The  exterior  diameter  of  this 
gauge  serves  to  verify  that  of  the  rimbases. 

7.  The  trunnion-square  is  a  double  square  of  wood,  the  distance  between 
whose  branches  is  the  same  as  that  between  the  rimbases  of  the  gun;  in 
the  centre  is  a  pointed  sliding  plate,  Avith  a  thumb-screw  to  fasten  it;  the 
lower  edges  of  the  branches,  which  are  shod  with  iron,  are  in  the  same 
plane,  parallel  to  the  upper  edge  of  the  connecting  piece,  so  that  when  the 
square  is  placed  with  its  branches  resting  on  the  trunnions,  the  upper  edge 
of  the  connecting  piece  is  parallel  to  their  axis.  Each  branch  has  also  an 
iron  plate  projecting  perpendicularly  from  one  side  to  rest  on  the  top  of 
the  trunnions.  It  is  used  to  ascertain  the  position  of  the  trunnions  in  re- 
lation to  the  axis  of  the  bore  and  to  each  other. 


INSPECTION    OF    ORDNANCE.  27 

8.  Tlie  trunnioti-rule,  for  measuring  the  distance  from  the  rear  of  the 
base-ring  to  the  rear  of  the  trunnions. 

9,  Callipers,  to  measure  diameters. 

10.  A  standard  scale,  for  verifying  other  instruments. 

11.  A  wooden  rule,  to  measure  exterior  lengths. 

12.  The  vent-gauges  are  two  pointed  pieces  of  steel  wire,  0.005  in.  greater 
and  less  than  the  true  diameter  of  the  vent. 

13.  The  vent-searcher  is  a  hooked  steel  wire,  about  half  the  diameter  of 
the  vent. 

14.  A  rammer-head,  shaped  to  the  form  of  the  bottom  of  the  bore,  and 
furnished  with  a  staif,  is  used  to  ascertain  the  interior  position  of  the 
vent. 

15.  A  mirror ;  sperm  candles;  beeswax. 

16.  Rammer,  sponge,  ^nd  priming-wire. 

17.  Figure  and  letter  stamps,  to  affix  the  required  marks. 

Lispection  of  Ordnance. 

Cannon  presented  for  inspection  and  proof  are  placed  on  skids  for  the 
convenience  of  turning  and  moving  them  easily.  They  are  first  examined 
carefully  on  the  exterior,  to  ascertain  whether  there  be  any  flaws  or  cracks 
in  the  metal,  whether  they  be  finished  as  prescribed,  and  to  judge,  as  well 
as  practicable,  of  the  quality  of  the  metal.  They  must  not  be  covered  with 
paint,  lacker,  or  any  other  composition.  If  it  be  ascertained  that  an  at- 
tempt has  been  made  to  conceal  any  flaws  or  cavities  by  plugging,  or  fill- 
ing them  with  cement  or  any  substance,  the  gun  is  rejected  without  further 
examination.  After  this  preliminary  examination,  the  inspector  proceeds 
to  verify  the  dimensions  of  the  piece.  The  interior  of  the  bore  is  first  exa- 
mined by  reflecting  the  sun's  rays  into  it  from  the  mirror;  or,  if  the  sun 
be  obscured,  by  a  lighted  candle  or  a  lamp  placed  on  the  end  of  a  rod  and 
inserted  into  the  bore.  The  cylinder-gauge,  screwed  on  the  stafi",  is  then 
pushed  gently  to  the  bottom  of  the  cylindrical  part  of  the  bore  and  with- 
drawn ;  it  must  go  to  the  bottom,  or  the  bore  is  too  small. 

The  bore  of  the  piece  is  then  measured  with  the  star  gauge.  The  measure- 
ments should  be  made  at  intervals  of  |-  inch  in  the  part  of  the  bore  occupied 
by  the  shot;  at  intervals  of  1  inch  in  the  rest  of  the  bore  in  rear  of  the 
trunnions,  and  of  about  1  calibre  from  the  trunnions  to  the  muzzle. 

The  position  of  the  trunnions,  with  regard  to  the  axis  of  the  bore  and  to 
each  other,  is  next  ascertained. 

To  verify  the  position  of  the  axis  of  the  trunnions. — Set  the  trunnion-square 
on  the  trunnions,  and  see  that  the  lower  edges  of  its  branches  touch  them 
throughout  their  whole  length ;  push  the  slide  down  till  it  touches  the  sur- 
face of  the  piece,  and  secure  it  in  that  position  by  the  thumb-screw;  turn 
the  gun  over,  and  apply  the  trunnion-square  to  the  opposite  side,  and  if, 


28  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

when  the  point  of  the  slide  touches  the  surface  of  the  piece,  the  loAver  edges 
of  the  branches  rest  on  the  trunnions,  the  axis  of  the  trunnions  is  in  the 
same  phme  with  the  axis  of  the  bore;  if  they  do  not  toucli  the  trunnions, 
their  axis  is  above  the  axis  of  tlie  bore  by  half  the  space  between;  and  if 
the  edges  touch  the  trunnions,  and  the  point  of  the  slide  does  not  touch 
the  surface  of  the  piece,  their  axis  is  below  the  axis  of  the  bore.  If  the 
alignment  of  the  trunnionshQ  accurate,  the  edges  of  the  trunnion-sqnare  will 
fit  on  them  when  applied  to  dilferent  parts  of  their  surface;  their  diameter 
and  cylindrical  form,  and  the  diameter  of  the  rimbases,  are  verified  Avith 
the  trunnion-gauge. 

To  ascertam  the  length  of  the  bore. — Screw  the  guide-plate  and  measuring -point 
on  the  cylinder-staif,  and  push  them  to  the  bottom  of  the  bore;  place  a 
half-tompion  in  the  muzzle,  and  rest  the  staff  in  its  groove ;  apply  a  straight- 
edge to  the  face  of  the  muzzle,  and  read  the  length  of  the  bore  on  the  staff. 
The  exterior  lengths  are  measured  by  the  rule,  or  by  a  profile,  the  accuracy 
of  which  is  first  verified.  The  exterior  diameters  are  measured  with  the 
callipers  and  graduated  rule.  The  position  of  the  interior  orifice  of  the  vent  is 
found  from  the  mark  made  on  the  rammer-head  by  the  vent-gauge  inserted 
in  the  vent,  while  the  rammer-head  is  held  against  the  bottom  of  the  bore  : 
two  impressions  are  taken.  The  position  of  the  exterior  orifice  of  the  vent 
is  also  verified.  The  vent  is  examined  with  gauges,  and  with  the  vejit- 
searcher,  to  ascertain  if  there  are  any  cavities  in  it. 

All  bronze  ordnance  should  be  bored  under  size  from  .04  to  .05  inch,  and 
after  proof  reamed  out  to  the  exact  calibre.  Whitish  spots  show  a  separa- 
tion of  the  tin  from  the  copper,  and,  if  extensive,  should  condemn  the  piece. 
A  great  variation  from  the  true  weight,  which  the  dimensions  do  not  account 
for,  shoAvs  a  defect  in  the  alloy. 

In  mortars,  the  dimensions  of  the  chambers,  and  the  form  of  the  breech, 
may  be  verified  \i\ih.  patterns  made  of  plate  iron. 

After  the  potcder  proof  tlie  bore  is  washed  and  wiped  clean,  and  the  bore 
and  vent  are  again  examined,  and  the  bore  rc-measured.  The  results  of 
each  of  the  measurements  and  examinations  arc  noted  on  the  inspection 
report  against  the  number  of  the  gun. 

A  proper  discretion  must  be  exercised  in  the  inspection  of  ordnance  ; 
such  slight  imperfections  as  do  not  injure  a  piece  for  service  may  be  dis- 
regarded, whilst  the  instructions  should  be  strictly  enforced  with  regard 
to  defects  which  may  impair  its  utility. 


PROOF   OF   ORDNANCE. 
Variations  allowed  in  the  Dimensions  of  Ordnance. 


29 


More  than  the  prescribed  diameter 

Less  than  the  prescribed  diameter 

Where  turned,  more  or  less 

Where  not  turned.  ^  1  °     

I^less 

'^Of  the  bore,  more  or  less 

From  rear  of  base-line  to  face  of  muzzle, 

more  or  less 

Of  the  breech,  including  cascable,  more 

or  less 

Of  the  base-ring,  more  or  less 

Of  the  reinforce,  more  or  less 

Of  the  chase,  including  the  muzzle,  more 

or  less 

From    rear   of   trunnions    to    base-line, 

more  or  less,  in  different  pieces 

OF   THE  r  above  the  axis  of  the  bore 

AXIS  OF  THE  TRUNNIONS.  \  below  the  axis  of  the  bore 

In  THE  LENGTH  OF  THE  TRUNNIONS,  i  !^°^^ 

Diameter  of  trunnions,  less 

In  the  distance  between  the  rimbases. 


In  the  BORE.... 

In  EXTERIOR  DI 
AMETERS. 


In  THE  LENGTH. 


In    THE    POSITION 


le^ 


In  THE  VENT. 


In  the  same  gun,  no  variation  is  allowed  in  the  position 
or  in  the  alignment  of  the  trunnions. 

{»>-*-•  {;:r::::;:;:;:::::::::::;::::::: 

Position  of  exterior  orifice,  more  or  less. 
Position  of  interior  orifice,  more  or  less. 

'^In  the  bore  or  vent 

On  the  exterior  surface 

On  the  trunnions,  within  one  inch  of  the 

rimbases 

On  the  trunnions  elsewhere 


Depth  of  cavi- 
ties. 


FIELD. 

GARRI- 
SON, ETC. 

Inches. 

0.02 

.00 

Inches. 

0  03 

.00 

.04 
.10 

.05 

.05 
.20 
.05 

.10 

.20 

.10 

.15 
.05 
.10 

.10 


.25 

.20 
.05 

.20 

.15 


10 

.20 

00 

.00 

20 

.20 

10 

.10 

05 

.05 

03 

.04 

05 

.05 

005 

.005 

00 

.00 

05 

.05 

20 

.20 

00 

.00 

20 

.25 

10 

.10 

20 

.25 

The  whole  exterior  surfaces  of  guns,  except  mortars,  are  turned  in  the 
lathe,  or  dressed  smooth  in  the  parts  which  cannot  be  turned. 

PROOF  OF  ORDNANCE. 

Gunpowder  for  proving  ordnance  should  be  of  the  best  quality,  giving 
not  less  than  the  standard  initial  velocity;  it  should  bo  proved  immediately 
before  being  used,  unless  it  shall  have  been  proved  vrithin  one  year  pre- 
viously, and  there  be  no  reason  to  suspect  that  it  has  become  deteriorated. 


oO  ORDNANCE    iMANUAL. 

The  '^iirlridjr  -Jiiijs  arc  made  of  colfon  or  paper,  the  full  diaineter  ji  (he 
bore  or  clianilter.  They  are  hlled  by  weiglit ;  and,  if  not  filled  at  the 
place  "where  the  guns  are  proved,  each  bag  should  be  enveloped  in  a 
paper  cylinder  and  cap,  marked  with  the  weight  of  powder  and  its  proof 
qualities. 

The  .'<]iot  must  be  smooth,  free  from  seams  and  other  inequalities  that 
might  injure  the  bore  of  the  piece,  and  they  must  be  of  the  true  diameter 
given  in  the  tables. 

Cans  and  Itou-itzcrs  are  laid  with  the  luuzzle  resting  on  a  block  of  wood 
and  the  breech  on  the  ground,  or  on  a  thick  plank,  giving  the  bore  a  small 
elevation. 

Bronze jneces  TiVQ  mowwidd  on  appropriate  carriages  or  beds. 

Mortars  are  mounted  on  strong  Avooden  frames  or  iron  beds,  at  an  ele- 
vation of  45°,  supported  by  the  trunnions. 

In  proving  iron  ordnance,  after  pricking  the  cartridge,  prime  with 
2:)0wder,  or  a  tube,  and  place  over  the  vent  a  piece  of  port-fire,  set  in  clay 
or  putty,  long  enough  to  permit  the  man  who  fires  it  to  reach  a  place  of 
safety  before  the  charge  explodes. 

I^ach  piece  shall  be  fired  three  rounds  with  the  folloAving 

Vroof-clia  i'(jC8. 

ir)-inch  coluiiibiad o(t  lbs.  of  powder  ami  1  slielL 

10     "•  '•  ]S     "  *•  "  1  sliot. 

8     "  ''  12     '•'  "'  ''  1     " 

."2-ponnder  a'un D     ''  "  ''  1 

2t         ••        "  •'     S     ''  "  ''  1      '* 

IS        "  "     0     "'  "  '••  I     ^• 

12         '•  ''     4     ''  "  '^  ]      " 

S-inch  sie-c  liowitzer 4     •'  "  "'  1      '• 

24-])ouii(lcr  liowit/.er  (iron) )>     '•  ^^  '•  1  .^hot,  strapped. 

All  Held  -uiis  (bronze) J;  vrei-ht  of  sliot.  1      " 

;')2-poiir.iler  howitzer       "      .■!.2.")  llts.  of  powder  iuul  1      '*'  '" 

24         ''  '^  "      2.5     "  ''  '•  1      " 

12         "'  "  "      J. 25  "  "  '•  1     '' 

12  "  "  mountain  (bronze)..    0.5      ''  "  '•  ]      '''  '• 

Coeliorn  mortar  (bronze) 0.5      '"  *'  '*  1  shell. 

l.'binch  S.C.  mortar  (iron) 20         "  <'  •'  1      '''| 

10      ''        ''  "■  "       10         "  ''  "•  1      "  I       Filled 

4.V   '••      rined  .«ie;,'e  gun -1.5      ''  ''         "    1  .shot  of  :;i'i  Ih?. 

:J      "■  '•■       tield      "   1.5      "  ''         '•    1      •*     of  11  lbs. 

Should  any  of  the  guns  proved  at  one  time  fail  to  sustain  the  above 
proof,  the  I'emainder  shall  be  rejected,  if  made  of  the  same  metal  ti'caied  in 
the  same  manner. 

The  bore,  vent,  and  the  exterior  surfa^'c  of  every  pie^-c  Avhich  is 
approved  should  be  well  covered  with  sperm  oil  immediately  after  the 
inspection. 


INJURIES   CAUSED   BY   SERVICE.  31 


MARKS. 


All  guns  are  required  to  be  weighed  and  to  be  marked,  as  follows, — 
viz. :  the  number  of  the  gun,  the  initials  of  the  insj^ectoi''' s  name,  and  that  of  the 
foundry,  the  year  of  fabrication,  and  the  weight  of  the  piece  in  pounds  on  the 
face  of  the  piece,  in  a  circle  concentric  with  the  bore,  in  letters  and  figures 
at  least  one  inch  long ;  the  numbers  in  a  separate  series  for  each  kind  and 
calibre  at  each  foundry;  the  foundry-number,  in  small  figures,  on  the  end 
of  the  right  rimbase,  above  the  trunnion;  the  letters  U.  S.,  in  large 
characters,  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  piece,  in  rear,  but  near  the 
trunnions. 

The  highest  point  of  metal  at  the  base-line  and  at  the  muzzle,  when  the 
axis  of  the  trunnions  is  horizontal,  should  be  marked,  with  a  fine  line  cut 
into  the  metal,  Avhilst  the  piece  is  in  the  trunnion-lathe. 

Guns  rejected  on  inspection  are  marked  X  C,  on  the  face  of  the  muzzle; 
if  condemned  for  erroneous  dimensions  which  cannot  be  remedied,  add 
X  D  ;  if  by  powder  proof,  X  P. 

INJURIES  CAUSED  BY  SERVICE. 

Bronze  guns  are  little  subject  to  external  injury,  except  from  the  bending 
of  the  trunnions,  sometimes,  after  long  service,  or  heavy  charges. 

Internal  injuries  are  caused  by  the  action  of  the  gases  developed  in  the 
combustion  of  the  powder,  or  by  the  action  of  the  shot  in  passing  out  of 
the  bore.     These  effects  generally  increase  with  the  calibre  of  the  piece. 

Of  the  first  kind,  the  principal  one  is  the  cutting  away  of  the  metal  of 
the  upper  surface  of  the  bore  over  the  seat  of  the  shot. 

Those  of  the  second  kind  are  :  T]ie  lodgment  of  the  shot,  a  compression 
of  the  metal  on  the  lower  side  of  the  bore,  at  the  seat  of  the  shot,  caused 
by  the  pressure  of  the  gas  in  escaping  over  the  top  of  the  shot.  There  is 
a  corresponding  burr  in  front  of  the  lodgment,  and  the  motion  thereby 
given  to  the  shot  causes  it  to  strike  alternately  on  the  top  and  bottom  of 
the  bore,  producing  other  enlargements,  generally  three  in  number;  it  is 
chiefly  from  this  cause  that  bronze  guns  become  unserviceable.  Scratches 
caused  by  t  he  fragments  of  a  broken  shot,  or  the  roughness  of  an  imperfect  one. 

The  durabiliiy  of  bronze  guns  may  be  much  increased  by  careful  use,  and 
by  the  precautions  of  increasing  the  length  of  the  cartridge,  or  that  of  the 
sabot,  or  using  a  wad  over  the  cartridge,  in  order  to  change  the  place  of  the 
shot ;  by  wrapping  the  shot  in  woollen  or  other  cloth,  or  in  paper,  so  as  to 
diminish  the  windage  and  the  bounding  of  the  shot  in  the  bore.  In  field 
^rwns,  both  bronze  and  iron,  the  paper  cap  which  is  taken  off  from  the  car- 
tridge should  always  be  put  over  the  shot. 

Iron  guns  are  subject  to  the  above  defects  in  a  less  degi-ee  than  bronze, 
except  the  corrosion  of  the  metal.     The  principal  cause  of  injury  to  iron 

3- 


6Z  ORDNANCE    MANUxiL. 

guns  is  tlie  rusiing  of  the  metal,  producing  a  roughness  and  enlargement 
of  the  bore. 

The  service  to  which  an  iron  gun  has  been  subjected  may  generally 
be  determined  by  the  appearance  of  the  vent.  After  about  500  rounds  the 
vent  becomes  enlarged  to  .3  inch,  and  should  not  be  longer  used. 

In  rifled  guns  the  wear  of  the  vent  is  about  twice  as  great  as  in  smooth- 
bored  guns. 

Replacing  Vents. — In  field  and  rifled  pieces,  the  vent-piece  is  taken  out 
and  a  new  one  is  screwed  in.  In  other  guns,  the  vent  is  filled  up  by  pouring 
in  melted  zinc,  the  vent  being  closed  on  the  interior  by  means  of  clay  placed 
on  the  head  of  a  rammer  and  pressed  against  the  upper  surface  of  the  bore, 
and  a  new  vent  is  bored,  at  a  distance  of  two  or  three  inches  from  the  first, 

Spihing  and  unsjyihing  guns,  and  rendering  them  unserviceahle. 

To  spike  a  piece,  or  to  render  it  unserviceable. — Drive  into  the  vent  a  jagged 
and  hardened  steel  spike  with  a  soft  point,  or  a  nail  without  a  head  ;  break 
it  off  flush  with  the  outer  surface  and  clinch  the  point  inside  by  means  of 
the  rammer.  Wedge  a  shot  in  the  bottom  of  the  bore  by  wrapping  it  with 
felt,  or  by  means  of  iron  wedges,  using  the  rammer  or  a  bar  of  iron  to 
drive  them  in ;  a  wooden  wedge  would  be  easily  burnt  by  means  of  a  char- 
coal fire  lighted  with  the  aid  of  a  bellows.  Cause  shells  to  burst  in  the 
bore  of  bronze  guns,  or  fire  broken  shot  from  them  with  high  charges.  Fill 
a  piece  with  sand  over  the  charge  to  burst  it.  Fire  a  piece  against  another, 
muzzle  to  muzzle,  or  the  muzzle  of  one  to  the  chase  of  the  other.  Light  a 
fire  under  the  chase  of  a  bronze  gun,  and  strike  on  it  with  a  sledge  to  bend 
it.  Break  oif  the  trunnions  of  iron  guns  ;  or  burst  tliem  by  firing  them 
with  heavy  charges  and  full  of  shot,  at  a  high  elevation. 

When  guns  are  to  be  spiked  temporarily,  and  are  likely  to  be  retaken,  a 
spring  spike  is  used,  having  a  shoulder  to  prevent  its  being  too  easily  ex- 
tracted. 

To  unspikc  apiece. — If  the  spike  is  not  screwed  in  or  clinched,  and  the 
bore  is  not  impeded,  put  in  a  charge  of  powder  of  ^  the  weight  of  the  shot, 
and  ram  junk  wads  over  it  with  a  handspike,  laying  on  the  bottom  of  the 
bore  a  strip  of  wood  with  a  groove  on  the  under  side  containing  a  strand 
of  quick-match  by  which  fire  is  communicated  to  tlie  charge  ;  in  a  bronze 
gun,  take  out  some  of  the  metal  at  the  upper  orifice  of  the  vent,  and  pour 
sulphuric  acid  into  the  groove  for  some  hours  before  fiinng.  If  tliis  method, 
several  times  repeated,  is  not  successful,  unscrew  the  vent-piece,  if  it  be  a 
bronze  gun,  and  if  an  iron  one,  drill  out  the  spike,  or  drill  a  new  vent. 

To  drive  out  a  shot  wedged  in  the  bore. — Unscrew  the  vent-piece,  if  there  be 
one,  and  drive  in  wedges  so  as  to  start  the  shot  forward,  then  ram  it  back 
again  in  order  to  seize  the  wedge  with  a  hook;  or  pour  in  powder  and 
fire  it,  after   replacing    the  vent-piece.     In    the   last   resort,  bore  a  liole 


PRESERVATION    OF    ORDNANCE.  83 

in  the  bottom  of  the  breech,  drive  out  the  shot,  and  stop  the  hole  with  a 
screw. 

To  use  a  piece  ivhich  has  been  spiked. — Insert  one  end  of  a  piece  of  quick- 
match  in  the  cartridge,  allowing  the  other  to  project  out  of  the  muzzle  of 
the  gun.     Apply  the  fire  to  the  quick-match,  and  get  out  of  the  way. 

When  quick-match  of  sufficient  length  is  not  at  hand,  insert  one  end  in 
the  cartridge,  the  other  projecting  in  front  of  the  shot,  and,  after  ramming 
the  cartridge  home,  throw  two  or  three  pinches  of  powder  into  the  bore. 
Place  another  piece  of  match  in  the  muzzle,  the  end  projecting  out.  The 
piece  may  be  fired  in  this  way  without  danger.  Quick-match  in  the  car- 
tridge may  be  di^ensed  with  by  piercing  three  or  four  holes  in  the  car- 
tridge-bag.    In  this  manner  the  gun  may  be  fired  with  great  rapidity. 

PRESERVATION  OF  ORDNANCE. 

Cannon  should  be  placed  together,  according  to  kind  and  calibre,  on  skids 
of  stone,  iron,  or  wood,  laid  on  hard  ground,  well  rammed  and  covered 
with  a  layer  of  cinders,  or  of  some  other  material  to  prevent  vege- 
tation. 

Guns  and  long  hoioitzers. — The  pieces  should  rest  on  the  skids  in  front  of 
the  base-ring  and  in  rear  of  the  astragal ;  the  axis  inclined  at  an  angle  of 
4  or  5  degrees  with  the  horizon,  the  muzzle  lowest ;  the  trunnions  touching 
each  other;  or,  if  space  be  wanting  for  that  arrangement,  the  trunnion  of 
one  piece  may  rest  on  the  adjoining  piece,  so  that  the  axis  of  the  trunnions 
is  inclined  about  45°  with  a  horizontal  line  ;  the  muzzle  closed  with  a  tom- 
pion  or  a  plug  of  dry  wood,  well  saturated  with  oil  or  grease;  the  vent 
down,  stopped  with  a  greased  wooden  plug,  or  with  putty  or  tallow.  If 
circumstances  require  it,  the  pieces  may  be  piled  in  two  tiers,  with  skidding 
placed  between  them,  exactly  over  those  which  rest  on  the  ground ;  the 
muzzles  of  both  tiers  in  the  same  direction  and  their  axes  preserving  the 
same  inclination. 

Short  hoioitzers  and  mortars. — On  thick  planks,  standing  on  their  muzzles, 
the  trunnions  touching,  the  vents  stopped. 

Iron  ordnance  should  be  covered  on  the  exterior  with  a  lacker  impervious 
to  water,  (see  Chap.  VII.  ;)  the  bore  and  the  vent  should  be  greased  with 
a  mixture  of  oil  and  tallow,  or  of  talloio  and  beeswax  melted  together  and 
boiled  to  expel  the  water.  The  lacker  should  be  renewed  as  often  as  re- 
quired, and  the  grease  at  least  once  every  year. 

The  lacker  and  grease  should  be  applied  in  hot  weather. 

The  cannon  should  be  frequently  inspected,  to  see  that  moisture  does 
not  collect  in  the  bore. 


34 


DKDNANCK    MAM  AL. 


CIIAPTKJl  Si:{M)\D. 
SHOT  AND  SHELLS. 

NoMKNTLATrHi;,    DIM  I:NS  IONS,  ^VKIG  UTS. 

Shot,  shells,  ci'.-ijio  and  emitter  shot  lake  the  riaiiieerthe  gun  or  howitzer 
it\  Avhicli  they  are  use'!.  The  size  of  gfape  an-l  cani'^ter  shot  is  so  regu- 
lated ilial  a  certain  number  shall  (•hand)ei-  in  the  Ijore. 

The  v'irs  of  a  siiell  are  holes  for  the  points  of  the  >hell-hooks.  fl.O  inch  in 
diameter,  hored  on  opposite  sides  of  the  fuze-liole,  their  axes  jterjuuidicular 
to  tlie  axis  of  the  fuze-lode.  The  metal  is  cut  out  aliove  them  at  the  dis- 
tance indicated  in  the  tal)le.  in  a  direction  per]»endicidar  to  the  axesof  the 
holes,  Avliich  must  remain  O.Lio  inch  deep,  with  a  thlcktiess  of  0.2o  inch  of 
metal  above  them,  at  the  thinnest  part. 

Shof. 


13-in. 

12-in. 

lO-in.   S-in. 

I 

42 

i     i     ! 

32      24   '  IS  1     12 

o" 

6        4 

1 

Dianicter.   in. 
"\Vei-lit.     lbs. 

12.S7 
2S2.S4 

11. S7 

0  S7  ':  ss 

127.5  :   CO 

i 

fi.S4 
42.5 

r,.25   5.tTS    ,-i.l7  '   4.52 
:i2.4   24.:>    is. 3,  12.25 

i          i 

4.10 

;t.i4 

:;.5s  .'5.12 
ti.l    4.U7 

2..S4 

1.95 

1 

Sh^Ih. 


For  Coliuii- 

biads  and  S.C. 

ibnvitzers. 

15, 

■  Mortars. 

For  Guns  and  Ilowitzcr.s. 

10-iii. 

84 11. 
In. 

1.42 

1. 

49.75 

13-in. 

! 

HVin.  i   ^-in. 

1 

42 

.,> 

21 

IS 

12 

\  I„. 

Diameter '   '.>.^7 

'J-hirk,ie.s<.f  (True 2. 

^j(^•-  and    -  (ir^'atest    ;   2.1 
l-ti-.in.         i  I-ea^l '    l.'.t 

Thiekii:  ssat  fuz.-hdi.-...  '  :;. 

]>ialM. •!,■!■  r,f  (  KxOTi-r..       1.45 

fliZ.-ll-le.    \  lutcrinr...  \    1. 
I*i<!aii.'.'  liLtwci-i]  cais...  \    »). 

MVi^lif lbs.     101.07 

In. 
12.S7 
2.1 

?.9."i 

2.1 

l.s 

1  .4n5 

•• 

197.3 

In.         In. 
iy/'  i    L25 

1.5     M.i: 

l.<i      !    1.25 

i,;:.      1.:; 
1.51      i.ii;; 

SS.42     44.12 

In. 

1.2 

1 . 1 :. 

l.s 

1, 
0.73 

31.3 

In. 
1 .( i5 

(>.;*', 
l.:;5 

u.ei'.is 

In. 

(1.9 
(i.!i5 

1  j;5 

U.H'.IS 

lti.8 

m. 

5.17 
0.9 
o.;i4 

(1.9 

(t.>;9S 

13.45 

in. 
4.52 

;;:;. 

d.t.t"; 

9'.9 
0.743 

8. .34 

The  S-in(di  mortar-shell  is  used  for  the  siege  liowitzer.  The  l")-iiicli 
shell  is  M.S-j  in.  diameter.  It  has  two  eai-  at  the  extremities  of  the 
diameter  at  idghl  angles  to  the  axis  of  the  iuz(  diole.  Tliickness  of  shell, 
2.5  inch.      Thickness  of  the  lo-inch  shell,  2.5  in. 


SHOT   AND    SHELLS. 
Spherical  case  shot. 


35 


Diameter 

fTrue 

Thickness  of  metal  at  the  sides.^  Greatest.. 

(Lea.st 

Thickness  of  metal  at  the  fuze-hole 

Depth  of  recess  for  fuze 

Diameter  of  fuze-hole.  {J^tgrior 

Mean  weight lbs. 


8-in. 


In. 

7.88 

0.7 

0.725 

0.675 

1.5 

.4 
1.62 

.75 

30.36 


42 


In. 

6.84 

0.65 

0.675 

0.625 

1.25 

.4 
1.62 

.75 

20.73 


32 


In. 
6.25 
0.60 
0.625 
0.575 
1.25 

.4 
1.62 

.75 

16.12 


24 


In. 

5.68 
0.55 
0.575 
0.525 
1.1 

.4 
1.62 

.75 

12.32 


In. 
5.17 
0.5 
0.525 
0.475 
1.1 

.4 
31.62 

.75 

9.27 


In. 

4.52 

0.45 

0.475 

0.425 

0.9 

.4 
1.62 

.75 

6.22 


In. 

3.58 

0.36 

0.385 

0.335 

0.9 

.4 
1.62 

.75 

3.22 


The  thickness  of  metal  at  the  fuze-hole  is  supposed  to  be  measured  in 
the  axis  of  the  fuze-hole  between  the  spherical  surfaces  of  the  shell  and 
of  the  reinforce. 

Spherical  case  shot  of  the  old  pattern  may  be  used  with  the  Bormann 
fuzes. 

The  fuze-holes  of  shells  and  spherical  case  shot  for  the  fuze-plug  taper 
0.15  inch  to  1  inch. 

Diameter  of  gauges  for  Shot  and  Shells. 


13-in. 

12-in. 

10-ln. 

8-in. 

42 

32 

24 

18 

12 

9 

6 

4 

3 

1 

Large 

Small,    1"^^ 
I  old 

In. 

12.90 
12.84 
12.80 

In. 

11.90 
11.84 

In. 
9.90 
9.84 
9.80 

In. 

*7.90 

7.85 
7.80 

In. 

6.86 
6.81 
6.76 

In. 

6.27 
6.22 
6.18 

In. 

5.70 
5.65 
5.61 

In. 

5.18 
5.13 
5.10 

In. 

4.53 
4.49 
4.46 

In. 

4.12 
4.08 
4.05 

In. 

3.60 
3.56 
3.54 

In. 

3.14 
3.19 

In. 

2.86 

2.82 
2.80 

In. 
1.98 
1.92 

*  The  gauges  for  8-inch  solid  shot  are  7.85  and  7.80  in.  respectively. 
For  the  manner  of  using  these  gauges,  see  page  38. 

Case  Shot  for  Rifled  Guns. 


Dimensions. 

4Hn. 

3-in. 

1 

Rem.ujks. 

Iron. 

Soft 
Metal. 

Iron. 

Soft 
Metal,  j 

Diameter in. 

Length in. 

4.43 

8.2 
.625 
.7 

4.45 
1.5 

.15 

.1 

2.93 
6.7 

.4 

.5 

2. 

2.95 
1.5 
.15      1 

•1        1 

1 

Tliickness  at  end 
of  cup,  .25  inch. 

Depthofcup.  .5in. 

Diameter  of  fuze- 
hole,  1  inch. 

'*          "      "       "  bottom in. 

1 

The  soft  metal  (lead  8,  antimony  1)  is  attached  most  securely  by  casting 
it  on  a  tin  cup  set  up  in  a  die  of  the  proper  size,  and  pouring  the  iron  into 
the  cup  placed  in  the  bottom  of  the  mould. 


36 


ORDNANCE   MANUAL. 

Grenades. 


Six-pounder  spherical  case  shot  may  be  used  for  hand  grenades,  and  shells 
of  any  calibre  for  rampart  grenades. 

Grape- Shot. 


Diameter  of  large  gauge 

Diameter  of  small  gauge 

Mean  -weight lbs. 


8-in. 

42 

32 

24 

18 

In. 
3.60 
3.54 

In. 

3.17 
3.13 

In. 

2.90 
2.86 

In. 
2.64 
2.60 

In. 

2.40 
2.36 

6.1 

4.2 

3.15 

2.4 

1.8 

12 


In. 
2.06 
2.02 

1.14 


Canister- Shot. 


N.iTURE 

OF   ORDNANCE. 

a 

=  1. 

n 

c-o    ■ 

i 

12-pdr.  how- 

be 

^■1 

3 

^S^l 

.a 

s> 

itzer. 

t 

"2 

B.»S 

-H, 

-E-s? 

-Eg 

^ 

Field. 

Moun- 

^ 

t"" 

CO 

^.^ 

t-"- 

«i 

tain. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

Diameter  of  large  gauge.... 

2.'26 

2.06 

1.87 

1.70 

1.49 

1.35 

1.17 

1.08 

.69 

Diameter  of  small  gauge... 

2.22 

2.02 

1.84 

1.67 

1.46 

1.32 

1.14 

1.05 

Mus- 

Mean weight lbs. 

1.5 

1.14 

0.86 

0.64 

0.43 

0.32 

0.21 

0.16 

ket 
ball. 

Lead  Balls. 

DIAMETERS  OF  LEAD  BALLS  FROM  1  TO  32  TO  THE 


No.  of 

balls  to 

lib. 

s 

No.  of 

balls  to 

1  lb. 

a 

ft 

No.  of 

balls  to 

lib. 

1 
S 

1 

No.  of 

balls  to 

lib. 

u 

1 

1 

In. 
1.670 

9 

In. 
0.803 

17 

In. 
0.650 

i 

25 

In. 

0.571 

2 

1.326 

10 

.775 

18 

.638 

26 

.564 

3 

1.157 

11 

.751 

19 

.626 

27 

.557 

4 

1.051 

12 

.730 

20 

.615 

28 

.550 

5 

.977 

13 

.710 

21 

.605 

29 

.544 

6 

.919 

14 

.693 

22 

.596 

30 

.537 

7 

.873 

15 

.676 

23 

.587 

31 

.531 

8 

.835 

16 

.663 

24 

.579 

32 

1 

.526 

For  the  mode  of  fabrication  of  lead  balls,  see  Chapter  X. 


SHOT   AND    SHELLS. 


37 


DIAMETERS    OF    CAST-IRON    BALLS    FROM    ^   POUND    TO    50    POUNDS    WEIGHT. 


Weight. 

Diameter. 

Weight. 

Diameter. 

Weight. 

Diameter. 

Weight. 

Diameter. 

Lbs.    0%. 

In. 

Lbs. 

In. 

Lbs. 

In. 

Lbs. 

In. 

0      4 

1.231 

9 

4.065 

23 

5.531 

37 

6.512 

6 

1.403 

10 

4.211 

24 

5.639 

38 

6.570 

8 

1.551 

11 

4.346 

25 

5.714 

39 

6.627 

10 

1.665 

12 

4.474 

26 

5.789 

40 

6.684 

12 

1.701 

13 

4.595 

27 

5.862 

41 

6.738 

14 

1.865 

14 

4.710 

28 

5.930 

42 

6.793 

1 

1.954 

15 

4.819 

29 

6.004 

43 

6.846 

2 

2.462 

16 

4.924 

30 

6.068 

44 

6.898 

3 

2.819 

17 

5.025 

31 

6.140 

45 

6.951 

4 

3.104 

18 

5.121 

32 

6.205 

46 

7.002 

6 

3.341 

19 

5.215 

33 

6.268 

47 

7.052 

6 

3.551 

20 

5.304 

34 

6.330 

48 

7.101 

7 

3.738 

21 

5.392 

35 

6.392 

49 

7.145 

8 

3.908 

22 

5.476 

36 

6.442 

50 

7.198 

The  specific  gravity  of  shot  is  7,000:  shells,  7.1. 

To  find  the  lueight  of  a  cast-iron  shot  or  shell: 

Multiply  the  cube  of  the  diameter  of  the  shot  in  inches  by  .13268,  and 
the  diiference  of  the  cubes  of  the  exterior  and  interior  diameters  of  the 
shell,  by  0.13458  for  the  weight  in  pounds. 

For  lead  balls,  the  multiplier  is  0.2142  for  a  density  of  11.301. 

To  find  the  diameter  of  a  cast-iron  shot  of  a  given  weight: 

Divide  the  weight  in  pounds  by  0.134,  and  the  cube  root  of  the  quotient 
will  be  the  diameter  in  inches. 

To  find  the  quantity  of  powder  which  a  shell  will  contain : 

Multiply  the  cube  of  the  interior  diameter  of  the  shell  in  inches  by 
0.01744,  for  the  weight  of  powder  in  pounds. 


General  Directions  in  the  Fahrication  of  Shot  and  Shells. 

All  shot  and  shells,  except  canister-shot  for  mountain  howitzers,  are 
made  of  cast  iron.  It  should  be  gray  or  mottled  iron,  of  good  quality. 
(See  Chap.  XIV.  Cast  Iron.)  They  must  be  cast  in  sand,  and  not  in  iron 
moulds :  the  shot  from  the  latter  are  generally  not  spherical  in  form,  nor 
uniform  in  size;  they  are  also  full  of  cavities,  and  are  cracked  by  being 
heated. 

Spherical  case  shot  must  be  made  with  peculiar  care,  of  the  best  quality 
of  iron,  in  order  that  they  may  not  be  liable  to  break  in  the  gun. 

Grape  and  canister  shot  should  be  made  of  a  soft,  gray  iron :  it  ought  to 


^8 


O  R I )  X  A  X  C  E    .M  A  N  U  A  L . 


1)0  YCM'v  lltiiii.      Tlioy  uve  made  snioolli,  and  pollslied  l)y  I'olling:  ii\  a  barrel 
l\>r  tliat  ]mr}M)-e. 

A  saiii[)lo  ])ai'  ].")  inch  square  and  S  iuclies  Imiir.  T.'iili  a  liead  4  iiicliea 
long,  is  cast,  on  end,  i'roni  the  same  metal  ihal  sliol  and  shells  are  made  of, 
to  be  tested  as  to  its  strengtli  and  the  character  of  the  metal. 


JNSPKCTIOX  OF  SirOT   AM)  SllKLLS. 

Shot. 

Txsi'K('TiX(;  7.\STi;rMF.N"fS. — One  lar;/r  and  one  sinnll  (/iu.'i/r  and  one  c)jlin(Jrr 
//(/?///''  I'or  each  calibre:  tlie  cyliiider-iranjre  has  the  same  diaiiieter  as  the 
large  gauge;  it  is  made  (d'  ca^t  ir()n,  and  is  -"»  calibres  long.  The  gauges 
should  be  verified  from  time  to  time,  aud  when  they  have  beconu'  .<><l8  larger 
than  their  true  diameter,  they  should  no  longer  be  used.  One  Jiiiiiuiurr, 
Aveighing  half  a  pound,  and  iiaving  a  fiat  face  and  a  conical  point.  Sled 
punc/tc.'^. 

Oitp  .<r(/rcJ/>',\  of  steed  wire  Xn.  :'J\  Avitli  a  handle. 

The  shot  slioul'l  he  inspected  lieibre  they  become  rusty;  after  being  well 
cleaned,  each  shot  is  ]daced  on  a  table  and  examined  by  the  eye  to  see  that 
its  surface  is  smooth,  that  the  nu'tal  is  ^ound  and  free  from  seams,  flaws, 
and  bli.^iers.  If  cavities  or  small  holes  ;!])jH'ar  on  the  surface,  strike  t)ie 
point  of  the  hammer  or  ])unc]i  into  them  and  .ascertain  their  deptli  with  the 
searcher:  if  the  de))th  of  the  cavity  exceed  O.li  inch,  the  shot  is  rejected; 
and  also  if  it  a]i])ear  that  an  attempt  has  been  made  to  conceal  sucli  defects 
by  filling  u|)  tlie  holes  vrith  luiils,  cement,  >_^c. 

The  sliot  must  ])as'<  in  every  direction  through  the  large  gauge,  ami  not 
at  all  through  the  small  (Uie  ;  the  founder  should  eiuleavor  to  bring  the 
shot  up  as  near  as  possible  to  the  lan/r  [/ai/f/c  or  to  the  (/■>//■  iJiniiirirr. 

After  having  been  thus  exaniiiuMi,  the  shot  are  passed  tlirijugh  the  ci/Jiti(hir- 
[ionij'%  Avhicdi  is  ]ilaced  at  an  inclinatioji  of  about  2  inches  beiwfM'u  the  two 
ends  aud  suppurled  on  blocks  td'  wooil  in  siudi  a  manner  as  to  he  easily 
turned  from  tiiiu'  I  (j  time,  to  jirevent  its  being  worn  in  fui'rows.  >hot  Avliich 
.v//VA'  or  Ktiel:  in  the  cylinder  are  rejected  ;  the  latter  must  be  ]uished  out 
fr(un  the  lower  end  witli  a  wooden  rammer-. 

Shot  are  proved  by  dro]>])ing  theta  from  a  height  of  2(>  feet  on  a  block 
of  iron,  or  rolling  them  down  ;tn  iiudined  jilane  (d'  that  height,  again^jt 
another  shot  at  the  ])ottom  of  the  }d;iTU\ 

The  average  weight  of  the  sliot  is  deduced  I'rom  that  of  tliree  ]iarcels  of 
2t>  to  oO  eacdi.  taken  indiscrimiiuitely  from  the  jn'le  :  some  of  t  lios(;  whicii 
appear  to  be  tlie  smallest  should  be  a.l-o  vadghed,  and  they  are  reje(;ted  if 
they  fall  sliorl  of  the  weiglit  expressed  by  their  califire  more  than  one 
thirl ij',^i<y)n(l  \y.\yi.      'Jdiey  almost  in\aiialily  exceed  that   weight. 


INSPECTION    OF    SHOT    AND    SHELLS.  39 

Grape  and  Canister  Shot. 

The  dimensions  are  verified  by  means  of  a  large  and  a  small  gauge 
attached  to  the  same  handle.  The  surface  of  the  shot 'should  be  smooth 
and  free  from  seams. 

Shells  and  Hollow  Shot. 

Inspecting  instruments, — A  larffe  and  small  gauge  for  each  calibre,  and 
a  cylinder-gauge  for  shells  of  8  inches  and  under. 

Callipers  for  measuring  the  thickness  of  the  metal  at  the  sides  of  the 
shell. 

Callipers  to  measure  the  thickness  at  the  bottom  of  the  shell. 

Gauges  for  the  dimensions  of  the  fuze-hole,  and  for  the  thickness  of 
metal  at  the  fuze-hole. 

A  pair  of  hand-bellows ;  a  wooden  plug  to  fit  the  fuze-hole,  and  bored 
through  to  receive  the  muzzle  of  the  bellows. 

A  hammer  ;  a  searcher  ;  a  cold  chisel ;  steel  punches. 

The  surface  of  the  shell  and  its  exterior  dimensions  are  examined  as  in 
the  case  of  shot,  particular  attention  being  paid  to  the  hemisphere  opposite 
the  fuze-hole.  Cavities  and  imperfections  in  casting  are  generally  found 
about  30°  from  the  top  of  the  shell,  when  in  the  position  in  which  it  was 
cast.  Shells  should  be  rejected  for  rough  casting,  projecting  seams,  sand- 
flaws,  a  collection  of  dross,  cavities  or  honey-combs  of  more  than  two- 
tenths  of  an  inch  in  depth,  whatever  their  diameter,  or  a  number  of  small 
holes  giving  the  projectile  a  spongy  appearance. 

The  shell  is  next  struck  with  the  hammer,  to  judge  by  the  sound  whether 
it  be  free  from  cracks  ;  the  position  and  dimensions  of  the  ears  are  verified; 
the  thickness  of  metal  is  then  measured  at  several  points  on  the  great  circle 
perpendicular  to  the  axis  of  the  fuze-hole,  and  at  the  bottom,  and  at  the 
fuze-hole.  The  diameter  of  the  fuze-hole,  which  should  be  accurately 
reamed,  is  then  verified,  and  the  soundness  of  the  metal  about  the  inside 
of  the  hole  is  ascertained  by  inserting  the  finger. 

The  shell  is  now  placed  on  a  trivet  in  a  tub  containing  water  deep  enough 
to  cover  it  nearly  to  the  fuze-hole ;  the  bellows  and  plug  are  inserted  into 
the  fuze-hole  and  the  air  forced  into  the  shell ;  if  there  be  any  holes  in  the 
shell,  the  air  will  rise  in  bubbles  through  the  water.  This  test  also  gives 
another  indication  of  the  soundness  of  the  metal,  as  the  parts  containing 
cavities  will  dry  more  slowly  than  the  other  parts. 

The  mean  weight  of  shells  is  ascertained  in  the  same  manner  as  that  of 
shot. 

Shot  and  shells  rejected  in  the  inspection  are  marked  with  a  X,  made  with 
the  cold  chisel;  on  shot  near  the  gate,  and  on  shells  near  the  fuze-hole. 

4 


40  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

PRESERVATION  AND  PILING  OF  BALLS. 

Balls  should  be  carefully  lackered  as  soon  as  possible  after  they  are 
received.  The  ne4v  S-inch  solid  shot  are  painted  red,  to  distinguish  them 
from  the  old,  which  will  not  answer  for  hot-shot  firing.  All  spherical  case 
shot  are  also  painted  red.  Other  projectiles  are  lackered  black.  For  the 
composition  of  lacker  and  the  manner  of  applying  it,  see  Chap.  VII. 

When  it  becomes  necessary  to  renew  the  lacker,  the  old  lacker  should  be 
removed  by  rolling  or  scraping  the  balls,  which  should  never  be  heated  for 
that  purpose. 

Balls  are  piled  according  to  kind  and  calibre,  under  cover  if  practicable, 
in  a  place  where  there  is  a  free  circulation  of  air,  to  facilitate  which  the 
piles  should  be  made  narrow  if  the  locality  permits ;  the  width  of  the 
bottom  tier  may  be  from  12  to  14  balls,  according  to  the  calibre. 

Prepare  the  ground  for  the  base  of  the  pile  by  raising  it  above  the  sur- 
rounding ground  so  as  to  throw  ofif  the  water  ;  level  it,  ram  it  well,  and 
cover  it  with  a  layer  of  screened  sand.  Make  the  bottom  of  the  pile  with 
a  tier  of  unserviceable  balls  buried  about  two-thirds  of  their  diameter  in 
the  sand  ;  this  base  may  be  made  permanent :  clean  the  base  well  and  form 
the  pile,  putting  the  fuze-holes  of  shells  downwards,  in  the  intervals,  and 
not  resting  on  the  shells  below.  Each  pile  is  marked  with  the  number  of 
serviceable  balls  it  contains. 

The  base  may  be  made  of  bricks,  concrete,  stone,  or  with  borders  and 
braces  of  iron.  Good  and  imperfect  balls  should  not  be  used  in  the  same 
base ;  and,  to  avoid  confusion,  the  unserviceable  should  be  left  unpainted, 
or  painted  of  a  different  color  from  the  serviceable. 

Grape  and  canister  shot  should  be  oiled  or  lackered,  put  in  piles,  or  in 
strong  boxes,  on  the  ground-floor,  or  in  dry  cellars, — each  parcel  marked 
with  its  kind,  calibre,  and  number. 

To  find  the  number  of  halls  in  a  pile. 

Multiply  the  sum  of  the  three  parallel  edges  hy  one-third  of  the  number  of  balls 
in  a  triangidar  face. 

In  a  square  pile,  one  of  the  parallel  edges  contains  but  one  ball ;  in  a 
triangular  pile,  two  of  the  edges  have  but  one  ball  in  each. 

The  number  of  balls  in  a  triangular  face  is  "  -^.^  ;  n  being  the  number 
in  the  bottom  row. 

The  sum  of  the  three  parallel  edges  in  a  triangular  pile  is  n  -}-  2 ;  in  a 
square  pile,  2  w -(- 1 ;  in  an  obloug  pile,  3  A""-!- 2  n  —  2;  iV^ being  the  length 
of  the  top  row,  and  n  the  width  of  the  bottom  tier  :  or,  3  /n  —  n  -\-l  ;  7h  being 
the  length  and  n  the  width  of  the  bottom  tier. 

If  a  pile  consist  of  two  piles  joined  at  a  right  angle,  calculate  the  con- 


PILING   OP   BALLS.  41 

tents  of  one  as  a  common  oblong  pile,  and  of  the  other  as  a  pile  of  which 
the  three  parallel  edges  are  equal. 

To  find  the  length  of  a 'pile  which  shall  hold  a  given  numher  of  halls, 
the  width  of  the  base  being  fixed. 

4  =  the  number  of  balls  to  be  piled. 

w  =  the  number  in  the  width  of  the  base  of  the  pile. 

m  =  the  number  of  balls  in  the  length  of  the  base  of  the  pile ;  then 

■6n{n  +  1) 

In  the  following  Table  of  the  number  of  balls  in  a  pile,  the  second  line 
shows  the  number  in  a  triangular  pile,  the  base  of  which  is  the  corre- 
sponding number  in  the  first  line. 

The  other  numbers  show  the  contents  of  square  and  oblong  piles ;  the 
length  and  width  of  the  base  being  in  the  upper  line  and  in  the  left-hand 
column  respectively. 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL 


II    I' 


^ 


m\^ 


!X^i--H'iO 


^^  ii 

^    --r   X  ]5   ?1   -f 

ri     CO    -t     -^     1-    X 

:^    M\                                        ^  -  ^  S  '^  ^  ^ 

^    ^ 

^x 

;^     S     c:'     X     ^     O     O 

Ci      O       O      r-H       Ol      CO      -^ 

^              CO 

i 

i 

I- 

i  !i  i  li  S  1  ^^ 

^       y 

i!jiiii 

1 

7Q    l-rt*      -^      L^      O      O 

>.o    o  i>o>    O    >-0 

T-^     I-     OJ     X     CO 
I-     1^   ix     X     Ci 

1 

in 

X 

O  jiO    O    O     O    ir?  |o     'O     O    >0     — 
CO    i~    c^j    -^'    r^    o    o    -r    r:    co    x 

CO     CO     -*!     -*     o     >-     -o     —     O     I-     1- 

X        1     j 

-t  io  !•—    -M    X    -T    c:  r^  I'M  ix  ;-f  ic;    -.C' 
o  i-^  ji-    r-H    -t    X    -rj    o  \~.    -M    -o    o    CO 
■71  1^^    '^'    •^    ^'    -'-    ^'  H^  ht    o    o  ko    ::? 

^^  ^  j           |S|iii^ii|i|i|iiiiip|?|i 

l'^ 

iA 

1^ 

j  ex.' 

— . 

, 1 

CO 

_, 

;  ;n 

i  ~ 

1  — . 

I'M 

-i 

j  1  0. 

-A 

CO 

'    ' 

H 

" 

j"" 

" 

h- 

pi 

h 

pi 

r' 

CO 

-f< 

1  '■'•' 

\^ 

1^ 

X 

d 

o 

^-1 

1  CO 

l-t- 

>.o 

1  '~Z 

1^ 

IX'   1 

Ol 

1 

'    ' 

1" 

r"' 

'r 

i" 

r 

'•'—' 

k"' 

!*""    1 

-r 

1  • — ■ 

-- 

'  OI 

:x 

jT 

1  — 

V2; 

;  -^1 

X 

1  ""^ 

1  ^ 

.-, 

01 

r 

.^ 

1  — 

o 

p' 

'^^ 

CO 

j  CO 

LO 

>o 

1  • 

il^ 

X 

,x 

1 1 —    1 

'^ 

1 

1 

! 

1 

! 

1 

1 

1 

r^ 

r-1        T 

--'  I-  i=  i: 


g            0,      CO 

-* 

-,- '., 

X 

~. 

l-j-l-i   !!   i 
!., !.  L  !„  I.  i,- 


PILING    OF   BALLS. 


^ 

(M 

CO 

-^ 

>0 

CO 

l^ 

GC 

Ci 

o 

^_^ 

CM 

CO 

1 
->* 

0 

CO 

,^ 

00 

0 

0 

,_, 

,_l 

•-) 

", 

CCi 

c-l 

»o 

Ci 

f.-l 

00 

0  00 

0 

r- 

r^ 

CO 

CO 

CO 

00 

0 

CO 

1^ 

0    c-l 

'Ct^ 

t^ 

CO 

CO 

CO 

-* 

^ 

^ 

■* 

-* 

o 

o 

0 

0 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

t^ll^ 

t- 

l^ 

,-~ 

O  !0    O 

!•-- 

o 

O  |0 

o 

0 

r-j 

3 

0 

0  0 

0 

0 

0  0 

o 

00 

OS     O 

, 1 

-^1 

CO 

Tt<      O 

:0 

X) 

CTS 

0 

-M 

CO      l;- 

ci 

Q 

C^l     o 

[^ 

-^ 

CO  ko 

Ci 

CO 

CO 

GO 

0     C-I 

-^ 

CO 

00   0 

CO 

CO  Ico 

CO 

CO 

•^ 

rti   l-rH 

Ttl 

^ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

CO      CO 

CO 

CO 

CO      t^ 

^ 

<~> 

c-> 

<~, 

o 

o 

o 

o 

o 

^ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0  0 

0 

0 

0   0 

Oi 

lO 

^ 

CO 

CM 

o 

OS 

00 

CO 

0 

■^ 

00 

c-l 

r-H      0 

C5 

00 

r-    CO 

00 

o 

CM 

CO 

a) 

Ci 

CO 

o 

1^ 

0 

0   1- 

00 

0 

CM     -ti 

(M 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

00 

CO 

■* 

TtH 

TtH 

-^ 

TJ^ 

0 

uO 

0   0 

0 

CO 

CO      CO 

CO  1 

^ 

>r5  ICO    !■- 

on 

cr^ 

o 

,_^ 

c-l 

CO     -<ti 

0 

0 

l^ 

00 

0 

(3 

_l 

CO 

C<1 

CO 

CO  io    1- 

■<+• 

Ci 

CO 

CO 

0  t- 

-^ 

GO 

>o 

01 

0 

I-— 

o 

1^ 

05 

1-1    ICO      Tfl 

CO 

GO 

o 

CO 

0      CO 

00 

0 

^ 

CO 

LO 

I^ 

GO 

CI 

?N 

<M 

CO    Ico     CO 

CO 

oo 

CO 

•* 

Tt< 

'^    -^ 

■^ 

0 

uO 

>-o 

0 

0 

00 

, 1 

■^ 

1- 

,;^ 

CO    ICO 

Ci 

CM 

0  lOO 

,_H 

Ttl 

rr^ 

'O     O   lo   io     O   li-H 

CO 

Ol 

1- 

CM 

00 

00  loo 

00 

0 

-f  io 

lO 

0 

en 

O     l^   100     O     T-i   ICO 

^ 

CO 

C5 

0 

CM     00 

0 

CO 

GO   10 

r-H 

00 

(M 

C^     C<1   Icvj 

CO  Ico  Ico 

oo 

CO 

oo 

CO 

•^ 

'^  1-* 

^ 

'^ 

■^  I't 

0 

0 

CD 

Cvl    loo     -^ 

-> 

CO 

Ol    100     'f 

o 

CO    |CM 

00    iTf 

0 

CO 

CI 

00 

'^ 

^ 

CO 

r-H    Irf^      CO 

-M 

o 

Ci    ICI      CO 

o 

CO   It^ 

0  l-t^ 

00 

10 

00 

CO 

on 

05   |.-<     CM 

0    ICO 

c-l 

CO 

'^ 

CO 

r^ 

fN 

CM   IcM     CM 

C^l 

C^l 

CM    Ico    ICO 

CO 

CO  loo 

CO  Ico 

^ 

"* 

rti 

-^ 

Tt^ 

-rli 

(—j 

,-^ 

-—J 

r^ 

O  iO 

—> 

O  IO 

!-> 

— ; 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

■^ 

^ 

0 

0 

o 

O 

00 

Q) 

CM 

^  Ico 

rr> 

O   ICM 

'^ 

CO 

00 

0 

01 

-^ 

■CO 

00 

0 

CM 

-^ 

C5 

^ 

^ 

CO 

-*l  |>-o 

GO    ICl 

o 

c-l 

-rt^ 

0 

CO 

GO 

0 

CM 

1—1 

c^ 

CM 

CM 

c^  lc-1 

C-I 

CM    ICM 

00 

CO 

00 

CO 

CO 

00 

CO 

-:tl 

T^l 

-* 

O 

lO 

--> 

lO 

--) 

>o 

^ 

>o 

--> 

o 

(— , 

>o 

0 

>o 

0 

0 

0 

>o 

0 

to 

-^ 

>o 

o 

O 

CO 

t^ 

00 

00 

Oi 

C5 

(^ 

1—1 

CM 

c-l 

CO 

CO 

■^ 

^ 

t- 

ro 

CT. 

■^ 

, 1 

CM 

CO 

o 

CO 

(X) 

Ci 

0 

, — 1 

CM 

CO 

-* 

CO 

t^ 

Ol 

C^4 

C-4 

CM 

c-l 

c-l 

CM 

CM 

CO 

CO 

00 

00 

CO 

00 

CO 

CO 

1^ 

m 

m 

^ 

^ 1 

■^ 

CO 

-^ 

o 

CO 

f^ 

on 

Ci 

0 

,_^ 

CM 

CO 

■^ 

■o  ico 

CO 

■^ 

CO 

r>J 

, 1 

c-> 

Ci 

or; 

CO 

0 

'tH 

CO 

CO 

CM 

0 

00   U- 

o 

CO 

Ot) 

m 

o 

o 

c-l 

oo 

^ 

lO 

CO 

l^ 

GO 

05 

0 

0 

1-1   ICM 

r- ( 

1 — 1 

CM 

c-4 

CM 

c-l 

c-l 

c-l 

CM 

CM 

CM 

CM 

CI 

CO 

CO 

CO  ico 

13    {-rH 

c-^i 

C-) 

cn 

CD 

^    IC^l 

,— , 

Gf) 

CO 

^ 

c-l 

0 

on 

CO 

'Tt^ 

c-l 

0 

00 

(M 

lO 

CO 

o 

cm 

CO    \^ 

C-J 

CI 

>-o 

CO 

00 

CO 

-^ 

c-l 

0 

lO  loo 

CO 

■^ 

o 

o 

CO  It-- 

00 

<X) 

C5 

o 

1—1 

Cv| 

CM 

CO 

•^ 

>Ci 

CO 

CO 

t-    IGO 

r-i    InH 

1-1 

CM 

CM 

CM 

CM 

CM 

c-l 

CM 

CM 

CM 

CM    |(M 

CO    ICM 

oo 

■<+l 

<~> 

CO  joi 

on 

-H 

o 

CO 

CM 

on 

-'+1 

0   Ico 

CM 

on 

■* 

0  1 

I— 1 

CO  Ico 

05 

CO 

CO 

Oi 

CO 

c-l 

02 

CO 

CM 

0 

0 

CM 

C5      0 

c-l 

or) 

0 

1—1 

1-1    IC^ 

T— 1      ll—l 

^ 

00 

"* 

^ 

>-0 

CO 

I— 

CO 

GO 

Ci 

g 

0    1-1 

CM    lc-1 

?i 

c-l 

CM 

CO 
CM 

c-l 

o 

>o 

o 

>o 

^ 

>o 

!-i 

o 

O   IO 

-) 

0  10 

0 

0 

0 

0   !0 

0 

to 

O 

at 

■^fl 

o 

o 

T-I 

CO 

c-l 

1- 

oo  loo 

^ 

Ci     0 

0 

CO 

l^  Icl 

a; 

00 

Ci 

o 

CO 

CO 

Tfl    iTtl 

2 

0  Ico 
1-1  l,-l 

l:^ 

00 

00  10 

C5 

'^ 

1    lO 

c~> 

.'-. 

>■-) 

to 

o 

o 

o 

o 

^ 

0  10 

>o 

0 

0 

0 

>-0  1 0 

to 

0 

C5 

•M 

CO 

(^ 

o 

-rh 

■GO 

oo 

1-  lc-1 

CO 

^ 

0 

0 

■n*  Io 

00 

a; 

00 

00 

Oi 

OS 

2 

o 

o 

CM 

CM   iCO 

CO 

^ 

Tj^ 

>-o 

0  10 

CO 

CO 

1—1 

(M 

X) 

'ti 

r) 

CO 

CM    lOO 

■^ 

o 

CO 

^1 

on 

^ 

0 

CO 

c-l 

00 

-* 

0 

CO 

00 

t^ 

o 

^ 

on 

o 

r/) 

CO 

o 

CO 

0 

0 

Ttl 

1^ 

^ 

a; 

to 

CO 

1^ 

l^ 

i^ 

00 

00 

GO 

Ol 

Ci 

Ci 

0 

0 

1— 1 

CM 

CM 

c-l 

CO 

CO 

^1 

.— ) 

on 

CO 

-* 

c-l 

O    100 

CO 

'^ 

CM 

— , 

on 

CO 

■^ 

C<1 

0 

on 

CO 

1— 

CO 

CO 

on 

^ 

1^ 

c-l 

o 

on 

^ 

0 

Oi 

c-l 

0 

«) 

CO 

CO 

o 

o 

o 

CO 

CO 

CO 

1^ 

1^ 

Cf.) 

■GO 

on 

aj 

0 

Ci 

0 

3> 

0 

0 

1—1 

CO 

J^ 

on 

CT5 

o 

1—1 

^1 

CO 

'^ 

>o 

1:5 

£^ 

on 

-TJ 

0 

,_i 

CM 

CO 

'-H 

lO 

CO 

11 

o 

rl 

'i^ 

CO 

C5 

CO 

>.o 

0:1 

CO 

0 

4-- 

0 

c-l 

Ttl 

CO 

GO 

0 

'^l 

'^ 

■^ 

-* 

Ttl 

»o 

o 

uO 

o 

0 

CO 

'CO 

CO 

CO 

t^ 

l^ 

t- 

00 

o 

o 

>o 

O 

lO 

o 

>o 

— -, 

>o 

(— , 

lO 

0 

>o 

Q 

lO 

0 

0 

0 

>o 

^ 

o 

05 

CM 

'H 

>o 

r- 

on 

o 

CO 

-^ 

0 

1^ 

Ci 

0 

CI 

00 

0 

CO 

00 

<M 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

Ttl 

Tfl 

T^l 

"* 

'f 

^ 

-* 

0 

0 

>o 

0 

.0 

tij 

o 

o 

o 

O 

o 

o 

^ 

o 

o 

^ 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

.—. 

.^ 

0 

'^ 

O 

C-l 

CO 

"H 

o 

CO 

GO 

Ci 

0 

c-l 

CO 

^ 

u-0 

CO 

1— 

00 

0 

Cv| 

c^ 

C^l 

CM 

Ol 

CM 

c-l 

CM 

CM 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

00 

00 

CO 

co" 

(M 

GO 

^ 

o 

CO 

c-l 

on 

■^ 

o 

CO 

c-l 

GO 

-^ 

. — , 

CO    IC^I 

00 

^ 

0 

CO 

cq 

CVJ 

00 

■r)^ 

-^ 

>.o 

o 

o 

I- 

GO 

GO 

55 

^p 

CM 

c-l 

c-l 

CM 

(M 

o 

GO 

,_i 

"* 

o 

CO 

CO 

0 

c-l 

0 

00 

,_! 

-^ 

(^ 

0 

CO 

CO 

0 

<M 

CO 

CO 

CO 

'" 

I- 

00 

00 

GO 

GO 

0 

C2 

C5 

0 

0 

1—1 

C<J 

CO 

^ 

o 

CO 

1^ 

on 

C5 

0 

c-l 

CO 

■^ 

>-0 

CO 

r— 

00 

0 

0 

C^l 

(M 

CM 

CM 

CM 

CM 

CM 

CM 

CM 

CO 

CO 

CO 

CO 

00 

CO 

CO 

00 

oo 

oo 

Tj^ 

4* 


44  ORDNANCE   MANUAL. 


CHAPTER   THIRD. 
ARTILLERY    CARRIAGES. 

NOMENCLATURE. 

The  nomenclatui'e  and  the  tables  of  weights  and  dimensions  given  in 
this  chapter  apply  to  the  latest  patterns  adopted. 

The  parts  are  enumerated  generally  in  the  order  in  which  they  are  put 
together. 

The  wheels  are  designated  by  numbers  referring  to  special  description 
given  after  the  carriages. 

The  axle-trees,  washers,  linch-pins,  nave-boxes,  bolts,  nuts,  &c.,  are 
designated  by  letters  and  numbers  which  refer  to  the  foi'ms  and  dimen- 
sions laid  down  in  the  tables. 

Field  Gun  Carriages.   (Plate  2.) 

There  are  four  gun-carriages  for  field  service,  viz. : 

One  for  the  6-pounder  gun  and  12-pounder  howitzer. 

One  for  the  24-pounder  howitzer. 

One  for  the  12-pounder  gun,  model  1857. 

One  for  the  12-pounder  gun  and  the  32-pounder  howitzer. 

The  parts  of  these  carriages  are  all  similar,  differing  only  in  their 
dimensions.  The  parts  which  are  common  to  all  are  marked  with  an 
asterisk  (*). 

The  carriages  for  the  24-pounder  howitzer  and  12-pounder  gun,  1857,  differ 
chiefly  in  the  length  of  the  cheeks,  and  the  position  of  the  elevating-screw. 

Wood. — 1  stock  in  two  pieces,  assembled  with  2  dowels;  2  cheeks;  1  axU' 
body. 

Irox. — *2  trail-handles,  fastened  by  2  holts  No.  3  A,  and  2  nuts. 

1  lock-chain,  (page  70;)  1  lock-chain  bolt  A:   1  washer;  1  nut. 

1  hmette  for  the  trail :  the  under  side  of  the  front  part  of  the  circum- 
ference is  plated  with  steel. 

1  trail-plate,  plate-iron  No.  6,  fixed  to  the  lunette  by  2  rivets  No.  3  B.  The 
lunette  is  fastened  to  the  stock  by  G  nails  No.  2  C,  and  the  trail-plate  by  6 
nails  No.  2  C,  and  both  by  the  pointing-ring  bolts. 

1  large  pointing -ring  and  plate :  the  plate  is  fastened  to  the  trail  by  2  holts 
No.  3  H,  and  2  nuts,  octagonal. 

1  small  pointing -ring  ;  2  holts  No.  3  II,  and  2  nuts,  octagonal. 

*2  wheel-guard  plates,  fastened  to  the  sides  of  the  stock  by  10  nails  No.  2  C. 

*2  prolonge-hooks,  fastened  on  the  top  of  the  stock  by  8  nails  No.  2  C. 


LIMBER.  45 

1  stop  for  rammer-head,  fastened  to  the  under  side  of  the  stock  by  4  nails 
No.  1  C. 

*1  ear-plate  for  worm,  fastened  to  the  under  side  of  stock  by  2  nails  No. 
2C. 

*1  ear-plate  key  and  chain  of  5  links  No.  1,  and  2  rings  No.  1  B,  attached 
to  the  stock  by  1  eye-pin  No.  1. 

2  chains  and  hasps  for  sponges  and  rammers,  united  to  1  eye-plate,  which 
is  fastened  to  the  under  side  of  stock  by  2  screws  No.  20,  3  in. 

*2  turnbuckles,  (brass,)  riveted  to  the  studs  of  2  stud-plates,  which  are 
fastened  to  the  sides  of  the  stock  by  4  nails  No.  2  C. 

2  trunnion-plates,  fastened  to  the  cheeks  by  6  cheek-holts  A,  4  washers,  6 
nuts;  by  2  chin-bolts,  2  bevel  washers,  2  nuts;  by  Ikey-bolts.,  2  wwfe,  and  by 
28  nails  (16  No.  2  D  and  12  No.  2  C)  for  the  12-pounder  carriage,  and  by 
20  nails  (12  No.  2  D  and  8  No.  2  C)  for  the  others. 

2  cap-squares;  2  eye-pins  No.  1,  riveted  into  the  cap-squares;  2  co/?- 
square  chains,  each  consisting  of  5  links  No.  2  and  2  rings  No.  2  B. 

2  eye-pins  No.  2,  screwed  into  the  outside  of  the  cheeks  ;  2  cap-square 
keys ;  2  key-chains,  each  5  ZmA-s  No.  1  and  2  rwz^s  No.  1  B ;  2  eye-pins  No.  1 
for  key-chains,  screwed  into  the  outside  of  the  cheeks. 

*  2  D-rings  for  handspikes,  fastened  near  the  head  of  the  cheeks  by  4 
staples. 

6  ro7idelles,  (cast  iron,)  placed  between  the  cheeks  and  stock. 

3  assembling-bolts,  for  the  cheeks  and  stock;  3  washers ;  3  nuts,  1  of  them 
octagonal. 

*1  washer-hook  for  lock-chain,  under  the  head  of  middle  assembling-bolt 
on  the  right  cheek. 

2  washer-hooks  for  handspikes,  held  by  the  rear  assembling-bolt. 

1  axle-tree  No.  1.   (See  page  68.) 

2  understraps :  the  front  ends  hold  the  implement-hooks. 

1  axle-strap  has  an  eye  for  the  sponge-bucket,  3  bolts  No.  4  B,  3  nuts:  1 
bevel  washer  for  the  6-pounder. 

2  axle-bands  on  the  end  of  the  axle-body,  fastened  by  0  nails  No.  1  C. 
*1  box  for  elevating-screw,  (brass;)  2  bolts  No.  3  C  ;  2  washers  ;  2  nuts. 
^1  elevating -screw. 

^2  shoulder-washers  No.  1,  shrunk  on  the  axle-tree  ;  *2  linch-washers  No.  1 ; 
■^'"2  linch-pins  No.  1. 

2  wheels :  No.  1  for  the  6-pounder ;  No.  2  for  the  other  carriages.  (See 
page  <>!■'.) 

Limber . 

The  same  limber  is  used  for  all  the  field  carriages,  including  caisson, 
forge,  and  battery-wagon. 

Wood. — 1  axle-body;  2  hounds;  1  fork;  1  splinter-bar;  ^  foot-hoaro, 
brackets;  2  foot-boards  ;  1  pole ;  1  pole-prop. 


46  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Iron. — 8  screws  for  foot-board  brackets  No.  16;  20  nails  for  foot-boards 
No.  1  C. 

4  7'ive(s  No.  2  B,  4  burrs,  one  at  each  end  of  the  hound. 

4  washer-plates  for  stay-pins,  let  in  and  fastened  on  upper  and  under 
side  of  hounds  by  8  nails  No.  1  C. 

1  axle-tree  No.  1,  (see  page  G8  ;)  2  shoulder-washers  No.  1 ;  2  liiich-washera 
No.  1 ;  2  linch-piyis  No.  1. 

1  pintle-hook :  the  inside  of  the  cylindrical  part  is  plated  with  steel;  3 
bolts  No.  4  C  ;  2  tcashers  ;  3  nuts  No.  4. 

1  stay-plate  for  ammunition-chest,  fastened  on  the  under  side  of  the  fork 
with  2  nails  No.  2  C,  and  held  by  the  pintle-hook  bolt. 

1  pinile-kcy,  attached  to  the  rear  of  the  axle-body  by  1  key-chain  of  8  links 
No.  3,  and  2  rings  No.  2  A,  and  1  eye-pin  No.  3. 

1  tar-bucket  hook,  fastened  to  the  front  of  the  axle-body  by  2  nails  No. 
IC. 

2  bolts  No.  3  E;  2  washers ;  2  nuts  No.  3,  to  connect  the  axle-body  and 
hounds. 

2  under-straps  ;  4  ioZ^s  No.  3  B ;  4  nuts. 

2  axle-bands,  shrunk  on  the  ends  of  the  axle-body,  and  fastened  by  6 
nails  No.  1  C. 

2  end-bands  for  splinter-bar,  having  2  trace-hooks,  fastened  by  4  r«ve<5  No. 
2,  (wire;)  2  6oZi;s  No.  3  D  for  hounds  and  splinter-bar;  4  washers;  2  nuts. 

1  eye-plate  for  pole-prop  socket,  let  in  the  under  side  of  splinter-bar. 

2  middle-bands  for  splinter-bar,  having  2  trace-hooks. 

1  fork-strap. 

2  6oZZs  No.  3  D  for  splinter-bar  and  fork ;  2  ?im/5  No.  3. 

1  pole-prop  socket,  hooked  in  the  eye-plate ;   1  rivet  No.  2. 

1  pole-prop  ferrule  ;  1  rivet  No.  2. 

2  stay-pins  for  ammunition-chest;  2  keys  ;  2  key-chains,  5  ZmA;s  No.  1  and 
2  rm^rs  No.  1  B  ;  2  eye-pins  No.  1. 

1  7"«yei  No.  3  B  and  1  burr,  for  large  end  of  the  pole;  1  j^ole-bolt  No.  3 
D  ;   2  washers  ;  1  wwZ. 
1  pole-pad  bolt. 

1  pole-yoke,  composed  of  1  wi?/^;  1  collar,  in  2  parts  ;  2  branches ;  2 
sliding -ring  s  ;  2  ioZ/^  No.  3  for  collar;   1  ivasher  for  muff;   1  A-^"?/. 

2  wheels  No.  1. 

Leather. — Ipole-prop  strap,  with  1  buckle  No.  10,  held  by  3  screxvs  1  inch, 
No.  12. 

1  Ammumtion-Chest. 

Caisson.   (Plate  3.) 

Wood. — 1  middle  rail ;  2  side  rails  ;  1  cross-bar,  framed  into  the  rails  ;  1 
bolster  for  front  foot-board;  1  front  foot-board ;  1  rear  foot-board ;  1  axle- 
body  ;  1  stock. 


CAISSON.  47 

Ieon. — 1  middle  assemhlinc/-bar,  fastened  to  tlie  rails  by  2  bolts  No.  3  A; 
2  washers  ;  2  nuts. 

1  carriage-hook,  let  in  on  the  under  side  of  the  middle  rail. 

1  rear  assembling -bar,  fastened  to  the  side  rails  by  2  bolts  No.  3  D ;  2 
washers  ;  2  nuts. 

1  bridle  for  rear  of  middle  rail,  fastened  to  sides  by  4  nails  No.  1  C. 

1  spare-wheel  axle,  consists  of  1  body  ;  1  washer  ;  2  ribs,  fastened  to  the 
body  by  3  rivets  ;  1  chain  and  toggle  ;  2  stays  ;  2  nuts. 

1  stay-bolt  No.  3  D ;   1  foot-bolt  No.  3  D  ;   1  nut. 

4^ foot-board  bolts  No.  3  D;  2  washers ;  4  nuts;  2  nails  No.  1  C,  fastening 
the  front  foot-board  to  the  side  rails ;  6  nails  No.  1  C  for  the  rear  foot- 
board. 

2  lock-chavi  bridles,  fastened  under  the  front  end  of  the  side  rails  by  the 
four  foot-board  bolts. 

2  lock-chains,  (see  page  70.) 

2  lock-chain  hooks,  fastened  to  the  outside  of  the  side  rails  by  4  nails 
No.  1  C. 

1  axle-tree  No.  1 ;  2  shoulder-tvashers  No.  1 ;  2  linch-ivashers  No.  1 ;  2  linch- 
pins No.  1. 

2  understraps  ;  4  bolts  No.  3  B  ;  4  nuts. 

2  axle-bands,  fastened  on  the  ends  of  the  axle-body  by  6  nails  No.  1  G. 
2  rivets  and  2  burrs  No.  3  B  for  the  stock. 

1  lunette:  the  lower  side  of  the  eye  is  plated  with  steel.  The  plates  are 
fastened  to  the  stock  by  2  bolts  No.  3  D ;  2  nuts  ;  12  nails  No.  2  C. 

1  key -plate  for  spare  pole,  fastened  to  the  under  side  of  the  lunette  by  the 
front  lunette-bolt ;  1  key  for  the  same,  attached  to  the  left  side  of  the  stock 
by  1  key-chain  of  11  links  No.  1  and  2  rings  No.  1  A,  and  1  eye-pin  No.  1. 

2  loheel-guard plates,  fastened  to  the  stock  by  10  nails  No.  2  C. 

1  stock-stirrup,  held  by  2  bolts  No.  3  D,  which  pass  through  the  front 
foot-board;  'I  washers;  1  nuts. 

1  axle-strap,  fastened  to  the  middle  rail  by  3  bolts — one.  No.  3  J),  and 
two,  No.  3  B  ;  3  nuts. 

1  spare  pole-ring,  held  by  the  axle-strap,  in  rear  of  the  axle-tree. 

4  stay-pins,  like  those  for  the  limber,  except  in  length ;  8  washer-plates 
for  same,  let  in  the  top  and  bottom  of  side  rails,  and  fastened  by  16  nails 
No.  1  C ;  4  keys  for  stay-pins ;  4  chains ;  4  eye-pins,  the  same  as  for  the 
limber. 

1  ring-bolt  for  spare  handspike,  on  the  right  side  of  the  middle  rail ;  2 
washers;  1  nut. 

1  key-plate  for  spare  handspike,  fastened  on  the  right  side  of  the  middle 
rail  by  2  nails  No.  1  C  ;  1  key ;  1  key-chain  ;  1  eye-pin,  same  as  those  for 
ammunition-chest  stay-pins. 

1  key-plate  for  the  shovel-handle,  fastened  on  the  inside  of  the  right  side 


48  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

rails  by  2  nails  No.  1  C;  1  key;  1  key  -  chain ;  1  cyc-pln,  the  same  as  for 
spare  handspike. 

2  staples  for  tool-handles,  driven  into  the  top  of  the  axle-body. 

2  wheels  No.  1. 

Leather. — 1  pole-prop  strap,  Tvith  1  buckle  No.  10,  held  by  3  screivs, 
1-inch,  No.  12. 

2  cnnmunition-chcsts,  like  the  one  on  the  limber.   (See  page  -'3.) 

TravdUng  Forge.    (Plate  4.) 

BODY    AND    BELLOWS-IIOUSE. 

"Wood. — 2  side  rails;  1  front  cross-bar,  fastened  to  the  side  rails  by  2 
icooden  pins ;  2  middle  cross-bars,  fastened  to  the  side  rails  by  0  wooden  ]>ins ; 
1  rear  cross-bar,  fastened  to  the  side  rails  by  2  xvooden  pins ;  1  middle  rail,  the 
ends  fastened  to  the  middle  cross-bar  by  4  screws  No.  14  ;  1  axle-body ;  1  stock. 

Al  floor-boards,  fastened  to  the  middle  cross-bars  by  16  screws  No.  14. 

4  corner-studs,  joined  by  tenons  to  the  side  rails,  and  fastened  by  8 pins. 

1  front  end-board,  mortised  into  front  studs,  and  fastened  by  2  pins. 

2  side  studs,  fastened  to  side  rails  and  plates  with  tenons  and  A  pins. 
2 plates,  framed  on  the  upper  ends  of  the  studs. 

1  front  end-stud,  mortised  into  the  front  end-boards. 

2  end-boards  for  roof,  fastened  to  the  plates  and  corner-studs  by  6  screws 
No.  12  and  4  screics  No.  14. 

2  roof-boics,  fastened  to  the  plates  by  4  screws  No.  14. 

2  side  lininys  for  iron  room,  fastened  to  the  studs  by  12  nails,  8-penny. 

1  rear  end  for  iron  room,  dovetailed  into  the  side  linings. 

2  groove-cleats  for  cover  of  iron  room,  fastened  to  the  studs  by  G  screws 
No.  14. 

1  sliding  cover  for  iron  room,  consists  of  6  boards,  fastened  to  2  battens  by 
3G  nails,  (wrought.) 

2  braces  for  the  bellows-arms,  framed  into,  and  fastened  to,  the  corner 
side  studs  by  G  screws  No.  14. 

1  cap  for  coal-box,  let  in  and  fastened  to  the  rear  end-board  of  roof  by  5 
screivs  No.  14. 

10  boards  for  sides  of  bellows-house,  fit  into  rabbets  in  the  corner-studs, 
side  rails,  and  plates,  to  which  tliey  are  fastened  by  4-penn3-  nails. 

7  boards  for  the  roof,  fastened  to  the  roof-bows  and  cnd-l)()ard  by 
4-penny  cut  nails. 

1  prop  for  the  stock,  like  the  pole-prop  for  the  limber. 

1  bdloics-pole,  (hickory,  oak,  or  ash.) 

Ikon. — 1  axle-tree,  tlie  same  as  for  the  G-poundcr  gun-cnrriagc. 

2  axle-bands^  fa'^tened  on  the  ends  of  the  axle-body  In'  <)  nails  No.  1  C. 

2  under-straps,  fastened  to  tlie  side  rails  by  4  bolls  No.  3  D,  4  washers,  and 
4  nuts. 


TRAVELLING    FORGE.  49 

2  rivets,  2  burrs  for  the  front  end  of  stock. 

1  lunette,  like  that  for  the  caisson,  except  the  size  of  the  rear  hole,  and 

1  additional  bolt-hole  ;  1  middle  bolt  No.  3  D  ;   1  prop-bolt  No.  3  ;   1  vice-bolt 
No.  3  ;  3  nuts  ;  12  nails  No.  2  C. 

1  pole-prop  socket ;  1  ferrule. 

1  stock-stirrup,  fastened  to  the  front  cross-bar  by  2  bolts  No.  3  B ;  2  nuts. 

1  bolt  No.  3  B  for  the  middle  cross-bar  and  stock;  1  washer;  1  nut. 

1  axle-strap,  fastened  to  the  middle  rail  by  2  bolts  No.  3  B ;  2  nuts. 

2  wheel-guard  plates,  like  those  for  the  caisson,  fastened  by  10  nails  No. 
2C. 

2  stud-plates  for  coal-box,  let  in  the  rear  corner-studs,  and  fastened  by 

2  screws  No.  16  and  2  rivets  No.  2  B. 

2  A;6'y5;  2  key-chains,  4  ZmA;s  No.  1  and  2  rings  No.  1  B ;  2  eye-pins  No.  1, 
screwed  into  the  two  rear  corner-studs. 

2  lock-chain  hooks,  fastened  to  the  side  rails  by  4  nails  No.  1  C. 

1  bellows-pole  hook,  like  the  lock-chain  hook,  fastened  on  the  right  of 
the  front  corner-stud  by  2  nails  No.  1  C. 

1  staple  for  bellows-pole,  driven  into  the  rear  corner-stud,  to  carry  the 
bellows-pole  when  travelling. 

2  front  stay-plates  for  bellows-arms,  fastened  to  the  braces  by  6  screws 
No.  14. 

2  rear  stay-plates  for  bellows-arms,  fastened  to  the  braces  by  4  bolts  No. 
1  D;   4  thumb-nuts. 

1  front  for  bellows-house,  (sheet  iron  No.  24,)  fastened  to  the  front  studs 
and  roof-boards  with  12-oz.  tacks,  (iron.) 

1  sheet-iron  cover  for  cross-bar,  (sheet  iron  No.  24,)  fastened  to  the  cross- 
bar with  12-02;.  iro7i  tacks. 

1  guard  for  stock,  (sheet  iron  No.  24,)  bent  over  the  top,  and  fastened  on 
the  sides  of  the  stock  by  18  iron  tacks,  (12-oz,) 

1  stay  and  stud  for  bellows-pole,  fastened  to  the  front  roof-board  and  to 
the  front  middle  cross-bar  by  4  screics  No.  14. 

1  cover  for  roof,  (sheet  copper  No.  24,)  fastened  to  the  edge  of  the  roof- 
boards  by  315  copper  tacks,  (12-oz,) 

1  fireplace:  consists  of  1  back  plate,  made  of  2  pieces;  2  side  plates ;  1 
front  plate,  placed  parallel  to  the  back  plate ;  1  bottom  plate,  resting  on 
flanges  formed  by  the  2  side  plates  and  the  back  and  front  plates.  The 
upper  back  plate  is  No.  11,  the  others  No.  8.  The  plates  are  riveted 
together  where  they  lap  by  59  rivets,  (0,3  inch,) 

1  air-back,  (cast  iron:)  consists  of  1  box  and  back  plate,  joined  air-tight 
by  4  bolts  No.  2  E :  the  air-back  is  fastened  to  the  back  plate  of  the  fire- 
place by  5  bolts  No.  2  E ;  5  nuts,  octagonal. 

1  hook  for  forge-bucket,  like  the  lock-chain  hook,  riveted  to  the  back  of 
the  fireplace  by  2  rivets  No,  2. 


50 


ORDNANCE   MANUAL. 


3  plates  for  side  rails  and  cross-bar,  bent  down  on  the  inside  of  the  rails 
and  cross-bar,  and  riveted  to  the  sides  and  front  of  the  fireplace  :  the  plates 
are  fastened  to  the  side  rails  and  cross-bar  by  10  bolts  No.  2  D ;  8  zvashers 
and  10  nuts. 

2  lock-chain  bridles,  like  that  for  the  caisson,  except  size  of  the  holes, 
fastened  by  the  4  front  bolts  in  the  side-rails. 

2  lock-chains.   (See  page  70.) 

1  brace  for  fireplace,  fastened  to  the  back  of  the  fireplace  and  the  front 
end  board  of  roof  by  2  rivets  No.  2 ;  2  rivets  No.  2  B. 

1  bcllou-s-j)ole  strap,  fastened  to  the  pole  by  2  rivets  No.  2  and  3  screws 
No.  14. 

1  bellows-pole  chain:  2  links,  one  of  which  is  fastened  in  the  hook. 

2  ivheels  No.  1. 

Bellows. 

Wood. — 3  bellows-planks,  each  made  of  2  pieces  joined  by  a  tongue  of 
hard  wood. 

2  cross-heads,  fastened  to  the  middle  plank  by  12  screws  No.  20. 

2  ribs :  each  consists  of  2  sides,  1  end,  1  cross-bar,  glued  and  fastened 
by  16  clout-nails. 

2  valves ;  2  battens,  fastened  by  16  nails. 

4  cleats  for  the  bellows-arms,  fastened  to  the  middle  plank  by  16  screws 
No.  14. 

Iron. — 6  butt-hinges,  (wrought  iron,)  let  into  the  upper  and  lower  bel- 
lows-planks and  cross-heads,  and  fastened  by  36  screws  No.  14. 

2  arms,  fastened  to  the  middle  plank  by  4  rivets  No.  2  B  and  8  screws 
No.  14. 

1  hook,  fastened  to  the  lower  plank  by  3  rivets  No.  2  B  and  4  screws  No. 
14. 

1  tvi?idpipe :  consists  of  1  elbozo  (brass)  screwed  into  the  wind-hole  of  the 
bellows;  1  collar,  (brass,)  screwed  to  the  elbow;  1  joint-pipe,  (brass;)  1 
bent  pipe,  (sheet  copper  No.  18,)  riveted  and  soldered  to  the  joint-pipe. 

Leather. — 4  hinges  for  the  ribs. 

2  hinges  for  the  valves,  (bag-leather  or  deer-skin  with  the  hair  on.) 
2  valve-straps. 

392  copper  tacks  for  hinges. 

1  belloivs-leather  for  the  sides,  fastened  to  the  edges  of  the  planks  with 
helloivs-nails,  and  to  the  ribs  with  clout-nails. 

617  belloivs-nails:  safes  to  go  under  the  heads  of  the  nails. 

To  put  the  bellows  in  its  place:  Remove  the  coal-box  from  the  back  of  the 
bellows-house ;  take  out  the  two  stay-plates  at  the  lower  ends  of  the  rab- 
bets in  the  braces ;  put  the  projecting  ends  of  the  upper  bellows-arm  in 
the  rabbets,  and  slide  them  up  until  the  ends  of  the  lower  arm  come  into 


BATTERY-WAGON.  51 

their  places ;  put  on  the  stay-plates,  and  fasten  them  down  with  the 
thumb-nuts.  Screw  the  brass  elbow-pipe  into  its  place,  through  the  hole 
in  the  sheet-iron  front  of  the  bellows-house ;  put  in  the  copper  pipe,  and 
screw  up  the  collar  which  connects  it  with  the  elbow-pipe. 

Coal-box. 
Wood. — 2  sides,  2  ends,  and  1  bottom,  rabbeted  together  and  fastened 
with  50  cut-nails,  (6-penny.) 

1  top-piece,  fastened  by  7  screios  No.  14. 

1  lid ;  2  clamps,  framed  on  each  end. 

Iron. — 4  corner-plates,  (sheet  iron  No.  13,)  fastened  by  60  screics  No. 
12. 

2  end-straps,  fastened  to  the  ends  of  the  box  by  2  rivets  and  4  screws. 
2  handles,  fastened  inside  of  the  box  by  2  washers  and  2  7iuts. 

1  stud-plate  for  turnbuckle,  fastened  to  the  front  of  the  box ;  2  rivets  No. 
2B. 

1  turnbuckle,  (brass,)  riveted  on  the  stud. 

1  hasp  and  strap,  fastened  on  the  inside  of  the  lid  by  1  rivet  No.  2  B  and 
8  screws  No.  14. 

1  cover,  (sheet  copper  No.  24,)  in  2  pieces,  fastened  on  the  top  of  the  box 
and  lid  by  185  copper  tacks,  (12-oz.) 

2  hinges,  fastened  on  the  outside  of  the  copper  covering  by  4  rivets  No. 
2  B  and  16  screws  No.  14. 

Batter?/ -Wagon.  (^Plate  5.) 

The  battery -wagon  carries  tools,  spare  parts  of  carriages,  spare  harness, 
and  other  stores  required  for  the  service  of  the  battery  in  the  field  and 
for  repairs. 

wagon-body. 

Wood. — 2  lower  side-rails ;  5  cross-bars,  fastened  to  the  side-rails  with 
tenons  and  10  wooden  pins ;  3  floor-boards,  fastened  to  the  cross-bars  by 
36  nails  No.  1  C;  1  axle-body ;  2  upper  side  rails;  2  sides;  2  ends ;  1  stock; 
2  cleats,  1  bottom,  and  1  side  for  till ;  the  cleats  are  fastened  to  the  ends  of 
the  body  by  6  screws  No.  14 ;  the  side  is  fastened  to  the  edge  of  the  bottom 
by  11  cut-nails,  (8-penny;)  1  forage-rack,  composed  of  2  sides  and  3  bars, 
fastened  to  the  sides  by  6  wooden  pins. 

Iron. — 2  rivets.  No.  3  B ;  2  burrs,  through  the  rear  end  of  the  lower  rails. 

8  side-studs,  fastened  to  the  sides  by  14  rivets  No.  3  D. 

2  chains,  for  the  forage-rack,  each  consisting  of  1  ring,  32  links,  and  1  hook 
welded  in  an  eye  in  the  rear  studs, 

1  spare  stock-hook,  fastened  to  the  rear  stud,  on  the  right  side,  by  the 
assembling-bolt  and  groove-bolt. 


52  ORDNANCE    ^lANlAL. 

1  hufton  for  spnre  ptook,  fasfrned  by  the  iiruMlo  croovc-bolt. 

1  .•<parc  i<(uck-.s/lrri/p,  listened  to  the  IVdUt  .stud  by  t]ie  two  lower  groove- 
bolts. 

4  f/roorr.^  1'ov  wagon-ends,  (sheet  iroTi  No.  7,  i  fastened  to  tlie  sides  ])y  12 
bo//s  No.  1  (';    ]-2  n>i(s. 

■1  ass,  nihhiKj-liolts  tor  lower  side  rails,  })ass  through  the  end  cross-bars; 
2  nuts. 

0  l-iiltii  for  middle  side  studs;   3  iv(isl,ei\s;   :!  nuts. 

1  Inrnhuclch-hoU;  1  turnhuckle,  (brass.)  riveted  on  the  head  of  the  bolt; 
1  inisher ;   1  nut. 

1  liook  for  cover-prop;  1  burr:  passes  through  top  of  forward  middle 
Stud. 

1  ejje-pin  for  cover-hasp;  1  hurr :  passes  through  the  top  of  the  rear 
middle  St  lid. 

2  .^-^///.v  for  the  upper  rails,  fastened  by  4  Hcrp,v:s  No.  14. 

2  eufl-fititflfi,  fastened  to  tlie  ends  of  the  Ijodj-  by  G  rivrt.'< ;  1  holt  No.  8  B; 

1  7iut  for  the  front  stud,  and  1  nut  and  1  washer  for  the  rear  stud. 

1  inortise-2')Iat<',  fastened  to  the  front  of  axle-body  by  8  ,s-crci':s  No.  14. 

1  axle-tree  like  that  for  (l-pounder  carriage;  2  sJtouhJcr-ivaslicrft ;  2  linch- 
tvashers ;   2  Unch-pins. 

2  under.'<tre/ps ;  4  bolts  No.  4  ]> ;   4  nuts. 

1  bolt  for  front  end  of  right  side  I'ail ;    2  vashers  ;   1  nut. 

2  locL-chain  bridles,  like  those  of  the  caisson,  at  the  front  end  of  the  side 
rails;  2  bolts  No.  8  D  and  No.  ■>  15;  1  tcaslur;  2  nutf  ;  2  lock-rl/ains.  (Sec 
page  70.) 

2  luclc-cbain  hooks,  fastened  to  tlie  side  rails  by  4  nails  No.  1  C. 
2  rivets  No.  •)  r> ;   2  harrs  i'or  front  end  of  stock. 

1  lunette,  like  that  for  caisson;  2  /vo//y  No.  :;  ]) :  2  nuts:   12  nails  No.  2  C. 

2  irjieel-tjuard  plates,  like  those  of  the  caisson,  fastened  by  10  nails  No, 

2  C. 

1  stock-stirrup :   2  holts  No.  4  V>;    2  ???//'.<?. 

2  Z-r/Z/.s  No.  4  15  for  stock  ami  cross-bar;    2  nuts;   2  iraslurs. 
2  vasher-plates  for  side  rails,  I'astened  by  4  .<?r/v /r.v  No.  14. 

2  joraaje-raek  bands,  fastened  to  the  rack  by  2  rin'ls  No.  2  and  22  screws 
No.  14. 

4  washer-plates  for  forage-rack,  sides  fastened  by  4  rivrts  No.  2  D. 
2   foritf/e-rack  bolls  No.  4;   2  washers;  2  nuts. 
2  trlieds  No.  1. 

"WAGOX-COVEB. 

"Woon. — 2  side  rails  :  2  end  rails,  dovetailed  into  the  side  rails;  2  end- 
studs,  fastened  to  the  end  rails  by  4  no('dm  pins,  and  to  the  cnd-boarda 
bv  4  rivets. 


AMMUNITION-CHEST.  53 

2  end-boards,  fastened  to  the  side  and  end  rails  by  8  screws  No.  12,  and 
to  the  end  stud  by  6  screws  No.  12;  1  ridge-pole ;  9  cover-boards,  ia-tencd  to 
the  end-boards  by  36  nails,  (4-penny,)  and  to  the  end-bows  by  36  rivets  No. 
1  H,  and  to  the  middle-bows  by  36  screws  No.  12. 

Iron, — 4  corner-squares,  fastened  on  the  inside  of  the  frame  by  16  screws 
No.  14. 

2  end -bows. 

4  joint-bolts  for  cover-frame,  pass  through  the  rails  and  end-bows ;  4  nuts 
No.  1. 

2  middle-bows,  fastened  in  mortises  in  the  rails  by  4  rivets  No.  3  B. 

2  plates  and  staples  for  cover-prop  and  hasp,  fastened  to  the  left  cover- 
rail  by  2  rivets  No.  3  B  and  2  screivs  No.  12 ;  1  cover-prop,  fastened  in  the 
front  staple ;  1  hasp,  fastened  in  the  rear  staple. 

3  hinges,  fastened  to  the  rail  by  6  rivets  No.  3  B,  and  to  the  body-rail 
by  6  bolts  No.  1  B  ;  6  nuts. 

The  roof  is  covered  with  strong  linen  canvas,  which  is  fastened  by  264 
copper  nails^  (12-oz.,)  with  strips  of  leather  under  their  heads. 

Ammunition-  Chest. 

The  same  ammunition-chest  is  adapted  to  the  limbers  of  the  different 
field  gun-carriages  and  to  their  caissons.  The  interior  divisions  vary  with 
the  different  kinds  of  ammunition.   (See  Chap.  XI.) 

Wood. — 2  ends,  2  sides,  dovetailed  and  fastened  by  16  cut  nails,  (8-penny ;) 
1  principal  partition;  1  bottom,  fastened  by  18  cut  nails  (8-penny)  and  4 
screws  No.  16. 

1  cover,  consisting  of  1  frame  of  4  pieces,  1  panel,  and  1  lining  fastened 
by  60  copper  tacks. 

Iron. — 4  corner-plates  for  ends  and  sides — 2  corner-plates  for  ends  and 
bottoms — 1  corner-plate  for  side  and  bottom — sheet  iron  No.  13,  fastened 
by  96  screws  No.  12. 

1  assembling-bolt  No.  2;  1  turnbuckle,  (brass,)  attached  to  the  assembling- 
bolt. 

1  washer-plate  for  assembling-bolt,  fastened  by  2  screivs  No.  12. 

1  back  stay,  fastened  to  the  back  and  bottom  by  6  screws  No.  14, 

2  front  stays,  fastened  to  the  front  and  bottom  by  4  rivets  No.  2  B  and  8 
screws  No.  14. 

2  hinges,  4  rivets  No.  2  B,  20  screws  No.  14;  2  hinge-plates,  fastened  on 
the  back  edge  of  the  cover  by  4  screws  No.  14. 

1  hasp,  fastened  to  the  cover  by  1  rivet  No.  2  B  and  5  scrcics  No,  14  ;  1 
hasp-plate;  2  screws  No.  14, 

2  handles  ;  8  rivets  No,  3  B, 

14  copper  washers,  (sheet  copper  No.  24,)  to  cover  heads  of  rivets;  56 
copper  tacks. 


54  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

1  cover,  (sheet  copper  No.  24,)  fastened  to  the  edges  of  the  wooden  cover 
by  216  copper  tacks. 

2  leather  straps  for  the  tarpaulin,  5  inches  long,  with  2  buckles  No.  6,  fast- 
ened to  the  edges  of  the  cover  of  the  limber-chest  by  4  screws  No.  14. 

2  leather  straps  for  the  tarpaulin,  29  inches  long,  fastened  to  the  hasp 
side  of  the  cover  of  the  limber-chest  by  4  screws  No.  14 ;  4  copper  washers. 

Limber- Chest  for  the  Travelling  Forge  and  Battery-  Wagon. 

This  chest  differs  from  the  ammunition-chest  in  the  following  points,  viz.  : 

It  has  no  principal  partition ;  and,  instead  of  the  assembling-bolt,  with 

the  washer-plate  and  turnbuckle,  it  has  a  hasp-staple  and  plate,  fastened  by 

2  rivets.     The  back  stay  is  fastened  by  1  rivet  and  6  screivs.     The  heads  of 
the  rivets  are  not  covered  with  copper  washers. 

For  the  interior  arrangement  of  the  chest  see  Chapter  XI. 

Prairie  Carriage  for  the  \2-pounder  3Iountain  Howitzer. 

Wood. — 1  stock  in  2  pieces,  put  together  with  2  dowels.  The  stock  is 
hollowed  out  on  top  at  the  head,  leaving  the  sides  to  project  and  form  the 
cheeks.     1  axle-body. 

Iron. — 2  assembling-bolts  No.  4  D  ;  2  washers ;  2  washer-hooks  for  the  front 
bolt ;  2  nuts. 

2  trail-handles ;  2  bolts  No.  2  A;  2  nuts. 

1  lunette :  the  under  part  of  the  ring  is  plated  with  steel ;  1  trail-plate 
(plate  iron  No.  8)  is  riveted  to  the  lunette  by  2  rivets  No.  2  B,  The 
lunette  is  fastened  to  the  stock  by  6  nails  No.  2  C,  and  the  trail-plate  by  6 
nails  No.  1  C,  and  both  by  the  pointing-ring  bolts. 

1  large  pointing-ring  and  plate:  the  plate  is  fastened  to  the  stock  by  2 
bolts  No.  2  H  ;  2  nuts,  octagonal. 

1  small  pointing-ring  ;  2  bolts  No.  2  H;  2  nuts,  octagonal. 

1  prolong e-hooks,  fastened  over  the  middle  line  of  the  stock  by  8  nails 
No.  1  C. 

1  key  for  handspike  ;   1  chain  ;  1  eye-pin. 

2  ivhecl-guard plates,  fastened  to  the  stock  by  10  nails  No.  1  C. 

2  trunnion-plates,  fastened  to  the  stock  by  2  chin-bolts  and  2  key-bolts 
No.  4  A,  2  trunnion-plate  bolts  No.  4  D ;   6  nuts  ;  6  nails  No.  2  C, 

2  cap-squares ;  2  eye-pins,  riveted  to  the  cap-squares;  2  chains,  5  links, 
No.  1. 

2  eye-pins,  screwed  into  the  sides  of  the  stock  ;  2  cap-square  keys  ;  2  chains, 

3  links,  No.  1 ;  2  eye-pins,  screwed  into  the  sides  of  the  stock. 
2  implcmcnt-hooks,  screwed  into  the  top  of  the  axle-body. 

2  implement-hooks,  screwed  into  the  sides  of  the  stock  near  the  trail. 

1  axle-tree  No.  3 ;  2  shoulder-washers  ;  2  linch-washers  ;  2  linch-pins. 

2  under-straps,  fastened  by  the  chin  and  key  bolts. 


AMMUNITION-CHESTS.  55 

1  sponge-bucket  hook:  passes  through  the  axle-body  from  the  front;  1 
washer ;  1  nut. 

2  axle-bands,  put  on  the  axle-body  hot,  and  fastened  by  6  nails  No. 
IC. 

1  box  for  elevating-screw,  (cast  brass ;)  2  bolts  No.  2  C;  2  tvashers  ;  2  nuts. 
1  elevating-screw. 

Limher. 

WooB. — 1  axle-body;  2  hounds;  1  fork;  1  splinter-bar;  4  foot-board 
brackets;  2  foot-boards ;  1  pole;  1  pole-prop. 

Iron. — 4  screws  No.  16;  4  screws  No.  14  for  brackets;  20  ;iae75  for  foot- 
board; 4  rw€f«  No.  2  B ;  4  burrs  for  ends  of  hounds. 

1  axle-tree  No.   3;  2  shoulder-washers ;  2  linch-washers ;  2  linch-pins. 

\ pintle-hook ;  3  6oZi(5  No.  2  C;  3  washers;  3  wm^s;  1  pi7itle-key ;  1  chain, 
9  ZmA:s  No.  2  and  2  rm^s  No.  1  A;  1  eye-pin  No.  1,  fastened  to  the  rear  of 
the  axle-body. 

1  tar-bucket  hook,  fastened  by  2  nails  No.  1  C. 

2  6oZ^5  No.  2  E  to  connect  the  axle-body  and  hounds ;  2  washers  ;  2  wm^s. 
2  under- sir ap s ;  4  6oZfs  No.  2  B;  4  nw^^. 

2  axle-bands ;  6  «ffz7s  No.  1  C. 

2  end-bands  for  splinter-bar ;  2  trace-hooks  ;  4  revels  No.  2  r<^?re. 

2  middle-bands  for  splinter  bar  ;  2  trace-hooks  ;   2  ioZ?:s  No.  2  D ;   2  nuts. 

1  fork-strap :  supports  the  tongue,  and  is  held  by  the  bolts  of  the  middle 
bands. 

2  bolts  No.  2  D  for  splinter-bars  and  hounds ;  4  washers  ;  2  nuts. 

\  pole-prop  socket;  1  ferrule;  1  pole-prop  stud  driven  into  the  splinter-bar. 

1  eye-pin,  riveted ;   1  burr. 

4  stay -pins  ;  4  7iails  No.  1  C ;  4  Are?/* ;  4  chains  of  5  links  No.  1  and  2  rings 
No.  1  A,  each. 

4  eye-pins  No.  1 ;   1  stay-plate  ;  4  screws. 

1  rwei  in  large  end  of  pole;   \  pole-bolt  No.  2  D;  2  washers;   1  wm^ 

1  ferrule  ;  1  buckle,  fastened  on  the  small  end  of  the  pole  by  1  rivet. 

1  pole-yoke,  composed  of  1  muff,  1  collar  in  two  parts,  2  branches,  2 
sliding -ring  s  ;  2  ioZ^s  for  collar  ;   1  washer  for  mutf ;   1  A:ey. 

1  pole-prop  strap,  (leather,)  fastened  to  the  splinter-bar  by  3  screics  No. 
12  ;  1  buckle  No.  10. 

2  ammunition-chests  ;  2  wheels  No.  3. 

Ammunition-  Chests. 

Wood. — 2  enc?*;  2  «t(?e5,  dovetailed  and  glued  to  the  ends. 

1  bottom,  rabbeted  into  the  sides  and  ends,  and  fastened  with  30  cut  nails, 
(6-penny.) 

1  cover,  made  of  1  panel  and  2  etid-clamps,  mortised,  glued,  and  fastened 
with  4:  pins, 

6* 


;)(')  oiu)\AxcK  :MAxrAr. 

\  h,>lshr.<  ;  b'r!,a/s,  ra-lcn'.'(l--ilic  lliM  Im  ilif  Loiinii,  the  M'cniul  in  ihu 
ti'los  oil  i!u-  iii--iilo — liy  18  '■>  ^-'jn  r  i"u'y.  (  !-]ietiiiy.  i 

h;(>N.  —  1  hr,i''r.  i■;!^;I(■IU'll  on  i!ii>  iu^i'lf  to  tlio  l);ic!:  i>y  J  yrrar,  wvA  to 
the  tVdiit  l)y  the  .-i  ml -pl.'iti.'  rivci. 

1  1iirnfnirl,]f,  (\n-.\<<  :)  1  .''hi'] :  1  stwJ-iihitf.  fastened  to  tlic  front  by  1  rirrt 
No.  1!  i;  and   1  .v-vr/r  No.  <J. 

4  rnnnr-rhttrs,  (sheet  iron  Nr,.  17:)  '10  srr,,r.  No.  0. 

1  h(ic]:-st,n/ :   \  front-^tmj :   (S  scrnrs  No.  9;    ;5  r/'/v/.v  No.  2  V>. 

'1  /ii/if/('.-<,  fistened  to  the  under  side  of  the  cover  l)y  8  scr/'?o-s  No.  ll',  and 
to  tlie  hack  and  ])ottoni  hy  ',1  !<cr('i/-s  Xo.  1-  and  2  rii'cf.s  No.  2  B. 

2  Inn/'/lrs.  fastened  to  theholtoni  and  (>nd  hy  1   rirrt  and  -1  .srjy/r.s  No.  12. 

1  /(<iy>i:  the  slra})  let  into  I  lie  uiLder  side  of  the  cover,  and  fastened  with 
U  .^crnrs  Xo.   12  and  1  riref  Xo.  2  15. 

1  cdnrdf:  v(jV(  r,  secured  to  the  edges  of  wooden  cover  l)y  12  cupucr  (arks'. 
1  tarpauHii  to  cover  the  carri;ii!;e. 

J^r<(!rL<'  Ammantfion- Curt. 

This  is  a  fwo-Avheeled  cart,  with  sliafts,  carrying  four  amnmnition-chests 
atid  one  ini]deinent-chest  like  tho.sc  used  for  the  mountain  howitzer  annnu- 
iiition. 

Tlie  chests  arc  lield  in  place  by  stays  and  a  bar  fastened  witli  a  spring 
catch  ])ehind.  so  that  they  may  be  easily  detached. 

The  wheels  are  like  those  of  tlie  gun-carriage,  and  liave  the  same  track. 

The  shafts  have  hooks  at  their  front  ends  for  the  purpose  of  attaching 
another  horse  if  necessary,  though  one  hor.<e  is  sutlicient  for  the  ordinary 
drauglit. 

(ilun-(jirri(i<je  for  the.  Moirnfdiii   IJ<>ir!f::rr.    (IMatc  0.) 
The  gun-carriage  is  adapted  to  transportation  on  a  pack-niule  :   ])ut  for 
occasi<in;d   draught,  when   the   roads   ]ieriuit.    it   is  furnished  with  a  thill, 
which  is  used  Avith  the  same  saddle  that  carries  the  pack. 

Wool).  —  1  nod:  in  2  }ueces,  }iut  together  Avith  2  (Ioi':,i<.  The  stock  is 
IndloAved  out  on  top,  forming  the  (dieek  from  the  sides  of  the  stock. 

1  i!rli-ir,rj  in  2  pieces  l)olied  and  riveted  together  witli  an  iron  skeau 
between. 

itiON.— :]  ass.',nl,lin;j-holi.<  No.  4  DfMrthe  stock;  2  /'vf.vV /--Aoo/r.v  for  the 
front  bolt;    4  n-ashrrn  ;    ,'!  /;///>•. 

2  iriiiu,in„-j>lal,!<  :  2  r},hi-h,,llR  No  4  :  2  knj-hnUr  No.  4:  '1  i runiilnu-vlaie 
h'di.<  No.  4   1);    0  iniih  No.   1  (;. 

L'  ^.Y'-■'7'/.■.'/•'^^■  ,•  2  ciit-iiiiis.  rivelefl  to  the  caji-S'iuare^  :  2  chniin:.  o  }htl:s 
Nm.  1  and  2  rn,<is  No.  \  W.  each:  2  /'//,.;  2  / -//-r/,,///,...  \\  li:,h,<  Xo.  1,  2 
r/////.<  Xo.    1    1',:    4  ,//,-/.///,.  Xo.   1,  screwed  int<,  the  sides  of  the  stO(d<. 

■1  inn.'hj.;i,-r-hn<,hs,  screwed  inli>  the  sides  of  the  sto(4<  near  the  head. 


AMMUNITION-CHESTS.  57 

2  staples  foi'  handspike-straps. 
1  lunette,  fastened  to  the  stock  by  6  nails  No.  2  C. 

1  trail-plate,  fastened  to  the  stock  by  6  nails  No.  1  C,  and  to  the  lunette- 
plate  by  2  rivets  No.  3  C. 

1  handspike-staple,  driven  into  the  stock  through  holes  in  the  trail-plate. 

2  friction-plates  for  shaft ;  4  nails  No.  1  C. 

1  box  for  elevating-screw ;  2  bolts  No.  1  C  ;  2  washers  ;  2  nuts  ;  1  elevating- 
screw. 

1  axle-shean;  1  holt  No.  2  D;  2  washers ;  1  ?iM^;  2  r/t»e<5  No.  3  B;  4  6?^rr5. 

2  ferrules,  fastened  to  the  end  of  the  axle-tree  by  2  rivets  No.  2 ;  2  Z/;2cA- 

2  axle-bands,  put  on  hot ;  4  7iails  No.  1  C. 

2  under-straps,  fastened  by  the  chin,  key,  and  trunnion-plate  bolts. 

2  wheels  No.  4. 

SHAFTS. 

Wood. — 2  shafts ;  1  cross-bar,  joined  to  the  shafts  by  tenon  and  mortise. 

Iron. — 1  cross-bar  plate,  fastened  to  the  shafts  by  2  bolts  No.  2  D,  4 
rivets  No.  2  B,  4  screivs  No.  14,  and  2  nuts ;  and  to  the  cross-bar  by  7  screws 
No.  14. 

1  supporting-bar ;  1  A;^?/;  1  cAam  of  8  Zm^s  No.  1,  2  n«^5  No.  1  x\  ;  1  eye- 
pi7i  No.  1,  riveted  to  the  cross-bar  plate. 

2  staples  for  the  shafts ;  4  iwrr*  for  same. 

In  attaching  the  shafts  to  the  gun-carriage,  the  supporting-bar  is  laid  on 
the  trail-plate,  near  the  handspike-staple,  and  the  knee  in  rear  of  the 
lunette  rests  on  the  cross-bar  plate,  the  holes  for  the  key  in  these  two 
pieces  corresponding  with  each  other. 

Ammunition-  Chests. 

Wood. — 2  ends;  2  sides,  dovetailed  and  glued  to  the  ends;  1  bottom,  let 
into  the  sides  and  ends  and  nailed ;  1  cover,  made  of  1  panel  and  2  clamps, 
joined  by  tenons,  glued  and  fastened  with  pins ;  2  brackets  for  handles, 
fastened  with  4  screws  No.  12  and  4  screws  No.  14;  16  cleats,  glued  and 
fastened  by  8  screws  No.  7  ;  48  nails,  (8-penny.) 

Iron. — 1  brace,  fastened  on  the  inside  to  the  back  by  1  screiv  No.  12,  to 
the  front  by  the  stud-plate  rivet. 

1  turnbuckle,  (brass;)  1  stud;  1  stud-plate,  let  into  the  front  and  fastened 
by  1  rivet  No.  2  and  1  screw  No.  9. 

4  corner-plates,  (sheet  iron  No.  18;)  40  screws  No.  7. 

2  hinges,  let  into  the  under  side  of  the  cover,  and  pass  under  the  bottom ; 
26  screivs  No.  9. 

2  lashing-chains,  4  links  each  ;  1  bridle,  held  by  4  rivets  No.  2  B  passing 
through  the  hinge-strap. 

1  hasp,  let  into  the  under  side  of  the  cover;  4  screws  No.  9. 


58  OllDNANCE    MANUAL. 

1  covering  of  stout  linen,  painted;   1  leather  strip;  160  copper  tacks. 

2  handles  of  1-inch  rope. 

Portable  Forge. 

Iron. — 1  frame,  made  of  3  pieces,  welded  together. 

1  fireplace,  (sheet  iron  No.  13,)  composed  of  1  bottom,  bent  into  a  hollow 
form  and  riveted  to  the  frame ;  1  bach  plate,  in  2  pieces,  the  lower  piece 
bent  under  the  bottom  and  riveted  to  it ;  the  2  plates  are  joined  by  2  brass 
hinges,  which  are  riveted  to  each  plate  by  4  screws. 

1  border,  bent  round  the  back  and  riveted  to  it  and  to  the  frame, 

2  reinforces  to  the  back  plate,  riveted  to  the  edges  of  both  pieces. 

1  air-back,  (sheet  iron  No.  7,)  made  into  a  convex  shape  when  hot:  is 
riveted  to  the  upper  back  plate. 

1  button;  1  stud,  riveted  to  the  outside  of  the  upper  back  plate:  is  used 
to  fasten  down  the  back  plate  in  packing. 

1  iron  pipe,  attached  to  the  rear  of  the  lower  back  plate  by  means  of  1 
bridle,  which  is  fastened  by  2  bolts  ;  2  nuts. 

1  front  leg,  forked;  2  eye-pieces,  riveted  to  the  sides  of  the  frame:  the 
leg  is  joined  to  the  eye-pieces  by  2  bolts ;  2  nuts. 

2  rear  legs;  1  cross-bar,  fastened  to  the  rear  legs  by  2  nuts ;  2  bolts,  to 
join  the  rear  legs  to  the  frame. 

1  bellows-handle :  a  bent  bar  of  iron  with  a  tvooden  head  is  fastened  to  the 
handle-fork  by  1  rivet ;  1  sliding-catch  ;  1  thumb-screw  on  the  lower  end. 
1  handle-fork  fits  in  a  square  hole  in  the  cross-bar, 

KELLOWS. 

Wood, — The  same  parts  as  the  bellows  for  the  field  forge. 
Iron. — 1  nozzle,  (sheet  iron,)  inserted  into  the  cross-head. 
1  journal-rod,  fastened  to  the  middle  plank. 
1  top-plate,  fastened  to  the  upper  plank  by  9  screws. 
1  handle,  attached  to  the  plate  by  3  staples  riveted  under  the  plate. 
1  bellows-iveight,  (lead,  1  pound  weight,)  fastened  on  the  inside  of  the 
lower  plank. 

1  bellows-leather,  fastened  by  bellows  nails. 

Tool-  CJiests. 

Two  chests  are  used  to  pack  the  forge  and  smiths'  tools.  They  are  alike 
except  in  their  interior  divisions  and  the  socket-plates,  which  are  attached 
only  to  the  forge-chest.     For  contents  see  Chapter  XI. 

Wood. — 2  e7ids;  2  sides,  dovetailed  and  glued  to  the  ends;  1  bottorn,  let 
into  the  ends  and  sides,  and  fastened  by  32  nails,  (6-penny ;)  1  cover,  made 
of  I  panel  and  2  end-clamps,  mortised,  glued,  and  fastened  by  A  pins. 


SIEGE    CARRRIAGES.  59 

Ikon. — 4  corner-plates,  (sheet  iron  No.  18  ;)  18  screws  No.  7. 
2  handles,  turned  under  the  bottom  of  chest,  and  fastened  by  2  rivets  and 
8  screws. 

2  hinges,  fastened  to  the  inside  of  the  cover  with  2  rivets  and  6  screws,  and 
to  the  bottom  and  back  with  6  rivets  and  22  screws ;  2  bridles  for  lashing 
chains,  held  by  the  hinge-rivets. 

1  hasp,  let  into  the  inside  of  the  cover  ;  4  screws. 

1  hasp-staple  and  plate:  the  staple  is  riveted  to  the  plate,  which  is  fastened 
to  the  chest  by  2  rivets. 

3  socket-plates,  with  holes  in  them  to  receive  the  legs  of  the  frame,  fast- 
ened to  the  back  of  the  forge-chest  by  12  screws. 

1  linen  covering,  like  that  of  the  ammunition-chest. 

SIEGE   CARRIAGES. 

Gun- Carriage.  (Plate  7.) 

There  are  three  gun-carriages  for  siege  artillery,  viz. : 

One  for  the  12-pounder  gun  ; 

One  for  the  18-pounder  gun ; 

One  for  the  24-pounder  gun  and  the  8-inch  howitzer. 

These  carriages  are  constructed  in  the  same  mannei",  differing  only  in 
their  dimensions. 

When  the  8-inch  howitzer  is  mounted  on  the  24-pounder  carriage,  a 
quoin  is  used,  instead  of  the  elevating-screw,  the  howitzer  being  too  short 
to  rest  on  the  screw. 

■yVooD. — 1  stock  in  2  pieces,  put  together  with  2  dowels ;  2  cheeks;  1  axle- 
hody ;  1  breech-bolster. 

Iron. — 1  assembling-bolt  for  the  stock  No.  7  A;   2  washers;  1  nut. 

1  manoeuvring-bolt  No.  7;  2  collars;  4  washers;  2  nuts  No.  5. 

6  rondelles,  (cast  iron  ;)  2  assembling -bolts  No.  7  A  ;   4  ivashers  ;  2  nuts. 

1  assembling  eye-bolt  for  the  lock-chain.  No.  9  :  the  ring  of  the  lock-chain 
is  welded  in  the  eye  of  the  bolt,  which  is  on  the  left  side  of  the  carriage ; 
1  washer  No.  9 ;   1  xvasher  and  1  nut  No.  7. 

1  lock-chain,  (see  page  70;)  1  shoe;  1  key  for  the  shoe,  to  keep  the 
wheel  from  slipping  off. 

2  trunnion-plates ;  2  chin-bolts  No.  7  ;  2  bevel-zvashers ;  2  nuts ;  2  key- 
bolts  No.  7  ;  2  nuts;  4  cheek-bolts  No.  7  A  ;  4  washers;  4  nuts. 

2  trunnion-plate  bolts  No.  3  E ;  2  nuts ;  2  travelling-trunnion  bolts ;  2 
washers  ;  2  nuts. 

2  cap-squares ;  2  cap-square  chains,  6  links  No.  3  and  2  rings  No.  2  A, 
each  ;  4  eye-pins  No.  3, — 2  riveted  into  the  cap-squares  and  2  screwed  into 
the  sides  of  the  cheeks  ;  2  cap-square  keys  ;  2  key-chains,  each  5  links  No.  2 
and  2  Htj^ts  No.  2  B  ;  2  eye-pins  No.  2  for  key-chains. 


tjO  URD.NANCK    MANUAL. 

1  axle-tree  'No.  ');   2  shoulder-washers  ;   '2  linch-ivashers ;   2  linch-pins. 

2  undcr-sirajjs,  hold  by  llie  eye,  chin,  and  trunuion-plate  bolts. 

1  axic-straj),  held  by  2  bolts  No.  5  B,  connecting  the  stock  and  axle-body; 
2  nuts. 

2  axle-bands,  put  on  hot,  and  fastened  to  the  axle-body  by  3  nails 
No.  1  C. 

1  lock-chain  hook,  passes  through  the  axle-body  on  the  right  side ;  2 
zvashers  ;   1  nut. 

1  Jiook  for  the  shoe,  screwed  into  the  right  side  of  the  cheek. 

1  cheek-plate,  to  protect  the  cheek  from  the  friction  of  the  shoe  in  tra- 
velling. 

1  box  for  the  elevating-screw,  (brass;)  2  bolts  No.  4  C;  2  washers;  2 
nuts. 

1  elevating-screw  ;  4  handles,  screwed  into  the  head  of  screw. 

1  strap-staple,  driven  into  the  middle  of  the  stock  on  the  under  side. 

2  wheel-guard  plates,  fastened  to  the  stock  by  12  7iails  No.  2  C. 

1  lunette,  reinforced  at  the  pintle-hole  by  1  rondelle,  fastened  to  the  upper 
side  of  the  lunette-plate  b}'  8  rivets  No.  3  C  ;  2  holts  No.  4  C  ;  2  washers  ;  2  nuts. 

1  trail-plate,  reinforced  by  1  guard-plate  fastened  to  the  trail-])late  by  6 
rivets  No.  3  C  ;  29  nails  No.  3  C. 

2  bolster-bolts  No.  4  B,  tlie  heads  hollowed  out;  2  washers;   2  nuts. 
2  wheels  No.  5. 

Llmhcr. 

"Wood. — 1  fork  ;  2  hounds  ;   1  splinter-bar  ;   1  pole  ;   ]  leadin;/-bar. 

Iro.v. — -1  fork-bolt  No.  4  1) ;   2  ivashcrs  ;   1  nut. 

1  axle-tree  No.  5;   2  shoulder-xcashers  ;  2  linch-ioashcrs  ;  2  linch-pins. 

\  pintle-plate,  fastened  to  the  fork  by  7  nails  No.  3  C  and  by  2  of  the 
axle-strap  bolts. 

1  sweep-bar:  the  ends  are  fastened  to  the  hounds  by  2  bolts  No.  4  C;  2 
washers  ;  2  nuts. 

]  axle-strap,  fastened  to  the  fork  by  (J  bolls, — -4  No.  4  C  and  2  No.  4  D. 
Two  pass  through  tlie  pintle-i)late,  two  thr(jugh  the  sweep-bar.  and  two 
through  the  fork.      2  washers;   G  nuts. 

1  lashing-chain  of  brings  and  1  hook:  tlie  i\v<x  ring  is  welded  into  the 
eye  of  the  axle-strap. 

2  under-slraps,  fastening  the  hounds  to  the  axle-tree;  2  bolts  No.  4  D;  2 
bolts  No.  4  C  ;   2  wasliers  ;  4  nuls. 

1  pintle,  fitted  accurately  in  the  mortises  of  the  pintle-plate  and  fork;  1 
nut. 

2  end-bandit;  2  trace-hooks,  put  on  the  end  of  the  splinter-bar  with  4 
rivfl^  Xo.  2. 

2  niiddle  bands :  2  trace-hooks,  fastened  by  the  bolts  connecting  the 
splinter-bar  and  fork. 


MORTAR-WAGON.  61 

1  bridle  for  the  front  end  of  the  fork,  fastened  by  the  bolts  connecting 
the  fork  and  splinter-bar. 

2  bolts  No.  4  D  for  the  splinter-bar  and  fork ;  2  nuts. 

2  bolts  for  the  splinter-bar  and  hounds,  No.  4  D ;  4  washers  ;  2  nuts. 

1  bridle  for  the  middle  of  the  fork,  fastened  to  the  fork  by  4  nails  No.  2  C. 

1  rivet  for  the  rear  end  of  the  pole ;  1  burr. 

1  eye-plate  for  the  front  end  of  the  pole ;  2  bolts  No.  2  D  ;  3  washers ;  2 
nuts. 

2  pole-chains,  each  9  links  No.  6,  1  oo-link,  and  1  ring,  welded  into  a  hole 
in  the  eye-plate. 

1  ferrule  for  the  end  of  the  pole. 

1  pole-clasp,  fastened  by  the  eye-plate  bolt  and  1  bolt  No.  2,  hexagonal 
bead. 

2  bolts  for  the  pole  and  fork.  No.  4  D ;  4  washers  ;  2  nuts. 

1  middle  band  for  the  leading-bar,  fastened  by  2  rivets  No.  2;  1  hook;  1 
double  trace-hook. 

2  end-bands  and  trace-hooks  for  leading-bar,  like  those  for  the  splinter- 
bar  ;  2  nve^*  No.  2. 

2  wheels  No.  5. 

Mortar-  Wagon. 

This  wagon  is  designed  for  the  transportation  of  siege  mortars  and  their 
beds,  or  of  guns,  or  large  shot  and  shells. 

The  limber  and  the  wheels  are  the  same  as  those  of  the  gun-carriage. 

Wood. — 2  middle  rails;  1  front  transom,  fastened  between  the  middle 
rails  by  2  dowels;  1  middle  transom  between  the  middle  rails;  1  rear  tran- 
som between  the  middle  rails ;  2  side  rails ;  1  rear  cross-bar,  let  into  the 
middle  and  side  rails ;  6  middle  cross-bars  between  the  middle  and  side 
rails,  and  let  into  both ;  2  front  cross-bars,  let  into  the  middle  and  side 
rails  ;  2  bottom  planks,  fastened  to  the  middle  cross-bars  by  12  nails  No.  2  ; 
1  axle-body  ;  1  windlass  ;  1  muzzle-bolster  ;  6  stakes  ;  2  handspikes  for  work- 
ing the  windlass.  When  used  for  carrying  balls,  1  frame,  made  of  4  planks 
dovetailed  together  and  strengthened  by  iron  corner-plates. 

Iron. — 1  assembling-bar,  passes  through  the  middle  rails  into  the  side 
rails. 

2  handspike-hooks,  fastened  to  the  outside  of  the  middle  rails  by  4  nails 
No.  2  C. 

1  assembling-bolt  No.  4  A ;  2  washers  ;  1  nut. 

1  eye-plate  for  the  lashing-chain,  placed  between  the  middle  rails. 

2  bolts  No.  4  A  for  the  front  ends  of  the  middle  rails  ;   4  washers  ;  2  nuts. 
2  manoeuvring -staples,  driven  into  the  under  side  of  the  middle  rails. 

2  cross-bar  plates,  fastened  to  the  front  and  rear  cross-bars  by  12  bolts 
No.  4  C  ;  9  washers ;  12  nuts. 


02  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

1  loch-chain  and  shoe, — 1  key  ;   1  bridle,  fastened  under  the  left  side  rail ; 

1  holt  No.  4  B  ;   1  nut, — like  those  on  the  gun-carriage. 

1  trail-plate,  fastened  under  the  front  end  of  the  middle  rails  by  11  nails 
No.  3  C. 

1  lunette ;  1  reinforce,  fastened  to  the  lunette  by  4  rivets  No.  3  C  ;  1  bridle; 

3  bolts  No.  4  C  ;  3  nuts. 

2  wheel-guard  plates,  fastened  to  the  middle  rails  by  12  nails  No.  2  C. 

1  axle-tree  No.  5. 

2  imder-straps,  fastened  to  the  side  i;|iils  by  4  bolts  No.  4  B  ;  4  nuts. 
2  axle-straps,  fastened  to  the  middle  rails  by  4  bolts  No.  4  B ;   4  nuts. 

1  breech-hurter,  let  into  the  middle  rails  and  fastened  by  4  nails  No.  2  C. 
6  stake-sockets,  bolted  on  the  outside  of  the  side  rails  by  10  bolts  No.  3  D; 

10  ivashers  ;   10  mits. 

2  lock-chain  hooks  take  the  place  of  2  stake-socket  bolts  on  the  left  side ; 

2  washers  ;  2  nuts. 

1  tar-bucket  hook,  fastened  on  the  outside  of  the  left  side  rail  by  2  nails 
No.  1  C. 

4  roller-plates,  fastened  on  the  square  part  of  the  windlass  by  32  nails 
No.  1  C. 

4  roller-bands,  let  into  the  ends  of  the  roller  and  fastened  by  6  nails  No.  1  C. 

1  journal-boxes,  (brass,)  let  into  the  ends  of  the  windlass. 

2  journals  for  the  windlass,  riveted  at  one  end  into  2  journal-plates,  which 
are  fastened  to  the  inside  of  the  rails  by  4  bolts  No.  3  C  ;  4  7iuts. 

2  circular  journal-plates,  fastened  by  the  bolts  last  mentioned  and  by  4 
nails  No.  1  C. 

2  roller-hooks,  driven  into  the  windlass  5.5  inches  from  the  middle. 

2  handspike-straps,  fastened  to  the  small  end  of  the  handspike  by  2  rivets 
No.  2. 

2  shoulder-washers  for  the  axle-tree, 

2  linch-washers, 

„    .     ,      .  >  like  those  for  the  gun-carriage. 

^      tZliC/i~t)tTlSm 

2  wheels  No.  5, 

GARRISON  AND   SEA-COAST   CARRIAGES. 

The  garrison  and  sea-coast  carriages  are  all  made  of  wrought  iron.  They 
are  of  four  different  kinds,  viz. : 

1.  The  Barbette,  front  pintle,  carriage. 

2.  The  Barbette,  centre  pintle,  carriage. 

3.  The  Casemate  carriage. 

4.  The  Flank-Casemate  carriage. 

Each  carriage  is  composed  of  a  chassis  and  top  carriage. 
The  inclination  of  the  cliassis-rails  is  the  same  in  all  the  carriages, — 
3°.     The  trough-beam  braces,  transoms,  and  angle-iron  sub-braces  vary 


BARBETTE-CARRIAGES.  63 

only  in  length,  the  flank-casemate  carriage  excepted.  The  thickness  of  the 
cheek-plates  is  the  same  in  all.  The  barbette  rails  differ  both  in  length  and 
depth  from  the  casemate,  which  are  also  different  from  the  flank-casemate. 

BARBETTE-CARRIAGES. 

Barbette-carriages  are  divided  mio  front  pintle  carriages  and  centre  pintle 
carriages.     The  top  carriage  is  the  same  for  both  kinds. 

Of  the  front  pintle  class  there  are  three  carriages  which  are  similar  to 
each  other :  one  for  the  10-inch  columbiad,  one  for  the  8-inch  columbiad 
and  42-pounder  gun,  and  one  for  the  32  and  24  pounder  guns  :  the  latter 
two  differ  only  in  the  lengths  of  the  transoms  and  axle-trees. 

Of  the  centre  pintle  class,  there  are  two  carriages :  one  for  the  10-inch 
columbiad,  and  one  for  the  8-incli  columbiad. 

Top  Carriage. 

The  parts  marked  with  an  asterisk  (*)  are  common  to  all  carriages. 

2  cheek-plates. 

2  front  braces — 2  middle  braces — 2  rear  braces,  fastened  to  the  cheek-plates 
each  by  4  bolts  No.  4  E  and  4  nuts. 

2  front  sub-braces,  fastened  to  the  cheek-plates  by  4  bolts  No.  4  E  and  4  nuts. 

2  rear  sub-braces,  fastened  to  the  cheek-plates  by  6  bolts  No.  4  E  and  6  nuts. 

2  shoes,  each  fastened  to  the  front  brace  by  1  bolt  No.  4  E  and  1  nut,  to 
the  rear  brace  by  1  bolt  No.  4  E  and  1  nut,  to  the  front  sub-brace  by  2  bolts 
No.  4  H  and  2  nuts,  and  to  the  rear  sub-brace  by  3  bolts  No.  4  H  and  3  nuts. 

2  trunnion-plates,  fastened  to  the  front  braces  by  2  bolts  No.  4  E  and  2 
nuts,  and  to  the  rear  brace  by  2  bolts  No.  4  E  and  2  nuts. 

*2  axle-boxes,  (brass,)  held  in  place  by  *2  axle-box  washers,  (cast  iron,) 
fastened  to  the  cheek-plates  each  by  4  bolts  No.  4  E  and  4  nuts. 

*1  handspike-fulcrum,  fastened  to  the  left  rear  brace  by  2  rivets  No.  5  C. 
*2  arc-supports,  fastened  to  the  right  rear  brace  by  2  bolts  No.  1  D  and  2 
rivets  No.  3  D. 

*1  lanyard  roller,  brass,  fastened  to  the  right  rear-brace  by  1  nut,  .375  in, 

2  transoms,  fastened  to  the  front  brace  by  the  4  bolts  which  hold  the 
braces  to  the  cheek-plate. 

1  rear  transom,  composed  of  2  pieces,  5-inch  trough-beams,  with  pieces 
welded  in  the  ends,  each  piece  fastened  to  the  cheek-plates  by  4  bolts  No.  4 
E  and  4  nuts. 

2  brace-transoms,  fastened  to  the  middle  brace  by  the  4  bolts  which  hold 
the  braces  to  the  cheek-plates. 

2  diagonal  braces,  fastened  to  the  shoes  by  4  bolts  which  hold  the  shoes 
and  sub-braces,  and  to  each  other  by  1  bolt  No.  4  E  and  1  nut. 

1  axle-tree;  ^2  linch-pins ;  '^2  truck-xoheels. 

1  elevating -bed,  fastened  to  the  rear  transom  by  4  bolts  No.  4  E  and  4  nuts  ; 
1  elevating -screw;  "^X  elevating -screw  box,  (brass)  fastened  to  the  rear  transom 


64  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

by  4  holts  No.  4  E  and  4  nuts  ;  *1  hevcl-ivheel  and  nut,  fitting  on  elevating- 
screw;  ^'1  brass  pinion,  mounted  on  *1  elevating-screw  arbor;  *1  arbor-box, 
(brass,)  fastened  to  the  cheek-plate  by  2  bolts  No.  1  E  and  2  nuts,  .375  inch, 
(hexagonal;)  *1  arbor-handle;  ^1  nut,  .375  inch;  1  pawl ;  1  pawl-port;  1 
elevating-arc,  (brass.) 

The  carriages  for  the  42-pounder  and  smaller  guns  have  no  elevating- 
bed,  pawl,  or  pawl-port.  The  rear  transom  is  made  of  a  single  piece  of 
5-inch  trough-beam.  The  8-inch  carriage  answers  for  the  42-pounder 
gun  by  adding  2  trunnion-plates,  removing  the  elevating-bed,  and  adding 
a  longer  elevating-screw.  The  32-pounder  carriage  answers  for  smaller 
guns  by  the  addition  of  trunnion-plates. 

Chassis. — Front  pintle. 
2  rails,  (I-shape.)     15  inches  deep. 

1  hurter-bar,  fastened  to  the  rails  by  4  bolts  No.  4  E  and  4  nuts. 

2  counter-hurters,  fastened  to  the  rails  by  8  rivets  No.  5  D,  countersunk 
on  top. 

1  front  transom,  composed  of  1  transom-plate  and  2  cast-iron  transom-bol- 
sters:  the  transom  is  fastened  to  the  rails  by  16  bolts  No.  4  E,  which  pass 
through  the  bolsters  and  keep  them  in  place;   16  nuts;  4  bevel-washers. 

3  transoms,  fastened  to  the  rails  by  12  bolts  No.  4  E  and  12  nuts — 2  of 
them  have  hook  heads. 

2  diagonal  braces,  fastened  to  the  front  transom  by  4  bolts  No.  4  H  and 
4  nuts,  and  to  the  rails  by  4  bolts  No.  4  E  and  4  nuts. 

2  side  steps,  fastened  to  the  rails  by  4  bolts  No.  4  E  and  4  nuts. 
2  rear  steps,  fastened  to  the  rear  transom  by  4  bolts  No.  4  E  and  4  nuts. 
2  rear  traverse  wheel-forks,  fastened  to  the  rails  by  16  bolts  No.  4  E,  16 
nuts;  2  traverse-wheels ;  2  traverse-wheel  bolts  1.75  inch,  2  nuts. 

4  implement-hooks,  fastened  to  the  rails  by  4  nuts  No.  4;  1  keg  in  the  pintle. 
Wood. — 15  planks,   6  inches  wide,  1^  inches  thick,  placed  across  the 

chassis,  on  the  lower  flange. 

Note. — The  ends  of  the  front  transom  must  have  a  firm  support  on  an 
iron  friction-bar  resting  on  the  masonry  around  the  pintle ;  and  the  tran- 
som must  be  held  down,  and  be  prevented  from  rising  ofi"  the  pintle,  by  a 
key  passing  through  it  or  by  a  nut  screwed  on  the  top. 

Chassis. —  Centime  pintle. 
2  rails,  I-shaped. 

1  hurter-bar,  fastened  to  the  rails  by  4  bolts  No.  4  E ;  4  nuts. 

2  counter-hurters,  fastened  to  the  rails  by  8  rivets  No.  5  D,  countersunk  on  top. 
4  transoms,  fastened  to  the  rails  by  16  bolts  No.  4  E, — 6  of  them  have  hook 

heads ;   16  nuts. 

1  middle  transom,  fastened  to  the  rails  by  16  bolts  No.  4  E  ;  16  nuts :  this 
transom   is  composed  of  1  transom-plate  and  2  transom-bolsters,  fastened 


CASEMATE-CARRIAGES.  65 

together  by  16  bolts  No.  4  H;  16  nuts:  the  transom-bolster  is  made  of  2 
pieces,  fastened  together  by  4  rivets  No.  4  D. 

4  diagonal  braces,  fastened  to  the  middle  transom  by  8  bolts  No.  4  H,  (8 
nuts,)  and  to  the  lower  flange  of  the  rail  by  8  bolts  No.  4  E ;  8  nuts. 

2  transom  and  rail  braces,  fastened  to  the  rails  by  2  bolts  No.  4  E,  2  nuts^ 
and  to  the  bolster  of  the  middle  transom  by  2  bolts  No.  4  E ;  2  nuts. 

2  front  traverse-wheel  forks  and  2  rear  traverse-wheel  forks,  fastened  to  the 
rails  by  32  bolts  No.  4  E;  32  nuts;  2  front  traverse-wheels,  (cast  iron;)  2 
rear  traverse-wheels,  (cast  iron;)  2  /roMif  traverse-wheel  bolts,  (2-inch;)  2 
nuts  ;  2  rear  traverse-wheel  bolts,   (1.75  inch  ;)  2  nw^*. 

2  implement  hooks,  fastened  to  rails  by  2  bolts.  No.  4. 

Wood. — 15  planks,  6  inches  wide,  1.5  inch  thick,  placed  across  the 
chassis,  resting  on  the  lower  flange. 

The  rails  of  the  centre-pintle  carriages  for  the  platforms  now  laid  are  9 
inches  in  depth ;  for  new  platforms,  not  yet  laid,  the  depth  of  rails  will  be 
15  inches.  The  pintle-plate  of  new  platforms  is  to  be  raised 2^  inches,  which 
will  obviate  the  necessity  of  bolsters  to  the  middle  transoms :  simple 
wedges  will  replace  them. 

Implements. — 2  manoeuvring -b ar s ;  2  pinch-bars  ;  2  offset-wrenches ;  1 
manoeuvring-handspike. 

1  pointing-bar  for  columbiads. 

CASEMATE-CARRIAGES. 

There  are  two  carriages,  one  for  the  8-inch  and  42-pounder  guns,  the 
other  for  the  32  and  24  pounders. 

Toj)  Carriage. 

2  cheek-plates. 

2  front  braces;  2  middle  braces;  2  rear  braces,  the  rear  ends  filled  up  by 
a  piece  welded  in  each  brace ;  each  fastened  to  the  cheek-plate  by  4  bolts 
No.  4  E  and  4  nuts. 

2  front  sub-braces,  fastened  to  cheek-plate  by  4  bolts  No,  4  E  ;   4  nuts. 

2  rear  sub-braces,  fastened  to  the  cheek-plates  by  6  bolts  No.  4  E ;  6  7iuts. 

2  shoes,  each  fastened  to  the  front  brace  by  1  bolt  No.  4  E  and  1  nut;  to  the 
rear  brace  by  1  bolt  No.  4  E  and  1  nut;  to  the  front  sub-brace  by  2  bolts 
No.  4  H  and  2  nuts  ;  and  to  the  rear  sub-brace  by  2  bolts  No,  4  H  and  2  nuts. 

2  trunnion-plates,  fastened  to  the  front  brace  by  2  bolts  No.  4  E  ;  2  7iuts ; 
and  to  the  rear  brace  by  2  bolts  No.  4  E ;  2  nuts. 

2  axle-boxes,  (brass,)  held  in  place  by  2  axle-box  washers,  each  fastened 
to  the  cheek-plate  by  4  bolts  No.  4  E  ;  4  nuts. 

1  handspike- fulcrum,  fastened  to  the  left  rear  brace  by  2  rivets  No.  5  C 
2  arc-supports,  fastened  to  the  right  rear  brace  by  2  bolts  No.  1  D,  2  nuts 
and  2  rivets  No,  3  D. 

1  lanyard  roller,  brass,  fastened  to  the  right  rear-brace  by  1  mit  .375  inch. 


66  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

2  transoms,  fastened  to  the  front  braces  by  the  4  holts  which  hold  the 
braces  to  the  cheek-phites. 

1  real'  transom,  6-inch  trough-beam,  with  a  piece  welded  in  each  end, 
fastened  to  the  cheek-plate  by  4  bolts  No.  4  E ;  4  nuts. 

2  brace-transoms,  fastened  to  the  middle  brace  by  the  4  bolts  which  hold 
the  braces  to  the  cheek-plates. 

2  diagonal  braces,  fastened  to  the  shoes  by  4  bolts,  which  hold  the  shoe 
and  sub-brace,  and  to  each  other  by  1  bolt  No.  4  E ;  1  nut. 
1  axle-tree;  2  linch-pins ;  2  truck-wheels. 

1  elevating-screw  box,  brass,  fastened  to  the  rear  transom  by  2  bolts  No.  4 
E,  2  nuts ;  1  elevating-screw ;  1  bevel-wheel  and  nut,  fitting  on  elevating- 
screw ;  1  brass  pinion,  mounted  on  1  elevating -screw  arbor;  1  arbor-box, 
(brass,)  fastened  to  the  cheek-plate  by  2  bolts  No.  1  E,  2  nuts;  1  arbor- 
handle;  1  nut;  1  elevating -arc,  (brass). 

Chassis. 

2  rails,  I-shaped,  9-inch. 

1  hurter-bar,  fastened  to  the  rails  by  4  bolts  No.  4  E  and  4  nuts. 

2  counter-hurters,  fastened  to  the  rails  by  8  rivets  No.  5  D,  countersunk  on  top. 
1  front  transom,  fastened  to  the  rails  by  8  holts  No.  4  E  and  8  nuts. 

3  transoms,  fastened  to  the  rails  each  by  4  bolts  No.  4  E  and  4  7iuts, — 4 
of  them  hook  heads. 

1  tongue,  fastened  to  the  front  transom  by  4  bolts  No.  4  E  and  4  nuts. 

2  front  traverse-wheel  forks,  (each  in  2  pieces,)  fastened  to  the  rails  by  12 
holts  No.  4  E  and  12  nuts,  and  by  4  bolts,  which  hold  the  front  transom. 

2  rear  traverse-wheel  forks,  (each  in  2  pieces,)  fastened  by  16  holts  No.  4 
E,  16  nuts. 

2  front  traverse-ioheels ;  2  front  traverse-wheel  holts  (1.75  inch)  2  nuts ;  2 
rear  traverse-ioheels  ;  2  rear  traverse-wheel  bolts  (1.75  inch)  and  2  nuts. 

2  diagonal  braces,  fastened  to  the  under  side  of  the  rail  by  4  bolts  No.  4 
E,  4  nuts,  and  to  the  front  transom  by  the  4  bolts  which  hold  the  tongue. 

The  carriage  assembled  for  the  8-inch  gun  answers  for  the  42-pounder 
by  the  addition  of  2  trunnion-plates.  The  carriage  assembled  for  the  32- 
pounder  ansAvers,  in  the  same  way,  for  the  smaller  guns. 

^i^i-pounder  Howitzer- Carriage  for  Flanlc- Casemates. 

The  details  of  this  carriage  have  not  been  sufficiently  arranged  for 
insertion  here. 

The  embrasures  of  the  new  flank-casemates  have  been  changed  from  the 
plan  formerly  used,  by  placing  the  pintle-hole  24  inches  farther  to  the  front. 
This  requires  the  addition  of  an  iron  tongue,  with  a  pintle-hole,  to  the 
wooden  chassis.  Other  flank  embrasures  are  made  Avithout  a  tongue- 
hole  ;  for  these,  the  iron  tongue  is  placed  above  the  upper  pintle-plate, 
and  held  by  the  same  3  bolts,  which  are  made  stronger. 


MORTAR-BEDS.  67 

MORTAR-BEDS. 

The  mortar-beds  for  the  new-model  mortars  are  made  of  wrought  iron. 
Their  details  are  not  determined  with  sufficient  accuracy  to  be  inserted  at 
this  time. 

Beds  for  S-i7ich  and  10-inch  Siege  Mortars. 

Wood. — 1  holster  for  the  quoin,  fastened  to  the  front  transom  by  2  bolts 
and  2  nuts. 

Iron. — 2  cheeks;  1  middle  transom,  \  front  transom,  in  one  piece,  (cast  iron.) 

4  manoeuvring-holts,  wrought  iron,  cast  in  place. 

2  cap-squares,  fastened  to  the  cheeks  by  4  straps,  held  by  4  bolts  and  4  keys. 

Beds  for  lO-inch  and  IS-mcA  Sea- Coast  Mortars. 
Wood. — 1  front  transom;  1  rear  transom. 
Iron. — 2  cheeks,  (cast  iron;)  1  middle  transom,  (brass.) 
2  manoiuvring-bolts  No.  10;   4  nuts  No.  9. 
6  as seinbling -bolts  No.  10;   6  nuts, 
^transom-straps;  16  screws. 
1  elevating-screw  bed,  fastened  to  the  front  transom  by  2  bolts  No.  5  A ;  2  nuts. 

1  elevating-screw  box,  (brass ;)  1  elevating-screw. 

COEHORN  MORTAR. 
Wood. — 1  bed,  in  1  or  2  pieces. 
Iron. — 2  assembling-bolts  No.  3  A;  4  loashers ;  2  nuts. 

2  cap-squares,  fastened  to  the  bed  by  4  bolts  No.  2  B  and  4  nuts. 
4  handles,  fastened  to  the  sides  by  4  bolts  No.  3  A  and  4  nuts. 

PRESERVATION   OF   CARRIAGES. 

Wooden  carriages  are  preserved  in  well-ventilated  storehouses,  pro- 
tected from  the  weather.  If  the  timber  be  not  perfectly  dry,  and  the 
exigencies  of  the  service  will  permit,  they  are  left  unpainted ;  the  irons 
are  first  coated  with  linseed-oil  and  painted  one  coat. 

Iron  carriages  require  especial  care  to  preserve  them  from  oxidation. 
When  the  parts  of  a  carriage  are  completed  and  ready  to  be  assembled,  all 
rust  that  may  have  formed  is  scraped  oif,  and  the  parts  are  placed  in  a 
kettle  containing  linseed-oil,  which  is  raised  to  its  boiling-point.  When 
the  iron  has  become  as  warm  as  the  oil,  it  is  taken  out  and  placed  on  the 
side  of  the  vessel  to  drip.  When  dry,  the  carriage  is  assembled  and 
painted  with  two  coats  of  iron  paint. 

The  carriages  are  preserved  in  dry  buildings,  on  the  ground-floor,  taken  to 
pieces  and  piled  away.  Pieces  of  the  same  kind  are  put  in  a  pile  by  themselves. 

Carriages  that  are  mounted  should  have  the  paint  renewed  from  time  to 
time,  as  it  is  worn  off";  and  if  rust  shall  accumulate,  it  must  be  removed, 
and  a  coat  of  oil  first  applied  and  the  carriage  then  painted. 


C)S 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Wlieeh. 


r  Naves.. 

Spokes 

Wood.  \  Fellies. 

Dowels 

i  Wedges  for  spokes 


Iron. 


12  brow-bands inches 

2  end-bands inches 

Nails  for  bands 

Tire,  inches 

Tire-bolts,  nuts,  and  wash- 
ers  

Nave-box 


No.  1. 

No.  2. 

1 
14 

1 
14 

7 

14 

1.25X.25 

1.5X.25 

12N0.1C. 

2.75X0.5 

7 

14 

1.25X.25 

1.5X.25 

12N0.1C. 

2.7  5  X. 625 

7  No.  2  H. 

1 

7  No.  2  H. 

1 

1 

12 

6 

6 

12 

1X.15 

1.1X.2 

12N0.1C. 

2.0X-5 

6  No.  2  H. 
1 


1 

12 

6 

6 
12 

.75X.13 

IX. 2 

12  No.  1  C. 

2X.38 

6  No.  1  H. 
1 


1 

14 

7 

7 

14 

1.5  X  .38 

1.75X.38 

12N0.1C. 

4X.75 

7  No.  4  II 

1 


Wheel  No.  1,  for  the  6-pdr.  gun-carriage,  caisson,  forge,  battery-wagon, 
and  the  limbers  of  all  field  carriages. 

No.  2,  for  the  24  and  32  pdr.  howitzers,  and  the  12-pdr.  gun-carriages 
only. 

No.  3,  for  the  prairie  carriage. 

No.  4,  for  the  mountain  howitzer. 

No.  5,  for  all  siege  carriages  and  their  limbers. 

Dimensions  and  Weights  of  Axle- Trees. 


Length  of 


The  body. 


Diameter  of  the  arm 


Weight. 


the  body  on  the  under  side 

the  middle  piece  of  body 

the  arm  to  the  linch-washer 

the  round  end,  including  the  hole.... 
Total 

fat  the  middle 

1  at  the  shouldei- 

fat  the  middle 

(at  the  shoulder 

jat  the  shoulder 

(  at  the  linch-washer 

lbs. 


Width . 


Thickness. 


No.l. 

No.  2. 

In. 

In. 

45.5 

45.5 

15.5 

22. 

13.85 

13.85 

2.07 

2.07 

78.84 

78.84 

2.5 

3.5 

3. 

3. 

1.5 

3. 

3. 

3. 

3. 

3. 

2.005 

2.005 

116. 

122. 

No.  3.    No.  4. 


In.        In. 
34.35     18.68 


8.55       7.55 


38.3 
4.32 
4.32 
3.54 
3.94 
3.5 
2.64 


In. 

42. 

16.1 
2.3 

81.8 
3.5 
3.5 
3.5 
3.5 
3.5 
2.5 

232. 


2.8 
3.0 
2.8 
3.0 
2.9 
2.9 


No.  1,  for  6-pdr.  gun-carriages,  caissons,  forge  and  battery  wagons. 

No.  2,  for  12-pdr.  gun-carriages,  24-pdr.  and  32-pdr.  howitzer-carriages. 

No.  3,  for  prairie  carriages. 

No.  4,  for  mountain  howitzer  carriages. 

No.  5,  for  siege  carriages. 

No.  6,  for  iron  carriages. 


NAVE-BOXES. — LINCH-PINS. 


69 


Nave-Boxes. 


{the  whole 
cylindrical  part 
grease-chamber 

f  T  i.    •  ( large  end., 

Interior,     j  ,„||,  end. 

'^'™""-       Exterior.       -«r"'d 
(^  [  small  end. 

Depth  of  grease-chamber 

{Length  of 
Width  of,  at  base 
Projection  of 


No.  1. 

No.  2. 

No.  3. 

No.  4. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

13.75 

8.0 

8.26 

16.5 

2.0 

... 

2.0 

4.59 

3.0 

3.26 

5.6 

3.05 

2.0 

3.55 

.3.55 

2.05 

1.5 

2.6 

2.55 

3.85 

2.5 

4.05 

4.4 

2.85 

2.0 

3.1 

3.4 

.125 

.1 

.1 

.15 

13.75 

8.0 

1.0 

16.5 

.45 

.46 

.25 

.4 

.4 

.4 

.25 

.4 

In. 
3.0 
2.1 

3.0 
3.0 
5.0 
5.0 

.5 

.25 


No.  1,  for  field  axle-trees. 

No.  2,    "   prairie      " 

No.  3,    "   mountain  howitzer  axle-trees. 

No.  4,    "   siege  axle-trees. 

No.  5,    *'   iron  carriage  axle-trees. 

Nos.  3,  4,  and  5  of  brass;  the  rest  iron  cast. 

LincJi-Pins. 


J  Length 

\  Diameter , 

Length 

Breadth  at  top 

'«        at  bottom 

Thickness  at  top 

"         at  bottom 

"         under  chin 

Weight oz. 


Stem 


Head 


No.  1. 

No.  2. 

No.  3. 

No.  4. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

3.85 

2.35 

4. 

4.2 

.f)2 

.5 

.5 

.7 

1.75 

1.4 

1.37 

1.8 

.8 

.5 

.6 

.9 

1.4 

1.1 

1.7 

.8 

.85 

.8 

1.0 

.75 

.5 

8.5 

.45 

.55 

.45 

.5 

11.68 

4.62 

8.01 

14.26 

No.  5. 


In. 

3.9 

.5 
1.75 

.75 
1.25 

.8 

.4 

.4 
5.24 


No.  1  for  field  axle-trees. 

No.  2    "    prairie    " 

No.  3    '*   mountain  howitzer  axle-trees. 

No.  4    "    siege  axle-trees. 

No.  5    "   iron  carriage  axte-trees. 


70 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL 
Washej^s. 


Shoulder-washers. 

Linch-washers. 

No.  1. 

No.  2. 

No.  3. 

No.  4. 

No.  1. 

No.  2. 

No.  3. 

In. 
5.5 
3.05 
.375 

28.97 

lu. 

4. 

2. 

!25 
12.15 

In. 

6. 

3.5 

.5 

40.32 

In. 
6. 
5. 
2. 
544. 

In. 
4. 

2.05 

.375 

15.00 

In. 

3.25 

1.6 

.35 

15.54 

In. 
5. 

"        "    "    hole 

Thickness    

2.55 
.5 

Weight oz. 

55.22 

No.  1,  for  field-carriages,  axle-trees  No.  1  and  2. 
No.  2,  for  prairie  carriages,  axle-tree  No.  3. 
No.  3,  for  siege-carriages. 
No.  4,  for  iron  carriages. 

Lock-  Chains  for  Field-  Carriages. 
The  lock-chain  is  the  same  for  all  field-carriages,  except  in  the  number 
of  the  links.  It  consists  of  1  toggle,  1.1  in.  long,  1  link,  1  long  link,  4.9  in. 
long,  with  1  loose  ring,  1.5  in.  diam.,  —  number  of  links,  1  ring  2.56  in. 
diam.,  with  1  loose  ring  of  same  size,  and  —  number  of  links  to  the  eye- 
plate.     The  links  are  all  No.  5. 


If 

y 

^    C    Sh 

1 

^ 

Number  of  links  from  the  long  link  to  the  ring 

"        "      ''        "       "    rin"  to  the  eye-plate 

16 
6 

18 

7 

13 
4 

16 
4 

16 
10 

A  recent  order  requires  these  chains  to  be  made  of  a  new  kind  of  chain, 
known  as  the  loop-link  chain,  which  is  stronger  for  the  same  weight. 

For  Siege-  Carriages. 

The  lock-chain  consists  of  a  chain  of  4  links,  No.  7,  and  1  toggle,  1.1k)  in. 
long,  with  1  loose  ring,  3  in.  diameter  on  the  first  link,  which  is  attached 
to  the  ring  in  the  lock-chain  bolt  by  1  ring  ^\  in.  diam. ;  of  a  second  chain 
of  the  same  sized  links,  to  which  the  shoe  is  attached,  composed  of  14  links 
for  the  gun-carriage,  and  18  links  for  the  mortar -wag  on,  and  1  ring  3|^  diam., 
which  is  joined  to  the  ring  in  the  lock-chain  bolt  by  15  links  No.  5. 

These  chains  are  to  be  made  of  the  loop-link  chain,  by  recent  order. 


BOLTS,    NUTS,    AND   WASHERS. 


^ 
^ 


o 

to 

o 

to 

£o 

uo  lo    : 

t^ 

t-' 

I-  -^   rH   to 

to  O  to  04 

o 

c^  1-    : 

T—l         • 

CO  to 

to  CO  CM  CO  CO 

I-  (M_  (>1  rH 

l-H 

CO  CO 

CO 

r-5 

■  i-i  co' 

CO  r-I 

'^   tH   CO 

'^ 

CO 

O 

-*  >o 

to  '^ 

to               to 

5^ 

o 

^  l-tO 

t^ 

to  t- 

Tt^    t-tO 

t^  to  to  c- 

d 

o    : 

CO  CO  l^ 

l^  CO  CO  00  C-1  UO 

CO  C-4  CM  rH 

r-5 

CO  CO 

CN 

r-i 

■  T-i  c-i 

d  -A 

CO  1— 1  c^ 

^       ■      ■      " 

^ 

to 

cO 

o         : 

,-H   VO 

00 

to  1-1  TtH  CD 

to  CO  crj 

6 

mC^ 

■^ 

o 

oi    : 

CO  CM  to 

to  <M  CO  to  O  O 

Cv|  <M  1-1 

r-I 

C^  CO 

c-i 

■  rH  C^ 

(M  r-5 

CO  tH  (M 

-*■ 

» 

O 

to 

>o 

ds^ 

o    : 

lO 

00  c^  o 

00 

to  CM  00  CD 

Oi  t-~ 

d 

MT- 

o  1-    : 

(M 

00    : 

Cv|  .-1  (M 

C<1  i-l  (M  r-(  O  TtH 

to  rH  rH  1-H 

7-5 

c-i  c^' 

ci 

'    T-I    CN 

(M  T-I 

CO  1— 1  rH 

CO    *    "     ■ 

id 

o 

a 

c^ 

uo 

to 

00 

to  CO  00 

to  CJi  CD 

d 

CO  to  :o 

t^  lO 

CN 

c<i  cx)  00  o 

1-5 

C<i  Cvj  rH 

G^i 

*  rH  C<i 

C-i  T-H 

*  oi     ■  r-5 

CO* 

•^ 

UO 

• 

fHLO 

l~  o 

Oi  to 

(^ 

to  C3i  (M  C75 

to  (35  CD 

o 

>5 

Mt- 

1--  CO  C^  lO 

CD   Ttl 

r-J  1--  UO 

^H 

to  t- 

1-1  r-l  CD  to 

-*  rH  rH  rH 

o 

,-;  r-; ,-( 

rH 

'  1—1 

1-5 

■  (>i    '  d 

Cvj       '       ■       ■ 

CO 

»c 

to 

to 

to 

to 

CD  IC 

UO 

CD  C-1  to 

CO 

to  (M  CD  t^  CD  t- 

CM  C<J  CD 

d 
^2; 

'^  lO  O  (M 

O  CO 

rH  CD  C<l 

T— 

CN  CD 

r-l  t-  CO  C<1 

^  rH  rH  O 

c 

r-5  T-5  rH 

>- 

•^ 

'-' 

'  1-5    '  c 

(M*      '      *      ' 

o4 

o 

o 

to 

to 

to 

^ 

d 

lO  t- 

t^ 

C^J 

cc 

C<l  rH  CO  to 

Cv|         CD 

^ 

M»0 

,-H  Cv|  00 

»C 

CO  CO 

rH  to 

to 

rH  Tt|  '^  r- 

CD  rH  rH  O 

O 

tH  r-;  O 

r^ 

CD 

*  --^ 

'-H 

"   r-5        *   C 

rn"      •      ■       ' 

^ 

,vO 

^ 

to 

1'- 

CM 

to 

-; 

pt- 

O 

VO  CN 

lO 

t^  to 

CO        to  l^          CD  1-1  to 

O  CM          CD 

;§ 

MCO 

00          t-  1-- 

CO  (^q 

rH  CO  1^ 

l>.  CO 

rH  O  CO  O 

(M   rH  rH  O 

o 

*  r-Io 

c5 

■  rH        *  C 

rH*  d 

: 

: 

0- 

: 

P 

: 

d 

PQ 

S 

<< 

d 

M 

'B 

Ph 

ca 

Of 

ft 

cc 

Wtr 

"z. 

a> 

jS  ^ 

O 

P 

e 

«p 

^ 

^  -J- 

a 

y 

"^  "fci 
o   C 

3 

2  S 

^ipqc 

r^ 

p. 

'IS 

c 

i 

1 

?- 

a 
C 

-     i?  g   O   O 

^ 

^-^ 

0   a^a^ 

c 

^ 

li^ 

lg 

5  ^  S  'S 

OPP^ 

.2  2  3  g^ 

PH?JP 

«(- 

«(H 

O 

■^ 

"-!• 

c 

c 

0      ^ 

: 

!» 

a 

_a- 

O 

m            "^ 

P5 

"a 

0. 

1 

fl 

c£-a^ 

c 

c 

K 

.2 

IS 

ham 

engt 
sual 

^ 
£ 

H 

CD 

P 

P 

H 

c 

h^tJ 

IZ 

? 

^ 

1 

s 

i2  <M!l>N.\N<'i;     MA  MAI,. 

Ill  the  yn-oro.linj:;  laMt'  llir  luiinbcr  indicate^  liio  sizo  of  ilic  holt,  and  the 
lottt'i-  the  fonii  of  the  head,  as  i'tdlows: 

A.   r>olt  \viili  round  (cyrnidricalj  head,  chamfei'ed;  square  under  the  licad. 

J),  Hound  head,  not  chamfered;  to  l)e  let  into  wood;  square  under  the 
Lead. 

('.    ('ounlersunk  liead  :    bolt  scjiiare  under  the  head. 

1).    Convex,  or  rose  head:    square  under  the  liead. 

r,.   S(iuare  head,  chamfered;   round  under  the  liead;   nut  let  into  wood. 

F.  Kound  liead.  chainfereil ;   apjdied  to  wood;   round  under  the  head. 

G.  I'lOund  liead,  not  chamfered;  to  be  let.  intoAvood:  round  under  the 
head. 

JI.    Countersunk  head;   bolt  round  under  the  head. 


.Diameter  of  hudy 


(      15 

DianiettT  of  he;uH  C.     D 

I     " 


f     B 

Tliickno.«s  of  iK-iul-  C.     I).... 
I     " 


f  Diiunotor 

_,  J  ■I'hicku.-ss 

iiLRiis.     -1  Kxterior  diaiiift.>r  oCcMui 
[  Doptli  of  countersink 


No.  1.    !    No.  2. 


]n.       I       In. 
0.2       i      0.2.") 


.12.5 

•> 

3 

.-t.') 

.1 

.1') 

No.  3.    I  No.  4.  i  No.  5. 

i 

Til.       I       In.  I       In. 

O.nT;-)   I      0.5  j  0.025 

1.125    ;      1.5  i      1.S75 

.7        I        .S75  1.0 


1.^75 


E.  lleuil  iH't  cliainfered;  to  let  into  wood. 
C.  Coiuitersunli  liea.l;  to  let  into  iron. 


D.  Rose  head;  resting  on  iron. 
II.  Eoseheud;  restiiiir  on -wood. 


Cha, 


LINKS. 

No 

Tliieknes.- 
ol'  iron 

Proof 
wei-lit. 

Itenia 

rk.s. 

Kind. 

l.ength. 

Width. 

In. 

In. 

Tn. 

].bs. 

1 

0. 1  5 

Ill 

1.1 

O.r, 

4(HJ 

All  c 

hains  ; 

re  wel( 

ed. 

1.25 

.To 

SIM) 

3 

.lio 

III 

l.G 

1.1 

1.2(H) 

4 

5 
(; 

.•)7-") 

r 

III 

3. 

1. 

l.r, 

1.7-". 

l.oOl) 

2.  •")()() 

7 

J'>-2') 

J  X  l 

3.1 

2.25 

<■),.")(>!• 

EYE-PINS. RINGS. NAILS. 

Eye-Pins. 


73 


No.l. 

No.  2. 

No.  3. 

Diameter  of  stem 

In. 
0.3 
.25 

In. 

0.375 
.3 

In. 
0  5 

Diameter  of  eye 

.375 

Ringi 


Designation. 


No.  1 


{i- 


No.  2    I 


Thickness 

of 

•wire. 

Exterior 

diameter  of 

ring. 

In. 
0.2 

In. 
1.4 

2 

1. 

.25 

1.5 

.25 

1.25 

Eemarks. 


Welded.      -.  -,,  ^v       •  x 

Coldshut     I  ^^^^^  ^'^^  ^"®  rings  most 
(    commonly  used  in  field 
Welded.       J    and  siege  carriages,  with 
Coldshut.  J    the  chains  Nos.  1,2,  &  3. 


Wrought  Nails. 


Body 
Heads  C.  D 


diameter  or  thickness, 
f  Diameter 


(  Thickness 


No.  1. 

No.  2. 

No.  3. 

No.  4. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

.25 

.3 

.375 

.5 

.5 

.6 

.7 

.875 

2 

.25 

.25 

.3 

C.  Square  nail,  with 
countersunk  head. 

D.  Hound  nail,  with 
rose  head. 


Cut  Nails. 


2d. 

2d. 

M. 

6c?. 

M. 

lU. 

Vld. 

2M. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

Length 

1 

1.25 

1.5 

2 

2.5 

3 

3.5 

4 

Number  in  1  lb. 

550 

450 

340 

150 

100 

60 

40 

25 

Spikes  are  large  nails,  lorought  or  cut:  the  size  is  designated  by  the 
length  in  inches. 

Bellows-nails  and  clout-nails  are  short  wrought  nails,  with  large  heads, 
slightly  convex ;  they  are  used  chiefly  for  nailing  leather,  canvas,  &c., 
on  wood. 

Bellows-nails  are  1.13  inch  long,  0.1  inch  thick,  with  heads  .75  inch  to 
1  inch  in  diameter;  should  weigh  about  120  to  1  lb. 


74 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Prmcijicil  Dimensions  and    Weights  of  Field-Gun    Carriages  and 

Jjimbers. 


Dimensions. 


Distance  between  tlie  inside  of  the  trunnion-plates 

Diameter  of  the  trunnion-holes 

Depth  of  the  centre  of  trunnion-hole  below  the  upper 

face  of  the  trunnion-plate 

Distance  of  axis  of  trunnions  in  rear  of  axis  of  axle-tree, 

the  piece  being  in  battery  on  horizontal  ground 

Distance  from  axis  of  trunnions  to  axis  of  axle-tree 

Height  of  axis  of  trunnions  above  the  ground 

.  r above  the  horizontal  line  


Vertical  field 
of  fire, 


below  the  horizontal  line. 


Howitzer. 
*Gun 


Howitzer 

Distance  between  the  points  of  contact  of  trail  and 
wheels  with  the  ground-line 

Distance  from  front  of  wheels  to  end  of  trail,  the  piece 
being  in  battery 

Distance  of  the  muzzle  of  TGun,  iu  front  of  wheels 

the  piece  in  battery  froni<  TT„,,,-f„„„  f  front  of  wheels 
the  front  of  the  wheels.    (  "°^^ "^^"^ "  \  rear  of  wheels 

Length  of  gun-carriage  without  wheels 

Length  of  limber  without  wheels 

Length  of  limber  without  wheels  or  pole 

Length  of  limber  with  wheels  and  pole 

Distance  between  the  centres  of  the  axle-trees  of  gun- 
carriage  and  limber 

Length  of  the  carriage  limbered  up 

Distance  from  the  muzzle  of  the  piece,  (Gun .'.... 

when  limbered,  to  the  front  of  pole.    (Howitzer 

Whole  length  of  the  axle-tree 

Track  of  the  wheels 

Height  of  wheel 

Dish  of  finished  wheel 


WEiaHTS.  - 


Gun-carriage,  without  wheels 

Limber,  without  wheels  or  ammunition-chest 
Ammunition-chest,  without  divisions 

0"->>»>{Sn"S-'™f::::::::::::::;;:::;:::;: 

Gun-carriage  complete,  without  implements 

Limber  complete,  without  implements 

Gun-carriage  and  limber,  without  implements 


Inches. 
9.6 

3.7 

1. 

0.5 
14.65 
43.1 
120 
13° 

8° 


116.6 
5.91 


1.09 

104.4 

161.2 

52.85 

173.08 


269.08 

279.1 

272.1 

78.84 

60. 

57. 
1.5 

Lbs. 
540 
335 
165 
180 
180 
900 


Inches. 
11.65 
4.25 

0.95 

1. 

16.2 
44.8 


8° 


122.75 
""5.9"' 

111.4 

161.2 

52.85 
173.08 

101.7 

274.78 

283.78 
78.84 
60. 
57. 
1.5 

Lbs. 
736 
335 
165 
196 
180 

1128 
860 


^  o 


g  5 


Inches. 
12.15 
4.65 

0.95 

0.8 
16.6 
45.2 
130 
120 


122.75 
15.70 
12.7 

113.5 
161.2 

52.85 
173.08 

101.7 
274.78 
294. 
291. 

78.84 

60. 

57. 
1.5 

Lbs. 

783 
335 
165 
190 
180 

1175 
860 

2035 


Note. — The  12-pounder  gun,  model  1857,  is  mounted  on  the  same  carriage  as  the  24-pounder 
howitzer.  The  cheeks  are  a  little  shortened,  and  the  elevating-screw  brought  forward.  The 
distance  of  axis  of  trunnions  in  rear  of  axle-tree,  0.25  in.  Weight  of  trail  on  ground.  216 
pounds. 


DIMENSIONS    OF    HOWITZER-CARRIAGE.  75 

Dimensions  and    Weights  of  Gun-  Carriage  and  Equipment  for 
12-pounder  ^fountain  Howitzer. 

Dimensions.  Inches. 

Distance  between  the  inside  of  trunnion-plates 7. 

Diameter  of  trunnion-holes 2.75 

Depth  of  axis  of  trunnions  below  upper  face  of  trunnion-plate 0.62 

Distance  of  axis  of  trunnions  In  rear  of  axis  of  axle-tree,  the  piece  being  in 

battery,  on  horizontal  ground 2.5 

Distance  from  axis  of  trunnions  to  axis  of  axle-tree 8.5 

Height  of  axis  of  trunnions  above  the  ground 27. 

tr    i.-     i£i3     c  £.       f  above  the  horizontal  line , 9° 

Vertical  field  of  fire,  |  ^elow  the  horizontal  line 7° 

Distance  between  the  points  of  contact  of  wheels  and  trail  with  the  ground-line  43.7 

Distance  from  front  of  wheels  to  end  of  trail,  the  piece  being  in  battery....  71.8 

Distance  of  the  muzzle  of  the  piece,  in  battery,  in  rear  of  wheels 4.8 

Length  of  gun-carriage,  without  wheels 61, 

Length  of  thill 73. 

Whole  length  of  the  axle-tree 38.25 

Track  of  the  wheels 30.2 

Height  of  wheel 38. 

Dish  of  finished  wheel 2. 

Ammunition- Chest,             f  Interior  length 32.8 

or                          I        "        width 4.75 

Carriage-maker's  Tool-Chest.    (^        "        depth 9.35 

Forge-Chest,         C  Interior  length 32.8 

or                 \        "       width 7.8 

Smith's  Tool-Chest.  {        "        depth 10.1 

Weights.  Pounds. 

Howitzer 214 

Gun-carriage,  without  wheels 157 

One  wheel CO 

Handspike 5 

Sponge  and  rammer 3 

Gun-carriage  complete,  with  implements 287 

Thill 30 

Bridle 3 

Halter 3.5 

Pack-saddle  and  harness 47 

Lashing  girth  and  rope 3 

Ammunition-chest,  or  carriage-maker's  tool-chest,  empty 20 

Forge-chest,  or  smith's  tool-chest,  empty 42 

Ammunition-chest,  packed 112 

Forge-chest,  packed 115 

Smith's  tool-chest,  packed 117 

Coal-sack,  filled  with  charcoal 25 

Carriage-maker's  tool-chests.,  j  jy ^- 

Dimensions  and  Weights  of  Frairie  Ammunition-  Cart,  j^^j^^g 

Whole  length  of  cart 127. 

Length  of  implement-chest 31.5 

Width              "                 "      6.0 

Depth               "                 "      in  front 7.25 

"                   "                  "      in  rear 9. 

Pounds, 

Weight  of  cart,  empty,  without  wliccls '. 296 

"              "       packed  with  ammunition 802 

**             two-wheels 138 

7 


76 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Principal  Dimensions   and    Weights  of   Siege- Gun    Carriages  and 

Limbers. 


Dimensions. 


Distance  between  the  inside  of  the  trunnion-plates 

Diameter  of  the  trunnion-holes 

Depth  of  centre  of  trunnion-hole  below  the  upper  face  of 
trunnion-plate 

Distance  of  axis  of  trunnions  in  rear  of  axis  of  axle-tree, 

the  piece  being  in  battery  on  horizontal  ground 

Distance  from  axis  of  trunnions  to  axis  of  axle-tree 

Height  of  axis  of  trunnions  above  the  ground 

Vertical  field  f  ^^^^^  ^^^  horizontal  line.  |  Howit;;*;;:::;;'. 

I  below  the  horizontal  line.  \  Tr""v' 

'^  [  Howitzer 

Distance  between  the  points  of  contact  of  the  wheels  and 
trail  with  the  ground-line 

Distance  from  the  front  of  the  wheels  to  the  end  of  the 
trail,  the  piece  being  in  battery 

Distance  of  the   muzzle  of ")  ^         .     n      ^     n  .-,        ,      , 
the  piece  in  battery  from     ?""\,^°  ^^'^'^^  ^^  *^!  ^ J^^^ 
the  front  of  the  wheels...  J  H«^"tzer,  in  rear  of  wheels 

Length  of  gun-carriage,  without  wheels 

Length  of  limber,  without  wheels 

Length  of  limber,  without  wheels  or  pole 

Length  of  limber,  with  wheels  and  pole 

Distance  between  the  centres  of  the  axle-trees  of  gun-car- 
riage and  limber 

Length  of  the  carriage,  limbered  up 

Distance  from  the  muzzle  of  the  gun,  in  its  travelling  po- 
sition, to  front  end  of  pole 

"Whole  length  of  the  axle-tree 

Track  of  the  wheels 

Height  of  wheels 

Dish  of  finished  wheels , 

f  Gun-carriage,  without  wheels 

Limber,  without  wheels 

Weights     \  ^"'^  ^^^^^^ 

■"I  Gun-carriage,  complete,  without  implements 

Limber,  complete 

[  G  un-carriage  and  limber,  without  implements 


Inches. 

Inches. 

14.95 

16.95 

4.65 

5.35 

1.1 

1.2 

3. 

2.5 

22.45 

22.85 

52.2 

52.6 

13° 

12° 

40 

40 

100. 

101. 

141. 

142. 

30.74 

35.35 

130. 

133. 

176.65 

176.65 

59.8 

59.8 

184.9 

184.9 

94. 

96. 

278.9 

280.9 

285.15 

291.42 

81.8 

81.8 

60. 

60. 

60. 

60. 

2. 

2. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

1440 

1542 

585 

585 

404 

404 

2248 

2350 

1393 

1 393 

3641 

3743 

FIELD   AND   SIEGE   WAGONS. 
Field  and  Siege  Wagons. 


Dimensions  and  Weights. 


Caisson. 


Forge. 


Battery- 
Wagon. 


Mortar- 
Wagon. 


Length 

Distance  between  the  axle-trees  of 

carriage  and  limber 

Whole  length,  when  limbered  up.... 
Height,  above  the  ground 


Carriage-body,       without 

wheels 

Limber,  without  wheels  or 
„r  chest 

^^^^««^'^  One  wheel 

Carriage  and  limber,  com- 
plete, without  imple- 
ments or  spare  parts.... 


In. 
125.5 

92. 

274.7 
58.75 


Lbs. 
432 


335 

180 


1,982 


In. 

130. 

97.8 
279. 
70.5 


Lbs. 

997 


335 
180 


2,21' 


In. 
154. 

112.93 

393.13 

73.55 


Lbs. 
910 


335 
180 


2,130 


In. 
143.6 

102.95 

287.85 
60. 


Lbs. 

984 

585 
404 


5,185 


Interior  Dimensions. 

Length. 

Width. 

Depth. 

Weight. 

Ammunition  or  limber  chest,  with- 
out divisions 

In. 
40. 

40. 
31. 
98.8 
63.85 

In. 
18. 
32. 
13. 
36. 
40. 

In. 

14.75 

7,5 

17. 
22. 

Lbs. 
165 

„,         ,,.       n.             r  Iron  room 

Travelling  forge...  |  ^oal-box 

100 

Battery-wagon,  body 

' 

Mortar-Beds. 


Length 

Exterior  width,   including  manoeu- 
vri  ng-bolts 

Weight pounds... 


Siege. 

Coehorn. 

8-ineh. 

10-inch. 

In. 
42. 

34. 
920 

In. 

51.8 

40. 

1830 

In. 
31. 

15. 
132 

78 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


6 


•Ss 


to 

l^ 

lO 

^ 

lO 

T— 1 

CO  CO  O 

O          (M  ^  ^  GO 

„     „     O  CO  !M 

1^  O  O  CO  CO  CO 

•HUO 

MP(i-r,t 

M  r- 

t^  r-i  '**  ^  I-  ^ 

o     o        .      . 

1-H  >0  01  00  ^ 

o  c-i  CO* 

ci  CO*  d  vO 

6l 

-^  I-  -^ 

,-1          O  O  CO 

00  o 
I— 1 

I-  CM  CO 

O                           t^ 

lO  CD 

CO  O 

O  CO  o 

•ja/jiMOH 

•u!-8 

M   o 

^       _  T-l  ^  t-  O 

o    o    1-^ 

CO  CO 

>.o  i-~  oo  1~  "O 

puB  'mi'j 

•jp(l-58 

<©  r-1  -*  CO  O  CO 

C5 

T-H  O  O   CO  -c+<  O  Cv|   T-1 

d  CO  d  CO*  (M 

^ 

TP   t--i^ 

CO 

i-<          CS  CO  CO 

CO  lo 
I— ( 

I-  CJ  CO  o 

t— i  I— t 

UO                  i-o  >-0 

o  o  c 

CO 

<>i  CO  oi    : 

. 

_■   I— 1  CX)                     -^  c< 

r.      ,^      1^  t^  1^ 

CO 

O  CM  CO  CN      . 

•uno  -apd-t^ 

M    00  O  r-i  Tt^'  (m"  CO  -* 

oo 

r-llOOC5t—  OCOOOSTjIOCO        • 

Tfi  1-  '^i 

T-H         Ci  O  uC 

GO  Tjl 

1-  CM  CO    ; 

o                o 

CO  c 

CO 

CO   LO        • 

r4     <^ 

OO         Ci  CO  1-  o 

Q                       Q                      O           t--           1^ 

o 

o  CO  CO  r-l    ; 

•nn^ 

apd-8X 

P               

>-l    OOl— (OOr-Hi— 1-^ 

r-l  O  Ci  t-  >6  O  li  CO  C5  '-H   d   CO       • 

TJH    I-  -^ 

^          GO  lO  uO 

GO  Tt 

1-  CM  CO       . 

o                o 

CO  o 

CO 

CO        : 

•uno 

•ipd-si 

s5 

O      _  O  CO  t-.  — 

o    o    ^'=  t^  t^ 

o 

UO  CO  CO 

■<^  1-1  Co"  T-H   .-H  CO 

T-H  O  Ci  t^  O  O  ^'  Co'  CJ  "*  d  C5      ; 

Til  i^  Tt 

r-l            CO   O  O 

CO  ^ 

l^  CM  O      . 

T— 1 

r-l  r-(             ; 

: 

i 

^ 

M 

IS 

o   u 

'o 

o 

t/ 

M    7 

9 

S 
rt 

Cm 

O 

'a 
a 

,f 
?" 
c 

0 

of  rails, 
of  chassi 
traverse 

OJ  -M 

o 

a 

,z 

a- 

'n  ^  Cm 

?,  d  ^ 

^ 

rt     cS 

rt 

o 

y 

■  upper  f 
rear  of : 
ixle-tree 
,  above  t 

-^ 

9 

% 

(T 

"^    a>    a:, 

N 

a 

H 

'i 

c 

a 

0. 

o 

73 

c 
c 

iO 

s- 
a 

c.- 

c 
'a 

front 
»  rear 
centra 

finn 

-M 

o 

~Y 

'''"           a> 

'=>  y.  o  . , 

>5 

2 

c 

e  below 
lions  in 
axis  of  i 
battery 

mm  inn  >j 

rizonta 
rizonta' 
of  whc 

a 
c*- 

c 

a 

re  of  pintle  t 
re  of  pintle  1 
re  of  pintle  t 
re  of  pintle 
battery " 

S 

5 

c 

c 
a 

rt 

n-hol 
trunr 
from  i 

s,  in 

nf  fvi 

he  ho 
he  ho 
front 

< 

_i= 

c 
a 

o'S  ^  -.2T 

above  t 
below  t 
e,  from 
xle-tree 

''^ 

v 

"S  d  d  d  d 

m     O     O     O  "H 

'? 

p 

ion-1; 
trun 
axis 
nnio 
runn 

\ 
\ 

'or 

om  c 
om  c 
om  c 
om  c 
iece, 

a 

2    O    O  _Jh  c„  «♦- 

b 

0  ~ 

■"^^     ^ 

c^  c^  c^  c^    Ph 

p 

d    OJ    QJ  ^    ^    C 

IT 

fire, 

arri 
the 

'Z 

4        C 

-d  »■ 

-M      -^ 

o   o   ©  o   2 
o    o    o    c:>  -d 

d   d   d  d  -^ 

a 

aj    "    ce    M    -^    c- 

c,_,      o  Cm    a 

Cm  ^ 

d    ci    a    CS  c^_, 

of  thi 
the  ce 
al  dist 

of  axi 
f  the  a 

5    .^ 

'     cd     =<-i   d  -- 

;  c 

c 

o  1 

al  dist 
al  dist 
al  dist 
al  dist 
face  o: 

c 

c 

"5 

epth  of 
orizont: 
istance 
eight  0 

V 
c 

c 

ertical  ; 

ength  0 
hole  le 

1"^ 

orizont 
orizont 
orizont 
orizont 
to  the 

P 

^i= 

)«& 

:P 

)K!i 

> 

h- 

?JS 

p 

? 

1^ 

WKKS 

DIMENSIONS   AND    WEIGHTS    OF    BARBETTE-CARRIAGES.        79 


•nnt)  -jpd-j^f 


^OO-^      _  lO      _         J   o  -*  O  O  Ci  .-.  O  Ci 
•-I    O  Ol  CO  CO  O  lJ    "<;*<  I—I  CO  O  CO  1— I 


pu«  'uno  -jpcl-sg 


■         .        .        .%        .  S    (M   rJH   O    CO   C5   T-H   r-^   CO 

OOMCOCOO  LjCOi— ICOGO  C<IO 


6 


5S 


•an  9  upd-fs 


an             in  „„•  co  O  00  O  t^  t^  ci  'ti 

.      .      .      .      .  ^  l^  CO  O  (M  C5  r-l  UO  1— i 

O  CO  CO  CO  i-O  |_5  O  I— I  CO  -^                CI  CD 

T— ll— |-<^l— I  I— I  T— I                        I— (1—1 


•anQ  upd-si 


CO  o        o 


,c    OCOOOOii— (OOOi 
^-lOCOCOCOO  I^COt-HCOt— I  0!M 

1— I    I— I    "^    T— I  1—1  T— I    T—l 


•nn£)  -apd-sx 


°R^      .^?      .  ^OOCOOOCir-iCDOi 

OCOCOCOO  i-5I^i-(COr-l  CO(M 


:  s 


:   OI 

^     O 

Ms 


a^     OJ  Qj  <D 

O  ^    CS  03  te 

-*   j_,  t^  a> 

li  S  » 


o 


o   o 


-  .2  §  §  s 

.2  1^  bC  feci; 

r-^    o  o  o  o 

-5    ^  f-l  ^  fH 

p3    o  <u  a;  o) 

•s  -s  a  a  a 

g  p^  ^  2  =^ 


."t:;  «  a>  ^  <i> 

V  fac  fcjo  g  -2 

rt  Qj  a>  ce  a> 

S  H    C  ,^  !=l 

o  o  c  o  c 


o   s 

-5 -p. 


Sir 
ti :- 


80 


(JIIDXANCH    31ANUAri. 


I'-  i" 

o 

>0                  CO 

1 

.0-3                 oj            CI            cc 

•aoz;iAVOii  Mpd-t^ 

^  c  i  ^  o            CO            00            luc  r-*  ~A       i-I 

-t" 

-t< 

i 

i 

'  ' 

'    ' 

■^  'ir  '^'  5  ;:i!  -2          ?  2  ^  '^x  ^"^  ~  "-5  ;i? 

O 

^  1  o  CO  o  re  GO  ~  X)  '^  t  -  1  -  c;  i^  ci  ci  00  ci 

ti 

■pBiqumioo-ni-g 

-•-•  lO 

"  cr  1                 oj  'rri            o  o  T?       CO  '^  o  '^i 

o  cc 

,_  j^  ,^  _   ,-j  o 

-ti 

o 

/• — N        ! 

>.C)  ~  C-  r.  CI  o             cc  o  i.c  cc  r->  t--  Cl  C^) 

: OO 

£  CI  i^  o  1—  X  ~  oc  Tf:  1-  ic  -^  1-  r:  w  o  ci 

'-fl 

~            i 

•un;^  •i\}i.-Z\ 

cc  >-0 

i>2 

•^  CI                      CI  O                O  >-C  rP         GO  -^  CO  ^ 

O  CO 

: — 1 

T— 1     CI 

s 

ji    1 

O  O  O  O  T-<  vo                lO         o  >o  vO  O         'i^ 

o 

^ — ^ 

•uno  •Jpd-[;g 

.CI  T  1-  C.  iC  C-. 

o  '  ^  _•  ^- '"•  i:  2  ^.  ^ 

cc  >-C 

^  1 

£^ddr--.^C->l 

c* 

•^  C 1                         CI  ^-t^                  w   O  '^          CO  -T'   -^   TtH 

'C.  cc 

1" 

""^ 

r-1    CI 

•;~ 

r~ 

C-1  IT!  O  O  CI  O                 >C  O          O  O          O  -H 

o 

j^ 

_0  X  I-  Cr.   re  1-  ^     g     OC  >0          cc  r-(          >-C   C5 

'^ 

c3    1 

•unQ  Mpclf3 

="  X  O  O  1-^  O  00  Ci  'ttl  1-^  o6  o  t-^  c~  o  ci  ci 

cc  >o 

'^i— 1                ci^?i            OT^■':^       X'^otti 

Ci  cc 

<i       ! 

1—1 

1-n    CJ 

-       1 

?= 

VI 

o     •     •     : 

O 

v^ 

2 

X 

—     .'    ;     : 

.— 

-- 

6 

o 

7"'  c:     :     : 

o      :      * 

i. 

= 

> 

S 

c  7    :  T 

rx    !    ; 

:  :7 

£-' 

5 

:  .^ 

OO            1 

•— 

—  'T'     ;  'o 

r^     ■     '- 

;     3 

"" 

~ 

;    x! 

'CT' 

—    rr     •    '. 

—         ;         ; 

;   ^ 

x' 

'.    n 

i^^:      ' 

o 

•5^     1 

;-^ 

-^  -    :  •- 

—     :  ^ 

•     ^ 

■^ 

c3 

:  '^ 

j 

o 

"c  .'-     :   - 

;-.    :  i 

'.    it 

^ 

•  "o 

~ 

"^ 

i  /_  r  o 

■^    :  cc 

:  - 

^ 

i; 

:  S 

X 

^  'c   ^  J^ 

■     'Z. 

•      •-^      n-^ 

w 

^ 

^           i 
W           1 

o 

rp-i^cicjS     :'? 

:  ^  'S 

2 

•1 

:  1 

iii     ' 

'p. 

E"  i  .^  c  -^  -.H  4:   i  V 

;  --^  o 

c 

o 

•  '"-^ 

*i  1 

I 

;^  .5  =^  "^  3'  5  J  ;  s 

:  i  ~ 

C 

^ 

',     CJ 

S     ! 

y, 

'5 

-^    X    .^     ^'/H    ^    ^      1    it  . 

-  i^  "S 

o 

o 

~  T    ^'  ~-    5  '^      ■  ■->-    ' 

;  .~     -J 

'Z! 

1^ 

•    c 

•2 

y, 

P 

"?  -^   ct  -  -r  -r  ^    :  ^  i 

Z  '■''  ^ 

.2 

'p^ 

:  '5h 

*^   j 

J? 

-^ 

'^    =    :::^§£s     io.S    t(/7    -^ 

^ 

+^ 

•  v-( 

^    1 

S 

o 

'^Il'^til  ;l§l's| 

o 

03 

:  "^ 

.""N      1 

=^ 

•0'^%_.*"'3'^-^        •i-'~~~              '-•''- 

£1! 

'   ^ 

"^^    i 

o 
o 

lj|i||ii|Uiliii 

o 

s 

:  ^ 

•  2 

i 

o 

-    S    —    c  -Z^    r        ',      c:    c;    CJ  r^    x  j;^    t/-  c^ 

^ 

! 

C    s 

-i^'i'cC^     --      ^■^t^o'^^ili^ 

o 

:  C3 
:  2 

1 

r.iC"^^""B    2     l^^l'^^sj^^ 

X 

! 

^ 

:  '^ 

I 
\ 

-  ^ 

^  c:   cj   - 

--      ^      Cj    ^ 

"^  •?  i:  ,"^0 

'-I 

i    <^  _= 

"i 

s; 

C     J 

i  S 

p      fip;=pK    k    k1  ?=  p  ^r;  ?:  ?;  p 


o   o   ^   o 


PRINCIPAL   DIMENSIONS   OF   CASEMATE-CARRIAGES. 


81 


Si 

CO 

I 


CD 

nn 

^ 

o  o  o 

•J82}Ltt.0H 

•jpd-fs 

CO  CD* 

S 

lO  O^   CD 

CD  CD 

CO 

h-  CO          O  tH 

COCOOOiOtM-^OO 

.uo  O 

CO  CD  rH       ^  C5  GO 

.  ^  oq  <M  o  05  oo  cv'  t-  >-t) 

•ptitqranioo  -ai-g 

5t)^  c-i 

^  O  l^  O  lO  t-^ 

5^^^'^ 

T— 1    C<1 

'^OS  CD 

CD  t^  (M  r-H 

i—l 

r-l 

CO  t~~  CO        o  -^ 

O  CO  i-O  Ci  O  C<1  CD  CO 

IC  o 

I-- 

CD  rH       .  C^  00 

^  C^l  CM  l^ 

Ci  CO  05  O  CO 

•uno  -jpd-gt 

M^'=a 

c<i 

'2  "^  S  "^  "^ 

ss^s 

r-.  (M 

■^CJ  CD 

CD  t-  Cq  r-t 

T— 1 

1—1 

CO  t^  CO        o  •<*' 

Tj^coOOiOOlOGO 

lO  lO 

O  CD  i-(         OS  GO 

^CDC^ICOOiCOOrHCO 

•nnr) 

•jpd-SS 

«^c<i 

O  t^  O  to  t^ 

ss^^ 

'Xix 

'^Oi  ilO 

CD  t-Cq  rH 

I—l 

(M  t^  CO         O  ■* 

COCOOCiOC-l'^GO 

.UO  o 

lO  CD  i-H      ,  C5  00 

o^O<MC<ICSCOC5»Ol^ 

•ano 

•apd-ts 

lS  '^  (m' 

O  lO  t--^  CD  O  t^ 

^OiCM;- 

CO  CO 

"as  o 

CD  l^  (M  rH 

T-t 

r-t 

W     Oi 

^ 

.... 

. 

. 

'©  'oj 

o   o 

-^-^ 

o 

^   ^ 

.2 

CO 

i  i 

'P^ 

9 

£  £ 

O) 

1^ 

«   o 

,i:5 

>■  > 

II 

o 

03 

!  "^ 

^  ti 

CJ> 

•    pj 

a  C 

V 

rt 

*     0) 

o 

o 

03 

.2 

03 

> 

a 
c 

o 

o 
.'^ 
o 
o 

p 

03 

P 

"a 

a 

1 

^           c 

'a 
a 

1 

"o 

0. 

1 

:  g 

:  ^ 

:  "^ 

:.§ 
:  "^   a 

^ 

It 

PI 

■pH 

ci   c;i     •   cs   a 
.2.2-3  g  F 

^  'a 
03   a 

2  -^ 

1      0. 

:     .,  o 

:  -£  -^ 

P* 

■="3 

o 

"^'  ^  J-l 

..q  ^   ^ 

pintle 

-carriage,  comj 
ssis,  complete. 

03 

OI     :  ^    03   a 

Jh     03     O     0^  r^ 

."t^     03   "^ 

03     V 

03 

C3     J-   ^ 

£     ^ 
^     % 

a 

"    i    03    i    ^ 

tt 

03     03 

o 

03 

e  fro 
of  a: 
arria 
rave 

ivnv, 

11 

o   6 

CP 

O    cc    o   *^  ^ 

fl     03     C 

03     C 

03  n  rt 

c  rt 

fl 

llili 

13     fl  ^ 

c  c 

c  s  ^ 

_g  s 

cS 

ooc 

>OC 

OOO 

2  ""^ 

"s 
^ 

Is:::: 

^ 

, 1 1 

,_l 

^     C3    O    O     C 

> 

; 

a  ci 

s  > 

^f^C     ^     ^     !- 

CO 

o   o 

§1 

•izon 
f  pin 
mete 
mete 

_S!      N 

N  -^ 

i 

O 

O    O 

'ii 

5    g    O    cS    c3    c 

! 

s 

KffiW 

tl 

^ 

P 

\P 

^P 

\ 

>■ 

82 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


(M  CO  IM   CO   , 


o  c^  lO  :r2 


lO  Oi  OJ  Tf 


.2   " 


O    r^ 


"     +3 


o   o   o   o 


DIMENSIONS   OF    IRON   CARRIAGES. 


83 


eo  CO  c 

I  >ra  to  rH  1 

a  ia>j-{      (D  n  CO 


T-l  (M  rH 


ic4joiC^o^S' 


<N  lO  1--  !0  CO  -^  CO  ' 


O  O        rH  -^<  CO         »0  >0 

CO  lO  O  CO  CO  lO        CO  CC  iC  lO  CO  1(0  05  O  C<l 

!  CO  OT  c-i  -*■  'N  d  a;  im'  CN  o  t--!  2S  2  §  iq  °'  ^  ''^ 


^ 


e 

I 


00  o   _  oi  -i; , 

lO  cc  o  .  co'  1-^  ' 
C<»     IM  CO  t-  < 


r-(05  1—       cocoooiraooot^Oi 

1  -*•-,;  d  d  cq  -H  r4  £  g  E2  w  Zj  "-^  '^^ 


<MooeO'OOoco>oi 

CO  r-l      CO  l^  CO   t-  - 


CO    >0  0>iO      CC-*00      CO 
;  <N  IM   1~  O  CO     ^  CO  i-(  lO   _  <D  CO  t^  t^  ire  O  CC  I 

•  CO  ire  CO  oi  t~^  lO  >*  -^  ^  d  d  "m'  -*<  rH  ^  i^*  22  52  11^ ' 

iTj<        1-Ti.i,  Ci«DCOC0c.;Clr-Ci-(rH^;i;j:5^'^ 


c8  a 


^s 


®,  "^.  "^O   "   ©cococo 
I  co"  t-^' 

CO  I-  r-(        1-  CO  CO  O  1 


00  CO  -+  CO  03 


CO        G5T-ii-l.^^tN5^  . 


^  o  CD  o  1—1  CO  ire  CO  CO'  o  ire  o    •  ire  00  ire  o-l  00 

.CO        t--*CO         I^COlMCOlM      :  CO         03  r-l  i-l 


8S; 


c^  to      ire  ire  CO  CO 

I-  o    o    "^  '^  '^.  '^.     .  '^  '^.  '^.  ^. 

docDiret^coirecoci-*coo 

I—  CO         l~-*-*         l^'*C<lCDO^ 


00  CO  CO 
CO  O  I-H 

CO  CO  ire"  (N  < 


-t<  -+  03  CO  CO 


O    M 

a  j5  X  ®  .3 .5 ' 


^  o  X 


;>»o 


-J§c^     S55, 

C  .2  ■"   =*   g   g   cS  .£2 


c3  a*  ~w 


o  o 


a  a 


CQ  CO  w  crj   r»  CO  m 

tJ  1^  1-5  ^  >J  H^  H^ 


t2  o; 
*^  o 


a  J'  -t^  =»    c! 

^  ?:  ^!  'S  TK  ¥ 


If 

i3  T       •*  "  S, 
*^  0)        -     9' 


^^ 


o    ^ 


ci 


Sii  o  g  5        r^ 
-M  S  ir;  -j:  i!  .M   « 


bc3  ^  — '  o  ;s  •- 


O     ^.  V,         V. 


84 


OKDNANn-:    >r.\M  AL 


n;ih  of  TimUrr  for  Fn  h]-( 'a rrnxj. 


Names  uf  Parts. 


:ir  i(i.MrN>ii'N 
i:A(;ii   I'JKCK. 


.11-.     Wi.l...      Thick. 


<;r.\-CAi;HiAGi:s. 

Fnri^-,.l, ■.<!.,,        f  St.H-k ■  2 

n,nl  ■■    ("hf.'ks 2 

12^j,'/r.  h<nr;t::c,:    (.  Ax!.,'- li. mI v  1 


]n.  In.           In.  .-iiii.fr.    Sim.  ft. 

I  I'd        '.t.2,"i  1..')  2s. no      ."j7.Sii    Oa] 

•lit  1 ;!.,'.    :J.3  "i:;.i2    2(;.2i      " 

oo      7.     .;.  11.;,^    14...^     ■' 

\          I  ,  ys.<;2 


F<,r^2-],'h^.q,r,l,    ('Stock 2        IDS      n. 

21^1. 1 r.  n'u.i     .  Chocks 2        :.n     10. 

;;2-y.'//'.  h^nrh-.trn.  (^  Axlo-budv     ]  50        7. 


li      !«1.S> 


7.lil      17.111 


wiiKicr.s.  Xos.  1  ami  2. 


Xave... 
S,M.kes 
lY'llius. 


1(1     11.      'Round       K.oi'      r 


4         32 


/.         ;.J.O 


4.59    ;;2.i;; 


Axle-b(ulv I    1  511       9.       (>. 


llMun.ls. 
I'nrk 


.■-j.liiiter-iiar 

IJrackets 

Fn.nt   t'nnt-lcar.l 

Ituar  lnnt-lm:,ra 


Pule,. 
P..le-p 


1!    L-U' 


4.5    ;;.2; 


1  40 

1  72 


1  If 

1  4t 


Jo. 27      JO. 27       " 


i.i;; 


i:;  ].Sn         1. 


1      1  :'> 


1.5     4. 


1  l.n      M.ll    Onk  or  ash. 
l.i!5         l.n:,    llickorv. 


AM.^^I;^■ITlo.\■-(•lII■.<T. 

Ends 

>i4(- 

P'-in'oiial  partition 

(  hiid...... 


22      17.       1.31  3.41' 

4  1      17.       l.;;i  t).-ii      1 

22      17.       l.;;l  3.111 


.>||    \V;,lnilt. 


Covcr-lini- 


BILLS    OF    TIMBER. 


85 


Bilh  of  Timber  for  Field- Carriages. 


Names  of  Parts. 


CAISSON. 

Middle  rail 

Side  rails 

Stock 

Axle-body 

Cross-bar 

Foot-board  bolster 

Front  foot-board 

Rear  foot-board 

FORGE — Body. 

Side  rails 

Middle  rail 

Stock 

Axle-body 

Front  cross-bar 

Rear  middle  cross-bar... 
Front  middle  cross-bar.. 

Rear  cross-bar 

Floor-boards 

Roof-bows 

Corner-studs 

Side-studs 

Plates 

Front  end-stud 

Front  of  iron  room 

Rear  of  iron  room 

Lining  of  iron  room 

Cleats  for  grooves 

Braces 

Front  end  of  roof 

Rear  end  of  roof 

Cap  for  coal-box 

Boards  for  sides 

Boards  for  roof 

Boards  for  sliding-cover 

Prop  for  stock 

Bellows-pole 


ROUGH   DIMENSIONS 
OF   EACH   PIECE. 


Long.     Wide.     Thick 


In. 

76 
78 
84 
50 
40 
14 
42 
42 


96 
50 
90 
50 
40 
40 
40 
40 
48 
42 
36 
36 
46 
22 
40 
36 
44 
44 
48 
42 
42 
36 
42 
46 
36 
30 
57 


In. 

5.75 

5. 

6. 

6. 

4. 

4. 


4.75 
4.75 
6. 

7.25 
3.5 
3.5 
10. 

8. 

9. 

3.5 

3. 

3. 

6. 

9.5 

3. 

8.5 

2. 

4. 
10. 
12. 

2.5 

7. 

7. 

8. 

2.25 

2. 


In. 

4.75 

3.25 

4.75 

6. 

3. 

1.25 

2.13 

1.25 


3.75 

4.25 

4.75 

6. 

3.5 

3.5 

3.5 

3. 

1.25 

1.25 

2.5 

2.5 

2.5 

1.25 

1.25 

1.25 

1. 

1. 

2. 

1.75 

1.75 

1.25 

0.75 
.75 
.75 

2.25 

2. 


Each 


Total. 


Sup.  ft. 
14.41 

8.79 
16.62 
12.50 

3.33 
.48 

4.65 

1.82 


11.87 
7.01 
17.81 
15.10 
3.40 
3.40 
9.72 
2,50 
3.33 
3.28 
2.19 
1.88 
2.39 
1.14 
3.30 
0.94 
2.59 
0.61 
2.67 
5.10 
6.13 
0.78 
2.04 
2.23 
2.00 
1.05 
1.58 


Sup.  ft. 

14.41 

17.58 

16.62 

12.50 

3.33 

.48 

4.65 

1.82 

71.39 

23.74 

7.01 

17.81 

15.10 

3.40 

3.40 

9.72 

2.50 

13.32 

6.56 

8.75 

3.75 

4.78 

1.14 

3.30 

.94 

5.18 

1.22 

5.34 

5.10 

6.13 

.78 

20.40 

15.61 

12.00 

1.05 

1.58 

199.61 

Kind  of 
wood. 


Oak. 


74  Oak. 


Walnut. 

a 

White  pine. 

« 
Hickory. 


86  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Bills  of  Timber  for  Field- Carriages. 


Names  of  Parts. 


FoEGE. — Bellows. 

Upper  and  lower  planks. 

Middle  plank 

Cross-heads 

{Sides 
Ends 
Cross-bars 

Cleats 

Valves 

Battens  for  valves 

Coal-Box. 

Sides  and  top  piece 

Ends 

Lid 

Clamps  for  lid 

Bottom 

Battery-Wagon, — Body. 

LoAver  side  rails 

Upper  side  rails 

Stock 

Axle-body 

Front  cross-bar 

Front  middle  cross-bars 
Rear  middle  cross-bar... 

Rear  cross-bar 

Floor-boards 

Sides  of  body 

Side  of  till 

Bottom  of  till 

Cleats  for  till 

Ends  of  body 

Forage-rack  sides 

Forage-rack  bars 

Cover. 

Side  rails 

Ridge-pole 

End  rails 

End  studs 

End  boards 

Roof-boards 


ROUGH  DIMENSIONS       | 
OF   EACU    PIECE.  j| 


CONTENTS. 


Long.     Wide.    Thick 


In. 
34 
44 

32 
3G 
32 
32 

7 
9 
9 


116 

108 

108 

50 

40 

40 

38 

40 

106 

108 

104 

104 

10 

40 

36 

46 


108 

108 

42 

18 

42 

108 


In. 
15. 
15. 

3.5 

3. 

3. 

2.25 

2.75 

9. 

4.5 


24. 
24. 

14. 

2.1 

15. 


6.5 

3. 

6. 

6.25 

5.5 

4.25 

4. 

4. 
11.5 
21.5 
11.5 
10. 

1.25 
24. 

5.5 

3.5 


3. 
2. 

13.5 
7. 


:.o 


In. 
2. 
2. 
3. 
1. 
1. 
1. 


Each 
piece. 


j Sup.  ft. 
7.08 
9.17 
2.33 
0.75 
0.07 
0.50 


1.38 

1.38 
1.25| 
1.25 
1.31 


4. 

3. 

6. 

6.25 

5. 

4. 

2.5 

3.5 

1.25 

1.38 

1.25 

1.25 

1. 

1.38 

2. 

1. 


1.5 

1.25 

0.75 


0.55 
0.27 


8.28 
3.08 
4.37 
.30 
4.91 


20.94 

6.75 

27.00 

13.56 

7.64 

4.72 

2.64 

3.88 

10.58 

22.25 

10.38 

9.02 


9.20 
2.75 
1.03 


Total. 


Sup.  ft. 

28.32 
18.34 
4.66 
3.00 
1.34 
1.00 


1.11 


58.32 


16.56 

7.36 

4.37 

.60 

4.91 


33.80 


41.88 

13.50 

27.00 

13.56 

7.64 

9.44 

2.64 

3.88 

31.74 

44.50 

10.38 

9.02 


18.40 
5.50 
1.03 


240.11 


13.5 

6.75 

5.25 

.94 

9.82 

47.25 

"83751 


BILL   OF   TIMBER.  87 

Bill  of  Timber  for  Mountain- Howitzer  Carriage,  &c. 


Names  of  Parts. 

o 
d 

DIMENSIONS   OF   EACH 
PIECE,    (ROUGH.) 

CONTENTS. 

Kind  of 

Length. 

Width. 

Thick- 
ness. 

Each 
piece. 

Total. 

wood. 

Gun-carriage  body. 

Stock 

Axle-tree 

Two  wheels. 

2 
2 

2 
24 
12 

2 
1 

2 
1 
1 

1 
1 
1 
1 
2 

1 

In. 
66 
44 

11 

20 
21 

72 
33 

44 

36 
66 

50 
20 
14 
42 

20 

50 

In. 
9. 
5. 

9. 

2.5 

5.5 

3. 
3.5 

/. 

8. 

12. 
12. 

6. 
12. 

1.5 

2.5 

In. 

7. 
3. 

Round 
1.5 
2.5 

2  25 
2^25 

1. 
1. 
1. 

1.25 
1.75 
1.25 
0.75 
1.5     1 

2.5 

28.84 
4.56 

4.86 
.52 
2.0 

3.37 
1.80 

i 

1 

1  3.36 
1.05 
3.67 

5.21 

2.90 
.72 

3.5 
.31 

2.15 

57.68 
9.12 

66.80 

Oak. 
Young, 
tough 
hickory. 

Oak. 

Nave 

Spokes 

Fellies 

9.72 
12.48 
24.0 

One  thill. 

46.20 

Shafts 

Cross-bar 

6.75 
1.80 

Ash. 

One  ammunition- chest. 

8.55 

Sides  and  ends 

Bottom 

Cover  and  partitions.. 

6.72 
1.05 
3.67 

Poplar. 

One  pack-saddle. 

11.44 

Arcs 

Transoms 

5.21 
2.90 

.72 
3.5 

.62 

Ash  or 
beech. 

a 

Side  bars 

Hickory. 

One  handspike 

12.95 
2.15 

Hickory. 

ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


JSi'Us  of  Timber  for  SLcge-Carriages. 


Names  of  Parts. 


GUN-CAEKIAGES. 

r  stock 

1  Checks 

]  Axlc-Dody 
Bolster.... 


18-PDR. 


24-PDR. 


stock 

Cheeks.... 
Axle-body 
Bolster  ... 


Stock 

Cheeks.... 
Axle-body 
Bolster 


ONE  WHEEL. 

Nave 

Spokes 

Fellies 

LIMBER. 

Fork 

Hounds 

Splinter-bar 

,,  .         f  Large  end, 

role...  i  c!      n       1 

\  Small  end. 

Leading-bar , 

MORTAR-WAGON. 

Middle  rails 

Front  transom 

Middle  transom 

Rear  transom 

Side  rails 

Hear  cross-bar 

jNliddle  cross-bars... 

Front  cross-bars 

Bottom  pl.anks 

Axle-body 

Windlass 

Muzzle-bolster 

Stakes 

Handspikes 


o  5 


ROUGH  dimen^d; 

OF    EACH    PIECE. 


Lonf 


In. 

130. 
55. 
48. 
14. 

132. 

GO. 
48. 
14. 

132. 

CO. 
48. 
16. 


60. 
50. 
70. 

142. 

70. 


142. 

28. 

4. 

4. 
92. 
42. 
10. 
14. 
78. 
48. 
o(). 
12. 
20. 
56. 


Wide. 


In. 

11.5 

19.5 

9.5 

6.5 

11.5 
20. 

9.5 
6.5 

11.5 

20.5 
9.5 
0.5 


16. 
4.25 

8. 


11. 

5. 

{f 

4. 


/. 
4. 

6.7 

7.5 

4.5 

4.5 

4.5 

8. 

9.5 

6.5 

6.5 


Thick. 


In. 
7. 

5.5 
8.5 
6.5 


5.75 

8.5 
6.5 

8.75 
6.25 
8.5 
6.5 


Round 
2.5 
4.5 


3.75 
3.75 

f} 

3.75 


3.75 

3.]2 

5.9 

5. 

3. 

3. 

2.5 

2. 

8^5 

6.5 

6.5 

3.25 

4. 


Each 
piece. 


Sup.  ft. 

72.67 

40.96 

26.92 

4.11 

84.33 

47.92 

26.92 

4.11 

92.24 

53!39 

26.92 

4.70 


26.53 
2.36 
7. 


i33. 
6. 
7. 


^n- 


Sup.  ft. 

145.34 

81.92 

26.92 

4.11 


158.29 


168.66 

95.84 

26.92 

4.11 


J95.53 


184.48 

106.78 

26.92 

4.70 


322 

88 

26 

53 

33 

04 

49.00 

108 

57 

33.23 
13.02 

7.29 

2"^  25 

7.29 


83.08 

90.72 
5.10 


47.92 

3.94 

9.00 

2.18 

17.34 

26.92 

10.56 

3.52 

9.48 

12.44 

>397l2 


Cuttings. 
1 


Hickory. 


BILLS    OF   IRON.  89 

Bills  of  Iron  f 07'  Field- Carriages. 


Kind  of  carriage. 

^Yi(lth. 

Thick- 
ness. 

Length. 

Weight. 

Remarks. 

In. 

In. 

Feet. 

Lbs. 

6-PDIl.       GUN- 

0.15 

Round 

2.81 

0.18 

For  chains  No.  1. 

CARRIAGE. 

0.2 

llouad 

8.50 

.90 

2.3  feet  for  chains  No.  2. 

0.25 

Round 

1.1 

.18 

0.875 

Round 

18. 

6.62 

0.5 

Round 

7.2 

4.70 

0.625 

Round 

4.10 

4.18 

0.75 

Round 

10.86 

15.96 

0.875 

Round 

0.65 

1.30 

1. 

Round 

2.58 

6.73 

1.5 

Round 

2.17 

12.78 

2. 

Round 

1.46 

15.28 

Hammered. 

0.25 

0.25 

2.21 

.46 

0.3 

0.3 

7.87 

2.36 

0.75 

0.375 

1.33 

1.25 

Hammered. 

1.0 

0.375 

0.23 

.29 

1.0 

0.5 

1.5 

2.52 

1.0 

1.0 

0.58 

1.94 

1.25 

0.5 

2.16 

4.53 

1.25 

0.625 

0.84 

2.20 

Hammered. 

1.25 

0.75 

0.7 

2.20 

1.375 

0.05 

3.0 

.70 

1.375 

0.25 

0.33 

.38 

1.5 

0.25 

3.75 

4.72 

1.5 

0.375 

.46 

.86 

1.5 

0.5 

1.16 

2.92 

Hammered. 

1.5 

0.625 

1.66 

5.22 

Hammered. 

1.5 

0.75 

3.3 

12.47 

Hammered. 

1.5 

1.5 

.59 

4.46 

Hammered. 

1.75 

0.25 

.93 

1.36 

2.0 

0.125 

.33 

.27 

2.0 

0.75 

.93 

4.68 

2.0 

1. 

.5 

3.36 

Hammered. 

2.0 

1.25 

.38 

3.19 

Hammered. 

2.5 

0.188 

1.66 

2.60 

2.5 

0.875 

.33 

2.42 

2.5 

1.25 

1.5 

15.75 

f  Hammered ;  or  2  drafts  for 
\      cap-squares. 

2.5 

1.5 

1.66 

20.91 

f  Hammered  ;  or  2  drafts  for 
\      trunnion-phites. 

2.5 

1.75 

.5 

7.35 

Hammered. 

2.75 

0.5 

10.23 

47.26 

3.25 

0.375 

0.39 

1.23 

3.75 

0.15 

.5 

.95 

3.75 

0.2 

.44 

1.11 

3.75 

0.25 

0.38 

1.19 

5. 

0.25 

.83 

3.48 

90  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Bills  of  Iron  for  Field-Carriages. — Continued. 


Kind  of  carriage. 

Width. 

Thick- 
ness. 

Length. 

Weight. 

Remarks. 

In. 

In. 

Feet. 

Lbs. 

6-PDR.        GUN- 

5.5 

0.2 

1.5 

5.53 

CAKRIAGE. 

130.00 

2  drafts  for  axle-tree. 

—Cont'd. 

1.0 

0.375 

0.21 

28.00 

1  draft  for  lunette. 

404.93 

.20 

Steel  for  lunette. 

17.00 
13.00 

4smalIrondelles,  ^  ^     ,  . 

4),                 1  n        >  Cast  iron. 
Z  large  ronuelies,  J 

30.00 

8.00 

Brass  box  of  elevating-screw. 

.42 

Brass  for  turnbuckles. 

8.42 

24-PDR.    HOW- 

0.15 

Round 

2.81 

0.18 

For  chain  No.  1. 

ITZER. 

0.2 

Hound 

9.80 

1.03 

2.3  feet  for  chain  No.  2. 

0.25 

Hound 

1.08 

.18 

0.375 

Round 

19.6 

7.21 

0.5 

Round 

7.54 

4.93 

0.G25 

Round 

4.50 

4.59 

0.75 

Round 

1.42 

2.08 

0.875 

Round 

0.G5 

1.30 

1.0 

Round 

15.83 

41.32 

1.5 

Round 

0.5 

2.94 

2.0 

Round 

3.58 

37.48 

Hammered. 

0.25 

0.25 

2.21 

.46 

0.3 

0.3 

7.88 

2.36 

0.75 

0.375 

1.33 

1.25 

Hammered. 

1.0 

0.375 

0.23 

.29 

1.0 

0.5 

1.5 

2.52 

1.0 

1.0 

0.58 

1.94 

1.25 

0.5 

2.16 

4.53 

1.25 

0.G25 

0.84 

2.20 

Hammered. 

1.25 

0.75 

0.71 

2.23 

1.375 

0.05 

4.0 

.92 

1.375 

0.25 

0.33 

.37 

1.5 

0.25 

4.0 

5.04 

1.5 

0.5 

1.08 

2.72 

Hammered. 

1.5 

0.025 

1.06 

5.22 

Hammered. 

1.5 

0.75 

0.37 

1.39 

Hammered. 

1.5 

1.5 

0.59 

4.46 

Hammered. 

BILLS    OF    IRON. 

BiJl^  of  Iron  for  Field-  Carriages. — Continued. 


91 


Kind  of  carriage. 

Width. 

Thick- 
ness. 

Length. ' 

Weight. 

Keniarks. 

In. 

In. 

Feet. 

Lbs. 

24-POUNDER 

1.75 

0.25 

0.93 

1.36 

HOWITZER- 

1.75 

0.375 

3.5 

7.70 

CARKIAGE. 

2.0 

0.125 

0.33 

.28 

Hammered. 

—Cont'd. 

2.0 

0.75 

0.92 

4.63 

2.0 

1.0 

4.0 

26.88 

Hammered. 

2.0 

1.25 

0.38 

3.19 

Hammered. 

2.5 

1.75 

0.5 

7.35 

Hammered. 

2.75 

1. 

0.33 

3.04 

3.0 

0.5 

11.23 

56.59 

3.0 

1.25 

1.84 

23.18 

r  Hammered ;  or  2  drafts  for 
\      cap-squares. 

3.0 

1.5 

2.33 

35.22 

r  Hammered ;  or  2  drafts  for 
\      trunnion-plates. 

3.25 

0.188 

2.57 

5.24 

8.25 

0.375 

0.30 

1.22 

3.75 

0.15 

0.5 

.94 

3.75 

0.2 

0.57 

1.43 

3.75 

0.25 

0.38 

1.19 

5.0 

0.25 

0.83 

3.48 

6.0 

0.2 

1.5 

6.04 

200. 

Draft  for  axle-tree. 

1.0 

0.375 

0.21 

37. 

Draft  for  lunette. 

567.10 

0.2G 

Steel  for  lunette. 

17. 
13. 

30. 

4  small  rondelles,  1  ^     ,  . 
2  largerondelles,  j 

8. 

r  Brass  for  box  of  elevating- 
\      screw. 

.42 

Brass  for  2  turnbuckles. 

8.42 

12-PDR.  GUN- 

0.15 

Round 

2.81 

0.18 

For  chains  No.  1. 

CARKIAGE. 

0.2 

Round 

9.80 

1.03 

2.3  feet  for  chains  No.  2. 

0.25 

Round 

1.08 

.18 

0.375 

Round 

19.60 

7.21 

0.5 

Round 

7.54 

4.93 

0.625 

Round 

4.73 

4.82 

0.75 

Round 

1.42 

2.08 

0.875 

Round 

0.65 

1 

1.30 

92  ORDNANCE   MANUAL. 

Bills  of  Iron  for  Field-Carriages. — Continued. 


Kind  of  carriage. 

Width. 

Thick- 
ness. 

Length. 

Weight. 

Eemarlis. 

In. 

In. 

Feet. 

Lbs. 

12-PDR.  GUN- 

1.0 

Round 

15.83 

41.32 

CARRIAGE. 

1.5 

Round 

0.5 

2.94 

—Cont'd. 

2.0 

Round 

3.58 

37.48 

Hammered. 

0.25 

0.25 

2.21 

.46 

0.3 

0.3 

7.88 

2.36 

0.75 

0.375 

1.33 

1.25 

Hammered. 

1.0 

0.375 

.23 

.29 

1.0 

0.5 

1.5 

2.52 

1.0 

1.0 

.58 

1.04 

1.25 

0.5 

2.16 

4.53 

1.25 

0.625 

0.84 

2.20 

Hammered. 

1.25 

0.75 

0.71 

2.23 

1.375 

0.05 

4.00 

.92 

1.375 

0.25 

0.33 

.37 

1.5 

0.25 

4.00 

5.04 

1.5 

0.5 

1.08 

2.72 

Hammered. 

1.5 

0.625 

1.66 

5.22 

Hammered. 

1.5 

0.75 

.37 

1.39 

Hammered. 

1.5 

1.5 

.59 

4.46 

Hammered. 

1.75 

0.25 

.93 

1.36 

1,75 

0.375 

.5 

1.10 

2.0 

0.125 

.33 

.28 

Hammered. 

2.0 

0.75 

0.92 

4.63 

2.0 

1.0 

4.00 

26.88 

Hammered. 

2.0 

1.25 

0.38 

3.19 

Hammered. 

2.5 

1.75 

0.5 

7.35 

Hammered. 

2.75 

1.0 

0.33 

3.04 

3.25 

1.25 

1.84 

25.12 

r  Hammered ;  or  2  drafts  for 
\      cap-squares. 

3.25 

1.5 

2.33 

38.16 

/  Hammered ;  or  2  drafts  for 
\     trunnion-plates. 

3.25 

0.5 

7.23 

39.47 

3.25 

0.188 

2.17 

4.42 

3.25 

0.375 

0.30 

1.22 

3.25 

0.5 

5.00 

27.30 

3.75 

0.15 

0.5 

.94 

3.75 

0.2 

0.57 

1.43 

3.75 

0.25 

0.38 

1.19 

5.0 

0.25 

0.83 

3.48 

6.5 

0.2 

1.5 

6.54 
200. 

Draft  for  axle-tree. 

1.0 

0.375 

.21 

42. 

Draft  for  lunette. 

574.08 

0.26 

Steel  for  lunette. 

BILLS   OF   IRON.  93 

Bills  of  Iron  for  Field- Carriages. — Continued. 


Kind  of  carriage. 

Width. 

Thick- 
ness. 

Length. 
Feet. 

Weight. 

Remarks. 

In. 

In. 

Lbs. 

12-PDR.     GUN- 

17. 

4  small  rondelles,  ")  ^     ,  . 
2  1argerondelles;|^^^^^^^^- 

CARRIAGE. 

13. 

—Cont'd. 

30. 

8. 

/  Brass  for  box  of  elevating- 
\      screw. 

.42 

Brass  for  2  turnbuckles. 

8.42 

Wheel  No.l. 

0.5 

Round 

2.93 

1.91 

0.25 

0.25 

1.63 

0.34 

1.0 

0.5 

0.58 

0.97 

1.25 

0.25 

5.83 

6.12 

1.5 

0.25 

4.67 

5.88 

1.625 

0.125 

1.00 

0.68 

2.75 

0.5 

15.00 

69.30 

In  one  piece  ;  for  tire. 

85.20 

15.5 

Cast  iron  for  nave-box. 

Wheel  No.2. 

0.5 

Round 

3.15 

2.06 

0.25 

0.25 

1.63 

0.34 

1.0 

0.5 

0.58 

0.97 

1.25 

0.25 

6.29 

6.60 

1.5 

0.25 

5.33 

6.72 

1.625 

0.125 

1.00 

0.68 

2.75 

0.625 

15.00 

86.55 
103.92 

In  one  piece  ;  for  tire. 

15.5 

Cast  iron  for  nave-box. 

Limber 

0.15 

Round 

2.08 

0.13 

For  chains  No.  1. 

0.2 

Round 

3.67 

.38 

2.3  feet  for  chains  No.  2. 

0.25 

Round 

4.95 

.80 

2.33  feet  for  chains  No.  3. 

0.5 

Round 

1.30 

.85 

0.625 

Round 

1.80 

1.83 

0.75 

Round 

4.75 

6.98 

0.875 

Round 

0.30 

.60 

1.0 

Round 

2.69 

7.02 

1.25 

Round 

1.08 

4.41 

1.625 

Round 

0.75 

5.18 

0.25 

0.25 

2.3 

.48 

04  OIIDNANOE    jNIANUAL. 

BUh  of  Iron  for  Field- Carriages. — Continued. 


Kinduf  caniairc. !  \Vidlli. 


Thick- 


LlMBER 

— Cont'd. 


AM:\nixiTJOX- 
Chest 


O.o 

0.5 

0.5 

1.0 

].0 

1.0 

1.25 

1.25 

1.25 

1.25 

1.25 

1.5 

1.5 

1.5 

1.5 

1.75 

1.75 

2.0 


3.0 
3.5 
4.25 


1.0 


In. 

0.3 

0.25 

0.5 

0.25 

0.5 

1.0 

0.25 

0.5 

0.(12- 

0.75 

1.25 

0.12. 

0.5 

0.02: 

0.75 

0.375 

0.5 

0.125 

0.188 

0.5 

0.5 

0.025 


0.25 


Lenytli.  !Wei-bt. 


Fret. 

1.10 
0.17 
0.95 

0.03 

0.5 
4.19 
2.07 
1.15 
0.71 
1.0 
1.0 
2.17 
2.12 
.38 
1.0 
0.5 
1.33 
0.54 
3.84 
0.54 
0.5 

0.84 

0.75 


Ilemaiki 


Lb.s.  _ 

.35 

.07 

.80 

.78! 
5.59[  iraniincred, 
1.081  IlaiJimered. 
4.40   Hammered. 
5.00 
3.01 
2.23   Hammered. 


0. 
1. 

1. 
1. 

lo'. 

24. 

o 

120. 


Hammered. 
Hammered. 


r  Hammered  ;  middle  piece  for 
\      axle-tree. 

2  drnfts  for  axle-tree. 
Draft  for  pintle-hook. 


0.375     0.21  ij      0.20   Steel  for  plntle-liook. 


0.37 

0.5 

O.7.: 

1.0 

1.0 

1.0 

1.5 

1.5 

1.5 

1.5 

1.7" 


loundj  1.5  1 1 

vound!  3.10  j 

U)und!  4.13  1 1 

lonnd;  0.25  ; 

0.5     j  0.08  i| 

1.0     I  2.00  1 

0.375:  1.73  i; 

0.75  j  4.58 

1.0  0.2  i| 

1.5  1.0  ! 

0.75   i  0.33  ; 

0.1  4.0  i 


0.55> 
2.00 
0.07 
.05 
.13 
0.72 
3.20 

17.31 
1.00 
7.50 
1.45 

20.50 

07.20 


BILLS   OF   IRON.  95 

Bills  of  Iron  for  Field- Carriages. — Continued. 


Kind  of  carriage. 

Width. 

Thick- 
ness. 

Length. 

Weight. 

Remarks. 

In. 

In. 

Feet. 

Lbs. 

Ammunjtion- 
Chbst. 

25.0 

No.  24 

4. 

9.50 

Sheet  copper  for  cover. 

—Cont'd. 

0.21 

Brass  for  turnbuckle. 
For  chains  No.  1. 

Caisson 

0.15 

Round 

8.53 

0.50 

0.2 

Round 

4.08 

0.43 

0.25 

Round 

0.71 

.11 

0.375 

Round 

15.04 

5.53 

0.5 

Round 

0.63 

.41 

0.875 

Round 

1.02 

2.04 

1.0 

Round 

4.49 

11.71 

1.25 

Round 

2.61 

10.67 

0.25 

0.25 

2.92 

.61 

0.3 

0.3 

6.23 

1.87 

1.0 

0.25 

1.75 

1.47 

1.0 

0.5 

1.5 

2.52 

1.0 

1.0 

2.79 

9.' 3  7 

Hammered. 

1.125 

0.25 

0.19 

.18 

1.25 

0.5 

3.18 

6.68 

1.25 

0.625 

3.1 

8.12 

Hammered. 

1.25 

0.75 

0.70 

2.20 

Hammered. 

1.5 

0.125 

2.0 

1.26 

1.5 

0.25 

3.0 

3.78 

1.5 

0.5 

0.33 

.83 

1.5 

0.625 

.83 

2.61 

Hammered. 

1.5 

0.75 

1.33 

5.02 

Hammered. 

1.5 

1.5 

1.33 

10.05 

2.0 

0.125 

1.67 

1.40 

2.0 

0.5 

0.75 

2.52 

2.31 

0.25 

0.69 

1.33 

2.5 

0.5 

7.0 

29.40 

3.0 

0.5 

6.46 

32.55 

3.5 

0.25 

0.5 

1.47 

3.5 

1.0 

3.17 

37.27 

r  Hammered ;   or  2  drafts 
1     lunette. 

for 

4.0 

0.25 

0.84 

2.82 

4.25 

1.25 

1.5 

26.77 

5.75 

0.5 

0.48 

4.63 

6.00 

0.5 

0.5 

i 

5.04 
136. 

2  drafts  for  axle-tree. 
For  chain  No.  1. 

369.17 

Forge 

0.15    Round 

1.5 

0.09 

0.2       Round 

3.75 

.38 

2.3  feet  for  chain  No.  2. 

96 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Bills  of  Iron  for  Field- Carriages. — Continued. 


Kind  of  carriage. 

Width. 

Thick- 
re«s. 

Length. 

Weight. 

Ilcmarks. 

In. 

In. 

Feet. 

Lbs. 

Forge. — 

0.25 

Round 

0.57 

.93 

Continued. 

0.375 

Round 

19.48 

7.17 

0.625 

Round 

0.24 

.24 

0.5 

Round 

3.51 

2.29 

0.75 

Round 

4.58 

6!73 

0.875 

Round 

0.58 

1.16 

1.0 

Round 

1.88 

4.90 

1.25 

Round 

3.48 

14.23 

1.5 

Round 

0.3 

1.76 

2.5 

Round 

0.67 

10.96 

0.25 

0.25 

1.32 

.28 

0.3 

0.3 

6.23 

1.88 

0.5 

0.25 

.17 

.07 

0.G25 

0.375 

.79 

1.89 

0.75 

0.75 

1.0 

.63 

1.0 

0.25 

1.25 

1.05 

1.0 

0.375 

0.84 

1.06 

1.0 

0.5 

2.75 

4.62 

1.25 

0.25 

0.5 

.52 

1.25 

0.375 

0.88 

1.38 

1.25 

0.5 

4.31 

9.05 

1.25 

0.625 

1.56 

4.08 

Hammered. 

1.25 

0.75 

0.7 

2.20 

1.25 

1.0 

1.0 

4.20 

Hammered. 

1.25 

1.25 

0.5 

2.62 

1.5 

0.25 

3.17 

4.00 

Hammered. 

1.5 

0.375 

1.88 

3.55 

1.5 

0.5 

5.66 

14.26 

1.5 

0.75 

2.42 

9.14 

Hammered. 

1.5 

1.0 

0.66 

3.32 

Hammered. 

1.625 

0.125 

1.25 

.85 

1.75 

0.75 

0.33 

1.45 

Hammered. 

2.0 

0.125 

1.17 

.98 

2.0 

0.15 

0.84 

.84 

2.0 

0.25 

0.67 

1.12 

2.0 

0.5 

1.5 

5.04 

2.0 

1.0 

0.83 

5.58 

Hammered. 

2.0 

1.375 

2.17 

20.03 

Hammered. 

2.25 

0.15 

0.33 

.37 

2.5 

0.5 

7.5 

31.50 

2.625 

0.25 

1.0 

2.20 

3.0 

0.625 

0.5 

3.15 

Hammered. 

3.5 

1.0 

8.17 

37.27 

f  Hammered  ;   or  2 
\      for  lunette. 

drafts 

4.0 

0.25 

0.84 

2.82 

10. 

No.  12 

3.4 

12.5 

Slieet  iron. 

BILLS    OF    IRON. 

Bills  of  Iron  for  Field- Carriages. — Continued. 


97 


Kind  of  carriage. 

Width. 

Thick- 
ness. 

Length. 

Weight. 

Remarks. 

In. 

In. 

Feet. 

Lbs. 

Forge. — 

13.25 

No.  11 

2.58 

14.25 

Sheet  iron. 

Continued. 

27. 

No.    8 

7.5 

122.00 

Sheet  iron. 

28. 

No.  24 

5. 

11.85 

Russia  sheet  iron. 

0.75 

0.5 

0.67 

136. 

2  drafts  for  axle-tree. 
Cast  steel. 

530.44 

0.84 

1.0 
22.5 

0.25 
No.  24 

0.33 
7.33 

.27 

Spring  steel. 

Cast  iron  air-back. 

Brass  for  windpipe. 

r  Sheet  copper  ;  in  2  si 
\      44  inches  long. 

36.5 

6. 

15.75 

beets 

18.5 

No.  24 

3.04 

5.25 

Sheet  copper. 

20. 

No.  18 

0.50 

1.90 

1 

22.90 

Sheet  copper. 

24.7  feet  for  chains  No. 

BVTTERY- 

0.25 

Round 

26.08 

4.25 

4. 

Wagon. 

0.375 

Round 

20.3 

7.47 

0.5 

Round 

6.92 

4.52 

0.625 

Round 

1.92 

1.95 

0.75 

Round 

6.22 

9.14 

1.0 

Round 

1.38 

3.60 

1.25 

Round 

2.60 

10.63 

1.5 

Round 

3.11 

18.31 

0.25 

0.25 

0.44 

.09 

0.3 

0.3 

6.23 

1.88 

0.75 

0.375 

1.38 

1.29 

1.0 

0.125 

6.25 

2.62 

1.0 

0.25 

8.41 

7.06 

1.0 

0.375 

5.92 

7.46 

1.0 

0.5 

1.5 

2.52 

1.0 

1.0 

2.84 

9.54 

Hammered, 

1.125 

0.25 

1.12 

2.11 

1.25 

0.25 

0.38 

.40 

1.25 

0.375 

1.71 

2.68 

1.25 

0.5 

2.18 

4.58 

1.25 

0.625 

0.73 

1.91 

Hammered. 

1.25 

0.75 

0.71 

2.23 

Hammered. 

1.5 

0.25 

11.25 

14.17 

1.5 

0.375 

1.5 

2.83 

1.5 

0.5 

0.33 

.83 

98  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Bills  of  Iron  for  Field-  Carriages. — Continued. 


Kind  of  carriage. 

Width. 

Thick- 
ness. 

Length. 

Weight. 

In. 

In. 

Feet. 

•  Lbs. 

Battery - 

1.5 

0.75 

2.47 

9.32 

Hammered. 

AVagon. — 

1.5 

1.0 

0.93 

4.18 

Continued. 

1.625 

0.5 

16.67 

45.50 

2.0 

0.125 

0.83 

.70 

2.0 

0.75 

0.5 

2.52 

2.5 

0.188 

1.67 

2.62 

2.5 

0.5 

5.33 

22.38 

3.5 

1.0 

3.17 

37.27 

/Hammered;   or  2  drafts  for 
\     lunette. 

3.75 

0.15 

8.48 

16.02 

4.0 

0.25 

0.83 

2.79 

5.25 

0.25 

0.65 

2.87 

5.5 

0.375 

1.66 

11.50 
136.00 

2  drafts  for  axle-tree. 

417.74 

0.21 

Cast  brass  for  turnbuckle. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

Lbs. 

MOUNTAIN- 

0.15 

Round 

25. 

0.13 

Cap-square    and    key-chains 

HOWITZEU 

No.  1. 

Carriage. 

.25 

Do. 

54. 

0.73 

Rivets  No.  2,  nails  No.  1,  and 

staples. 

.3 

Do. 

18. 

0.36 

Nails  No.  2. 

.375 

Do. 

44. 

1.35 

Handspike-staple,  bolts  No.  1, 
and  rivets  No.  3. 

.625 

Do. 

11. 

0.94 

Implement-hooks,  and  bolt 
No.  3. 

.75 

Do. 

84. 

10.30 

Bolts  No.  4. 

.875 

Do. 

7. 

1.16 

Eye-pins  No.  1. 

1.75 

Do. 

11. 

7.34 

Elevating-screw. 

0.75 

0.875 

1.5 

0.12 

Nuts  No.  1. 

1. 

0.5 

16. 

2.24 

Handspike-strap  and  linch- 
pins. 

1.25 

0.125 

2.5 

0.11 

Washers  No.  1. 

1.25 

0.2 

34. 

2.38 

Axle-bands. 

1.25 

0.25 

3. 

0.26 

Cap-square  keys. 

1.25 

0.625 

1.25 

0.27 

Nut  No.  3, 

1.25 

0.75 

16. 

4.20 

Heads  of  key  and  chin  bolts. 

1.5 

0.75 

11. 

3.47 

Nuts  No.  4. 

2, 

0.25 

15. 

2.10 

Ferrules  for  axle-tree. 

9 

0.375 

8. 

1.68 

Washer-hooks. 

2! 

0.5 

36. 

10.08 

Under-straps. 

0 

1.25 

5. 

3.50 

Handles  for  elevating-screw. 

2!25 

1. 

42. 

26.46 

Trunnion-plates  and  cap- 
squares. 

BILLS   OF   IRON.  99 

Bills  of  Iron  for  Field- Carriages. — Continued. 


Kind  of  carriage. 

Width. 

Thick- 
ness. 

Length. 

Weight. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

Lbs. 

Mountain 

2.5 

0.188 

10. 

1.31 

Washers  No.  4. 

Howitzer 

2.5 

1. 

4. 

2.80 

Knee  of  lunette. 

Cabbiage. — 

4. 

0.2 

12.5 

2.80 

Trail-plate. 

Continued. 

4. 

0.375 

38. 

15.96 

Axle-skean. 

4. 

0.5 

18. 

10.08 

Lunette. 

112.13 

3.0 

Box  for  elevating-screw. 

Two  wheels. 

0.25 

Round 

48.*" 

0.65 

Band-nails  No.  1. 

0.375 

Do. 

42. 

1.29 

Tire-bolts  No.  1. 

0.75 

0.125 

96. 

2.50 

Brow-bands. 

0.75 

0.375 

10. 

0.78 

Nuts  No.  1. 

1. 

0.2 

82. 

4.59 

End-bands. 

1.25 

0.125 

15. 

0.65 

Washers  No.  1. 

2.00 

0.375 

240. 

50.40 

Tires. 

60.86 

10.0 

Nave-boxes. 

Thill. 

0.15 

Round 

12.'" 

0.06 

Key-chain  No.  1. 

0.25 

Do. 

12. 

0.16 

Rivets  No.  2. 

0.375 

Do. 

26. 

0.80 

Staples. 

0.5 

Do. 

7. 

0.38 

Bolts  No.  2. 

0.75 

Do. 

4. 

0.49 

Key. 

1. 

0.5 

48. 

6.72 

Supporting-bar. 

2.75 
0.25 

0.25 
Round 

30. 
43. 

5.78 

Cross-bar  plate. 

14.39 

0.60 

Chains,  and  rivets  No.  2. 

Ammunition- 

1. 

0.375 

38. 

4.00 

Hinges  and  hasp-strap. 

Chest. 

1. 

0.5 

4. 

0.56 

Bridles  and  brace. 

1. 

0.625 

3.5 

0.61 

Hasp. 

1.6 

0.1 

3.5 

0.15 

Turnbuckle-plate. 

2.4 

No.  18. 

40. 

1.35 

Corner-plates. 

7.27 

0.10 

Turnbuckle. 

Pack-Saddle. 

0.25 

Round 

12."' 

0.16 

Staples  and  rivets. 

0.375 

Do. 

37. 

1.13 

Bolts. 

0.75 

0.375 

1.25 

0.10 

Nuts. 

1.25 

0.2 

36. 

2.52 

Arc-plates. 

3.91 

100 


In. 

O.li 

In. 
ilouii.l 

('."J") 

KdutkI 

ti.:'>7.") 

ll.mn.l 

(>..') 

0.7'" 

hOUlUl 

1.0 

ii()un4 

1 . 1  -■-) 

iCoumi 

1.2') 

ivound 

1..") 

KounU 

•>  0 

Romi'l 

2.-Vi') 

Round 

''  •") 

Round 

;;.() 

Hound 

0.2.') 

0.25 

O.o 

o.;? 

O.oT-') 

o.;;75 

]. 

0.5 

1.2.') 

O.t',1^5 

1.2.-, 

1 .25 

1.0 

0. 1  25 

1.5 

0.875 

1.5 

0.025 

1..') 

0.75 

1.75 

0.5 

2.0 

0.75 

2.0 

1.0 

2.5 

0.1  ss 

•>  5 

1.25 

"'' 

1.5 

2.75 

,^.0 

0.*125 

•5 .  • ) 

0.25 

').5 

O.o75 

o    ~ 

0.025 

'.','-- 

'1.0 

0.25 

4.0 

(».5 

4.0 

o.ti'_:5 

4.0 

0.75 

4.25 

0.025 

4.25 

0.75 

4.75 

0.25 

4.75 

o.o-_:5 

4.75 

0.75 

5. 

0.025 

(•ItOXA  NCK     MANTAL. 
/>///.■<  of  Iron  for  S!<,jr-(;nii    (jirriii'jo^. 

r^-poundcr.            1  ^-pniuitl'T.  •J4-iKiniiiirr. 

:  Fret.  IJ;,^.  FM'.-t.   '  Ll)s.         K^et.  \M<. 

2.2'.i  0.2  1      2.211  0.21      2.2'.t  0.21     F-^r  cli;iin«  Xn. 

i   5.17  .Si     5.17'  .si     5.17  .SI    ;!  lect  0  inches  l'( 

it.o;!  :\:.\-i    o.o;i  :\::vi    o.o;;  ;;.::::       chains  No.  M. 

.02  .1^1       .02  .40       Svl  .11) 

1::.<M  l:;.;;i  i:;.05  l:i.;;i    l;i.o:,  i;;.:;i 

7.-10  10. ss     7,40  10. '.m     7.52  1  l.o.-; 

;!.  7.s:;    ;].  7.s:;    ;].  7.S:; 

2.17  7.1s     2.17  7.  is     2.17  7.1s 

18.57  75.05  17.12  70.01    IS.l  i  74.07 

2. IS  12. SI     4.01  27.;;:!     4.01  2S.02 

1.5S  2:5. ;;2     1.5S  2:1. ;52     1.5S  28.;;2    Hammered. 

2.04  ;!:].;!7    2.01  ;;:;.:;7    2.04,  ;;;].:;7 

l,:;:i  .2S     1.:];;  .i!S     1.;!:!  .2S 

•   :i.l7;  .05     :5.17:  .05     :].17  .05. 

S.75  4.11     S.75  4.11     S.75  4.11 

!     .:!S  .04       .:;s.  .01       .:;s  XA  \ 

.21  .:^:y       .21  .55       .2!  .55  1 

l.tl7  8.77     1.71  8.07     1.7:1  0.08  i 

.5  .:;i      .5  ^  :.\\      ,5  :  .:;i  : 

5.0  0.45     5.0  0.45     5.0  ',1.45 

2.42  7.02     2.42  7.f;2     2.42  7.02 

:   1.71:  t;.40     1.71  0.  10     1.71  0.4t; 

.58  1.70       .5s  1.70-     .5s  1.70 : 

.58  2.02       .5S  1^.02       .58  2.02  ' 

.ti7  4.50       .07  4.50       .07  4.50 
1.07  2.02     1.07  2.t;2     1.07  2.02 
5.:',:!  55.05  4.42  Oi.ll      4.42  40.41     Hammered 
00  12.80       .0:;  12.80    Hammered. 

.0;!  :).w^      .0:;  5. so '    .o;,;  5.8*; 

.5S  1.70        .58  1.70  ;      .58  1.70  : 

.5s  i!. .")(■,       .5S  2.50  ^      .5s  2.50 

.O'i  7.0.J      .oi;  7.0!      .OC)  7.0  [ ; 

.20  0.S2       ,20  0.82,       .20  0.S2  i 

.;!s  0.57      .:;s  o..'>7  ■    .;;s  '.)..",7 

4.:;:;  M.51  4.:;:;  11.51      l.:l:!  14.51 

.    1.2:!  8.2(5     1.2:1  S.20      l.ij:i  8.20 

O).:!!  5:1.25  in  one  ]doce. 

(;.12  <;1.00  '    In  one  piece. 

\    7.00  01. 7<'), In  niie  piece. 

'    t).2ti  07.01     ;    inonejtiece. 

'     .40,  1.00       .40  1.00       .40;  1.00     In  one  piece. 

\    :i.;]S  ;  ;;:J.70     in  one  piece. 

.'  ii.2r(  ■  71.02      In  one  i)icce. 

.42  4.41   ,    .42  :  4.11        .42  ,  4.11 


BILLS   OF   IRON.  101 

Bills  of  Iron  for  Siege-  Gun  Carriages. — Continued. 


Width. 

Thick- 
ness. 

12-pounder. 

18-pounder. 

24-pounder. 

In. 
5.75 
6.5 
9.0 
5.75 

In. 
0.5 
0.25 
0.5 
0 .375 

Feet. 

.75 
1.08 
3.25 
0.79 

Lbs. 
7.24 
5.89 

49.14 

Feet. 

.75 

1.08 
3.25 
0.79 

Lbs. 
7.24 
5.89 

49.14 

Feet. 
.75 

1.08 
3.25 

0.79 

Lbs. 
7.24 

5.89 
49.14 

In  one  piece. 
Steul  for  shoo. 

26.8 
16. 
222. 
16^5 
21.5 

29.2 
17.7 
222. 

16.5   1 
21.5 

36.14: 
20.45  1 
252.      i 
16.5 
21.5 

Drafts - 

2  trunnion-plutes. 
2  cap-squares. 
1  axle-tree. 
1  lunette. 
1  shoe. 

793.71 

817.4 

839.72 

Cast  iron...  \ 



43.5 
52.5 

43.5 
52.5 

43.5 
52.5 

2  rondelles. 
4  rondelles. 



96. 



96. 

96. 

Cast  brass.... 



15.37 

15.37 

t 

15.37 

Box  for  screw. 

Bill  of  Iron  for  one  Siege-  Carriage   Wheel. 


Width. 

Thickness. 

Length. 

Weight. 

Remarks. 

In. 

In. 

Feet. 

Lbs. 

0.75 

Round. 

4.33 

6.36 

0.25 

0.25 

2.12 

.44 

1.5 

0.375 

7.66 

14.48 

1.5 

0.75 

.87 

3.29 

1.75 

0.375 

6.08 

13.37 

2.5 

0.188 

1.46 

2.29 

4. 

0.75 

15.5 

156.24 

Tire;  in  one  piece. 

196.47 

Cast  bras 

s 

24. 

Nave-box. 

102  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Bill  of  Iron  for  one  Siege-  Carriage  Limber. 


Width. 

Thickness. 

Length. 

Weight. 

Kemarks. 

In. 

In. 

Feet. 

Lbs. 

0.25 

Round 

2.92 

0.47 

0.5 

Round 

14.83 

9.70 

0.75 

Round 

■  15.58 

22.90 

1.0 

Round 

1.5 

3.91 

1.25 

Round 

2.71 

11.08 

0.3 

0.3 

1.04 

.31 

0.375 

0.375 

1.83 

.86 

1.0 

0.5 

.17 

.28 

1.125 

0.25 

.09 

.08 

1.5 

0.5 

0.5 

1.26 

1.5 

0.625 

2.42 

7.62 

1.5 

0.75 

3.21 

12.13 

1.75 

0.5 

1.33 

3.91 

2. 

0.2 

.83 

1.11 

2. 

0.5 

1.33 

4.46 

2.5 

0.188 

3.33 

5.23 

2.5 

0.5 

.83 

3.48 

Hammered. 

2.5 

0.625 

6.08 

31.92 

Hammered. 

2.5 

1.25 

.21 

2.20 

2.5 

2.5 

.96 

20.16 

Hammered. 

2.75 

0.625 

5.33 

30.75 

3.0 

0.625 

3. 

18.90 

3.5 

0.625 

.96 

7.05 

Hammered. 

4.0 

0.75 

4. 

40.32 

5.5 

1. 

.83 

15.34 

222.00 

36.50 

513.93 

Draft  for  axle-tree. 
Draft  for  pintle-plate. 

BILL   OF   IRON. 
Bill  of  Iron  for  one  Mortar -Wagon. 


103 


Width. 

Thickness. 

Length. 

Weight. 

Remarks. 

In. 

In. 

Feet. 

Lbs. 

0.25 

Round 

0.42 

0.06 

0.375 

Round 

8.79 

3.23 

0.5 

Round 

.62 

.40 

0.625 

Round 

17.46 

17.81 

0.75 

Round 

17.87 

26.27 

1. 

Round 

2.92 

7.62 

1.25 

Round 

.83 

3.39 

1.5 

Round 

2.75 

16.20 

1.625 

Round 

1.08 

7.46 

0.25 

0.25 

8.03 

1.68 

0.3 

0.3 

8.40 

2.53 

0.375 

0.375 

3.32 

1.56 

1. 

0.25 

.42 

.35 

1. 

0.5 

.87 

.62 

1.25 

0.2 

2.89 

2.43 

1.25 

0.625 

1.67 

4.37 

1.5 

0.375 

1.08 

2.04 

1.5 

0.5 

.58 

1.46 

1.5 

0.625 

2.42 

7.62 

1.5 

0.75 

4.21 

15.91 

2. 

0.125 

2. 

1.68 

2. 

0.75 

.58 

2.92 

2. 

2. 

.50 

6.72 

2.5 

0.188 

3.12 

4.90 

2.5 

0.375 

6. 

18.90 

2.5 

0.5 

1.67 

7.01 

2.5 

0.625 

.50 

2.02 

Hammered. 

2.75 

0.5 

5.17 

23.88 

3. 

1.5 

.29 

4.38 

3.375 

0.5 

7.33 

41.56 

3.5 

0.625 

.92 

6.56 

3.75 

0.75 

3.21 

30.33      1 

4. 

0.75 

.42 

4.23 

5. 

0.3 

.92 

4.63 

5.5 

0.3 

3.58 

19.83 

6. 

0.3 

1. 

6.04 

6. 

0.75 

.75 

11.34 

6.5 

0.25 

1.08 

5.89 

6.5 

0.3 

.60 

3.93 

8. 

0.5 

.80 

10.75 

222.00 

21.50 

Draft  for  axle-tree. 
Draft  for  shoe. 

584.61 

5.75 

0.375 

0.79 

5.72 

Steel  for  shoe. 

3.5 

Brass  for  two  journal-boxes. 

104 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


I)i7h  of  Iron  /or  one  8-/;;c7t  Barhcttc-Carriayc. 


TOr  CAIUIIAGE. 


Names  of  i)art3. 


Dimensions  of  each  piece. 


Total 
lenirth. 


( 'lieek-platcs  (see drawings) 

Front  braces 

Middle  do 

Hear      do 

r,   ,  ,  T    .        (front 

>'Miobraccs,angle-iro" 


Ends  for  rear  brace. 
Diagonal  braces 


( rear 


Shoes shapes,  or -^  Ij 


Fulcrum  for  handspike.. 
Transoms 


r>race-transoms < 

Rear  transoms  (o-in.  trough- 
beams)  

Kear  transom  ends 

Trunnion-plates 

Axle,  hammered.. shapes,  or 

Axle-stops 

Linch-pins 

Axle  -  boxes,  brass  (see 
drawing) 

Axle-].»ox  washers  (cast 
iron:   see  drawing) 

Arc-supports 

Elevating-arc  (brass) 

"  ])ed  (cast  iron) .. 
"  screw,  stem 


Pawl  .. 


f^^ody 

A  collar  and  handle  I 


pm 


Fawd-port  (cast  iron) i| 

Elevating-screw  box  (brass)  |! 

"  "      arbor 

Arbor-box  (])rass) 

"        handle -| 

Wheel  and  pinion  (brass)... 
Folts  for  axle-box i 

or  j 
"       "  stil)-brace  and  slioe 
or 


In. 

74.0 

38.8 

89.75 

65.25 

20.0 

42.8 

G.O 
48.5 
32.0 
47.0 

6.0 
38.0 
40.0 
10.0 

29.5 

6.0 

34.0 

38.0 

4.25 

3.5 


0.0 
30. 

12.0 

10.0 

10.0 

4.5 


18.0 


0.0 
24.0 


4.0 

3.5 


)/.0 

6.0 

6.0 

6.0 

3.25 

3.25 

3.0 

3.5 

3.5 

3.25 

2.5 

4.5 

4.5 

5.5 

6.5 

3.25 

3.25 

3.125 

1.0 

1.25 


1.75 


Z.iO    \ 

2.75  ! 

2.75  i 

2.75  1 

0.5     i 

.5     ' 

2.25 

1.0     i 

1.5     I 

.75  I 

.75 

.75  I 

5.0     ' 

1.5 

.75 

Ptound 

Round 

.5 


2. 625!  Round 
3.0     I    2.5 
1.25  j  Round 
.75  I  Round 


1.5     i  Mound; 

2.5     I      .875 
.75   dlound 

I 
.75   Mound 
.875  l{ound 
.75   dlouml 
.875  Hound 


24. 


■10.46 

1.0 

8.01 

5.33 

7.83 

0.5 

6.33 

6.66 

1.66 


Total 

.vci-ht. 


4.91 

1.0 

5.66 

3.16 
.70 
.59 


1.0 


1.0 

.83 
.83 
.37 


1.5 


0.5 
2.0 


2.66 
1.2 


468.00 
432.00 


93.26 

5.04 

47.09 

138.85 

85.40 

6.30 
71.78 
75.52 
23.00 

158.71 

16.88 

46.85 

80.77 

1.83 

1.24 


2.20 


18.03 

20.92 

3.39 

.54 


8.83 


8.67 

2.94 


8.91 
1.84 


BILLS    OP   IRON. 


105 


Bills  of  Iron  for  one  S-inch  Barhette-  Carriage. — Continued. 


TOP    CAKRIAGE. 


No.  of 

Names  of  parts. 

Dimensions  of  each  piece. 

Total 
length. 

Total 
•weight. 

pieces. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

Feet. 

Lbs. 

4 

2 

Bolts  for  diagonal  brace  and 

shoe 

or 

*'       "  front    brace     and 

shoe 

3.0 
2.0 

2.5 
2.5 
1.75 

2.25 
2.75 

2.25 

2.0 

2.25 

2.75 

2.5 

3.5 

3.5 

1.5 

1.5 
.75 

.75 

.875 

1.5 
.75 

.875 
1.5 
1.5 

1.5 
1.5 
1.5 
1.5 

.375 

.5 

.5 

.625 

1.5 
.75 

Round 
Round 

1.5 
Round 
Round 

1.5 

1.5 

1.5 

1.5 

1.5 

1.5 
Round 
Round 
Round 
Round 

.75 
.375 

Cast 
Cast 

1.0 

.42 
.42 

.75 
3.66 

4.87 
.16 
.75 
.46 
.41 

0.59 
.58 
.25 

8.1 

.25 

iron, 
brass. 

1.47 

3.17 

6.07 

5.67 
27.67 

36.82 
1.21 
5.67 
3.48 
0  15 

2 

4 

16 

26 

1 
4 

2 
2 

"        **  rear    brace    and/ 
shoe \ 

"        "trunnion-plates... 

"        "  transoms 

"       "  brace    and    cheek 
plates 

*<       ''  diagonal  braces  ... 

**       *'  elevating-bed 

"       *'           "      screw-box 

**       "  arbor-box 

2 
2 

"       "  arc-supports 

Rivets  for      "        

.38 
38 

2 

*'      for  fulcrum 

95 

75 
3 

2 

Nuts  (hexagonal,  .75  in.)... 
.375)...... 

Truck-wheels  (cast  iron)  12 
ijj   dia   •   . 

30.62 
.23 

1941.03 

106 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Bills  of  Iron  for  one  S-inch  Barbette-  Carriage. 

CHASSIS,  CENTRE    PINTLE. 


No.  of 

pieces. 


4 

2 

2 

16 


16 

2 


32 
6 


86 
4 

2 


Names  of  parts. 


Rails  (9-inch  I-beams) 

Hurtev-bar 

Counter-hurters 

"  "       rivets 

Transoms 

Middle  transoms 

Bolsters  (2  pieces) 

Diagonal  braces 

Forks  for  front  traverse- 
wheels   (shapes) or 

Forks  for  rear  traverse- 
wheels  (shapes) or 

Bolts  for  transoms 

"         diagonal  brace.... 

"         middle  transom... 

"         front  traverse- 
wheels  

"        rear  traverse- 
wheels  

' '        traverse-forks 

'*        hooks    for    hand- 
spikes   

or  < 

Nuts  (hexagonal)  .75  in.... 

"     for  fork-bolts 

Front  traverse-wheels  (cast 

iron) 

Rear  traverse-wheels  (cast 

iron) 

Manoeuvring-bars < 

Elevating-bar < 

Pair  wrenches < 

Amount 


1 

Total 

Dimens 

ons  of  each  piece. 

length. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

Feet. 

171. 

5.375 

9.0 

28.5 

36.0 

6.0 

1.0 

3.00 

7.0 

5.25 

1.0 

1.16 

3.0 

.875 
or.  75 

Round 

2.0 

40.0 

5.5 

.75 

13.33 

43.25 

18.0 

0.5 

3.60 

18.0 

15.5 
14.6 

0.5 

6.0 

52.0 

4.0 

.625 

17.33 

46.0 

5.5 

1.25 

7.66 

54.0 

5.5 

1.25 

9.0 

2.75 

1.5 

1.5 

3.66 

3.25 

.75 

Round 

2.16 

2.5 

1.5 

1.5 

1.66 

2.0 

.75 

Round 

2.66 

6.5 

2.75 

Round 

1.08 

6.5 

2.5 

Round 

1.08 

3.0 

1.5 

1.5 

8.0 

4.0 

1.25 

Round 

2.0 

4.0 

1.75 

0.5 

2.0 

.75 

Round 

1.5 

1.5 

.75 

10.75 

2.75 

2.25 

.75 

.91 

4.0 

1.5 

Round 

7.66 

9.0 

3.25 

1.25 

1.5 

42.0 

1.5 

Round 

3.5 

9.0 

2.5 

1.0 

.75 

21.0 

2.25 

1.0 

.17 

18.0 

1.0 

Round 

1.5 

,. 

BILLS   OP   IRON. 


107 


Bills  of  Iron  for  one  %-inch  Barhette- Carriage. 

CHASSIS,  FRONT   PINTLE. 


No.  of 
pieces. 


10 
4 
6 
6 
2 

6 
4 

16 
2 
4 

16 
4 


Names  of  parts. 


Rails  (15-inch  I-beams)... 

Hurter-bar 

Counter-hurters 

**  "       rivets 

Front  transom 

"  "       collar 

^^  ^^  bolster, 

(cast  iron.) 

Transoms 

Diagonal  braces, — 1  58  in., 

the  other  64  in.  long...... 

Traverse-wheel  forks 

(shapes) or 

Side  steps \ 

Rear  steps \ 

Bolts  for  transoms 

"             "     hook-heads 
*'        front  transoms 

((  ((  (< 

♦'  ♦'  «'       and 

diagonal  brace.. 

"        diagonal  brace 

"       hurter-bar 

"       traverse-forks 

*'        traverse-wheels.... 

"       steps 

"       front  trans,  &  rails 
Hooks  for  handspikes 

or-^ 

Nuts  (hexagonal) 

Nutsfortraverse-wheel  bolts 
Traverse-wheels,  (cast  iron. ) 

Manoeuvring-bars 

Elevating-bar 

Pair  wrenches, — 1  single,  f 
14in.rg;  1  double,  18 in.  t 

Amount 


Dimensions  of  each  piece. 


In. 


171.0 

36.0 

7.0 

3.0 

or  3.0 

36.6 

7.0 


40.0 

61.0 

48.0 

27.0 

10.5 

43.0 

27.0 

16.0 

2.75 

4.75 

3.0 

3.5 

3.25 

2.75 

3.0 

3.0 

5.5 

2.5 

2.5 

4.0 

4.0 

2.0 

1.5 

2.75 

46.0 
9.0 

42.0 
9.0 

21.0 

18.0 


In. 


5.375 
6.0 
5.25 
0.875 
.75 
18.0 
7.0 


5.5 

5.5 

5.5 
1.5 
6.0 
2.0 
2.0 
3.5 
1.5 
1.25 
1.5 
.75 

1.5 
1.5 
1.5 
1.5 
2.5 
1.5 
1.25 
1.25 
1.75 
.75 
1.5 
2.25 

1.5 

3.25 

1.5 

2.5 

2.25 

1.0 


1.0 

1.0 
Round 
Round 

0.5 
.75 


.75 

.75 

1.5 

.75 
.25 
.75 
.75 
.25 
1.5 
Round 

1.5 
Round 

1.5 

1.5 

1.5 

1.5 
Round 

1.5 

1.25 
Round 

0.5 
Round 
.75 
.75 

Round 
1.25 

Round 
1.0 
1.0 

Round 


Total 
length. 


Feet. 


28.5 
3.0 
1.16 

2.0 

3.05 
1.58 


10.0 

10.16 

8.0 

4.5 

1.75 

7.16 

4.5 

2.66 

2.3 

0.8 

1.5 

1.75 

0.54 

1.37 

1.0 

4.0 

0.92 

0.83 

3.33 

1.33 


0.46 

7.66 
1.5 
3.5 
.75 
1.75 
1.5 


Total 
weight. 


Lbs. 


1911.78 
60.48 
20.46 

4.00 

92.23 

27.87 


138.60 

140.82 

221.76 
17.01 

8.82 
36.09 
22.68 

7.42 
17.39 

4.36 
11.34 

2.57 

4.08 
10.36 

7.56 
30.24 
15.05 

6.27 
17.48 

5.44 


35.91 
2.60 

45.12 
20.47 
20.61 

6.3 
13.23 

3.91 


2989.31 


11)8 


ORDNANCE   MANUAL. 


Bill  of  Iron  for  one  10-inch  Barbette-  Carriage. 

TOP    CARRIAGE. 


No.  of 
pieces. 


Names  of  parts. 


Cheek-plates  (see  drawings) 

Front  braces 

Middle  braces 

Rear  braces  

Sub       "  (ang.iron)|J;°^^* 

Ends  for  rear  brace 

Diagonal  braces 


Shoes (shapes) or  ^ 

Fulcrum  for  handspike 

Transoms 


Brace-transoms. 


Rear  transoms,  5-in.  trough- 
beams 

Rear  transom  ends 

Trunnion-plates 

Axle,  hammered  (shapes)  or 


Dimensions  of  each  piece. 


In. 


74.0 

41.25 

39.25 

65.0 

21.0 

41.75 

6.0 
54.75 
16.0 
69.0 

6.0 
44.0 
40.75 
10.0 

35.5 

6.0 

33.0 

44.0 


In. 


89.6 
6.0 
6.0 
6.0 
3.25 
3.25 
3.0 
3.5 
3.75 
4.25 
2.5 
4.5 
4.5 
5.5 

6.0 
3.25 
3.25 
3.125 


In. 


.4 

2.75 
2.75 
2.75 
2.75 
2.75 
.5 
.5 
2.25 
1.0 
1.5 
.75 
.75 
.75 

2.75 
.5 
.75 
Round 


Total 
length. 


24.25 


10.46 

1.0 

9.12 
2.66 
11.5 
.5 
7.33 
6.8 
1.66 

5.91 
1.0 
5.5 
3.66 


Total 
weight. 


Lbs. 


472.00 
436.50 

93.26 

5.04 

53.62 

75.41 

164.22 

6.30 
82.97 
76.97 
22.01 

191.70 
16.38 
45.04 
93.55 


The  remainder  of  the  bill  the  same  as  for  the  8-inch  columbiad, 

CHASSIS. 

The  same  as  S-inch,  except  as  follows : 
The  length  of  the  hurter-bar  is  43.25  in. ;  of  the  4  transoms,  46.00  in. 

4:2-pounder  Barbette-  Carriage. 
The  same  as  the  8-inch,  with  the  addition  of  2  pieces,  12  in.  long,  4.875 
wide,  .5  in.  thick;  omit  one  piece  of  the  rear  transom  of  top  carriage. 

'^'2-pounder  Barbette- Carriage. 
The  same  as  the  8-inch,  except  as  follows : 

TOP    CARRIAGE. 

The  length  of  the  2  transoms  is  33  inches;   of  the  rear  transom,  24.5 
inches,  (omit  one  piece;)  of  the  axle,  33  inches. 

CHASSIS. 

The  length  of  the  hurter-har  is  31  inches;  of  the  front  transom,  31.6 
inches ;  of  the  3  transoms,  35  inches. 

2A-pounder  Barbette-  Carriage. 
Add  to  the  bill  of  iron  for  a  32-pounder,  2  pieces,  12  inches  long,  3.25 
inches  wide,  1.25  inches  thick. 


BILLS   OF   IRON. 
Bills  of  Iron  for  one  S-inch  Casemate- Carriage. 


TOP  CARRIAGE. 


109 


Names  of  parts. 


s  ft 


Cheek-plates 

Front  braces    ~) 

Middle  braces  V  (_!  beams 

Rear  braces     J 

Sub-braces  (angle-iron)  [    ^^^  " 

Ends  for  rear  brace 

Diagonal  braces 


Shoes .....shapes,  or 

Fulcrum  for  handspike 

Transoms 


Brace  transoms ] 

Rear  transom  (5-in-trough-beam) 

"  "         ends 

Trunnion-plates 

Axle  (hammered), ...shapes,   or 

"       stops 

Linch-pin  s 

Axle-boxes,  (brass,)  see  drawing 
"  washers  (cast  iron) 

Arc-supports 

Elevating-arc  (brass) 

Elevating-screw 

Elevating-screw  box  (brass).... 


Dimensions  of  each  piece. 


64.0 

33.5 

32.5 

54.75 

16.5 

36.5 

6.0 
42.0 
32.0 
38.0 

6.0 
38.0 
38.0 
10.0 
30.5 

6.0 
34.0 
38.0 

4.25 

3.5 


6.0 
30.0 
13.0 


32.0 
6.0 
6.0 
6. 

3.25 
.3.25 
3.0 
3.5 
3.5 
3.25 
2.5 
4.5 
4.5 
5.5 
6.0 
3.25 
3.25 
3.125 
1.0 
1.25 


1.75 
2.37*5 


0.4 

2.75 

2.75 

2.75 

2.75 

2.75 

0.5 

0.5 

2.25 

1.0 

1.5 

.75 

.75 

.75 

5.0 

1.5 

.75 

Round 

Round 

.5 


.375 
.2 
Round 


Total 
length. 


Feet. 


20.12 


8.83 

1.0 
7.0 
5.33 
6.33 

.5 
6.33 
6.33 
0.83 
2.54 
1.0 
5.66 
3.16 
0.71 
0.58 


1.0 
1.08 


Total.... 
Cast  iron 
brass 


Total 
weight. 


Lbs. 


363.00 
362.25 

78.76 

5.04 

41.16 

130.03 

69.12 

6.30 
71.65 
71.65 
11.50 
82.35 
16.38 
46.35 
80.77 

1.83 

1.24 

'""2.'20 
"15!  54 

1585.70 


The  rest  of  the  bill  is  the  same  as  for  the  8-inch  Barbette,  omitting  4  transom- 
bolts,  4  elevating-bed  bolts,  and  8  nuts. 

42-pdr.  Casemate- Carriage. 

The  same  as  the  8-inch,  with  the  addition  of  2  pieces,  12  inches  long, 
4.875  wide,  and  0.5  thick. 

S2-pdr.  Casemate-  Carriage. 
The  same  as  the  8-inch,  except  the  lengths  of  the  following  pieces : 

TOP    CARRIAGE. 

2  transoms,  33  inches;  1  rear  transom,  25.5  inches  ;  1  axle,  33.0  inches. 


110 


ORDNANCE   MANUAL. 


Bills  of  Iron  for  one  S-inch  Casemate- Carriage. 

CHASSIS. 


28 
4 


68 
4 
2 


Names  of  parts. 


Rails  9-in.  H-beams..., 

Hurter-bar 

Counter-hurters 

"  "       rivets , 


Front  transom 

Transoms 

Diagonal  braces 

Front     traverse-wheel     forks,    f 

shapes,  or  \ 

Rear  traverse-wheel  forks,  shapes, 

or 

Tongue shape,  or 

Bolts  for  transoms 

"       "    front  transom 

**       "    diagonal  brace 

"       "    hurter-bar 

"       "   tongue  and  transom.... 

"       "    traverse-fork 

"       "    traverse-wheel 

Hooks  for  handspikes 

Nuts,  (hexagonal,) 

Nuts  for  traverse-wheel  bolts 

Front  traverse-wheels  (cast  iron :) 
Rear  traverse-wheels  (cast  iron  :) 

Manoeuvring-bars ] 

Pair  wrenches -' 


Dimensions  of  each  piece. 


In. 


162.0 

36.0 

7.0 

3.0 

3.0 

36.0 

40.0 

57.0 

11.5 

16.0 

38.0 
65.0 
2.75 
3.25 
2.5 
3.0 
3.25 
3.0 
5.5 
4.0 
4.0 
2.0 
1.5 
2.75 


46.0 

9.0 

21.0 

18.0 


In. 


5.375 

4.0 

5.25 
.875 
.75 

6.0 

5.5 

4.0 

5.5 

5.5 

5.5 
6.5 
1.5 
1.5 
1.5 
1.5 
1.5 
1.5 
2.5 
1.25 
1.75 
.75 
1.5 
2.25 


1.5 
3.25 
2.25 
1.0 


In. 


1.0 
1.0 

Round 
Round 
1.0 
.75 
.625 
1.5 
1.25 

1.25 
1.0 
1.5 
1.5 
1.5 
1.5 
1.5 
1.5 

Round 

Round 

.75 

.75 

.5 

Round 


Round 
1.25 
1.0 

Round 


Total 
length. 


Feet. 


27.0 
3.0 
1.16 
2.0 

"3.0' 

10.0 

9.5 

1.91 

2.66 

6.33 
5.41 
2.75 
2.16 
.83 
1.0 
1.08 
7.0 
1.83 
2.66 


8.5 
0.46 


7.66 
1.5 
1.75 
1.5 


Total 
weight. 


Lbs. 


1338.00 

13.44 

20.46 

4.00 

"2o!l6 

138.60 

79.80 

52.94 

61.45 

145.22 

118.15 

20.79 

16.33 

6.27 

7.56 

8.16 

52.92 

29.94 

10.88 


32.13 
2.60 


45.12 

20.47 

13.23 

3.91 


Amount,  2262.53 


82-jpo?/'.  Casemate- Carriage. 
The  same  as  the  8-inch,  except  the  lengths  of  the  following  pieces : 

CHASSIS. 

1  hurter-bar,  31  inches;  1  front  transom,  31  inches;  3  transoms,  35 
inches. 

24-pcZr.  Casemate-  Carriage. 

The  same  as  the  32-pdr.   with  the  addition  of  2  pieces,  12  inches  long, 
3.25  wide,  1.25  thick. 


GARRISON-GIN.  Ill 


CHAPTER  FOURTH. 

MACHINES,  ETC.,  FOR  SIEGE  AND  GARRISON  SERVICE. 

Field  and  Siege  Gin.    (Plate  16.) 
Wood. — 2  legs;  1  jory-pole;  3  braces;   6  assemhling-piyis ;  1  windlass ;  5 
handspikes. 

Iron. — 6  rivets  and  burrs  No.  2  B,  for  the  tenons  of  the  braces. 

1  tongue,  fastened  to  the  head  of  the  left  leg  by  3  rivets. 

2  head-straps,  fastened  over  the  head  of  the  legs  by  4  rivets  No.  3,  8  screws 
2  inch  No.  14. 

1  assembling-bolt  No.  4  A,  for  the  head  of  the  legs  ;  2  washers,  fastened  on 
the  outside ;  that  on  the  left  leg  by  the  tongue-rivets  ;  that  on  the  right  by 
2  screws  1^  inch  No.  14. 

2  sheaves,  (cast  brass;)  1  sheave-bolt;  1  keg;  2  oval  washers,  fastened  to 
the  legs  by  4  screws  1^  inch  No.  14. 

1  keg-bolt  for  pry-pole ;  1  chain,  8  links  No.  2 ;  2  rings  No.  2  A. 

1  eye-pin  No,  2,  screwed  in  the  right  side  of  the  right  leg. 

2  journal-boxes,  (brass;)  4  bolts  No.  4  A;  2  screws  2^  inches;  2 pawls, 
held  by  the  upper  journal-box  bolt ;  4  washers  ;  4  nuts. 

2  gudgeons,  let  in  the  ends  of  the  windlass,  fastened  by  2  iron  pins. 
2  bands  for  windlass,  fastened  by  6  scretvs. 

2  handspike-sockets,  (brass  ;)  2  paivls  ;  2  springs,  held  in  place  by  2  plates 
fastened  to  the  socket  by  6  screws.    The  socket  turns  freely  on  the  gudgeons. 
2  ratchet-wheels,  fastened  to  the  gudgeons  by  2  kegs. 

2  bands  for  the  foot  of  the  legs ;  4  nails  No.  1  C. 

3  bands  for  the  pry-pole, — 1  on  the  foot,  2  on  the  head;  6  nails  No.  1  C. 
3  points,  driven  into  the  lower  ends  of  the  legs  and  pry-pole. 

1  handle  for  the  pry -pole ;  2  washers,  let  in  and  held  by  6  screws  1|  inches 
No.  14. 

1  tongue  for  the  pry-pole,  fixed  in  the  head  by  2  rivets  and  burrs  No.  3  B. 

Single  Pulley  and  Block. 
1  sheave;  2  straps ;  1  cross-head;  1  hook ;  connected  by  2  bolts  No.  4  A, 
and  1  bolt  No.  5  A  ;  3  nuts. 

Garrison-  Gin. 
Wood. — 2  legs;  1  pry-pole;  11  cleats  for  pry-pole,  fastened  by  22  nails 
No.  2  C  ;  1  windlass. 

10 


112  OKDNANCK    IMANLAL. 

I]!Ox. — G  hnii'l^,  one  fur  each  end  of  tlie  legs  and  pry-pole,  fastened  b^' 
18  Viiih  No.  •")  (J. 

2  hrdccs,  iaj^lencd  to  I  lie  legs  by  4  hoUs  No.  •"),  and  4  Iri/s ;  8  v:a^kers, 
fastened  to  tlie  legs  liy  o2  /irnl.^ ;  A.  ]cry-c]i(iin>^,  each  of  4  Ihiks  No.  1,  and 
2  ?•//;// ,s-  No.  I  V). 

4  ri/i:-j>ius  No.  1,  sci'ewcd  into  the  legs  above  the  bolt-holes. 

1  c/rci.s ;  1  cUi-i.s-boU  No.  10,  fastened  to  the  head  of  tlie  pry-pole  by  1 
iron  pin;  2  keys;  2  cJiai/if  ;  12  li/ilcs  No.  1,  and  2  ?\>/ffs  No.  1  .15  each;  2 
eye-]n)iH  No.  1. 

'IJoi/rjial-bozr.s-,  (brass,)  let  info  the  legs  and  fastened  by  2  io//.v  No.  4  A, 
and  2  buKs  No.  4^  A;   4  icosher.'i ;   4  )iu/f< ;  4  screivi<,  2]  inches. 

2  pawls,  held  by  the  upper  journal-box  bolts. 

2  gudgeons,  let  into  the  ends  of  the  windlass;   2  iron  puts. 

2  bands  for  Avindlass  ;   G  screivs. 

2  handspike-sockets,    x 

c      J  1  .     1     1  y    Same  as  th.osc  for  the  held-gm. 

2  ratchct-n-hcels,         J  '^ 

?)  points,  driven  into  the  lower  ends  of  the  legs  and  pry-pole. 

1  handle  for  the  pry-pole;  2  ivasliers,  let  in  the  pty-pole  and  held  by  8 
scrctes  3]-  inch  No.  14. 

rullr>j.B/ork,. 

They  are  made  with  one,  two,  three,  or  four  sheaves. 
Iron.— 2  straps  ;   the  ends  are  bent  over  the  cross-h.eads. 

2  cross-heads ;  2  eyes,  riveted  in  the  cruss-hea<ls  :  tlie  ends  of  the  cross- 
heads  arc  cut  wdth  a  screw-tliread ;   4  nats. 

1  hook,  welded  into  the  eye  of  one  of  the  cross-heads. 
The  partition,  has  two  tenons  on  each  end,  which  are  let  into  the  cross- 
heads. 

77ic  sheaves,  of  cast  brass. 

1  sheave-bolt  No.  5  A  :   1  nut. 

(J(isem<ifr-Cin.    (Plate  17.) 
It  is  made  like  the  garrison-gin,  differing  from  it  only  in  the  dimensions 
of  some  parts.      The  jiry-pole  has  but  G  cleats  for  steps.      The  handspike- 
socket,  ratchet-wheel,  pawl-bolt,  and  pry-pole  handle  are  the  same  as  those 
of  the  garrison-gin. 

Sling- (\irt.   (Tlato  IS.) 
Wodu. — 1  axle-tree  ;   1  bolstir:    \  piJe  ;   2  hounds  ;    \  poh-prnp. 
1tu).\. — 1  Inirer  arle-skean  ;   2  upper  axh--skeaii^    let  into  flie   axle-tree  ar.d 

axle-arms,  and  fastened   by  G  rivets  No.  ■>,  and  2  bands  on   the   ends  of  tlio 

axle-arms. 

2  ii-asher-plaies  for  axle-hooks,  let  into  the  rear  of  the  axle-tree,  and  fast- 


SLING-CART   WHEEL.  113 

oned  by  8  nails  No.  3  C,  2  J  inches ;  2  axle-hooks  pass  through  the  axle-tree 
from  the  rear  ;  2  nuis  ;  2  washers. 

2  washer-plates  for  bolster-hooks,  let  into  the  front  of  the  bolster  and 
fastened  by  8  nails  No.  3  C,  2  inches ;  2  bolster-hooks'^ -pa.s3  through  the  bolster 
from  the  front ;  2  nuts  and  2  washers. 

2  stirrups,  let  in  the  bolster  and  axle-tree,  which  they  hold  together  by  2 
bridles  and  4  nuts  No.  4. 

1  bed-plate  for  the  screw,  (cast  iron,)  let  into  the  top  of  the  bolster  and 
held  by  2  bolts  No.  4  C ;  2  nuts. 

1  hoisting-screw :  the  lower  end  is  square,  and  has  2  hooks. 

1  nut  for  the  screw,  (brass,)  round,  with  2  square  feathers  on  opposite 
sides. 

1  handle  for  the  screw,  fits  on  the  nut,  and  has  2  round  branches. 

2  rivets  and  burrs  No.  8  B,  for  the  small  end  of  the  pole. 

1  pole-strap,  fastened  to  the  end  of  the  pole  by  12  nails  No.  3  C,  2  inches, 
and  3  bolts  No.  2  A ;  3  nuts.  The  strap  forms  an  eye  for  attaching  the  pole 
to  a  limber. 

2  bolts  No.  5  B,  for  connecting  the  hounds  with  the  bolster  and  axle-tree  ; 
2  nuts. 

3  bands  for  the  hounds  and  pole,  fastened  by  18  nails  No.  3  C,  2^  inches. 
2  bolts  No.  4  A,  for  the  hounds  and  pole ;  4  washers  ;  2  nuts. 

1  pole-staple  passes  through  the  pole  from  the  under  side,  and  is  held  by 
2  nuts  No.  7;  2  washers;  and,  at  its  middle,  by  1  eye-bolt  No.  4;  1  nut. 

1  cascable-chain ;  16  links  No.  5;  1  ring;  1  hook:  the  ring  traverses  on 
the  bar  of  pole-staple. 

1  eye-pin  for  pole-prop  socket,  passes  through  the  pole  from  the  under 
side,  and  held  by  1  washer  and  1  nut  No.  3  ;  1  pole-prop  socket;  1  ferrule, 
fastened  to  the  prop  by  2  rivets  No.  2. 

1  pole-prop  chain;  16  links  No.  1 ;  1  ring  No.  1  A  ;  1  toggle  ;  1  eye-pin  No. 
1,  screwed  into  the  pole. 

2  shoulder-washers  for  axle-tree. 
2  linch-washers,  with  drag-hooks. 
2  linch-pins. 

1  sling-chain ;  2  trunnion-chains. 

Sling.  Cart  Wheel  (Plate  18.) 
Wood. — 1  nave  ;  16  spokes ;  S  fellies;  8  doivels. 
Iron. — 4  nave-bands,  fastened  by  12  nails  No.  3  C,  2  inches  long. 

1  tire,  made  in  one  hoop ;  8  tire-bolts  No.  4  C  ;   8  tvashers ;  8  nuts. 

2  nave-boxes,  (cast  iron.) 

*  The  axle  and  bolster  hooks  serve  for  fastening  the  lashing  chains  or  ropes  to  relievo  the 
Btraia  on  the  screw  when  the  weight  is  slung. 


114  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

The  sling-cart  is  capable  of  transporting  a  10-inch  columbiad.  It  is  used 
with  a  field-limber. 

Trunnion- Chains.  (Plate  18.) 

The  trunnion-chains  are  three  in  number,  for  light  or  heayy  weights. 
They  are  made  of  the  patent  looped-link  chain.  Kpair  is  required  to  carry 
a  gun.  One  is  passed  under  each  trunnion  and  hooked  on  the  head  of  the 
screw  of  the  sling-cart. 

No.  1.  Composed  of  1  chain  59  inches  long,  the  ends  joined  by  1  ring. 

No.  2.  Composed  of  2  chains,  each  59  inches  long,  the  ends  joined  by  1 
ring. 

No.  3.  Composed  of  2  chains,  each  47  inches  long,  the  ends  joined  by  1 
ring,  having  3  branches,  two  for  tlie  ends  of  the  chains  composing  the  pair, 
and  the  third  for  the  hook  of  the  screw. 

Thickness  of  the  iron  composing  the  link,  .5  inch. 

Length  of  iron  for  the  connecting-ring,  23  inches  for  No.  1,  24  inches  for 
Nos.  2  and  3. 

Size  of  iron  for  connecting-ring,  1.375  inch  round. 

Weights.— No.  1,  27  lbs.  ;  No.  2,  53  lbs.  ;  No.  3,  61  lbs. 

Sling-  Chain. 

The  sling-chain  is  composed  of  69  links,  1  ring  at  one  end,  and  1  hook  at 
the  other.  The  links  are  made  of  .75-inch  round  iron,  and  are  5  inches  long. 
The  ring  is  of  1-inch  iron,  and  6  inches  diameter,  (exterior.)  Whole  length 
of  chain,  256.25  inches. 

Hand  Sling- Cart. 

This  cart  is  convenient  for  the  transportation  of  light  weights  to  short 
distances.  It  should  not  be  used  habitually  for  weights  of  more  than  4000  lbs.; 
but  a  24-pdr,  or  32-pdr.  gun  may  occasionally  be  transported  a  short  dis- 
tance.    It  is  made  entirely  of  iron,  except  the  pole,  which  is  of  oak. 

BODY. 

1  axle-tree;  1  upper  pole-strap,  welded  to  the  middle  of  the  axle-tree. 

1  under-strap  for  the  pole,  fastened  to  the  axle-tree  by  1  holt  No.  2  E. 

3  holts  No.  3  D,  for  connecting  the  pole  with  the  upper  and  lower  strap ; 
3  nuts. 

2  rivets  No.  3  B,  for  the  rear  end  of  the  pole. 

\  pole-strap  and  eye,*  fastened  to  the  small  end  of  the  pole  by  6  rivets  No.  3. 
1  handle,  held  in  place  in  the  hole  by  a  shoulder  on  one  side  and  1  key  on 
the  other. 

*  The  eye  is  used  for  connecting  the  sling-cart  occasionally  with  a  limber,  or  for  attaching  a 
horse  to  it,  whilst  the  pole  is  held  up  by  hand. 


HAND-CART.  115 

2  braces,  fastened  to  the  pole  by  1  bolt  No.  2  A  and  1  nut,  and  to  the  axle- 
tree  by  2  nuts  No.  3. 

1  hook,  fastened  to  an  eye  in  the  axle-tree  by  1  bolt  No.  4  A ;  1  nut. 

2  shoulder-washers ;  2  linch-washers  ;  2  linch-pins. 

WHEEL. 

1  nave,  (cast  iron  ;)  10  spokes,  with  a  round  tenon  for  the  nave,  and  a  flat 
bearing  for  the  tire, 

1  tire,  shrunk  on  the  ends  of  the  spokes  and  fastened  by  40  rivets  No.  3. 


The  casemate-truck  is  designed  for  transporting  guns  in  casemate-gal- 
leries or  through  posterns. 

Wood. — 2  rails  ;  3  transoms,  framed  to  the  rails  by  tenons  and  mortises. 
1  handle. 

Iron. — 1  rear  transom-plate  and  ring  for  drag-ropes,  let  into  the  under 
side  of  the  transom  and  rails,  and  fastened  by  4  nails  No.  2  C,  3J  in. 

1  front  transom-plate  and  ring  for  drag-ropes,  fastened  by  6  nails  No.  2 
C,  3^  in. 

6  bolts  for  the  rails  and  transoms.  No.  4  B  ;   6  nuts. 

2  rear  fork-plates,  fastened  to  the  under  side  of  the  rails  by  4  nails  No.  2 
C,  3^  in. 

2  forks  ;  2  bolts  for  rear  wheels ;  barbette  chassis  traverse-wheel  forks. 
1  fork-socket  for  front  wheel ;  is  round,  and  let  in  the  front  transom. 

1  fork  ;  1  bolt  for  front  wheel,  the  same  as  for  the  rear  wheels,  the  upper 
part  of  the  stem  made  conical. 

1  fork-plate  for  front  wheel :  it  has  an  eye  to  connect  it  to  the  tongue. 
1  tongue ;  1  tongue-bolt  No.  4  A  ;  1  nut. 

3  truck-wheels :  the  traverse-wheels  of  the  barbette  chassis. 

Hand-  Cart. 

It  is  used  for  the  transportation  of  light  stores  to  short  distances. 

Wood. — 1  bolster  £or  axle-tree;  2  lower  side  rails;  3  cross-bars,  framed 
into  the  side  rails :  the  front  bar  is  round,  and  serves  for  a  handle  ;  2  upper 
side  rails  ;  2  end  rails,  halved  into  the  side  rails  and  fastened  by  4  screws  ; 
6  side  studs  ;  6  end  studs,  framed  into  the  rails  and  cross-bars,  and  fastened 
by  wooden  pins;  5  boards  for  bottom,  sides,  and  ends. 

Iron. — 18  screws  No.  14,  1 J  inch,  to  fasten  the  bottom  boards  to  bolster 
and  cross-bars ;  48  screios  to  fasten  the  side  and  ends  to  the  studs. 

1  axle-tree,  fastened  to  the  bolster  by  2  bolts  No.  2  B;  2  nuts. 

2  props,  fastened  to  the  side  rails  by  4  holts  No.  1  D;  4  nuts. 
2  shoulder-ivashers,  let  into  the  ends  of  the  naves. 

2  linch-washers ;  2  linch-pins. 

io«- 


IIG  OHDXANf'K    MAM'AL. 

WIIKKL. 

Ihon. — -2  navr-hiindH,  lustciied  by  tl  //,///>:. 

1   (ire,  held  hy  (J  lire-hulls  No.    i  (J;    (5  RV/,v/<r/-.9 ;    G  /;w/.s. 

1  nave-box,  wrought  iron,  welded. 

Store-Truck. 
This  truck  is  used  for  iiioving;  boxes  in  store-houses  and  iu  cmbarkiTig  and 
disembarking  stores. 

Wool). — 12  rails,  rounded  at  the  ends  for  liandles, 

•1  cru.<s-fjars,  framed  into  tlic  rails  and  fastened  by  woorJen  ]>ins. 

2  bolsters,  nailed  to  the  under  side  of  the  rails. 

Iron:. — 1  shoe,  fastened  to  tlie  upper  side  of  the  rails  by  4  botis  No.  1  C; 
4  7n:/shers  :  4  nuts. 

1  axte-lree,  fastened  to  the  rails  by  2  bolts  No.  1  C;   2  nuts. 

2  r/uetrd-platcs,  let  into  the  rails  under  the  shoe  and  held  by  the  axle-tree 
bolts. 

2  trucli-wheels,  (cast  iron.) 
2  shoulder-wf(s/tcrs. 
2  lineh-irasliers. 

2  serews  with  square  heads  for  the  ends  of  the  axle-tree,  to  hold  the 
wheels  on. 

2  preij}s,  fastened  to  the  rails  by  4  bolts  No.  1  1> ;   4  m/ts. 

Lift  III  y- Jack. 

The  lifting-jack  is  a  geared  screw  with  a  projecting  foot  at  its  lower  end, 
for  lifting  heavyweights. 

Wood.— 1  bed;   1  hanelle. 

Ikon. — 2  rivet-bolts  No.  2  A.  to  strengthen  the  bed;   4  u-asliers  :  2  nuts. 

2  ei/e-jjiates  for  the  braces,  let  into  the  ends  of  the  bed,  and  fastened  by 
4  srrefvs,  2-inch,  and  1  sereie,  1-inch,  No.  IG. 

1  stand,  (cast  iron:)  4  slcad//i/hj-/joinis,  screwed  into  the  bottom  of  the 
stand. 

2  braces,  fastened  to  the  stand,  at  the  ujiper  end,  bv  2  bolts  No.  2. 

1  seretr,  same  size  and  pitch  as  tlie  elevating-scrcAV  for  casemate-car- 
riage :    1    foot;   1  plate,  fastened  to  the  foot  l»y  ')  sereus,  U  inch,  No.  14. 

I  ni/t ;  1  pinion  for  the  hoisting-screw,  (brass.)  like  those  for  the  case- 
mate elevating-screw. 

1  >--liaft  tor  i)inion:   is  kept  in  place  by  1  serev:-pin,  let  in  the  stand. 

1  crank,  ludd  to  the  shaft  liy  1  nut  No.  4;  1  ivooden  handle,  fastened  by 
1  vasher ;   1  nut  No.  2. 

1  cap-platr,  let  into  the  head  of  the  stand  one-eighth  of  an  inch,  and 
fastened  by  4  boli-xcre}rx  No.  1. 


JACKS. — PLATFORMS.  117 

Hydraulic  JacJc. 
The  hydraulic  jack  is  used  for  the  same  purposes  as  the  lifting-jack,  and 
may  replace  it  to  great  advantage,  being  much  more  powerful,  more  port- 
able, and  more  convenient  in  use.  Being  a  patented  invention,  it  is  pro- 
cured ready-made.  The  most  convenient  size  is  that  of  7  tons'  capacity, 
of  which  the  following  are  the 

Dimensions.— YiQ\gh.i,  25.5  inches;  lift,  10  inches;  largest  diameter,  9 
inches;  length  of  foot,  4  inches;  length  of  lever,  26.5  inches. 

Weight  of  jack,  without  lever 112.5  pounds. 

"        lever 4.75     *' 

Lever- Jack. 

The  lever-jack  is  an  adjustable  fulcrum,  with  a  long  lever. 

Wood. — 1  stand;  consists  of  2  uprights  framed  into  1  bed,  and  fastened 
by  2  wooden  pins  ;  1  transom;  1  long  lever,  15  feet  long. 

Iron. — 1  transom-bolt  No.  4  A  connects  the  transom  and  uprights ;  2 
washers;  1  nut. 

1  fulcrum-pin,  inserted  in  holes  in  the  uprights  at  any  required  height. 

1  chain,  15  links  No.  4  and  3  rings  No.  2  A ;  1  eye-pin  No.  1  fastens  the 
fulcrum-pin  to  the  stand. 

2  lever-plates,  (cast  brass,)  fastened  to  the  large  end  of  the  lever  by  6 
screws  No.  16,  2^-inch,  to  prevent  the  lever  from  slipping  on  the  fulcrum- 
pin. 

Platform  for  Siege-Mortars. 

Wood. — 6  sleepers;  18  deck-plank,  held  together  by  72  dowels.  There 
are  4  dowels  in  one  edge  of  each  plank,  fitting  into  4  holes  in  the  edge  of 
the  next  plank.     The  dowels  are  held  fast  by  fox-wedges. 

Iron. — 12  eye-bolts  fit  into  holes  in  the  front  and  rear  planks,  passing 
through  the  sleepers,  to  prevent  the  planks  from  slipping  on  the  sleepers. 

Platform  for  Siege- Guns. 

Wood. — 12  sleepers  ;  36  deck-plank,  held  together  by  174  dowels ;  1  hurter  ; 
6  stakes. 

Iron. — 12  eye-bolts  fit  into  holes  in  the  front  and  rear  planks,  passing 
through  the  sleepers,  to  prevent  the  planks  from  slipping  on  the  sleepers. 

Hand-Barrow. 

Wood. — 2  side  rails :  the  ends  are  rounded  and  form  the  handles. 

Rope  netting  joins  the  side  rails,  passing  through  holes  in  the  side  rails. 

Pintle- Cross,  for  Temf)orary  Batteries. 
Wood. — 2  cross-piece/^,  halved  into  each  other  in  their  middle  at  right 


118  ORDNANCE    >IANLAL. 

riTiglcs  fo  encli  other;  1  pintlr-Iiol'^fer,  fastened  to  tlie  cross  liy  \  ortnfionnl 
2uns,  1  incli  tliick. 

Tiiox.  —  -1  hnl.^ter-plate,  (cn.st  iron,)  fastened  to  tlie  bolster  by  4  hoUs ;  4 
v:a>lii:rx  :  A  nils ;   1   pin(li\ 

A  circular  platl'orni  of  planks  is  reqnire'l  for  tlic  wheels  of  the  chassis 
to  traverse  on. 

I^nt-TTousf's  for  licrrhffle- Carriages. 

The  pmt-liouife  is  a  covering  of  thin  boards,  framed  together,  to  protect 
the  wooden  barbette-carriages  from  the  weather. 

It  is  made  in  several  seinirate  pieces,  "which  can  be  readily  pnt  together 
or  taken  apart. 

The  pent-houses  for  the  colunibiad  barbette-carriages  are  siniihiv  to  each 
other,  diifering  only  in  their  dimensions.  Tliose  for  the  other  barbette- 
carriages  arc  of  a  difi'erent  pattern,  but  similar  to  each  other. 

Fcnt-IIousci^  for  the  Columhiad-Carria<j<'><. 

Wood. — 1  body,  composed  of  2  silh,  2  sides,  1  roof,  1  rear  and  1  front 
end. 

1  front  chassis-cover  and  1  re(tr  chassis-cover,  eacli  in  one  piece. 

Iiiox. — S  eyc-jnns  ;  'i  eye-pin  tvashcrs  ;  8  keys;  8  chains;  8  u-ire  stajdcs  ; 
4  long  hooks;   14  hooks,  (short;)  30  staples  ;   4  handles  for  ends. 

Pcnt-IIouses  for  the  other  Barhette-Carrltujes. 
Wood. — 1  body,  composed  as  for  the  colunibiad  barbette. 
1  chassis-cover ;   1  tonyue-cover. 

Iron. — 4  lony  hooks;  2  short  hooks;  12  staples:  8  eye-pins;  8  cyc-pin 
washers  ;  8  chains  ;  8  keys  ;  8  icire  staples;  4  handles  for  ends. 

TO  rUT  ON  THE   rKNT-IIOUSE. 

On  the  colnmbiad-carriayc. — Place  the  gun  over  the  pintle;  depress  tlie 
muzzle  about  iive  degi'ces,  so  tliat  the  cliase  shall  ft  in  the  circular  cut 
made  in  the  front  end  and  roof.  Lay  (he  sills  across  the  chassis  in  front 
and  in  rear  of  the  top-carriage  ;  place  the  tenons  of  tlie  sides  in  the  mor- 
tises of  the  sills:  put  on  the  roof  and  liook  it  to  the  sides;  i)lace  tlie  ends 
and  key  them;   put  on  the  chassis-covers  and  hook  tliem. 

(hi  the  other  harbette-carriayes. — llun  tlie  gun  "in  battery ;"'  remove  the 
wlieels  ;  i)lace  tliem  upon  the  chassis  in  rear  of  the  axle  and  resting  against 
the  fop  carriage;  chock  them  with  their  lincli  pin  and  washei",  and  pro- 
ceed to  j>ut  on  the  body  as  on  the  columbiad-carriage. 


DIMENSIONS   AND   WEIGHTS   OF    MACHINES,   ETC. 


119 


PRINCIPAL   DIMENSIONS  AND  WEIGHTS   OF   MACHINES,  ETC., 
FOR   SIEGE   OR   GARRISON   SERVICE. 

Sling- Carts  and  Trucks. 


»9 

So  be 


2  S 


Length  from  rear  of  wheel  to  front  ) 

end  of  pole in.  / 

Length  of  axle-tree in. 

Height  of  wheels in. 

Distance    between   the   wheels    on ") 

the  ground in.  / 

one  wheel lbs. 

body lbs. 

screw lbs. 

handles lbs. 

Weight  of  ■{  cart  complete,  without ) 

sling-chains lbs.  J 

trunnion -chain       and 

rings lbs. 

sling-chain lbs. 


242.4 

92. 
96. 

62.75 

714 

700 

98 

77 

2302 

61 
53 

84 


160.75 

75.50 
72.0 

60.4 

440 
240 


1115 

27 


*  74.75 

45.5 

36.5 

36.35 

34. 
113 


*  141.5 

142.5 
15.0 

29.6 


181 


600 


*66.5 

24.15 
12.0 

19.75 

18.5 
42. 


80 


*  Whole  length  of  body  and  handles. 


t  Width  of  body. 


Gins. 


Length  of  legs 
1  1 


Weight  of 


oak. 


1  pry-pole 
1  windlass 

braces 

gin,  complete., 
1  single  block. 
1  double  block 
1  triple  block  . 
1  fall 


..in. 
.lbs. 
.lbs. 
.lbs. 
.lbs. 
.lbs. 
.lbs. 
lbs. 
.lbs. 
lbs. 


Field  and 

Siege. 

Garrison. 

175.5 

256.5 

148. 

280. 

272. 

71. 

293. 

292. 

187. 

310. 

310. 

33. 

104. 

104. 

615 

1267. 

1250. 

35 

Ash. 

Pine. 

72 

90 

32 

^11 

0         1 

Case- 
mate. 


172.5 
213 
208 
264 
82 
979 


t83 


*  120  feet,  5-inch  hemp  rope. 


t  90  feet. 


120 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 
Lifting-Jach  and  Lever-Jach. 


Lifting-Jack. 

Lever-Jack. 

Stand. 

Lever. 

Length inches. 

Breadth ** 

Height " 

Weight lbs. 

20. 
12. 
29.2 
160. 

24. 

14. 

30. 

100. 

180. 

5.5. 
150.' 

DIMENSIONS  AND  WEIGHTS   OF   PLATFORMS. 
For  Guns  and  Howitzers. 


Siege. 

Ricochet. 

Names  of  Pieces. 

i 

i 

o 
d 
55 

a 

1 

1 

i 
1 

d 

"5) 

5 

0 

i 
1 

Hurter     

1 
12 
36 
... 

6 
4 
4 

In. 

108. 
108. 
108. 

... 

48. 
32. 
14. 

In. 

5.0 
6.0 
5.0 

3.5 
2.0 
0.75 

In. 
3.5 
3.5 
3.5 

2.0 

1.0 

Round 

Lbs.' 

51 

608 

1854 

"to 

10 

8.5 

2601.5 

1 
3 

"2 

1 

1 

18 

4 

In. 
96. 

108. 

128. 
84. 
30. 

48. 
32. 

In. 

8. 
5.5 

13.' 

13. 

13. 
1.25 
2.0 

In. 

8. 

6.5 

2.25 
2.25 
2.25 
1.25 
1.0 

Lbs. 
174 

147 

Deck-planks 

Planks 

Plank 

Pieces  of  plank 

Stakes  (securing) 

Stakes  (implements) 

Eye-bolts  (iron) 

Platform,  complete- 

166 
60 
21 
32 
10 

600 

For  Mortars. 


Siege. 

Rail. 

Names  of  Pieces. 

0 
d 
52; 

a 

1 

i 

5 
0 

1 

"5) 

5 

1 

6 
18 

"e 

4 
12 

In. 
96 

108 

48 
48 
11 

In. 

5.0 
5.0 

3.5 
1.0 

0.75 

In. 
3.5 
3.5 

2.0 

1.0 

Round 

Lbs. 
230 
927 

70 

3 

"2 

14 

4 

::: 

In. 

60 

84 

48 
48 

In. 
11.5 

10*.0 
8.5 
1.0 

In. 

.85 

10.0 
3.0 
1.0 

Rails 

Stakes  (securing).... 
Stakes  (pointing)  ... 

Eye-bolts 

Platform,  complete.. 

"• 

Wooden  platform  for  columbiad-carriages  weighs  3904  lbs. 


DIMENSIONS  AND   WEIGHTS   OP   BLOCKS,   ETC. 
Traverse-  Circles. 


121 


No.  of 
Pieces 
lathe 

Size  of  Pieces. 

Bolts. 

Outer  or 
Rear. 

Inner  or 
Front. 

a  o 

5£ 

•a 

li 

1 

i 

II 

H 

For   barbette-carriage,") 

centre  pintle f 

For   barbette-carriage,  I 

2 

2 

8 

3 
3 

In. 
5. 

3.5 
3.5 

In. 

1. 

.5 
.5 

In. 
2.25 

In. 

1.75 

32 

18 
21 

No.  4  H. 

Lbs. 
152 

57 

Lbs. 
547 

145 
123 

Lbs. 
23. 

16.5 
15. 

722. 
161.5 

For  casemate-carriage... 

195. 

Dimensions  and  Weights  of  Blocks,  Rollers,  etc.,  for  Manoeuvres. 


Names. 

d 

Length. 

Width. 

Thick- 
ness. 

Weight. 

Total 
Weight. 

Remarks. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Long  roller.... 

2 

42. 

6. 

Round 

25.0 

50.0 

A  groove  .25  in. 
\      deep    in    the 
middle. 

Short  roller ... 

3 

12. 

7. 

Round 

12.0 

36.0 

Half  roller 

2 

46. 

6. 

6. 

31.0 

62.0 

Top  rounded  3  in. 

Block 

16 
6 

20. 
20. 

8. 
8. 

8. 
4. 

26.0 
13.0 

416.0 
78.0 

Half  block 

Quarter  block. 

o 

20. 

8. 

2. 

6.5 

13.0 

Gun-chocks  ... 

6 

3.6 

2.75 

2.5 

0.375 

2.25 

Wedge-shaped, 
r  Section  a  trian- 

Wheel-chocks. 

6 

7. 

6. 

3. 

2.25 

13.5 

\  gle,  Topround- 
i    ediin. 

Eoller-chocks 

6 

7. 

5. 

2, 

1.0 

6.0 

Skid 

2 
1 

72. 
67. 

8. 
12. 

8. 
2.25 

97. 
48. 

194. 
48. 

Shifting-plank 

("Ends  bevelled  on 
\   opposite  sides. 

Trace-rope 

1 

360. 

2.25 

Round 

7.5 

7.5 

Trunnion-loops 

2 

18. 

1.5 

Round 

End  spliced. 

122  ORDNANCE   MANUAL. 

Bills  of  Timber  for  Gins  and  Sling- Cart. 


i 

"5, 
'o 
d 

ROUGH   DIMENSIONS 
OF  EACH   PIECE. 

CONTENTS. 

Kind  of  Wood. 

Long. 

Wide. 

Thick. 

Eacli 
piece. 

Total. 

FIELD    AND    SIEGE    GIN. 

Legs 

2 

|3 

1 

1 
11 

2 

|l 

1 

6 

1 

1 
2 

}l 

2 
32 
16 

In. 

180 
180 

68 

48 

72 

102 

264  1 

40 

104 

12 

180  1 

180  j 

101 
12 

102 
66 
80 

198  1 

48 
39 

In. 

6.5 
5.5 
9. 
4.75 

4.75 
4.75 

9. 

6.5 
10. 
11. 

4.25 

9.0 
6.5 
9. 
6.5 
11. 
4.25 

11. 

9. 

9. 

7.5 

5. 
19. 

5.25 

9. 

In. 

5.5 

5.5 

9. 

2.75 

2.75 

2.75 

9.    1 
6.5  J 
9. 
11. 
3. 

9.0) 
6.5  j 
9.    I 
6.5  j 
11. 
3. 

9. 

9. 
5. 
6. 

5.    1 

Round 

2.75 

5.5 

Sup.  ft. 

•44.69 

37.81 

38.25 

4.35 

6.53 

9.25 

113.21 

25. 
87.39 
1.06 

100.33 

77.03 

84.88 
1.06 

70.13 
37.13 
25. 

48.13 

41.34 
4.81 
13.4 

Sup.  ft. 

89.38 

37.81 

38.25 

4.35 

6.53 

9.25 

I  Spruce  or 
J       ash. 
Oak. 

V  Oak  plank. 

Windlass 

'  Upper 

Braces  ■<  Middle 

^ 

GARRISON-GIN. 

Legs  and  f  Large  end  ... 
pry-pole  [  Small  end.... 

185.57 

339.63 

25.00 
87.39 
11.66 

Spruce. 

Windlass 

Cleats 

Oak. 

Oak  plank. 

CASEMATE-GIN. 

J         f  Large  end 

^®^^  1  Small  end 

T>           1        Large  end ... 
^^y-P^^«l  Small  end... 

Windlass 

Cleats 

463.68 

200.66 

77.03 

84.88 
6.36 

V  Spruce. 

Oak. 

Oak  plank. 

368.93 

Axle-tree 

70.13 
37.13 
50. 

48.13 

82.68 
153.92 
214.4 

Oak. 

Bolster 

Hounds 

_,         C  Naves 

Do. 
Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

--{?£.:;:;:;:;:: 

Do. 

Oak  plank. 

656.39 

Bills  of  Lumber  for  Platform  for  Siege  Guns  and  Mortars. 

For  one  siege  gun  or  howitzer,  yellow  pine  or  oak  : 

49  pieces,  114  in.  long,  6  in.  wide,  4  in.  wide,  19  ft.  each 931ft. 

For  one  siege  mortar,  yellow  pine  or  oak  : 

6  pieces,  102in.  long,  6in.  wide,  4in.  thick,  17ft.  each 102ft. 

18      "       114       "  6      "  4       "  19ft.     "   342 

Total 444ft. 


BILL    OF   IRON. 


123 


Bill  of  Iron  for  Field  and  Siege  Gin. 


Parts. 


Chain,  No.  2 

Rivets  and  nails 

Bolts,  No.  3,  and  keys  for 
gudgeons 

Key-bolt 

Bolts,  No.  5,  eye-pin,  and 
handle 

Sheave-bolt 

Bolts  for  pulley-block.... 

Cross-head  for  pulley- 
block 

Nuts,  No.  3 

Bands 

Nuts,  No.  4 

Hook  for  pulley-block.... 

Washers,  No.  3 

Bevel  washer 

Gudgeons  and  points 

Oval  washers 

Head-straps 

Straps  for  pulley-block... 

Pry-pole  tongue 

Journal-boxes  

Tongue-plate 

Journals 

Bands  for  windlass 

Pry-pole  handle 

Pawls 

Ratchets 

Three  sheaves  for  pulleys 


Width. 

Thick- 
ness. 

Length. 

Weight. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

Lbs. 

0.2 

Round 

42. 

0.36 

.375 

Round 

129. 

3.95 

.625 

Round 

71. 

6.03 

.75 

Round 

10. 

1.22 

1. 

Round 

27. 

5.87 

1.25 

Round 

16. 

5.45 

1.5 

Round 

8. 

3.92 

2.5 

Round 

3.5 

4.77 

1.25 

.625 

10. 

2.18 

1.5 

.25 

212. 

22.26 

1.5 

.75 

5. 

1.57 

1.75 

1.75 

12. 

10.29 

2. 

0.125 

18. 

1.26 

2. 

.625 

3. 

1.05 

2. 

2. 

14. 

15.68 

2.5 

0.125 

13. 

1.14 

2.5 

.31 

32. 

7. 

2.5 

.    .5 

30. 

10.50 

3.5 

1. 

12. 

11.76 

3.5 

1.75 

24. 

41.16 

5.5 

0.5 

16. 

12.32 

3.0 

Round 

18. 

35.34 

4.0 

0.375 

64. 

26.88 

1.125 

Round 

22. 

6.07 

1.25 

1.25 

24. 

10.50 

8.0 

1.25 

16. 

44.80 

24. 

Bemarks. 


Hammered. 


Hammered. 
Hammered. 


Or  2  round  shapes, 

hammered. 
Brass. 


II 


124 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Bill  of  Iron  for  one  Garrison  or  Casemate  Gin. 


Parts,  Widtli.     '^^1^^'    Length.!  Weight.  Remarks. 


Key-chains,  No.  1 

lliugs 

Kivet-bolts,  No.  1 

Pin  for  clevis-bolt 

Eye-pins 

Bolts,  No.  5 

Bolts,  No.  3,  for  pawls... 

Braces  and  clevis 

Clevis- bolt 

Bolt-heads,    No.    5,    and 

points  for  legs 

Nails,  No.  3 

Nuts,  No.  1 

Keys  for  braces 

Nuts,  No.  3 

Eyes     for    pulley-blocks 

and  pawls 

Keys  for  clevis-bolt 

Nuts,  No.  4 

Hooks  for  blocks 

Washers,  No.  3 

Collars  for  points 

Journals 

Washers  for  handle 

Washers,  No.  5 

Bands  for  windlass 

Lower  bands  for  legs 

Cross-heads  for  blocks... 

Upper  bands  for  legs 

Partitions  for  blocks 

Straps  for  blocks 

Pry-pole  handle 

Two  ratchets 


Two  journal-boxes. 
Eive  sheaves 


In. 
0.15 
0.2 
0.5 
0.75 
0.875 
1. 

1.25 
1.5 
1.75 


0.375 
1. 

1.25 
1.25 

1.25 

1.5 

1.5 

1.75 

2, 

2, 

3. 

3. 

3.25 

4. 

4. 

4. 

6.- 

8. 

8. 

1.125 

8.0 


In. 
Round 
Round 
Round 
Round 
Round 
Round 
Itound 
Round 
Round 

Round 
0.375 
0.5 

0.125 

0.625 

1.25 

0.125 

0.75 

1.75 

0.125 

1. 
Round 

0.188 

0.188 

0.375 

0.25 

1.25 

0.25 

0.25 

0.37 
Round 

1.25 


Feet. 

7.5 
2.5 
1.6G 
0.41 
0.83 
3.33 
0.70 
22.5 
2.25 

4. 

9.41 
0.16 
1.16 
2.54 

4. 

1.16 

0.75 

1.83 

0.33 

2. 

l!5 

0.5 

2.16 

5.33 

5.08 

2.33 

4.12 

2.75 

5. 

1.8 

1.33 


Lbs. 

0.52 
0.27 
1.08 
0.60 
1.66 
8.69 
2.86 
132.52 
18.02 

41.88 
4.42 

0.26 
0.60 
6.65 

21.0 

0.73 

2.83 

18.83 

0.27 

13.44 

35.34 

0.94 

4.40 

26.86 

17.06 

39.14 

20.76 

18.48 

50.40 

5.96 

44.80 


541. 3'i 
13. 
60. 


This  bill  includes 
the  materials  for 
one  double  and 
one  triple  pul- 
ley-block. 


Hammered. 


Hammered. 


Or  2  round  shapes, 
hammered. 

I  Cast  brass. 


BILL   OP   IRON. 
Bill  of  Iron  for  one  Sling-  Cart. 


125 


Parts. 


Pole-prop  chain,  No.  1 

Rings,  No.  1 

Rivets,  No.  2 

Chain,  No.  5,  and  rivets,  No.  3 

Pole-rivets 

Bolts,  No.  4 

Eye-pin,  No.  1 

Bolts,  Nos.  2  and  5,  and  rings 

Pole-staple 

Bolt-heads,  No.  4,  and  eye-pin* 

Screw-handle 

Bolt-heads,  No.  5 

Nails,  No.  3 

Toggle  for  pole-prop  chain 

Axle-washers,    upper    skeans,  nuts. 

No.  2,  and  chain-hook 

Burrs  lor  pole-rivets 

Nuts,  No.  3 

Bolster-hooks 

Axle-bands 

Nuts,  No.  4 

Hook  for  sling-chain 

Axle-hooks 

Pole-prop  ferrule 

Linch-pins 

Washers,  No.  3 

Bands  for  hounds  and  pole 

Brow-bands  for  naves , 

Lower  skcan  and  stirrups  (in  part).., 

Bridles , 

Stirrups  and  pole-straps 

Nuts,  No.  5 

Upper  skeans 

Nuts,  No.  7 

Washers,  No.  4 , 

End  bands  for  naves 

Lower  axle-skean — body , 

Hoistiug-screw  (in  one  piece) , 

Washers,  No.  5 , 

Pole-prop  socket 

Socket  of  screw-handle , 

Washers,  No.  7 

Washers  for  axle  and  bolster  hooks 

Two  wheel-tires 

Lower  axle-skean — middle  part 

Bed-plate  for  screw 

Nave-boxes  for  two  wheels 

Nut  for  hoisting-screw 


Width.  Thickn.  Length 


In. 
0.15 

0.2 

0.25 

0.375 

0.5 

0.75 

0.875 

1. 

L25 

1.5 

1.75 

2. 

0.375 

0.5 

1. 

1.125 

1.25 

1.25 

1.3 

L5 

1.5 

1.5 

1.75 

1.75 

2. 

2. 

2. 

2. 

2. 

2. 

2. 

2.25 

2.25 

2.5 

2.5 

3. 

3. 

3.25 

3.5 

3.5 

4. 

4.5 

4.5 

0. 


In. 
Round 
Round 
Round 
Round 
Round 
Round 
Round 
Round 
Round 
Round 
Round 
Round 
0.375 
0.25 

0.5 

0.25 

0.625 

1.25 

0.2 

0.75 

1. 

1.5 

0.375 

0.625 

0.125 

0.25 

0.375 

0.5 

0.625 

0.75 

1. 

0.5 

1.25 

0.188 

0.375 

0.5 

3. 

0.188 

0.625 

2.25 

0.25 

0.375 

0.875 

0.5 


Feet. 
3.75 
0.31 
0.50 
9.06 
0.50 
4.42 
0.14 
9.91 
4.5 
1. 

5.33 

0.50 

12.04 

0.16 

11.25 
0.18 
0.10 
2.33 
2.50 
3.25 
1.33 
2.50 
0.66 
0.83 
0,33 

10. 

16.33 

10. 
1.58 
4.83 
0.66 
0.66 
0.37 
4.58 

13.82 
3.41 
3.83 
0.54 
1.25 
1. 

0.66 
2.33 

50. 
1. 


Weight. 


Lbs. 
0.26 
0.03 
0.08 
3.33 
0.32 
6.50 
0.28 

25.86 

18.41 
5.86 

42.69 
5.23 
5.66 
0.06 

18.90 
0.17 
0.26 

12.23 
2.17 

12.28 
6.70 

18.90 
1.45 
3.04 
0.27 

16.80 

41.00 

33.60 
6.63 

24.34 
4.43 
2.49 
3.49 
7.19 

43.52 

17.18 

115.81 

1.10 

9.18 

25.88 
2.21 

13.18 
661.00 

10.08 

1230.04 


llemaiks. 


II      49 

'I    6n! 


14. 


-■•Pole-prop. 


Hammered. 


Hammered. 
Hammered. 
In  4  pieces. 


Cast  iron. 


Cast  brass. 


126 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Bill  of  Lumber  for  one  o2-Pdr.  Gun  or  S-in.  Sea-  Coast  Howitzer 
Pent-House. 


Names  of  Parts. 


MAIN    HOUSE. 
Sides 

Roof 

Front  door , 

Rear  door , 

Side  and  roof  strips  .., 

Door-strips 

Rafters 

Roof  front-piece 

Roof  back-piece , 

Fascias 

Axle  pocket-sides 

"  "      fronts 

'*  '*      caps 

Sills 

Front  posts 

Back  and  middle  posts 


BEAK    HOUSE. 

Sides  

Roof 

Back 

Roof-strips 

Back  strips  and  braces 

Front  rafter 

Rear  rafter 

TONGUE-COVER. 

Sides  

Side  strips 

Roof 

Rafters 

Back 


« 

ROUGH   DIMENSIONS 
OF   EACH   PIECE, 

CONTENTS. 

o 
d 
12; 

Loug. 

Wide. 

Thick. 

Each 
piece. 

Total. 

82 

In. 
74 

In. 

6. 

In. 
.75 

Sup.  ft. 
3.08 

Sup.  ft. 

98.56 

82 

25 

6. 

75 

1.04 

33.28 

12 

68 

6. 

75 

2.83 

33.96 

10 

49 

6. 

75 

2.04 

20.40 

9 

87 

3. 

5 

2.72 

24.46 

4 

62 

3. 

-i 

25 

1.61 

6.46 

8 

39 

7. 

5 

2.84 

8.53 

1 

42 

18. 

25 

6.56 

6.56 

1 

89 

6. 

1.67 

1.67 

2 

86 

7. 

4.18 

8.36 

4 

26 

6. 

1.08 

4.33 

2 

24 

10. 

1.66 

3.33 

o 

11 

8. 

.61 

1.22 

2 

62 

8. 

5.17 

10.34 

2 

78 

3. 

3 

4.87 

9.75 

4 
10 

60 
57 

3. 
6. 

3. 

3.75 
2.37 

15. 

.75 

286.21 

23.70 

22 

34 

6. 

.75 

1.41 

31.02 

5 

66 

6. 

.75 

2.75 

18.75 

4 

56 

4. 

1.25 

1.94 

7.77 

2 

120 

3. 

1.25 

3.12 

6.24 

1 

61 

9. 

1.25 

4.76 

4.76 

1 
8 

62 
50 

16. 
6. 

1.25 

.75 

8.61 

2.08 

8.61 

95.85 

16.64 

1 

120 

3. 

1.25 

3.12 

8.12 

2 

51 

9. 

1. 

3.19 

6.37 

2 

14 

9.5 

1.25 

1.15 

2.81 

1 

19 

17. 

1.25 

2.80 

2.80 

31.24 

BILL   OE   IRON.  127 

Bill  of  Lumber /or  one  S-in.  Columhiad  Barbette  Pent-House. 


Names  of  Parts. 


MAIN    HOUSE. 

Sides 

Roof 

Doors 

Side  strips 

Roof-strips 

Door-strips 

Rafters 

Fronts 

Fascias 

Sills 

End  posts 

Middle  posts 

FRONT  AND    REAR   HOUSES. 

Sides 

Roofs 

Ends 

Roof-strips 

End  strips 

Side  strips 

Braces 

Front  roof-rafters 

Back  roof-rafters  and  ends 


i 

ROUGH   DI.MENSIOXS 

1 

.2 

OF 

EACH    PIKCli. 

CONTE.VTS.            I 

1 

Long. 

Wide. 

Thick. 

Each 
piece. 

Total. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

Sup.  ft. 

Sup.  ft. 

82 

75 

6 

.75 

3.12 

99.84 

32 

31 

6 

.75 

1.29 

41.28 

24 

49 

6 

.75 

2.04 

48.96 

6 

86 

3 

1.5 

2.69 

16.13 

4 

86 

4 

1.25 

2.99 

11.94 

4 

62 

3 

1.25 

1.61 

5.45 

3 

52 

9 

1.25 

4.06 

12.18 

2 

54 

12 

1. 

4.5 

9. 

2 

86 

7 

1. 

4.18 

8.36 

2 

66 

3 

4. 

5.5 

11. 

4 

62 

3 

3. 

3.875 

15.5 

2 

80 

3 

3. 

5.05 

10.10 

289.74 

36 

28 

6 

.75 

1.17 

42.12 

36 

37 

6 

.75 

1.54 

55.44 

12 

70 

6 

.75 

2.91 

34.92 

8 

45 

4 

1.25 

1.53 

12.23 

2 

32 

3 

1.25 

1.10 

2.20 

12 

28 

3 

1.25 

.94 

11.25 

4 

45 

3 

1.25 

1.56 

0.25 

2 

72 

3 

1.25 

2.50 

5. 

2 

66 

17 

1.25 

9.74 

19.47 

6 

66 

12 

1.25 

6.87 

41.25 
230.13 

Kind  of 
wood. 


White 
pine 
or  cy- 
press. 


Yellow 
pine, 
chest- 
nut, 
or 
oak. 


White 
pine 
or  cy- 
press. 


Note. — An  allowance  of  \  should  be  made  for  waste,  and  ^  for  small  bills. 
Bill  of  Iron  for  one  Barbette  Pent- House. 


Size  of  Iron. 

Number 
of  pieces. 

Length  of 
each  piece. 

Total 

length 

required. 

Weight. 

Remarks. 

Wide. 

Thick. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

LT)S. 

1.25 

.375 

8 

4.5 

36 

4.71 

Eye-bolts. 

2. 

.125 

8 

2, 

10 

1.12 

Eye-bolt  plates. 

.625 

Round. 

8 

7.25 

58 

4.92 

Door-handles. 

.375 

ii 

6 

7. 

42 

1.29 

Long  hooks.* 

.375 

u 

2 

5. 

10 

.31 

Short  hooks. 

.25 

16 

4. 

64 

.92 

Staples. f 

•8  additional  pieces  for  columbiad-carriages.        f  16  additional  pieces  for  columbiad-carriages. 

11* 


128  (ii:l>.\,\N('K    MANUAL 


(^[lAPTKIl  riFTir. 

ARTILLERY    IMPLEMENTS  AND    EQUIPMENTS. 

NO.M  KXCLATUKK ,   DIMENSIONS,   WKIGJITS. 

JldinriK  r-l[<  ((jJh. 

W  \  Nmr.u-iir.ADs  are  made  of  nsli,  maple,  Viircli,  Leceli,  elm,  gum,  or  other 
Inii-li  woods  :  the  head  is  liored  75  of  its  leiigtli  ^vitli  a  hole  0.'i5  ineh  less 
tliaii  ilie  dianietei"  of  tlie  staff,  -which  enters  with  a  tenon.  The  staff  is 
di-iven  into  tlie  liead  and  fastened  -with  a  jnii  of  hard  wood  0.8  incdi  diame- 
ter: the  neck  lias  a  copper  hand  0.5  incli  wi<le  and  0.05  inch  thick,  fastened 
witli.  ;;  cnppi r  tt'iil^.     For  dimensions,  seepage  188. 

Sport<j('-IL  (i<]x. 

Sponge-heads  are  made  of  elm  or  poplar,  &c.  The  head  is  bored  ^  of 
its  length  witli  a  hole  0.2.j  inch  less  than  the  body  of  tlie  staff,  wliich  is 
inserted  in  a  tenon  and  fastened  by  2  liard-wood  y*?■/^s•  0.8  inch  diameter. 

rianiiiicr,  holle,  and  sponge  heads  should  be  saturated,  when  new,  with 
lin-^ecd  oil,  to  prevent  splitting  from  alternate  wetting  ami  drying  in 
service. 

Fur  tlie  Avoven  AvooUen  sponge  the  diameter  of  the  head  is  1  inch  less 
than  the  calibre  of  the  piece. 

SpoiKJcs. 

Sponges  arc  made  of  coarse,  Avell-twistcd  woollen  yarn,  woven  into  a 
warp  <if  strong  liemp  or  flax  thread,  after  the  manner  of  Brussels  carpet; 
tlir  Inop-^  are  (j.7')  inch  lojig. 

They  are  Avoven  i]i  AV(>bs  Avitli  selvages  belAveen  them.  Avhich  being  cut, 
tlic  ^poiio'('<  ai-e  sewed  t(.»  fir  formers  of  the  same  dimensions  as  the  sponge- 
head-.  One  end  of  the  sjionge  is  draAvn  together  Avith  strong  tAvine,  and  a 
tiifi  of  woollen  yarn  is  inserted  at  the  centre  of  the  gatlier  or  folds:  a 
cir^-Uiar  jiiecc  of  strong  canvas  is  stitched  inside  of  the  l)Ottom  ;  the  other 
end.  afier  receiving  tlie  sponge-head,  is  nailed  to  it,  arotind  the  staff  Avith 
•>''''/7"/-  iriils.  1  incli  long;  '.\  c<>j,/,,'r  nnlln  should  also  be  driven  into  the 
bo!tr,iii  ,,r  ilie  s],onH:e.  to  secure  it  to  the  head. 

Sir;iil;ii'  >j.  ,\\<^{^<  ;ire  made  by  Avorking  the  yarn  Avith  ne(Mlles  into  canvas 
'hags:    liul  I  lie  wove  sjionges  .are  (Mpially  gof)d.  and  less  ex])i>nsive. 


LADLES. WORMS. — STAVES.  129 

Sponges  are  likewise  made  of  sheep-skin  alum-dressed,  with  the  wool 
on ;  but  they  are  inferior  to  those  made  of  yarn. 

For  dimensions  of  sponges,  see  Table  of  sponge-heads,  page  138. 

Sponge-  Covers. 

They  are  made  of  Russia  duck. 

The  interior  diameter  is  equal  to  the  calibre  of  the  piece.  A  hem  0.5 
inch  wide  around  the  top,  receives  a  cord  0.2  inch  diameter,  by  which  the 
mouth  is  drawn  together  and  tied  around  the  sponge-staff:  a  loop  of  can- 
vas 0.75  inch  wide  is  sewed  on  the  end  of  the  cover,  to  draw  it  off  by. 

The  covers  are  marked  in  black  with  the  calibre  of  the  gun. 

Ladle-Heads. 
Ladle-heads  are  made  of  the  same  kinds  of  wood,  and  are  fastened  to 
the  staves  in  the  same  manner,  as  rammer-heads. 

Ladles. 

Ladles  are  used  for  siege,  garrison,  and  sea-coast  guns  only.  They  are 
made  of  sheet  copper  No.  18. 

Towards  the  mouth  of  the  ladle  the  copper  is  spread  a  little,  so  as  to 
increase  the  diameter  of  the  ladle  0.3  inch :  the  corners  are  rounded  with 
a  radius  of  from  2  inches  to  3.5  inches.  To  stiffen  the  ladle,  the  copper 
is  planished  after  being  bent  and  brazed.  The  ladle  is  attached  to  the 
head  by  6  to  10  copper  nails,  1  inch  long,  driven  in  two  rows  around  the 
body,  about  1  inch  apart. 

Worms. 

There  are  two  sizes  of  worms,  one  for  siege  or  garrison  guns,  and  the 
other  for  field  guns.  They  are  fastened  to  their  staff  by  2  iron  rivets,  .25 
inch  in  diameter. 

Staves. 

Staves  for  implements  are  made  of  tough  ash. 

The  diameter  of  the  tenon  is  0.25  inch  less  than  that  of  the  staff;  its 
length,  f  of  that  of  the  head  into  which  it  is  inserted.  For  worms  it  is 
pointed  to  fit  the  conical  form  of  the  socket. 

For  field-guns,  field,  siege,  and  mountain  howitzers,  and  mortars,  the 
rammer  and  sponge  heads  are  on  the  same  staff;  for  other  pieces,  on  sepa- 
rate staves. 

For  the  coehorn  mortar,  the  body  of  the  staff  forms  the  rammer  and 
sponge-head. 

For  lengths  of  staves,  see  page  138. 

For  other  cannon  than  those  of  the  patterns  described  in  Chapter  I.,  staves 
may  be  made  of  such  a  length  that  the  finished  implement  shall  be  18 
inches  longer  than  the  bore  of  the  piece. 


]')0  ORDNANCE    .MAMAl.. 

Aiiril-hl'irk.  for  ]iorf.'il)le  foi'fxe,  is  of  touirli  oak  oi-  other  liaru  -wood:  it 
lias  1  La/iiL  S  inches  \vi(h'  arouii'l  the  top:  1  !r.iit  ]iii\  i'astciis  the  anvil  to 
the  l)l)ek:  1^  ri/n/s  fastened  hy  2  .'■■Oij/Ici  serve  for  liaiidles.  Dimensions, 
lU  inclies  high,  4.1  inches  diameter  at  top;  10..")  inches  1)}'  T.o  iiiclies  at 
bottom.      ^Veight  1',)  lbs. 

Ax(\  fellhtg : — blade -wnli  steel  edge,  length  7.25  inches;  width  of  top 
0.5  inches,  of  edge  4. To  inches;  thickness  at  top  O.To  inch,  at  the  eye  1.25 
inch;  size  of  the  eye  2.25  inches  by  0.75  inch  ;  handle  (hickorj-)  27  inches 
long.      AVeight  C.  lbs. 

.Basket,  for  niortar-implenients ;  of  strong  Avicker-work,  18  inches  in 
diameter,  12  inches  deep.      Weight  4  lbs. 

JJrecr/i-s-if//// :  the  base  is  a  ])late  of  brtiss  4.5  inclies  long,  0.0  inch  Avide, 
curved  to  fir  the  base-ring  ;  the  scale  and  slider  are  similar  to  those  of  the 
pendulum  hausse,  excej^t  that  a  hole  .05  inch  diameter  is  made  in  the  plate 
instead  of  a  notch  to  sight  through  ;  the  brass  is  .1  inch  thick  Avhen  finished, 
made  of  No.  10  or  11  sheet  brass  ;  the  sights  arc  graduated  for  no  disparts, 
a  front  sight  equal  in  lieight  to  the  dispart  being  screwed  into  the  swell  of 
the  muzzle  ;  in  columbiads,  into  the  seats  provided  for  the  purpose  between 
the  trunnions  ;  the  scales  are  computed  for  the  patterns  of  guns  having  a 
base-ring  ;  in  the  24,  32,  and  42  pdrs.  mounted  in  casemate  (a  muzzle-sight 
being  inadmissible)  the  scale  is  computed  for  a  sight  placed  at  the  front  end 
of  the  second  reinforce.     Weight  0.3  lb. 

Jiill-hook,  (iron,  Avith  steel  edges  ;)  blade,  Avhole  length,  8.25  inches;  width 
in  the  middle  3,  inches,  near  the  shank  2.7  inches;  thickness  0.25  inch; 
hook  I  inch  long;  shank  8  inches  long;  handle  (hickory)  7.5  inches  long. 
Weight  2  lbs. 

JJroo7n,  for  mortar-batteries,  (hickory  or  birch.)      W'eight  3.75  11)S. 

Bud;/e-barrel,  for  use  in  forts  and  batteries  ;  staves  (oak)  0.4  inch  thick; 
b'lltoin  (oak)  in  1  or  2  pieces,  0.4  inch  thick:  4  hoops  (sheet  copper  No.  18) 
48  inches  long,  1.1  inch  wide,  and  confined  to  the  barrel  each  hy  iS  rivets  0.2 
inch  diam. :  they  are  joined  by  2  rivets,  or  brazed  together  ;  height  of  barrel 
20  inches  ;  exterior  diameter, — at  ends  13  inches,  at  bilge  15  inches  ;  cover 
(bag  leather)  18  inches  high  and  40  inches  Avide,  secured  to  the  barrel  under 
the  upper  hoop  by  5  nads  and  by  the  5  rivets  through  the  hoop  ;  2  cords  O.G 
intdnliam.,  G  feet  long,  passing  throtigh  holes  in  the  cover  at  1.5  inch  fnnn 
the  top,  to  draAV  the  mouth  together;  the  ends  of  the  cords  ])ass  through 
a  cap  or  hood'.)  inches  deep,  sliding  on  the  cords.      V/eight  15.5  lbs. 

Cual-sack,  for  portable  forge,  is  made  of  strong  leather;  it  is  closed  at 
the  top  by  a  leather  strap  passing  through  slits  in  the  sack;  diameter  14 
inches,  height   18  inches. 

Choel\  for  casemate-carriage;  small  wedge,  Avith  a  handle  on  one  side. 
Weiglit   1.4  lb. 

Drag-rope :  4-inch  rope,  28  feet  long,  Avith  a  iliimblc  Avorked  in  a  loop  at 


IMPLEMENTS    AND   EQUIPMENTS.  131 

one  end,  and sl thimble  and  hook  at  the  other  end;  Q handles,  wood,  12  inches 
long,  1.5  inch  in  diameter,  fastened  in  the  rope  at  the  distance  of  4  feet 
apart,  and  at  the  same  distance  from  the  ends  of  the  rope.  Weight  16.5 
lbs. 

Forge-bucket,  for  the  portable  forge,  is  of  sheet  iron  stiffened  at  top  by  1 
band  .b  inch  wide;  it  is  furnished  with  1  handle  fastened  into  2  ears  1.6 
inch  long;  7  inches  high,  6.8  inches  diameter. 

Fuze-cutter:  a  steel  chisel,  with  wooden  handle,  for  cutting  the  Bormann 
fuze. 

Fuze-extractor :  the  inner  screw  and  its  stem  are  made  of  steel,  and  riveted 
into  the  handle,  which  is  of  iron  ;  the  stem  is  contained  in  a  hollow  screw  of 
steel,  which  is  worked  up  and  down  by  means  of  an  iron  nut  with  2  handles, — 
the  screw  being  prevented  from  turning  by  a  slot  and  n,  feather  in  the  frame ; 
the  nut  is  kept  in  place  by  4  iron  set-screws,  the  points  of  which  enter  into 
a  groove  in  the  nut ;  the  frame  is  of  cast  brass.     Weight  3.53  lbs. 

In  using  this  fuze-extractor,  the  inner  stem  is  screwed  into  the  fuze  or 
plug  to  be  extracted,  by  means  of  the  upper  handle,  and  it  is  lifted  out  by 
turning  the  nut  of  the  hollow  screw. 

Fuze-setter,  (brass;)  the  handle,  upper  end  slightly  rounded;  the  cup  2.1 
inches  diameter;  depth  0.3  inch;  whole  length  5  to  6  inches.  Weight 
2.66  lbs. 

Fuze-mallet,  (dog-wood  or  oak,)  in  one  piece;  head  5.5  inches  long,  4 
inches  diameter;  handle  7.5  inches  long,  1.25  inch  diameter.  Weight 
2.75  lbs. 

Fuze-saw,  (tenon  saw;)  10-inch  blade.     Weight  0.75  lb. 

Funnel,  for  filling  shells,  (copper  or  tin ;)  diameter  o^  funnel  3.3  inches  ; 
diameter  of  pipe  0.7  inch  ;  length  of  pipe  2  inches.     Weight  0.32  lb. 

Gunner's  gimlet:  iron  wire  0.175  inch  diameter,  formed  with  a  ring  2 
inches  diameter  at  the  head ;  the  other  end  terminating  in  a  gimlet-point. 
Weight  0.08  lb. 

Gunner's  callipers :  made  of  sheet  brass,  with  steel  points ;  the  gradu- 
ations show  the  diameters  of  guns  and  of  shot,  linear  inches,  degrees  of 
the  circle,  &c.     Weight  0.5  lb. 

Gunner's  haversack,  (bag-leather;)  2  sides  13  inches  high,  13  inches  wide 
at  bottom,  14  inches  at  top  of  flap  ;  end  and  bottom  gussets  5  inches  wide  ; 
flap  8  inches  deep,  with  a  strap  7  inches  long  passing  through  a  buckle  sewed 
to  the  front  side ;  shoulder-belt  1.5  inch  wide,  one  part  12  inches  long,  with 
a  buckle  No.  4  and  loop ;  the  other  36  inches  long.     Weight  1.86  lb. 

Gunner's  perpendicular :  this  is  made  of  sheet  brass  ;  the  lower  part  is 
cut  in  the  form  of  a  crescent,  the  points  of  which  are  made  of  steel ;  a 
small  spirit-level  is  fastened  to  one  side  of  the  plate,  parallel  to  the  line 
joining  the  points  of  the  crescent,  and  a  slider  is  fastened  to  the  same  side 
of  the  plate,  perpendicular  to  the  axis  of  the  level.     The  instrument  is 


132  ORDNANCE   MANUAL. 

useful  in  marking  the  points  of  sight  on  siege  guns  and  mortars,  when  the 
platform  is  not  perfectly  level.     Weight  O.G  lb. 

Gunner'' s  pincers :  made  of  iron,  with  steel  jaws  1  inch  wide ;  whole 
length  10.5  inches.     Weight  0.85  lb. 

Gunner^ s  quadrant,  (wood;)  a  graduated  quadrant  of  6  inches  radius, 
attached  to  a  rule  23.5  inches  long  ;  it  has  ti  plumb-line  and  bob,  which  are 
carried,  when  not  in  use,  in  a  hole  in  the  end  of  the  rule,  covered  by  a 
brass  plate.     Weight  0.84  lb. 

Gunner^  s  quadrant,  (brass;)  a  graduated  quadrant,  6  inches  radius,  attached 
to  a  rule  22  inches  long ;  it  has  an  arm  carrying  a  spirit-level  at  its  middle, 
and  a  vernier  at  its  movable  end ;  the  other  end  is  secured  to  the  centre 
of  the  quadrant  by  a  rivet,  around  which  the  arm  moves.    Weight  2.25  lbs. 

Gunner'' s  sleeve,  for  mortars,  (serge  or  flannel.)     Weight  0.25  lb. 

Lanyard:  the  lanyard,  for  pulling  off  the  primers,  is  a  piece  of  strong 
cod-line  (about  .2  inchdiam.)  12  feet  long  ;  to  one  end  is  attached  a  small 
iron  hook,  with  an  eye  for  the  line,  and  to  the  other  end  a  wooden  toggle  .75 
inch  diameter,  and  4  inches  long.     Weight  0.1  lb. 

Maul,  for  driving  pickets ;  head  (elm  or  hickory)  6  inches  diameter,  8 
inches  long;  handle  (ash)  1^  inch  diameter,  24  inches  long,  with  an  iron 
band  on  each  end,  1  inch  wide,  |-  inch  thick.     Weight  10  lbs. 

lien's  harness  :  4-inch  rope,  18  feet  long,  with  thimbles  and  a  hook  like  the 
drag-rope ;  instead  of  handles,  10  loops  made  of  strips  of  bag-leather  5 
feet  long,  2.75  inches  wide,  are  fastened  to  the  rope  in  pairs,  each  pair 
being  secured  in  place  by  two  knots  worked  on  the  rope  ;  the  first  pair  of 
loops  at  3  feet  from  the  hook,  the  others  at  a  distance  of  3^-  feet  apart. 
Weight  23  lbs. 

Pass-box,  (white  pine,  0.75  inch  thick;)  interior  dimensions  7  inches 
square  by  14  inches  long ;  one  side  turns  on  2  hinges,  and  is  fastened  with 
a  brass  hook  and  a  staple  ;  a  wooden  handle  is  set  diagonally  on  one  end. 
Weight  7  lbs. 

Pickaxe;  iron,  pointed  at  both  ends  with  steel;  length  of  each  blade  6.5 
inches  ;  width  of  edge  of  axe  3  inches  ;  handle  (hickory)  about  1,5  inch  by 
1.25  inch,  and  30  inches  long.     Weight  6.5  lbs. 

Pendulum  hausse. 

The  scale  is  made  of  sheet  brass  No.  13,  At  the  lower  end  is  a  brass  bulb, 
filled  with  lead.  The  slider  is  of  thin  brass,  and  is  retained  in  any  desired 
position  on  the  scale  by  means  of  a  brass  set-screw  with  a  milled  head. 
The  scale  is  passed  through  a  slit  in  a  piece  of  steel,  with  which  it  is  con- 
nected by  a  brass  screw,  forming  a  pivot  on  whicli  the  scale  can  vibrate 
laterally  ;  this  slit  is  made  long  enough  to  allow  the  scale  to  take  a  vertical 
position  in  any  ordinary  cases  of  inequality  of  the  ground  on  which  the 
wheels  of  the  carriage  may  stand.  The  ends  of  this  piece  of  steel  form 
two  journals,  by  means  of  which  the  scale  is  supported  on  the  seat  attached 


PENDULUM   HAUSSE. 


133 


to  the  gun,  and  is  at  liberty  to  vibrate  in  the  direction  of  the  axis  of  the 
piece. 

The  seat  is  of  iron,  and  is  fastened  to  the  base  of  the  breech  by  3  screws^ 
in  such  a  manner  that  the  centres  of  the  two  journal-notches  shall  be  at  a 
distance  from  the  axis  equal  to  the  radius  of  the  base-ring. 

A  muzzle-sight,  of  iron,  is  screwed  into  the  swell  of  the  muzzle  of  guns, 
or  into  the  middle  of  the  muzzle-ring  of  howitzers.  The  height  of  this 
sight  is  equal  to  the  dispart  of  the  piece,  so  that  a  line  from  the  top  of  the 
muzzle-sight  to  the  pivot  of  the  hausse  is  parallel  to  the  axis  of  the 
piece ;  consequently,  the  vertical  plane  of  sight  passing  through  the  centre 
line  of  the  scale  and  the  top  of  the  muzzle-sight  will  be  also  parallel  to  the 
axis,  in  any  position  of  the  piece  ;  the  hausse  will,  therefore,  always 
indicate  correctly  the  angle  which  the  line  of  sight  makes  with  the  axis. 

The  seat  for  suspending  the  hausse  on  the  gun  is  adapted  to  each  piece, 
according  to  the  varying  inclination  of  the  base  of  the  breech  to  the  axis. 
The  hausse,  the  seat,  and  the  muzzle-sight,  are  marked  for  the  kind  of  gun 
to  which  they  belong.  The  hausse,  when  not  in  use,  is  carried  in  a  leather 
pouch  suspended  to  a  shoulder-strap. 

The  graduations  on  the  scale  are  the  sines  of  each  quarter  of  a  degree, 
to  a  radius  equal  to  the  distance  between  the  muzzle-sight  and  the  centre 
of  the  journal-notches,  which  are,  in  all  cases,  one  inch  in  rear  of  the  base- 
ring.     Weight  of  hausse  and  case  .65  lb. 

Graduations. 


FOR  GUNS. 

FOR  HOWITZERS, 

6-Pdr. 

12-Pdr. 

12-Pdr. 
Model 
1857. 

12-Pdr. 

24-Pdr. 

32-rdr, 

12-Pdr. 
Moun- 
tain, 

Radius  of  base-ring... 

Height  of  muzzle-sight 

Distance  between  the ' 

muzzle-sight    and 

the  centre  of  the  f 

journal-notches  ...  J 

In. 
5.15 

1.025 

59.7 

In. 
6.5 
1.33 

77.3 

In. 
5.5 
1.25 

66.0 

In, 
5.0 
0.9 

53,35 

In. 
6,0 
1.125 

65.2 

In. 
6,9 
1,3 

75,05 

In. 

3.8 
0.35 

33.41 

1° 

1.042 

2.084 
3.124 
4.164 
5.203 

1.349 
2.698 
4.046 
5.392 
6.737 

1.152 
2.303 
3.454 
4.604 
5.752 

0,931 

1.862 
2.792 
3.722 
4,650 

1.138 
2.275 
3,412 

4,548 
5,683 

1.310 
2,619 
3.928 
5.235 
6.541 

0,583 

oo 

1,166 

3° 

1.753 

4° 

2.331 

6° 

2.912 

134 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Priming-wire ;  iron  wire  0.175  inch  diameter,  formed  with  a  ring  2  inches 
diameter  at  the  head,  and  pointed ;  length  of  stem,  for  siege  and  garrison 
guns,  14  inches  ;  length  for  field-guns,  8  inches.  Weight  0.08  lb.  for  gar- 
rison guns. 

Foicder-measures  ;  they  are  made  of  sheet  copper,  from  No.  16  to  No.  20. 
The  bottom  is  made  with  a  flanch  .1  inch  deep,  turned  downwards,  and  it 
is  brazed  or  soldered  to  the  sides. 

Interior  Dimensions. 


Contents. 

Diameter 
and  height. 

Weight. 

Contents. 

Diameter 
and  height. 

Weight. 

Lbs.    oz. 

In. 

Lbs. 

Lbs.    oz. 

In. 

Lbs. 

0      1 

1.337 

2      0 

4.240 

0      2 

1.685 

2      8 

4.571 

0     4 

2.122 

0.3 

3      0 

4.857 

1.6 

0      8 

2.673 

0.5 

4     0 

5.346 

1      0 

3.368 

0.75 

4      8 

5.560 

1      4 

3.628 

6     0 

6.120 

1      8 

3.855 

i       8      0 

6.736 

Prolonge;  3.5  inch  hemp  rope  of  4  strands  ;  on  one  end,  a  toggle  and  3 
round  links  in  a  thimble ;  on  the  other  end,  a  ring-link  and  thimble ;  whole 
length  of  rope  18  feet;  the  toggle  of  round  iron  0.75  inch  diameter,  7.5 
inches  long,  with  an  eye  in  the  centre  ;  toggle-rings  of  0.5  inch  round  iron ; 
the  ring  that  enters  the  thimble  is  3  inches,  the  other  two  3.1  inches  exterior 
diameter;  thimbles  1.1  inch  interior  diameter;  jjrolonge-rings  of  0.6  inch 
round  iron,  4.5  exterior  diameter;  the  link  3  inches  exterior  diameter;  the 
iron  for  link  is  0.5  inch  diameter.     Weight  12.5  lbs. 

Plummet,  for  mortars  ;   line  and  bob.     Weight  1  lb. 

Pointing-wire,  for  mortars,  (iron  wire  No.  7,)  20  inches  long.  Weight 
.08  lb. 

Quoin,  for  siege-mortars,  (oak ;)  length  19.5  inches  ;  height  7.85  inches  ; 
handle  6  inches  long.     Weight  7  lbs. 

Scraper,  for  siege-mortars,  (iron  ;)  handle  0.5  inch  by  0.3  inch  square,  27 
inches  long ;  one  end  formed  like  a  spoon;  the  other,  a  scraper.  Weight  2.3  lbs. 

Spatula,  for  mortars,  (ash  or  hickory;)  handle  16.5  inches  long;  blade  6 
inches  ;  square  end  3  inches  long.     Weight  0.75  lb. 

Shell-hooks,  (iron  ;)  2  branches  0.5  inch  diameter,  in  shape  of  an  S,  joined 
by  a  rivet ;  upper  end  of  the  branches  connected  by  2  small  rings,  1.25  inch 
diameter,  and  1  large  ring  3.4  inches  diameter  ;  straight  points,  to  insert 
into  the  ears  of  the  shell,  0.5  inch  diameter,  0.75  inch  long;  whole  length 
of  branches  12.48  inches.     Weight  2  lbs. 

Screw-jack,  for  field  service;  the  stand,  (cast  iron;)  the  hoisting-screw ; 


IMPLEMENTS   AND   EQUIPMENTS.  135 

the  nut ;  2  handles;  the  cap-plate,  fastened  on  the  top  of  the  stand  by  4 
screws;  height  of  the  stand  19  inches;  length  of  screw  15  inches;  handles 
7.25  inches  each.     Weight  25  lbs. 

Shovel;  blade  sheet  iron,  pointed  with  steel;  length  12  inches;  width 
10.5  inches;  handle  (ash)  1.5  inch  thick  at  bottom,  and  1.25  inch  at  top; 
length  45  inches;  ring  1.5  inch  diameter,  secured  by  a  strap  to  the  handle 
at  9  inches  from  the  upper  end.     Weight  4.75  lbs. 

Sponge-bucket,  for  field-gun  carriages ;  it  is  made  of  sheet  iron  No.  13 ; 
the  top  and  bottom  are  turned  over  the  sides  and  fastened  each  by  4  rivets  ; 
diameter  7.8  inches  ;  height  9  inches. 

IhQfioat  is  of  wood,  fastened  by  2  rivets  to  a  cross-bar  ;  it  is  put  in  before 
the  top  is  fastened  on ;  the  handle  of  the  float  is  fastened  to  it  with  2  rivets, 
and  it  is  connected  with  the  bail  of  the  bucket  by  a  chain  ;  the  bail  is  fast- 
ened to  the  bucket  by  2  ears,  each  held  by  3  rivets  ;  a  toggle,  which  is  fast- 
ened to  the  bail  by  2  links  and  a  swivel,  serves  to  attach  the  bucket  to  the 
eye  of  the  axle-strap  on  the  gun-carriage.     Weight  10  lbs. 

Tar-bucket;  the  bucket  is  made  of  sheet  iron  No.  13,  like  the  sponge- 
bucket  ;  the  cover  is  fastened  to  the  top  by  a  rivet  on  which  it  turns,  and 
it  is  kept  closed  by  shutting  over  a  stud  riveted  into  the  top ;  the  ears  are 
fastened  to  the  bucket  each  by  3  rivets  ;  a  ring,  for  suspending  the  bucket 
on  its  hook,  is  connected  with  the  ears  by  2  chains ;  diameter  of  bucket 
7.2  inches ;  height  8  inches.     Weight  7  lbs. 

Tarpaulins  are  made  of  cotton  duck,  not  painted ;  they  are  of  three  sizes  ; 
large,  15  feet  by  12  feet ;  small,  6  feet  by  10  feet,  and  5  feet  square.  Weight 
35.75  lbs.,  12.25  lbs.,  and  5.25  lbs.,  respectively. 

Tampions,  for  8-inch  siege-howitzers  and  mortars,  and  10-inch  mortar. 

Thumbstall,  (buckskin;)  cushion,  stuffed  with  hair,  2.5  inches  long,  1  inch 
thick;  the  strap  3  inches  long;  the  string  12  inches.    Weight  .003  lb. 

Tow-hook,  (iron  ;)  handle  0.4  inch  diameter,  13  inches  long ;  hook  1  inch  ; 
the  other  end  forms  a  hammer  0.6  inch  diameter,  2  inches  long.  Weight 
0.6  lb.     Used  for  unpacking  ammunition-chests. 

Tube-pouch;  the  sides  4.25  inches  high,  7.25  inches  long ;  2  ends  0.9  inch 
wide  at  bottom,  2  inches  at  top;  the  inner  cover;  the  flap,  8  inches  deep, 
with  its  strap,  and  brass  button  attached  to  the  bottom  of  the  pouch  ;  2  loops 
for  the  belt  to  pass  through;  the  belt  1.37  inch  wide  and  42  inches  long, 
with  a  buckle  No.  6  and  loop  at  one  end ;  the  priming-wire  and  gunner's 
gimlet  are  carried  with  the  tube-pouch  in  the  loops,  attached  by  a  twine, 
or  in  small  loops  on  the  inside  of  the  flap.     Weight  0.95  lb. 

Vent-cover,  for  field-pieces  without  locks,  (leather;)  6  inches  long,  4 
inches  wide,  with  a  copper  pin  riveted  to  it,  0.175  inch  diameter,  and  2 
inches  long;  2  straps  1  inch  wide,  with  buckles;  the  length  of  the  strap 
varies  with  the  size  of  the  piece ;  in  permanent  batteries  sheet  lead  may 
be  used  for  vent-covers.     Weight  0.6  lb. 

12 


136  ORDNANCE   MANUAL. 

Vent-punch;  the  body  (steel  wire)  0.175  inch  diameter,  4.3  inches  long  ; 
headOAlb  inch  thick,  1  inch  octagonal,  with  a  hole  0.2  inch  diameter  in 
the  middle.     Weight  0.08  lbs. 

Watering-bucket,  for  field  service,  made  of  sole-leather ;  the  bottom  is  of 
two  thicknesses,  fastened  to  each  other  with  25  copper  rivets,  and  to  the 
sides  with  61  rivets;  the  side  seams  fastened  with  28  rivets,  all  0.5  inch 
long ;  a  rim  of  sheet  copper  No.  24,  is  fastened  on  the  upper  edge  with  14 
copper  rivets  ;  2  ears  for  the  bail,  fastened  each  with  4  rivets  0.62  inch  long ; 
the  bail  is  of  round  iron  0.5  inch  thick  ;  interior  diameter  of  the  bucket  at 
top  12  inches,  at  bottom  10  inches ;  height  9  inches.     Weight  8  lbs. 

Water-bucket,  for  the  travelling-forge  ;  the  staves  and  the  bottom  are  of 
oak ;  there  are  16  staves,  and  the  bottom  is  made  of  not  more  than  2  pieces  ; 
3  hoops,  made  of  hoop-iron  No.  16 ;  each  hoop  is  joined  together  with  2 
rivets  No.  1,  and  fastened  to  the  bucket  with  2  rivets ;  2  ears  let  into  the 
sides,  and  fastened  each  by  1  rivet;  the  bail  has  a  link  connected  with  it  by 
a  swivel ;  diameter  at  top  11  inches,  bottom  10.25  inches  ;  height  11  inches. 
Weight  10  lbs. 

Water-bucket,  for  garrison-service  ;  it  is  made  in  a  similar  manner  with 
the  preceding,  except  that  the  bail  has  no  link  and  swivel  attached  to  it ; 
diameter  at  top  10.25  inches,  bottom  13.5  inches  ;  height  11  inches.  Weight 
10  lbs. 

Wiper,  for  the  chambers  of  mortars ;  tow  cloth,  1  yard  square. 

Handspikes. 

Handspikes  should  be  made  of  the  best  hickory,  or,  where  it  cannot  be 
had,  of  the  toughest  young  oak  ;  it  should  be  free  from  knots. 

Trail  handspike. — Irons:  1  stop,  passing  through  the  lower  end,  clinched 
and  filed  down  smooth — it  projects  0.3  inch;  1  strap,  carrying  1  ring  No. 
2  A,  fastened  near  the  small  end  by  1  rivet. 

Shod  handspike. — Irons:  1  shoe,  fastened  to  the  lower  end  by  3  rivets.  It 
is  particularly  useful  in  the  service  of  mortars. 

Manoeuvring  handspike  is  used  for  garrison  and  sea  coast  carriages.  For 
mechanical  manoeuvres  it  is  84  inches  long,  and  weighs  12  lbs. 

Gin  handspike  is  used  in  the  service  of  gins.  The  large  end  is  round, 
and  fits  into  the  socket  of  the  windlass. 

For  Mountain  howitzer. — Irons:  1  stop,  like  that  for  field-carriages  ;  1  strap, 
fastened  at  the  small  end  by  2  rivets,  forms  a  loop  on  the  end ;  1  loop  of 
rope,  15  inches  long,  passing  through  2  holes  in  the  middle  of  the  hand- 
spike, is  useful  in  placing  the  gun  on  the  pack-saddle. 


HANDSPIKES. — BARS. 
ITandspt/ces. 


137 


Trail. 

ti) 

a 

i 

1 

Shod. 

Dimensions. 

For 

Field 

Carr'ge. 

For 
Prairie 
Carr'ge. 

Mount. 
How- 
itzer. 

Gin. 

'whole inches 

Length  of -j  square  part inches 

conical  part inches 

Distance  of  farthest  side  of  stop  from 

53. 

"9.5" 

9.0 

9.0 
1.5 
2.2 
3.0 

"7.25 

36. 


"i.T 

"i.T 

""2.25 

45.58 
8.9 

"r.65 

1.65 
2.0 

"'5.0" 

66. 
19. 
35. 

"i.'i" 

"3.0" 
2.36 
3.0 

8.25 

62. 
9.75 
38.25 

1.75 

"2.*5** 

3X2.5 
3X2.5 
12.0 

66. 
12.'"* 

Distance  of  middle  of  strap  from  the 

upper  end inches 

T^.         .         lower  end inches 

Diameter     j^^g^^^ inches 

[lower  end  of  round  ...in. 

Size  of  lower  end  of  square  part  ..in. 

"       upper  end         "         "      ..in. 

Weight lbs. 

1.6 

2.78 
3.25 

11.25 

Bars. 


Dimensions. 


Length  of  f  ^^^^^ : !""!!"' 

^  I  square  part inches 

Diameter  of  If ^'^"  ^"f I^^!^^^ 

(  large  end inches 

Width  at  large  end inches 

Thickness       ''         inches 

Length  of  heel inches 

Weight lbs. 


.    For  Iron  Can 

iages. 

Wooden  Case- 
mate-Carriages. 

Manoeu- 
vring. 

Ele- 
vating. 

Pinch. 

Truclv. 

Roller. 

58.5 

53. 

54. 

42. 

34. 

12. 

12. 

6. 

1. 

1. 

1.25 

].l 
1.1 

0.85 
1. 

i. 

.9 

i.25 



1.25 

1.5 

2.0 
3.5 

.".!!!".!! 

30.75 

19. 

27.5 

18.5 

7. 

138  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Dimensions  and  Weights  of  Implements. 


Kind  of  Implement. 


Finished 
Impleuieuts. 


Staves. 


Sponge  and  Staff...  |^-|S;;;;;;;;;;;;--3^ 


Rammer  and  Staff. 


Length 
Weight- 


Ladle  and  Staff. l^veM^V. 


.lbs. 


Worm  and  Staff.. 
Diameter 


Length. 
Weight. 


.lbs. 


sponge.., 


ladle m. 

worm in. 


r  Length in. 

l™-«»" {SS::;::;;::;:;::::::::;:;:£: 

spo-f^e-hcad, {Sl.;r;==d;;: 

Sponges,  woollen,  weight lbs. 

^p-se-cov c„ {;v%S;::;;;.v;.:::;:::v.:;,S: 

Duck,  30  in.  wide,  required  for  100  covers yds. 

Whole  length in. 

Tabove  siioulder in. 

Diameter <  below  shoulder in. 

(^neck in. 

'Whole  length in. 

I-engtli  of  band,  developed in. 

Width  of  scoop,  developed in. 

Width  of  band  (included  in  whole  length) in. 


Kammer- 

heads. 


Ladle-heads.  - 


Ladles. 


Height  of  front  sight in, 

Radius  of  base-ring in. 

Height  for  0° in. 

"    1° in. 


Breech-sight 
for  guns  of 
.iiioiiel  of 
1841  and 
1844. 


COLDMBIADS. 


10-in. 


1.7.5 
125.66 
115.33 


7 

6.13 

3. 

8. 
9, 


10-in. 

3. 
16. 
1.75 
0.91 

2.73 


1.75 
125.66 
125.33 


8-in. 


118. 
10.25 

128. 


1.75 
125.86 
115.33 


8-in. 

3. 
13. 
1.7^ 
0.8( 


2.6 
4.33 


1.' 

125.86 
125.33 


Casemate. 


42-pr. 

3.8 
12.2 
1.85 
0.96 

2.88 

4.81 


32-pr. 

3.5 
11.7 
1.15 
0.94 


2.83 


DIMENSIONS   AND   WEIGHTS   OF   IMPLEMENTS.  139 

Dimensions  and  Weights  of  Implements. — Continued. 


Guns. 

Howitzers. 

Field-Guns  and 
iiowitzeks. 

1 

1 

i 

1 

1 

02 

d 

_ 

d 
1 

^1 

■%i 

.  u 

a 

% 

2 

a, 

C 

a 

73 

'^.-s, 

'^'H. 

^^ 

Cq 

-* 

t 

4 

^ 

^ 

s 

5 

s 

^ 

2^^ 

tli 

sa 

128, 

128. 

128. 

128. 

128. 

128. 

128. 

1    6.6 

80. 

49.0 

10.25 

10. 

9.65 

8.7 

7.8 

10.25 

8.5 

3.7 

6. 

128. 

128. 

128. 

128. 

128. 

128. 

128. 



1 95. 
1  83.5 

77. 



9.75 

8.4 

8.15 

8. 

7.35 

9.75 

7.0 

J  

J  5-8: 

4.5 

128. 

128. 

128. 

128. 

128. 

13.75 

13.15 

12.4 

10. 

7.8 

128. 

128. 

128. 

128. 

128. 

87. 

72. 

7.5 

7.5 

7.5 

7.5 

7.0 



4.25 

3.6 

1.75 

1.75 

1.75 

1.75 

1.75 

i.75 

1.75 

1.5 

1.5 

1.5 

1.5 

1.65 

125.66 

125.86 

126.07 

126.23 

126.17 

125.66 

105.86 

1 51.67 

75.67 

91.67 

73.17 

40.0 

5 

125.33 

125.33 

125.33 

125.33 

125.5 

125.33 

105.33 

78.171 

" 

111.66 

113.01 

113.47 

115.43 

117.36 

123. 

123. 

123. 

123. 

123. 

82.5 

67.5 



7. 

6.4 

5.8 

5.3 

6.5 

7. 

6.4 

5.5 

5.5 

5.5* 

4.t 

4.0 

6.13 

5.6 

5.1 

4.64 

4. 

6.13 

5.6 

4. 

4. 

4.* 

3.24t 

3.24 

3. 

3. 

3. 

3. 

2.5 

3. 

3. 

2.5 

2.5 

2.5* 

2.5t 

2.5 

8. 

8. 

8. 

8. 

7.5 

8. 

8. 

7.5 

7.5 

7.5* 

0.25 

5. 

1           

6.0 

5.4 

4.8 

4.3 

3.6 

6. 

5.4 

3.6 

3.6 

3.6* 
0.35 

2.5 

i   ■       

0.7 

"■    0.65^ 

"0.5 

0.4 

T).35 

12. 

12. 

12. 

11. 

11. 

11. 

9. 

I  \(        

0.28 
35. 

IT 

6J 



32. 
6.4 
6.1 

■■5.8 
5.5 

"5.3 
5. 

"4.6 
4.3 

*32.* 

0.14 

20. 

... 

<t- 

6.6 
3. 

6. 
3. 

5.4 
3. 

4.9 
3. 

4.2 

2.5 

... 

\       

1G.5 

15.35 

14.1 

13.1 

11.2 

'  \       

20.75 
14. 
2.5 

18.85 
12.8 
2.5 

16.95 

11.6 

2.5 

15.4 

10.6 

2.5 

13.2 

9.2 
2.0 

1          24-pr. 

Barbette. 

24-pr. 

18-pr. 

10-in. 

8-in. 

8-in.S. 

24-pdr. 

12-pr. 

6-pdr. 

12-pr. 

42-pr. 

32-pr. 

S.C.H. 

S.C.II. 

how'r. 

bow. 

4.6 

3.8 

3.5 

2.9 

2.94 

3.125 

2.85 

0.9 

1.05 

1.33 

1.025 

0.9 

10.7 

12.2 

11.7 

10.7 

9.88 

13.25 

11.1 

9.125 

6.9 

6.5 

5.15 

5.0 

2.7 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

0 

.93 

2.0 

1.96 

1.94 

1.95 

1.91 

1.61 

0.886 

1.07 





2.8 

6.02 

6.87 

5.82 

5.85 

5.74 

5.03 

2.64 

3.21 

4.046 

3.124 

2.792 

4.6S 

10.06 

9.8 

9.71 

9.76 

9.58 

8.4 

4.44 

5.35 

6.737 

5.203 

4.65 

•• 

*  The  same  for  13-in.  and  10-in.  mortars,  heavy, 
f  The  same  for  10-in.  and  8-in.  mortars,  light. 
JFor  the  12-pdr.  gun,  model  1857. 

12« 


140 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL 

Worms. 


Dimensions. 


Length  of  socket  and  neck 

Length  of  one  branch  from  neck  to  point  (developed).... 

Depth  of  socket 

Exterior  diameter  of  socket  at  top 

Diameter  of  neck 

Thickness  of  the  iron  of  the  socket 

Diameter  of  branches  at  the  neck  (tapering  to  a  point).. 

Length  of  socket  and  worm,  complete 

Diameter  of  worm,  complete  (exterior  circle) 

{Length 
Width 
Thickness 

Weight  of  worm lbs. 


Siefje  and 
Garrison. 


In. 
5.5 
16. 

4.5 
1.75 

0.8 

0.125 

0.6 

9.5 

4. 

7. 

3. 

0.5 

1.75 


Field. 


In. 
5.5 

13. 
4.5 
1.5 
0.7 
0.125 
0.5 
9. 
3. 
6. 
3. 
0.5 
1.5 


Sponges  for  Mortars. 


Length  of  finished  sponge  and  rammer inches. 

Weight  "        "  "         "  "       lbs. 

Length  of  staff,  including  tenon inches. 

Diameter  of  staff inches. 


sl 

13 

11 

a 

i 

44. 

34. 

3.2 

o 

39.67 

30.17 

1.5 

1.5 

18. 

0.8 
18. 

1.5 


Preservation  and  arrangement  in  Store. 

Implements  collected  together  according  to  kind  and  calibre,  in  a  dry 
place,  arranged  on  shelves  or  racks,  in  bundles  or  bunches,  or  in  boxes, 
according  to  their  nature,  with  marks  and  labels  showing  the  kind  and 
number  of  the  articles. 

Sponges,  rammers,  ladles,  and  worms,  complete,  placed  on  pins  in  a  vertical 
frame,  or  suspended  vertically  or  horizontally,  by  racks  or  hooks,  from  the 
joists,  supported  so  as  not  to  bend.  When  in  separate  parts,  the  heads 
piled  on  shelves  or  on  the  floor,  and  the  staves  tied  up  in  bundles,  accord- 
ing to  kind  and  calibre. 

The  ivoollen  sponges  should  be  preserved  from  moths  by  means  of  cam- 
phor, pepper,  &c.,  or  by  being  sealed  up  in  strong  paper  bags. 

Handspikes  in  square  piles,  heads  and  points  alteimating. 


TIMBER   FOR   IMPLEMENTS. 


141 


Leather  equipments,  hung  on  pins  or  hooks,  in  dry  and  cool  rooms. 
All  wood  painted,  except  tool-handles ;    iron  either  painted  or  oiled. 
See  Chapter  VII. 

Bills  of  T briber  for  100  Implement- Heads. 


Rammer-Hkads. 

Sponge-Heads. 

Ladle-Heads. 

Kind. 

Xi 

. 

-a 

J2 

^ 

^ 

to 

1 

* 

to 

S 

es 

bti 

0 

a 

d 

p 

a 

^ 

>3 

6 

^ 

^ 

^ 

^ 

:^ 

ii 

In. 

Feet. 

Sup.  ft. 

In. 

Feet. 

Sup.  ft. 

In. 

Feet. 

Sup.  ft. 

42-pounder. 

6.625 

66 

241.40 

6.5 

72 

253.5 

7.25 

66 

289.09 

32-pounder. 

6.125 

60 

187.58 

6. 

72 

216.0 

6.5 

60 

211.25 

24-pounder. 

5.75 

53 

146.02 

5.25 

72 

165.37 

6. 

53 

159.0 

18-pounder. 

5.125 

50 

109.44 

4.75 

72 

135.371 

5.5 

50 

126.04 

12-pounder. 

4.5 

50 

84.37 

4.125 

68 

96.42 

4.75 

50 

94.01 

6-pounder. 

8.75 

40 

46.87 

3.25 

68 

59.85 

PlanJc  for  100  Implement- Staves. 


Kind. 

It 

Dimensions. 

Contents. 

Width. 

Thick- 
ness. 

Length. 

Each 
plank. 

TotaL 

Siege  and  garrison 

17 
17 
17 

In. 
14. 
12.5 
12.5 

In. 
2. 

1.75 
1.75 

In. 
132 
102 

84 

?up.  ft. 
25.66 
15.49 
12.76 

Sup.  ft. 

436  22 

^-1^ {'fctv:::: 

263.33 
216.92 

142  OllDNANCK    .MANUAL. 


CIIATTKR  SIXTH. 
ARTILLERY  HARNESS  AND  CAVALRY  EQUIPMENTS. 

AUTILLKIIV  JIAKNKS.-?.    (riute  lil.) 

Trir.  construction  of  tlic  fu-l'l-rarruiges  re<niires  a  liarness  diflVrciit.  in 
.-;onio  ves]iect.<,  IVoni  tliat  of  comninti  wagons.  Tlie  liinher  liavin,ir  iiu  swcc[)- 
l>ar.  the  pole  is  supportcil  directly  by  the  w]ieel-lior>e<,  by  means  of  a 
cliain  Avliicli  connects  tlie  liames  wiiJi  the  i)oh>-yoke  of  the  limber;  and, 
in  order  to  diminish  the  weight  at  the  end  of  tlie  pole,  the  leading-b;irs  are 
dispensed  wiih,  the  traces  of  the  leaders  being  attached  to  tliose  of  the 
wheel-horses. 

Tlie  same  harness  is  perfectly  adajued  also  to  the  siege-carriages;  but, 
as  these  arc  arranged  for  draught  in  the  oi'dinary  manner,  common  Avagon- 
liarness  may  be  used  with  them  if  necessary. 

Lrathrj; 

Leather  is  generally  divided  intn  twu  kind.<  :  1st,  tliat  wtiich  is  tanned 
and  undergoes  no  further  preparation  :  and.  Lli!.  iliat  which  is  tanned  and  is 
aftcrwanls  curried.  The  ibrmer  includes  all  made  fr.nn  the  lieavier  skins 
of  the  large)-  animals,  as  iHiifaloe^.  oxen,  and  citws.  into  thi -k,  strong  sole- 
lenlJirr,  ami  the  latter  that  made  frr-m  ihe  thinner  skins  of  lioi-ses,  cows, 
calves,  ^heep.  etc.,  into  ]inr)i'''^s.  l,rl<}ii\  Hi^ti-r.  bn;/.  or  poifii  leather,  which 
ditrer  from  each  other  only  in  thickness,  the  first  being  the  thickest. 
There  are  other  kinds  ])esides  these,  designated  from  tlie  mode  of  i)repara- 
tion,  as  lau-ed  leather,  siich  as  white  kid  (jr  sheep  skin,  pi'eiiarcd  with 
alum  and  salt;  bwL-skin  and  A'///' Icat  her,  so  called  from  the  fact,  that  the 
])utralo  and  deer  skins  were  iirst  most  commonly  dressed  in  this  way; 
intt'nt  IcdiJier,  that  which  has  been  varnished.  it  is  sometimes  dislin- 
gui>hed  by  its  color,  as  black,  fair,  or  niss^t.  leather,  i.eaiher  which  has 
been  a  long  time  in  tatming  \<  to  be  pref(  rred  to  that  which  ha^  been  ]U'o- 
duced  iiu)re  rapidly.  The  ([ualiiy  is  judgetl  of  ])y  its  a]ipearance  ;  a  cro-s- 
scction  shotild  ))e  glistening  and  marbled,  witlumt  any  white  streaks  in 
the  middle.      It  should  be  iirm,  compact,  and  pliant. 

Tlie  actual  strength  of  leather  depend-^  more  on  its  fptality  than  on  its 
thickne-<s.  That  made  from  bulls"  Jiides  should  be  rejected:  it  is  thick  and 
supple,  Init,  like  that  made  from  the  legs  and  flanks  of  other  skins,  it  is 


BUCKLES. — LOOPS.  143 

spongy,  without  strength  or  endurance,  and,  if  only  slightly  rumpled,  the 
hair-side  presents  a  shrivelled  appearance,  which  it  retains. 

The  different  parts  of  harness,  except  straps  and  the  like,  are  cut  out 
by  means  of  patterns.  The  seams  are  made  with  strong  waxed  thread,  in 
double  stitch,  with  about  eight  stitches  to  the  inch:  those  along  an  edge 
are  from  0.15  to  0.2  inch  from  the  edge.  The  ends  of  the  thread  should 
be  securely  fastened  before  they  are  cut  off.  The  awl  used  should  be  small 
for  the  thread. 

Buckles,  Loops,  &c. 

The  buckles  of  the  bridle  and  stirrup  leather,  and  the  loops  for  the  cloak 
and  valise  straps  on  the  driver's  and  valise  saddles,  are  cast  brass,  wilh 
rollers  ;  and  the  hook  and  loop  on  the  pommel  of  the  valise-saddle  is  brass- 
plated.  They  are  designated  by  numbers.  (See  table,  page  1G4.)  All  other 
buckles,  loops,  and  staples  are  of  wrought  iron  japanned,  (black.)  The 
iron  buckles  are  all  made  with  rollers ;  the  tongues  are  the  same  size  as 
the  sides  of  the  buckles. 

Straps,  or  other  pieces  which  have  buckles  or  iron  loops  attached  to 
them,  are  doubled  on  a  length  generally  equal  to  twice  their  width,  to 
receive  the  buckle  or  loop,  which  is  fastened  by  two  seams.  The  double 
end  is  shaved  down. 

Standing-loops  are  placed  close  to  the  buckles.  Their  ends  are  shaved 
down,  brought  together,  and  fastened  between  the  two  parts  of  the  strap, 
if  it  is  doubled,  by  the  same  seam.  These  loops  are  usually  of  the  same 
leather  as  the  strap. 

The  tongue-holes  for  buckles  are  made  with  a  punch  cor-responding  to 
the  size  of  the  tongue.  Their  distance  apart  is  generally  equal  to  the 
width  of  the  strap,  and  the  first  hole  is  at  double  that  distance  from  the 
end  of  the  strap.  This  end  is  shaved  down  and  reduced  in  width,  to 
facilitate  its  entrance  into  the  buckle. 

Note. — A  layer  is  a  piece  of  leather  sewed  upon  another  piece,  to 
strengthen  it. 

A  chape  is  a  piece  used  to  fasten  a  buckle  or  loop  to  a  strap  or  other 
piece  of  leather. 

A  billet  is  a  strap  which  enters  a  buckle. 

A  safe  is  a  piece  of  leather  placed  under  a  buckle,  etc.,  to  prevent  it 
from  chafing. 

Composition. — A  complete  set  of  artillery  harness  is  composed  as  fol- 
lows : — 

Head-gear.  Driver^s  saddles,  the  same  for  all  the  near  horses.  Valise- 
saddles  and  valise,  common  for  all  the  off  horses.  Draught  harness,  difier- 
ing  according  as  it  is  intended  for  the  wheel  or  lead  horses.  One  whip  is 
allowed  to  each  driver,  and  one  leg-guard  to  each  driver  of  wheel-horses. 


144  ORDNANCE   MANUAL. 

Head-  Gear. 

The  liead-gear  is  made  of  strong,  black  bridle-leather,  not  less  than  0.1 
inch  thick.  The  buckles  of  the  bridle  are  brass-plated  or  cast  brass ;  of  the 
halter,  iron. 

Bridle  of  the  near  Horse. — It  is  composed  of  the  headstall,  bit,  and 
pair  of  reins. 

Headstall. — One  crown-piece,  the  ends  split  form  2  billets  for  the  buckles 
of  the  cheek-straps  and  2  billets  for  the  buckles  of  the  throat-lash. 

1  brow-band :  the  ends,  doubled  and  sewed,  form  loops  for  the  crown- 
piece  to  pass  through;  2  ornaments,  (brass,)  circles  1.8  inch  in  diameter, 
raised  in  the  centre,  on  a  circle  of  leather  2.25  inches  in  diameter,  fast- 
ened on  the  loop  of  the  brow-band  by  passing  the  end  of  the  brow-band, 
before  being  sewed,  through  an  iron  wire  loop  soldered  to  the  ornament, 
the  iron  loop  passing  between  the  two  billets  of  the  crown-piece. 

1  throat-lash,  with  1  bucJde  No.  10  B  and  1  standing-loop  at  each  end. 
2  cheek-straps:  each  has  1  buckle  No.  8  B  and  1  billet  sewed  to  the  lower 
end,  flesh-side  to  flesh-side,  with  2  standing-loops,  to  attach  it  to  the  bit; 
at  the  upper  end  1  bicckle  No.  8  B,  with  one  standing  and  one  sliding  loop 
to  fasten  it  to  the  crown-piece. 

Bit,  (iron  forged  and  brass-plated.) — 2  cheek-pieces,  curved  in  shape  of 
3,  and  pierced  at  top  with  an  eye,  to  receive  the  cheek-billet  and  a  holt 
for  the  curb-chain :  at  its  lower  end  an  eye  for  the  reins,  and  near  the 
mouth-piece  a  stud,  through  which  is  inserted  a  ring  No.  2  for  the  reins  ; 
1  mouth-piece:  its  ends  pass  through  the  cheek-pieces,  and  are  riveted  and 
rounded ;  1  cross-bar,  riveted  to  the  cheek-pieces ;  1  curb-chain,  (iron 
tinned,)  of  13  links,  diminishing  in  size  from  the  middle  towards  the  end: 
it  is  attached  to  the  right  cheek-piece  by  an  <0-coldshut,  and  to  the  left 
cheek-piece  by  a  hook. 

Bits  are  made  of  three  sizes,  in  the  width  between  the  cheek-pieces, — ■ 
viz.,  4|-  inches,  5  inches,  and  5^  inches;  about  three-fifths  being  of  the 
medium  size. 

Reins. — 2  reins:  each  rein  has  a  buckle  No.  8  B  and  a  billet  sewed  to 
one  end,  flesh-side  to  flesh-side,  with  2  standing-loops,  for  attaching  it  to 
the  bit ;  the  reins  are  united  by  a  buckle  No.  8  B,  with  1  standing  and  1 
sliding  loop  on  the  short  rein,  to  receive  the  billet  of  the  other ;  the  near 
rein  is  shorter  by  12  inches  than  the  off"  one. 

Bridle  for  the  off  Horse. — The  same  as  the  bridle  for  the  near  horse, 
with  the  addition  of  1  coupling-strap,  which  has  1  billet  and  1  buckle  No.  8  B 
sewed  on  each  end,  with  1  standing-loop  at  one  end  and  2  standing-loops  at 
the  other ;  it  is  attached  to  the  off"  ring  of  the  bit,  and  passes  through  the 
near  ring. 

Halter. — 1  crown-piece,  having  a  billet  at  each  end  for  the  buckles  of 


driver's  saddle.  145 

the  cheek-straps;  2  cheek-straps^ — each  has  1  buckle  No.  6;  1  standing  and 
1  sliding  loop  at  one  end,  the  other  end  is  sewed  to  1  iron  loop  No.  3;  1 
brow-band,  the  ends  doubled  and  sewed,  form  loops  for  the  crown-piece 
and  throat-lash  to  pass  through ;  1  nose-band,  the  ends  sewed  to  the  same 
loops  as  the  cheek-straps  ;  2  chin-straps :  each  is  made  of  one  piece  doubled 
and  sewed  together  with  two  seams  the  whole  length :  it  holds  in  the  fold 
at  one  end  the  square  iron  loop  of  the  cheek-strap,  and  at  the  other,  the 
rear,  1  square  iron  loop  No.  3 ;  1  throat-strap,  made  of  one  piece  doubled 
and  sewed  together  with  two  seams  the  whole  length,  forming  at  the  upper 
end  a  loop  to  receive  the  throat-lash,  and  holds  in  the  fold  at  the  other  end 
the  square  iron  loop  of  the  chin-straps;  1  throat-lash ;  1  buckle  No.  8;  1 
standing  and  1  sliding  loop  at  the  end,  on  the  near  side:  it  passes  through 
the  loops  in  the  brow-band  and  throat-strap. 

1  hitching-strap,  G|  feet  long ;  1  buckle  No.  6 ;  1  standing-loop ;  1  billet, 
sewed  to  the  buckle-end  by  the  same  seam  which  holds  the  buckle. 

Driver  s  Saddle. 

It  is  composed  of  1  saddle-tree ;  1  seat;  different  parts  of  leather,  etc.,  of 
the  body  of  the  saddle;  2  saddle-skirts;  2  stirrups;  1  girth. 

Saddle-Tree. — Wood,  (beech  or  ash.) — The  saddle-tree  consists  of  1 
pommel,  made  of  two  pieces,  notched  or  halved  together  at  the  top  of  the 
hollow  of  the  pommel,  and  glued;  1  cantle,  formed  of  two  pieces  in  the 
same  manner  ;  2  side  bars,  with  notches  to  receive  the  pommel  and  cantle, 
to  which  they  are  nailed  with  8  ?iails,  each,  4-penny. 

Before  the  irons  are  put  on  the  tree,  it  is  entirely  covered  with  raw  hide, 
applied  green,  sewed  on  with  thongs  of  the  same,  and  through  the  side 
bars  near  their  junction  with  the  pommel  and  cantle,  in  front  and  rear  of 
each. 

Grooves  are  made  in  the  under  side  of  the  side  bars  to  receive  the 
thongs,  that  they  may  not  project  and  chafe  the  horse's  back. 

Iron. — 2  stirrup-bars,  the  front  end  riveted  to  the  pommel  and  the  rear 
end  to  the  side  bar ;  2  iron  staples  No.  1,  driven  through,  one  from  the 
front  of  the  pommel,  and  the  other  from  the  rear  of  the  cantle,  and 
clenched. 

Seat. — 1  girth-webbing,  the  middle  of  its  length  nailed  double  on  the 
pommel  over  the  hollow:  the  two  ends  separated  and  stretched  strongly 
and  nailed  on  the  front  of  the  cantle.  1  canvas,  (strong  hemp,)  to  cover 
the  webbing,  stretched  across  the  girth-webbing,  the  ends  nailed  on  the 
side  bars  and  on  the  edge  of  the  pommel  and  cantle;  1  cotton  drilling, 
drawn  over  the  canvas  and  nailed  in  the  same  way ;  cotton  batting,  stuffed 
between  the  linen  and  the  cotton  drilling;  1  leather  lining,  pasted  under- 
neath the  webbing  and  canvas 


146  ORDNANCE   MANUAL. 

Parts  in  Leatiieb,  etc.,  op  the  Body  of  the  Saddle. — The  front  of 
pommel  and  rear  of  cantle  are  covered  with  leather  glued  to  the  wood 
and  nailed  close  to  the  side  bars.  The  ends  of  the  side  bars  are  covered 
with  harness-leather,  which  is  fastened  by  nails  cIosq  to  the  pommel  and 
cantle  and  by  2  finishing-nails  on  each  end  of  side  bar,  driven  through 
from  the  upper  side ;  1  scat  of  goat-skin  morocco,  lined  with  sheep-skin, 
stufl'ed  with  cotton,  quilted,  and  bound  round  the  edges  with  light 
morocco,  fastened  to  the  side  bars  by  three  finishing  nails  on  each  side ; 
1  povimel-cover,  (bridle-leather,)  sewed  to  the  front  of  the  seat,  tacked  to 
the  lower  part  of  the  pommel,  glued  on  the  upper  part,  and  sewed  to  the 
leather  on  the  front  of  pommel  by  a  seam  along  the  top  edge  of  pommel ; 
1  canile-cover,  sewed  to  the  rear  end  of  the  scat,  the  loAver  part  tacked  to 
the  side  bars,  the  upper  part  glued  to  the  cantle  and  sewed  to  the  leather 
on  the  rear  part  of  the  cantle  by  a  seam  around  the  edge  of  the  cantle ; 
1  pommel-moulding,  (brass,)  covering  the  seam,  fastened  by  2  iron  and  2 
brass  nails;  1  cantle-ornament,  (brass,)  shape  of  a  shield,  fastened  by  3 
brass  nails ;  1  pommel-orna7nent,  (brass,)  shape  of  a  shield,  fastened  by  3 
brass  nails ;  2  loops  No.  7  B,  for  cloak-straps,  driven  through  the  side  bars 
in  rear  of  the  cantle,  and  riveted ;  2  billets  for  trace-loop  pass  through 
the  skirts  and  are  nailed  to  the  upper  side  of  the  side  bars ;  1  collar-strap 
billet,  sewed  to  the  loop  on  the  front  of  the  pommel. 

Skirts. — 2  skirts,  (thick  harness-leather,)  fastened  to  the  under  side  of 
the  side  bars  with  glue ;  the  upper  end  is  turned  over  the  side  bars  and 
sewed  at  front  and  rear  to  the  covering  of  ends  of  side  bars. 

Stirrups. — 2  stirrups,  (cast  brass;)  2  stirrup-straps  pass  over  the 
stirrup-bars ;  1  buckle  No.  4,  with  3  standing-loops,  sewed  to  the  thin  end 
of  the  strap,  which  is  doubled  and  stitched  on  a  length  of  8  inches,  wliere 
it  passes  through  the  eye  of  the  stirrup. 

Girths. — 1  girth,  (light  bridle-leather,)  made  in  two  parts  of  unequal 
lengths :  each  part  is  made  of  double  thickness  by  folding  the  leather  in 
the  direction  of  its  length,  bringing  the  two  edges  together  in  the  middle 
and  fastening  them  with  a  seam  the  whole  length.  The  long  part  has  a 
buckle  No.  4,  and  chape,  with  3  standing-loops ;  it  passes  through  the 
skirt  from  underneath,  and  is  nailed  to  the  upper  side  of  the  side  bars  on 
the  oif  side.  The  short  part  has  a  billet  sewed  to  it ;  it  is  nailed,  in  the 
same  manner  as  the  long  part,  on  the  near  side. 

Valise- Saddle. 

The  valise-saddle,  placed  on  the  off-horse,  is  used  to  carry  the  driver's 
valise,  but  in  case  of  emergency  can  be  used  to  ride  upon.  It  is  com- 
posed of  1  saddle-tree;  1  seat;  different  parts  of  leather,  cj'c,  of  the  body  of  the 
saddle;  2  saddle-skirts :  1  girth. 


VALISE.  147 

Saddle-Tree. — Wood. — The  same  as  that  of  the  driver's  saddle,  except 
in  the  dimensions. 

Iron. — 1  hook  for  the  reins,  (brass-plated,)  with  loop  for  billet  of  the 
collar-strap  attached,  is  driven  through  the  pommel  from  the  front,  and 
clenched;  1  iron  staple  No.  1,  for  the  crupper-strap,  driven  in  the  cantle 
from  the  rear,  and  clenched. 

4  brass  loops  No.  7  B,  for  valise-straps,  driven  one  in  each  end  of  the 
side  bars,  and  riveted. 

Seat. — 1  leather  seat,  stretched  and  nailed  to  the  pommel,  cantle,  and 
side  bars;  1  cotton  drilling,  drawn  over  the  leather  seat  and  nailed  in  the 
same  way;  cotton  hatting,  stuffed  between  the  cotton  drilling  and  leather 
seat. 

Parts  in  Leather,  etc.,  of  the  Body  of  the  Saddle. — The  same  as 
for  the  driver's  saddle,  with  the  addition  of  2  valise-straps,  each  has  1 
buckle  No.  8,  1  standing  and  1  sliding  loop ;  1  crupper-strap,  made  of  two 
thicknesses,  stitched,  embracing  in  the  fold  at  one  end  the  iron  loop  on  the 
cantle,  and  at  the  other  end  an  iron  loop  No.  5,  with  roller  for  the  back 
strap  of  the  crupper.     The  same  crupper  answers  for  either  saddle. 

Skirts.  —  The  same,  except  in  dimensions,  as  those  for  the  driver's 
saddle. 

Girths. — 1  girth,  (leather,)  has  1  buckle  No.  6,  and  3  standing -loops, 
fastened  to  a  layer ;  the  girth  is  sewed  to  the  near  skirt  of  the  saddle  ;  1 
billet  sewed  to  the  off-skirt. 

Valise. 

The  valise  is  cylindrical,  18  inches  long,  with  a  flat  bottom. 

Valise,  (thick  bridle-leather.) — Ibody;  1  body-lining,  (cotton  ticking,) 
pasted  to  the  body ;  2  ends,  made  of  2  thicknesses  of  leather,  sewed  to- 
gether with  one  seam  near  the  outer  edge;  2  end-linings,  (cotton  ticking,) 
pasted  to  the  ends;  1  inner  flap,  with  6  slits  for  wire  staples  sewed  to  the 
body,  covering  the  mouth  of  valise;  1  strap,  1  chape  and  buckle  No.  9, 
sewed  to  the  opposite  ends  of  body ;  the  strap  passes  through  the  iron 
staples  and  holds  down  the  inner  flap  ;  6  iron-wire  staples  No.  3  pass 
through  the  body,  are  bent  and  held  in  place  by  a  strip  of  leather  sewed 
over  their  ends ;  3  chapes  and  buckles  No.  9,  and  3  standing-loops,  sewed 
to  the  body  for  the  billets  on  the  cover  ;  2  handles,  (leather,  rounded,)  sewed 
into  the  ends  between  the  two  thicknesses ;  2  loops,  1  inch  wide,  sewed  to 
the  bottom  of  the  body,  for  the  valise-straps  to  pass  through;  1  cover ;  1 
cover-lining,  larger  than  the  cover,  sewed  to  it  around  its  outer  edge,  form- 
ing a  pocket :  it  has  an  opening  in  the  middle,  which  is  closed  with  strings : 
1  binding,  thin  leather,  sewed  around  the  edge  of  cover;  3  billets,  sewed  lo 
the  cover  to  fasten  it  down. 

13 


148  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Drmiglit-Harness. 

The  Collar. — Collars  are  made  of  two  sizes, — 17  inches  and  20  inches; 
the  measure  taken  on  the  inside  of  the  breast, 

1  rim,  (bridle-leather,)  sewed  to  the  belly,  stuffed  with  uncut  straw. 
1  belly,  (upper-leather,)  made  in  tAvo  pieces,  which  lap  and  are  sewed 
together  at  bottom,  stuffed  with  straw  cut  into  pieces  not  more  than  \  of 
an  inch  long  ;  2  chapes  and  buckles  No.  8,  2  billets,  sewed  to  the  open  ends 
of  the  collar  and  used  only  to  vary  the  size  of  the  collar ;  1  pad,  (black 
sheep-skin,)  stuffed  with  deer's  hair,  to  protect  the  horse's  neck  from  being 
chafed  by  the  collar-straps ;  3  loops,  sewed  to  the  pad ;  two  pass  over  the 
ends  of  the  collar,  and  the  collai'-strap  passes  through  the  other. 

The  Hames,  iron,  (painted  black.) — Two  branches,  curved;  2  double-joint 
loops  for  trace-tugs,  attached  to  the  branches  by  means  of  a  bolt  passing 
through  a  stud  forged  on  the  branch  :  they  turn  freely  on  the  bolt,  and  also 
admit  free  motion  in  the  opposite  direction ;  2  links,  for  holding  up  the 
breast-strap,  welded  into  the  eyes  of  the  joint-loop  bolts ;  2  rings  No.  3, 
for  trussing-straps,  welded  into  the  rectangular  eyes  at  the  upper  ends  of 
the  branches ;  1  clasp,  made  fast  to  the  oft"  branch,  connects  the  branches  at 
their  lower  ends ;  1  chain  and  toggle,  (3  links  No.  4,)  welded  into  the  eye  of 
the  clasp,  connects  the  pole-yoke  to  the  hames  ;  2  loop-rings,  1.75  in.  diame- 
ter, sewed  in  the  trace-tugs,  for  the  trace-chains  to  pass  through. 

Leather. — Two  safes,  sewed  round  the  branches  under  the  joint-loops,  to 
protect  the  collar  from  being  chafed  by  the  trace-tugs;  2  trace-tugs,  0.G3 
inch  thick,  made  of  four  thicknesses  of  leather  stitched  together  with 
three  seams,  embracing  in  the  fold  the  joint-loop  at  one  end  and  the  loop- 
ring  at  the  other. 

Two  trussing-straps,  each  with  1  buckle  No.  8,  1  standing  and  1  sliding 
loop.  They  pass  through  the  rings  in  the  rectangular  eyes  of  the  branches 
to  truss  up  the  harness. 

1  hames-strap,  with  1  buckle  No.  6  and  2  standing-loops,  connects  the  two 
branches  at  the  top;  1  collar-strap,  having  1  buckle  No.  6  and  1  standing- 
loop,  passes  round  the  hames-strap  and  is  buckled  to  the  billet  on  the 
pommel  of  the  saddle,  to  keep  the  collar  in  place. 

Traces. 

Traces  are  composed  of  a  leather  trace  with  a  chain  and  toggle  attached 
to  each  end.     They  differ  only  in  the  length  of  the  leather  trace. 

Leather  trace,  0.G3  inch  thick,  made  of  three  thicknesses  of  leatlier 
sewed  together  their  whole  length,  with  two  seams  ;  2  iron  loops  riveted  to 
the  ends  of  the  leather  trace  with  3  rivets,  each  0.25  inch  diam.  Front 
trace-chain  made  of  iron  .3  inch  diameter,  5  links  and  1  toggle,  attached 
to  the  leather  trace  by  the  iron  loop. 


BREECHING.  149 

Rear  trace-chain. — Thirteen  links,  four  rings,  (oval, )  and  one  toggle,  of  the 
same-sized  iron  and  attached  in  the  same  manner  as  the  front  trace-chain. 

Belly-band. — Two  trace-loops,  made  by  doubling  the  leather  and  sewing 
the  branches  together  near  one  end ;  1  huclde  No.  6  and  1  standing-loop  em- 
braced in  the  stitched  end  of  the  trace-loop ;  1  iron  loop  No.  5,  embraced 
and  playing  loose  on  the  bottom  of  the  trace-loop ;  1  belly-strap  with  1 
huclde  No.  6  and  1  standing -loop,  sewed  to  the  iron  loop  of  trace-loop  on  the 
off  side  ;  1  belly-strap  billet  sewed  to  the  iron  loop  of  trace-loop  on  the  near 
side  and  buckling  to  the  belly-strap  ;  1  loin-strap,  each  end  passes  into  the 
buckle  of  the  trace-loop  to  hold  up  the  traces.  The  loin-strap  for  the  wheel- 
horse  has  1  layer  sewed  under  its  middle,  forming  a  loop  through  which 
passes  the  back-strap  of  the  crupper :  it  is  shorter  than  the  loin-strap  for 
the  lead-horse  ;  2  trace-loops  with  1  buckle  No.  6  and  1  standing-loop,  formed 
as  above  described. 

Crupper. — 1  dock,  formed  of  a  single  piece  3.5  inches  wide  and  14  inches 
long,  doubled  lengthwise  and  made  round,  not  stuffed  :  it  has  1  buckle  No.  9 
and  1  standing-loop  sewed  to  each  end ;  1  body,  the  rear  end  is  split  into  2 
billets  for  the  buckles  of  the  dock,  the  other  end  is  sewed  to  the  end  of  the 
back-strap  ;  1  layer  10  inches  long,  1  buckle  No.  6,  and  4  standing -loops  sewed 
on  the  front  end  of  the  body,  leaving  an  opening  in  rear  of  the  back-strap 
for  the  hip-strap  to  pass  through  ;  1  short  layer,  inserted  under  the  long 
layer  and  in  rear  of  the  opening  for  the  hip-strap;  1  back-strap,  sewed  in 
between  the  body  and  the  long  layer,  passes  through  the  loop  of  loin-strap 
of  wheel-harness,  through  the  iron  loop  on  the  saddle,  and  returns  to  the 
buckle  on  the  body  of  the  crupper ;  1  sliding-loop  holds  the  two  parts  of  the 
back-strap  together  near  the  saddle. 

Breeching. 
1  breech-strap,  (thick  harness-leather  ;)  1  layer,  thick  leather,  sewed  to  the 
breech-strap  its  whole  length  with  2  seams  ;  1  buckle  No.  3  and  3  standing- 
loops  at  each  end  sewed  in  the  fold  of  the  breech-strap  and  layer ;  2  iron 
loops  No.  5  and  chapes  sewed  to  upper  side  of  breech-strap  ;  4  tugs  for  hip- 
straps,  made  of  two  thicknesses  of  leather,  sewed  together  with  2  seams : 
each  has  1  buckle  No.  6  and  3  standing -loops,  and  embraces  in  the  fold  at  the 
other  end  the  buckle  or  loops  of  the  breech-strap ;  4  safes  sewed  on  the 
inside  of  the  tugs ;  1  hip-strap,  split  at  each  end  into  two  billets,  which 
buckle  into  the  tugs  of  the  breech-strap  ;  1  breast-strap ,  0.63  inch  thick  in 
the  middle,  .5  inch  at  the  ends,  made  of  three  thicknesses,  sewed  together 
with  3  seams  :  it  passes  through  the  iron  links  on  the  hames  and  the  trace- 
loops  attached  to  the  saddle,  and  buckles  to  the  breech-stvap ;  \  pole-strap, 
0.5  inch  thick,  made  of  three  thicknesses  of  leather  sewed  together  with 
two  seams ;  1  buckle  No.  3,  and  3  standing-loops,  sewed  in  the  folds  at  one 
end. 


150  ORDNANCE   MANUAL. 

Pole-Pad. 

It  is  placed  on  the  end  of  the  pole  to  prevent  the  lead-horses  from  being 
injured  by  the  pole. 

Iron. — 1  rmy,  2.3  inches  diameter,  1  inch  wide,  0.2  inch  thick,  with  2 
holes  for  bolt ;   1  bolt  Avith  small  hole  for  key. 

Leather. — 1  cylindrical  body,  1  end,  circular,  with  hole  for  pole  sewed 
to  the  body ;  1  end,  pressed  convex,  sewed  to  the  other  end  of  body  after 
it  is  stuffed  ;  1  inner  cylinder,  the  open  end  sewed  in  the  hole  of  the  circular 
end ;  1  inner  cylinder  end,  1  rein  force- cylinder  and  end  sewed  together  and 
slipped  over  the  closed  end  of  inner  cylinder ;  2  stay-straps,  sewed  to  the 
body,  near  the  bolt-hole,  and  nailed  over  the  end  of  inner  cylinder ;  hair 
stuffed  in  between  the  inner  cylinder  and  body.  The  body  is  pressed  in 
against  the  iron  ring  where  the  bolt  passes  through  it. 

The  pole-pad  should  be  taken  off  from  the  pole  and  placed  under  cover, 
when  the  carriage  is  not  in  use. 

^Yhip. 

1  stock,  (rawhide.)  about  30  inches  long.  The  raw  hide  is  first  covered 
with  India-rubber  cloth  :  1  leather  cover,  sewed  over  the  India-rubber  cover- 
ing, with  a  loop  in  the  end  well  secured  ;  1  lash,  (thread,)  tied  to  the  leather 
cover;  1  loop  for  the  hand,  nailed  to  the  butt  of  whip  with  2  tacks. 

Leg-  Guard. 
1  body  (strong  kip  leather;)  2  layers,  sewed  to  the  upper  and  lower  part 
of  the  body  with  four  seams ;  4  ley-straps,  4  buckles  No.  10  and  4  standing- 
loops,  sewed  to  the  body  :  the  billet-ends  pass  through  slits  in  the  body ; 
1  foot-strap,  sewed  to  the  bottom  of  the  body,  at  both  ends;  \  plate,  (iron,) 
0.1  inch  thick,  riveted  to  the  body  v^'iih.  five  rivets. 

Nose- Bar/. 
1  body,  (strong  linen  or  cotton  duck;)  1  bottom,  (harness-leather,)  6  inches 
diameter,  4  inches  deep,  pressed  in  a  mould,  sewed  to  the  body;  1  head- 
strap  with  1  buckle  No.  8  and  1  standing-loop,  sewed  to  top  of  the  bottom, 
and  fastened  by  2  copper  rivets  No.  1 ;  sewed  to  the  top  of  the  body  and 
to  an  inside  leather  washer  by  the  same  seam,  and  fastened  by  1  copper 
rivet  No.  1  ;  1  head-strap  billet,  sewed  to  the  top  of  the  bottom,  and  fastened 
by  2  copper  rivets  No.  1;  sewed  to  the  top  of  the  body  and  to  an  inside 
leather  washer  by  the  same  seam,  and  fastened  by  1  copper  rivet  No.  1. 
"Width  of  bag  at  top,  15  inches;  whole  height,  15  inches. 


HEAD-GEAR.  151 

PACK-SADDLE  AND  HARNESS  FOR  MOUNTAIN  ARTILLERY. 

The  mountain  howitzer  and  its  carriage  are  either  carried  on  pack- 
mules,  or  the  gun  is  mounted  on  the  carriage  and  drawn  by  mules  harnessed 
to  it. 

The  ammunition,  forge,  and  tool  chests  are  carried  on  pack-mules ;  or, 
■when  the  roads  are  good,  may  be  carried  in  common  carts. 

The  equipment  is  the  same  whether  the  gun  and  carriage  are  packed  or 
drawn,  except  that  the  lashing-girth  and  lashing-rope  are  not  required  for 
draught. 

Composition. — The  harness  complete  is  composed  of  the  head-gear,  the 
pack-saddle, — which  is  common  for  packing  the  gun-carriage  or  chests, — • 
the  crupper,  the  breeching,  the  breast-strap,  and  the  lashing  girth  and  rope. 

Head-Gear. 

The  head-gear  is  made  of  black  bridle-leather.  The  buckles  and  loops 
are  iron,  japanned,  (black,) 

Bridle, — 1  crown-piece:  one  end  is  split  into  2  billets,  and  the  other  into 
1  billet  and  1  buckle-strap,  for  the  cheek-pieces  and  throat-lash  ;  1  buckle 
No.  10,  and  1  standing-loop,  sewed  to  the  throat-lash ;  1  buckle  No.  10, 
and  1  standing-loop,  sewed  to  the  top  of  the  crown-piece  for  the  billets 
of  the  winker-straps. 

1  brow-band:  the  ends,  doubled  and  sewed,  form  loops  for  the  crown-piece 
to  pass  through, 

2  cheek-straps :  each  has  2  buckles  No,  8,  and  5  standing-loops ;  one  end 
buckles  to  the  billet  of  the  crown-piece,  and  the  other  to  the  bit. 

2  winkers,  made  of  two  thicknesses  of  leather,  sewed  together  by  a  seam 
around  the  edge ;  2  winker-straps,  sewed  to  the  top  of  the  winkers,  and 
fastened  to  the  buckle  on  top  of  the  crown-piece. 

1  leading-rein :  made  of  a  single  strap  ;  one  end  is  sewed  to  the  ring  on 
the  right  end  of  the  bit,  the  other  end  passes  through  the  left  ring,  and 
has  1  wooden  toggle,  sewed  in  a  loop  at  its  extremity,  and  1  leather  washer 
on  the  inside  of  the  toggle. 

The  Bit. — It  consists  of  1  bar  and  2  rings,  2.25  inches,  made  of  wrought 
iron,  and  tinned. 

Halter, — The  halter  is  the  same  as  that  used  for  field  artillery,  (page 
144.) 

Pack- Saddle. 

It  is  composed  of  the  tree,  the  parts  of  leather,  ^-c,  of  the  body,  i\\Q  pad 
and  girths. 

Saddle-tree. — Wood,  (ash,  oiled.) — 2  arcs,  each  made  of  three  pieces, 
halved  into  each  other,  glued  and  fastened  together  with  6  screws  No.  14,  1 

]3» 


152  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

inch,  in  the  front  arc,  and  8  screws  No.  14,  1  inch,  in  the  rear  arc  :  a  circular 
notch  is  cut  in  the  top  of  the  arcs,  for  the  gun  ;  2  transoms,  fastened  to  the 
arcs  by  bolts,  which  pass  through  their  entire  length  :  each  transom  has  a 
circular  notch  cut  in  it  for  the  trunnions  of  the  gun;  1  cross-bar,  let  into  the 
transoms,  and  fastened  to  them  by  2  screivs  No.  16,  2J  inch,  in  each  end : 
a  circular  notch  is  cut  on  top  of  the  cross-bar,  for  the  gun ;  2  inner  side 
bars,  let  in  flush  with  the  inside  of  the  arcs,  and  fastened  by  3  screws  No. 
14,  1|-  inch,  in  each  end  ;  2  outer  side  bars,  mortised  into  the  arcs  ;  2  round 
bars:  a  round  tenon  on  each  end  passes  through  the  lower  end  of  the  arcs, 
and  is  fastened  by  1  screw  No.  IG,  2^  inch,  which  also  strengthens  the 
bearing-notch  for  the  ammunition-chests. 

Ikon. — 1  front  arc-plate,  with  hooks  on  the  ends,  fastened  to  the  front  of 
the  front  arc  by  the  assembling-bolts  and  by  2  rivets  No.  2  B ;  1  staple, 
riveted  to  the  middle  of  the  front  arc-plate  ;  1  rear  arc-plate,  with  hooks 
on  the  ends,  fastened  to  the  rear  of  the  rear  arc  by  the  assembling-bolts 
and  by  2  rivets  No.  2  B ;  1  staple,  riveted  to  the  middle  of  the  rear  arc- 
plate ;  2  assembling -bolts  No.  1,  octagonal  heads  and  nuts,  connect  the 
front  and  rear  arcs  ;  4  staples  for  lashing -straps,  fastened  to  the  arcs  by  2 
rivets,  each  No.  2  tvire. 

Parts  of  Leather,  etc.,  or  the  Body. — 2  pieces  of  hemp  webbing,  2.5 
inches  wide,  stretched  from  the  front  to  the  rear  arcs  at  the  top  of  the  hollow, 
and  nailed  to  the  inside  of  the  arcs  with  tacks  ;  1  cover,  (black  bridle-leather,) 
stretched  over  the  hemp  webbing,  the  inner  side  bars  and  round  bars,  and 
nailed  to  the  inner  side  of  the  arcs :  a  strip  of  thin  leather  is  put  under 
the  heads  of  the  tacks;  2 flaps,  (harness-leather,)  folded  round  the  round 
bars,  and  sewed  to  the  lower  ends  of  the  cover  and  arc-lining ;  2  arc-linings, 
(harness-leather,)  nailed  to  the  side  of  the  front  and  rear  arcs,  the  lower 
ends  sewed  to  the  flaps ;  4  lining-straps,  nailed  to  the  inner  side  bars  and 
round  bars;  2  thill-straps,  with  1  buckle  No.  G  and  1  standing-loop,  pass 
over  the  round  bars  and  form  loops  for  the  shafts  of  the  gun-carriage. 

6  girth-billets,  sewed  to  the  inside  of  the  flaps,  tliree  on  each  flap: 
they  pass  through  slits  in  the  flap  to  the  outside  ;  4  iron  loops  No,  4,  for 
breecliing  and  breast-straps,  embraced  in  the  leather  loops,  sewed  to  the 
inside  of  the  flaps  and  passing  to  the  outside  through  slits  ;  4  lashing- 
straps,  with  1  buckle  No.  8,  and  1  standing-loop,  fastened  to  the  inside  of 
the  lower  end  of  the  arc  by  1  screw  No.  14,  1  inch  ;  4  billets  for  lashing- 
straps,  fastened  to  the  outside  of  the  arcs,  near  the  top,  by  1  screw  No.  14, 
1  inch,  and  1  staple,  each  ;  2  shoulder-strap  tugs,  with  1  buckle  No.  G  and  1 
sliding-loop  each,  fastened  to  the  front  of  the  front  arc  by  1  screio  No.  14,  1 
inch,  and  2  nails,  10-oz.  ;  1  loop  and  toggle,  fastened  with  1  leather  thong 
to  the  iron  loop  on  the  front  arc-plate;  2  safes,  nailed  to  the  outside  of  the 
outer  side  bars. 

Pad. — 1  top,  (sheep-skin  ;)  1  side  and  end,  (sheep-skin,)  sewed  to  the  top 


CRUPPER. — LASHING-ROPE.  153 

and  lining;    1  lining,  (strong  canvas,)  stuffed  with  straw  and  hair,  and 
quilted.     It  is  fastened  to  the  arc-lining  and  flaps  with  10  leather  thongs. 

GiKTH,  (hemp  webbing,)  7^  inches  wide. — 6  buckles  No.  8,  and  6  stand- 
ing-loops, embraced  in  the  ends  of  leather  loops,  sewed  to  the  girths. 

Crupper. 

1  dock  with  1  buckle  No.  10,  and  1  standing-loop,  sewed  to  each  end :  it  is 
made  of  a  single  piece  of  leather,  rounded ;  1  body,  split  at  one  end  into  2 
billets  for  the  dock ;  1  back-strap,  sewed  to  the  body  at  one  end,  with  2 
seams,  leaving  an  open  space  for  the  passage  of  the  loin-strap  :  the  other 
end  passes  through  the  staple  on  the  rear  arc-plate,  to  1  buckle  No.  G,  and 
3  standing-loops,  sewed  in  between  the  body  and  back-strap ;  1  sliding-loop 
on  the  back-strap,  near  the  saddle. 

1  loin-strap  passes  between  the  body  of  the  crupper  and  the  back-strap, 
to  the  buckle  of  the  tugs  on  the  breech-strap. 

Breecliing. 
1  breech-strap ;  2  side-straps,  sewed  at  one  end  to  the  breech-strap,  the 
other  end  passes  through  iron  loops  on  the  pack-saddle,  or  through  the 
staples  on  the  shafts  when  the  harness  is  used  for  draught,  into  1  buckle 
No.  4,  and  4  stand-loops,  sewed  between  the  breech-strap  and  side-strap ; 
2  tugs,  for  loin-  straps  :  each  tug  has  1  buckle  No.  6,  and  3  standing-loops, 
sewed  to  one  end — the  other  end  embraces  1  iron  loop  No.  5,  which  is 
fastened  to  the  breech-strap  by  1  chape ;  2  safes,  sewed  to  the  under  side 
of  the  tugs,  with  2  seams,  the  length  of  the  tug. 

Breast- Strap. 
1  front  strap ;  2  side  straps,  one  end  sewed  to  the  front  strap  :  the  other 
end  passes  through  the  iron  loop  on  the  flap  of  the  pack-saddle,  or  through 
the  staples  on  the  shafts,  when  the  harness  is  used  for  draught,  back  to  1 
buckle  No.  4,  and  3  standing-loops,  sewed  between  the  front  strap  and  side 
strap ;  2  shoulder-straps,  sewed  at  one  end  to  the  front  strap,  the  other 
end  passes  to  the  tugs  on  the  front  arc. 

Lashing  Girth  and  Rope. 

1  girth,  (thick  leather,)  the  ends  folded  and  sewed  with  3  seams;  2  iron 
hooks,  the  bar  embraced  in  the  loop  formed  at  the  end  of  the  girth. 

1  lashing-rope,  (2|-inch  rope,)  10  feet  long:  it  is  used  in  connection  with 
the  girth,  to  secure  the  pack  to  the  saddle :  weight,  1.06  lb. 

Paclcing  the  Mountain  Hoioitzer. 

The  howitzer  is  placed  on  the  pack-saddle,  the  muzzle  to  the  front,  in 
the  recesses  cut  in  the  bows  and  transoms :  it  is  lashed  with  the  lashing-rope. 


154 


OHD.NA.XCM    ^rAM'AL. 


Tlu'  shafts  ;ire  ]il:ico<l  ^l])<i(l{'-(lll^vI)  o!i  llio  saiiie  ]inck-snil(llo,  tlio  crnss-har 
(HI   tlir  iicrl<  (.r  ihc  ca^calilc:    lli(>  slial'M  arc  la-licil  -witli  tlic  Imw-straps. 

Tiu'  cania-c  i.^  jMacr.!  uii  iIm'  ]iack--a(Mlc,  l!ic  axle-tree  a- -.iii^t  the  IVoiit 
face  (.[■  till'  IVuiit  l)ti\v  :  it  is  fa-teiHMl  liy  ilu'  1;isliiii2--rn]ie.  i'hr-  wheels  aia; 
]ih'(ecil  Mil  the  same  jtaek  with  the  carriaire.  one  on  eacli  si^ie,  the  str,all  eiel 
(if  the  !;ave  au-.'iiii-r  the  jeiek  keiweeii  the  hows,  one  of  tiie  spokes  rest- 
inLC  (.n  the  arm  of  the  a\le-lre(>:    tliey  are  ka-lie'l  with  tlic  kow-slraps. 

The  ummnnitioii-ehests  are  suspeiele'l  with  chains,  on  liouks,  on  eacli 
siil(^  of  tlie  pac](,  and  kaslieii  Avith  hi>hinii'-roi>es. 


To   i'i,\(i:  ■iiii;   !n»\vii/.i:i;   os   riw.   sadim.i:. 

Tlrri  men  load  the  liowitzeron  the  mule.  1  nt  ro'lncc  I  he  rammci'-lica'l 
into  i!u'  hole:  ])lace  l!ie  1oo}i  oi'  the  kaie.lsijike  over  the  ca-cahle:  carry 
the  j'iece  t<)  the  saihlle,  anproacliinir  by  the  croii])  ;  rai-<e  it  and  jihice  it  in 
its  bed.  Three  men  load  the  carriajz'C,  taking  hold  of  it  by  the  arms  of 
tiie  ;ixle-ti-ee  and  by  the  end  of  the  trail. 

Four  men  h^ad  l!  ammnnition-chcsts,  and  Iiouk  tlie  4  chains  at  the  same 
time. 

The  load  ouglit  to  be  fastened  seciu'cly.  so  as  to  form,  as  it  were,  a  ])art 
of  the  animal,  and  should  be  raiseii  a^  liiile  as  possible  above  the  mule's 
back. 


HORSE   EQUIPMENTS.  155 


HORSE  EQUIPMENTS  FOR  THE  CAVALRY  SERVICE. 

A  complete  set  of  horse  equipments  for  cavalry  troops  consists  of  1  bridle, 

1  watering -bridle,  1  halter,  1  saddle,  1  pair  of  saddle-bags,  1  saddle-blanket,  1 
surcingle,  1  pair  of  spurs,  1  curry-comb,  1  horse-brush,  1  picket-pin,  and  1 
lariat;  (1  ZmA;  and  1  nose-bag,  when  specially  required.) 

Head- Gear. 
All  the  leather  is  black  bridle-leather,  not  less  than  0.1  inch  thick,  and 
the  buckles  are  malleable  iron  flat  bar-buckles,  blued. 

BRIDLE. 

It  is  composed  of  1  headstall,  1  bit,  1  pair  of  reins. 

Headstall. — 1  crown-piece,  the  ends  split,  forming  1  cheek-strap  and  1 
throat-lash  billet  on  one  side,  and  on  the  other  1  cheek-strap  and  1  throat- 
lash,  with  1  buckle  No.  11  A;  2  chapes,  and  2  buckles  No.  10  A,  sewed  to  the 
ends  of  cheek-pieces  to  attach  the  bit;  1  brow-band:  the  ends,  doubled  and 
sewed,  form  2  loops  on  each  end,  through  which  the  cheek-straps,  throat- 
lash,  and  throat-lash  billet  pass. 

Bit,  (shear  steel,  blued.) — 2  branches,  3 -shaped,  pierced  at  top  with  an 
eye  for  the  cheek-strap  billet,  and  with  a  small  hole  near  the  eye  for  the 
curb-chain,  terminated  at  the  bottom  by  2  buttons,  into  which  are  welded 

2  rings  No.  5  for  the  reins.  The  lower  curve  of  the  branch  is  tangent  to 
the  line  through  the  axis  of  the  mouth-piece  and  the  centre  of  the  eye.  1 
mouth-piece,  curved  in  the  middle :  its  ends  pass  through  the  branches,  and 
are  riveted  to  them ;  1  cross-bar,  riveted  to  the  branches  near  the  lower 
ends ;  2  bosses,  (cast  brass,)  bearing  the  number  and  letter  of  the  regiment 
and  the  letter  of  the  company,  riveted  to  the  branches  with  4  rivets  ;  1  curb' 
chain  hook,  steel  wire  No.  10,  fastened  to  the  near  branch ;  1  curb-chain, 
steel  wire  No.  11,  curb-chain  links  0.7  inch  wide,  with  1  loose  ring  in  the 
middle,  fastened  to  the  q^  branch  by  an  g-hook,  cold-shut;  1  curb-strap, 
(leather, )  fastened  to  the  curb-chain  by  2  standing-loops. 

1  curb-ring  for  bit  No.  1  replaces  the  curb-chain  and  curb-strap.  They 
are  of  2  sizes  :  No.  1,  interior  diameter  4  inches  ;  No.  2,  3.75  inches, — the 
number  marked  on  the  outside  of  the  swell.  Three-fourths  of  the  bits  of 
this  kind  to  have  the  large  ring,  one-fourth  the  small  ring. 

There  are  four  varieties  of  bits;  they  are  all  alike  below  the  mouth- 
piece. 

No.  1.         No.  2.         No.  3.  No.  4. 

Heightofarch 2.25         2.  1.5  0.5 

Opening  of  arch 0.8  1.1 

Distance  of  eye  from  axis  of  mouth-piece...   1.5  2.25         2.25         2.25 

Diameter  of  mouth-piece  at  shoulder 0.5  0.5  0.5  0.05 


156  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Distance  from  axis  of  moutli-piece  to  axis  of  cross-bar,  5  inches. 

Distance  from  centre  of  button  to  the  axis  of  cross-bar,  0.5  incli. 

Length  of  mouth-piece  in  all  bits,  4.5  inches;  square  tenon  of  mouth- 
piece, .35  inch. 

At  centre  of  arch,  .325  inch  vertical  thickness,  0.45  inch  horizontal. 
Thickness  of  branch  at  mouth-piece,  0.225  inch. 

Reins. — 2  reins,  sewed  together  at  one  end, — the  other  ends  sewed  to  the 
rings  of  the  bit. 

WATERING-BRIDLE. 

The  watering-bridle  is  comjiosed  of  1  bit  and  1  pair  of  reins. 

Bit,  (wrought  iron,  blued.) — 2  mouth-piece  sides,  united  in  the  middle  by 
a  loop-hinge :  their  ends  are  pierced  with  2  holes  to  receive  2  rings  No.  1 
for  the  reins;  2  chains  and  toggles,  3  links,  each  1  inch  X  -^^  inch,  welded 
into  the  rein-rings. 

Reins. — 2  reins,  sewed  together  at  one  end, — the  other  sewed  to  the  rings 
of  the  bit. 

HALTER. 

2  cheek-pieces,  sewed,  one  end  to  2  square  loops  No.  2  A,  and  the  other  to 

2  cheek-rings  No.  1  A;  2  s^anc?m^-Zoo/?sfor  the  toggles  of  the  watering-bridle, 
sewed  to  the  cheek-pieces  near  to  the  square  loops;  1  croivn-piece,  sewed  to 
the  q^  cheek-ring;  1  buckle  No.  7  A  and  cAojoe,  sewed  to  the  near  cheek-ring; 
1  nose-band,  the  ends  sewed  to  the  square  loops ;  1  chin-strap,  the  ends 
sewed  to  the  square  loops,  and  passing  loose  through  the  hitching-strap 
ring;  1  throat-strap,  folded  on  itself,  making  two  thicknesses,  and  forming 
at  top  a  loop  for  the  throat-band  to  pass  through,  and  embracing  in  the 
fold  at  the  other  end  1  bolt,  which  holds  1  hitching-strap  ring;  1  throat-band 
passes  loose  through  the  loop  in  the  throat-strap,  and  sewed  to  the  cheek- 
rings  ;  1  hitching-strap,  GJ  feet  long;  1  buckle  No.  6  A,  and  1  standing-loop  ; 
1  billet,  sewed  to  the  buckle  end  by  the  same  seam  which  holds  the  buckle. 

Saddle. 

All  the  leather  is  black  bridle  or  harness  leather,  and  the  buckles  are 
malleable  iron  blued. 

The  Saddle  is  composed  of  1  tree,  2  saddle-skirts,  2  stirrups,  2  stirrup- 
leathers,  1  girth  and  girth-strap,  1  surcingle,  1  crupper. 

Saddle-tree. — Wood,  (beech.) — 1  pommel,  made  of  2  pieces  framed  to- 
gether at  top  and  glued;  1  cantle,  formed  of  2  pieces,  like  the  pommel;  2 
side  bars,  (poplar.)  each  made  of  3  pieces  glued  together:  they  are  glued 
to  the  pommel  and  cantle,  and  fastened  by  2  rivets  No.  1,  2  burrs,  and  4 
nails, — the  burrs  let  in  on  the  under  side  ;   1  strap-inortise  in  the  pommel; 

3  sirap-mortiscs  in  the  cantle. 

There  are  three  sizes  of  trees,  varying  in  the  length  of  the  seat : 


HORSE    EQUIPMENTS.  157 


No.  1,11  inches  length  of  seat,  15  per  cent. 
No.  2,  11^     "  "  "      50 

No.  3,  12       "  «'  "      35        '< 


to  be  marked  on  the  pom- 
mel-ornament. 


Iron. — 1  pommel-arc,  .1  inch  thick,  with  3  small  holes  on  top,  fastened  to 
the  side  bars  by  4  rivets  No.  1 ;  1  pommel-plate,  .1  inch  thick,  semi-circular, 
fastened  to  the  front  of  the  pommel  by  4  rivets  No.  1 ;  1  cantle-arc,  .1  inch 
thick,  with  3  small  holes  on  top,  fastened  to  the  side  bars  by  4  rivets  No.  1 ; 

1  canile-plate,  .1  inch  thick,  fastened  to  the  rear  of  the  cantle  by  4  rivets 
No.  1 ;  2  stirrup-loops,  hinged  in  2  iron  straps,  which  are  fastened  to  the 
side  bars  by  6  rivets  No.  1. 

The  tree  is  painted  with  one  coat  of  white  lead.  It  is  covered  with  raw 
hide,  put  on  wet  and  sewed  with  thongs  of  the  same,  and  held  in  place  by 
stitches  through  the  wood  along  the  junction  of  the  pommel  and  cantlo 
with  the  side  bars.  The  seams  are  made  on  the  edges  of  the  side  bars, 
where  they  will  not  chafe  the  horse  nor  rider. 

2  rings,  held  by  staples  driven  into  the  front  ends  of  side  bars;  2  foot- 
staples  for  coat-straps,  fastened  to  the  front  of  the  pommel  by  4  brass  screws 
No.  6,  I  inch  ;  2  crupper-rings,  (japanned  black,)  fastened  by  staples  driven 
into  the  rear  ends  of  side  bars  ;  2  foot- staples,  fastened  to  the  rear  of  cantle 
by  4  hrass  screws  No.  6,  |  inch;  1  guard-plate ;  1  pommel-ornament,  shield- 
shaped,  (sheet  brass,)  fastened  to  the  pommel,  each  by  3  hrass  screw-pins ; 
^guard-plates,  fastened  to  the  cantle  by  12  screw-pins ;  2  foot-staples,  fast- 
ened on  the  back  strap  by  4  brass  screws  No.  6,  -|  inch  ;  1  saddle-bag  stud, 
fastened  on  the  back  strap  to  the  cantle-arc  by  2  copper  rivets  No.  J  C. 

2  SADDLE-SKIRTS,  (thick  hamcss-leather, )  fastened  to  the  side  bars  by 
38  brass  screivs  No.  6,  f  inch ;  2  stay-loops  for  the  saddle-bag  straps,  sewed 
to  the  rear  edge  of  the  skirts. 

2  STiRRurs,  (hickory  or  oak,)  made  of  one  piece  bent,  the  ends  sepa- 
rated by  1  transom  and  fastened  by  2  iron  rivets  No.  2  B,  4  burrs  each;  2 
leather  hoods,  (thick  harness-leather,)  fastened  to  the  stirrups  by  12  copper 
rivets  No.  J  and  burrs, — distance  of  hood  from  rear  of  stirrup,  6  inches  ;  2 
stirrup- straps — 2  buckles  No.  5A;  2  sliding-loops — pass  through  the  stirrup- 
loops  and  through  a  hole  cut  in  the  skirt;  2  stirrup-leathers,  (thick  harness- 
leather;)  2  standing-loops. 

Girth. — 2  girth-straps  pass  over  the  pommel  and  cantle-arcs,  to  which 
they  are  fastened  by  4  copper  rivets  No.  ^  C  and  4  burrs:  they  are  fastened 
to  the  side  bars  by  4  brass  screivs  No.  6,  f  inch:   the  ends  are  sewed  into 

2  B-rings  No.  1  A  ;  2  girth-billets,  sewed  to  the  straight  side  of  the  D-rings  ; 
1  girth,  4.5  inches,  (blue  Avoollen  webbing;)  1  chape,  1  buckle  No.  2  A,  1 
standing-loop,  and  1  safe  on  the  oif  end,  and  1  chape,  1  buckle  No.  4  A,  1 
D-ring  No.  1  A,  1  standing-loop,  and  1  safe  on  the  near  end  ;  1  standing-loop 
on  the  middle. 


158  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

(')  coAT-STKAi's,  C,  liKcJch'.K  Xo.  11  A,  0  sfojif^ :  tlioj  pass  througli  the  mor- 
tices in  tlie  jtotnniel  and  oaiitle  an<l  the  i'o()t-sta]i]t's. 

CAHiiiM:-Ti!iMi!i.K. — 1  .str(/p;  1  huclie.  No.  10  A  sewed  to  the  socket  :  the 
tliinible  is  buckled  to  tlie  l)-riug  on  the  oft'  side  of  the  saddle. 

SruciNGLK,  8.2-")  inches,  (blue  woollen  >vebbing. ) — 1  chape,  1  huclda  No. 
4  A.  and  1  standhig-lnop  on  one  end,  and  1  billet  on  the  other;  1  hilhU-linrng, 
sewed  over  the  end  of  we1)bing  to  the  billet;  2  stimding-loops  near  the 
buckle  end. 

Ciui'i'iai. — 1  dock,  made  of  a  single  piece  and  stuffed  with  hair,  the  ends 
sewed  to  the  body  of  the  crupyier  ;    1  hodi/,  split  at  one  end,  has  sewed  to  it 

1  clutpe  and  1  ring  No.  o  A  ;   2  h;ick-,^tr(ii>-'< :  each  has  1  hiicJdc  No.  10  A  and 

2  .di'ling-loops :  they  pass  through  the  rings  of  the  side  bars  and  the  ring 
on  the  body  of  the  crujjper. 

Tlie  saddle-bags  are  composed  of  2  pouclics  and  1  scat,  the  ends  of  the 
seat  sewed  to  the  pouches.  Each  pouch  lias  1  baclc,  sewed  to  the  gusset 
aiul  upper  part  of  inner  front  Avith  a  ivell ;  1  gnsarf,  sewed  to  the  back 
and  to  1  (niter  and  1  inner  front  with  a  welt ;  1  flap,  sewed  to  the  top  of  the 
l)ack  and  to  the  seat  by  2  .seaniH ;  1  flap-billet,  sewed  to  tlie  point  of  the 
tlaji ;    1  chaj<e  an<l  1  buckle  No.  11  A,  sewed  to  the  outer  front  ;   1  billet  and 

1  buckle  No.  11  A,  sewed  to  the  chape.  The  seat  is  sewed  to  the  pouch 
by  the  same  seams  which  join  the  Hap  to  the  back  of  the  pouch.  It  has  2 
hole.i  for  the  foot:-staples,  and  1  Joile  for  the  saddle-bag  stud;  2  key- 
k'traps,  sewed  to  the  seat  near  its  ends;   4  lacing-thongs  for  the  pouches. 

S<i(hUc-BhrnJcrt. 
To  be  of  pure  wool,  close  woven,  of  stout  yarns  of  an  indigo-blue 
color,  with  an  orange  border  '■)  inclics  wide,  8  inches  from  the  edge. 
The  letters  U.  S.,  G  inches  higli,  of  ort'.nge  color,  in  the  centre  of  the 
>)l!uiket.  Dimensions,  75  inches  long,  07  inches  wide.  Weight,  ;>.1875 
lbs.  ;   allowance  in  weight,  0.1 87o  lb. 

Si'tnts,  (brass.) — 2  spurs :  2  rou-els  ,•  2  rivets  ;  2  spur-strap^-,  10  inches  long; 

2  rolli r-buckles  No.  11  B;    2  f<tanijlng-loop.s. 

Length  of  heel — for  No.  1,  -U  inches;  for  No.  2,  -Sj-  inches,  ■)  inside  mea- 
Widthofheel  ''         ^,^       "  "         2,3       "  J       sure. 

Ijength  of  shank  to  centre  of  rowel,  1  inch. 
Diameter  of  rowel,  0.8o  inch. 

Weight  of  pair  of  spurs  and  straps,  Su  lb. 
iroi!si:-i:i!fsH. — 1    bodg,    ('maple:)    Jlussia  bristles;    1   cover,   glued    and 
fastened   to   tlie  liody  by  8  screws   No.  ■\:    1   hand-strap,  (fair  leather,)  fast- 
ene<l  to  the  sides  of  the  body  by  0  screics  No.  5;   2  leaiJier  washers  under 
the  heails  of  screws. 


INSPECTION    OF    HARNESS.  159 

Dimensions. — Body,  9.25  inches  long,  4  inches  wide,  .5  inch  thick;  cover, 
0.1  in.  thick;  bristles  project  .9  in.  ;  hand-strap,  2  in.  wide.  Weight,  .57  lb. 

Currycomb,  (iron,  japanned  black.) — 1  bodi/,  (sheet  iron,  0.4,)  the  top  and 
bottom  edges  turned  at  right  angles,  forming  2  rows  of  teeth  ;  3  double  rows 
of  teeth  riveted  to  the  body  by  6  rivets ;  1  cross-bar,  riveted  across  the  top 
by  2  rivets ;  1  handle-shank,  riveted  to  the  body  by  3  rivets ;  1  handle, 
(wood,)  turned  and  painted,  passes  over  the  shank,  and  is  held  by  the 
riveted  end  of  the  shank  ;  1  ferrule,  sheet  iron. 

Dimensions. — Length  4  inches,  width  4.75  inches,  thickness  .75  inch; 
length  of  handle,  4  inches.     Weight  .75  lb. 

Picket-pin,  (iron,  painted  black.) — The  parts  are,  the  body,  the  neck, 
the  head,  the  swell,  the  point,  1  lariat-ring  around  the  neck,  8-shaped,  the 
larger  opening  for  the  lariat. 

Dimensions. — Length,  14  in.  ;  diameter  at  swell,  4  in.  from  point,  .75  in. ; 
at  neck,  .5  in.  ;  at  head,  1  in.  Lai-iat-ring,  .2-in.  wire,  welded.  Int.  dia- 
meter, linch.     Weight  of  pin,  1.25  lbs. 

Lakiat. — Best  hemp  1  J-in.  rope,  30  ft.  long,  of  4  strands,  an  eye  spliced 
in  one  end,  the  other  end  whipped  with  small  twine.     Weight,  2.38  lbs. 

Link. — 1  strap,  embracing  in  the  fold  at  one  end  1  spring-hook,  and  at 
the  other  1  buckle  No.  10  A  and  1  billet.    Weight,  .2  lb. 

NosE-BAG,  same  as  that  described  page  150. 

Inspection  of  Harness  and  Horse  Equipments. 

The  inspection  is  made  before  the  parts  are  assembled.  For  the  conve- 
nience of  the  inspector,  the  different  parts  are  arranged  in  separate  piles. 

Materials. — The  quality  of  the  materials  is  first  examined. 

The  leather  should  hQ  firm,  elastic,  and  pliable,  and  should  be  smooth  and 
shaved  to  a  firm  surface  on  the  flesh-side.  If  it  feel  hard  and  horny  to 
the  hand,  or,  being  bent,  it  cracks  in  the  grain,  or,  when  cut,  it  exhibits  a 
hard  and  shining  texture,  it  is  an  indication  that  the  leather  has  not  been 
tanned  sufficiently,  and  it  should  be  rejected.  Leather  which  has  been 
tanned  with  hemlock  should  not  be  received.  The  traces,  the  breast-strap 
and  pole-strap,  and  straps  generally,  should  be  made  of  the  strongest 
leather,  and  the  saddle-skirts  of  the  thickest  leather. 

The  malleable  iron  parts  should  be  tested  by  taking  some  pieces  and  bend- 
ing them  back  and  forth  to  see  that  they  have  the  requisite  toughness. 

Workmanship. — The  saddle-trees  should  be  inspected  before  they  are 
covered,  that  it  may  be  seen  that  the  proper  kind  and  quality  of  wood  has 
been  used,  that  the  framing  of  the  parts  is  Avell  done  and  secured,  that  the 
surface  is  smooth,  the  angles  rounded,  and  that  the  irons  are  properly 
fastened. 

No  old  or  brash  wood  should  be  used. 

Examine  the  edges  of  the  different  parts  of  leather,  that  they  are  well 

14 


IGO  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

blacked  and  rubbed  smooth  ;  that  the  seams  are  at  the  proper  distances 
from  the  edges,  according  to  the  width  of  the  parts  ;  that  the  splices  and 
laps  are  of  the  proper  length  ;  that  the  stitching  is  neatly  done  with  a  uni- 
form length  of  stitch ;  that  the  thread  is  well  waxed,  and  the  ends,  when- 
ever they  occur,  secured  with  a  double  knot. 

Examine  the  collars,  that  they  are  stuffed  compactly.  Especial  care  is 
to  be  taken  to  see  that  no  lumps  or  irregularities  occur  on  the  belly,  or 
part  which  comes  against  the  shoulders  of  the  horse. 

See  that  the  billets  pass  freely  through  the  loops,  that  the  holes  are 
punched  at  the  proper  distance  from  each  other  in  the  central  line  of  the 
billet,  and  that  they  just  admit  the  tongue  of  the  buckle  with  ease  and  no 
more. 

Observe  the  rollers  of  such  buckles  as  have  them,  that  they  work  freely, 
and  are  sufficiently  stiff  not  to  be  flattened. 

See  that  the  seams  of  the  raw  hide  covering  the  tree  are  well  made  and 
will  not  chafe  the  horse  or  rider;  that  the  skirts  are  thinned  down  where 
they  are  fastened  to  the  trees,  the  screw-heads  are  well  sunk,  and  there  is 
as  little  unevenness  at  this  place  as  possible ;  that  the  stirrups  are  well 
riveted  at  top,  and  the  wood  is  not  split  by  the  rivet. 

Examine  the  bits,  that  they  are  made  of  the  proper  materials  ;  that  the 
mouth-pieces  are  forged  solid  ;  that  they  and  the  cross-bars  are  firmly  fitted 
to  the  cheek-pieces;  that  the  curb-rings  Avork  freely  and  are  properly 
shouldered  to  keep  them  in  place;  that  the  watering-bits  are  free  from 
cracks  or  flaws  at  the  joint  of  the  mouth-piece. 

See  tliat  the  blueing  is,  in  all  cases,  of  a  uniform  dark-blue  color,  free 
from  any  yellow  tinge. 

The  general  characteristics  of  all  the  work  should  be  neatness  and 
strength. 

All  the  parts  are  finally  measured  and  verified,  to  see  that  they  conform 
in  shape  and  dimensions  to  the  established  patterns. 

Pre&iirvation  of  Ilanicss  in  Store. 

The  store-houses  should  be  well  ventilated,  not  too  dry,  but  free  from 
dampness.  The  different  articles  should  be  arranged  according  to  kind 
and  class,  separated  or  in  bundles  according  to  their  nature,  so  placed  as 
to  touch  each  other  and  the  walls  as  little  as  possible,  having  a  free  circula- 
tion of  air  about  them: — saddles  on  trestles  or  bars — collars  hung  on  pins — 
hames  with  their  straps,  and  traces  with  chains  and  hooks,  hung  up;  the 
traces  hanging  vertically — side-pipes  and  belly-hands  piled  on  the  floor  or 
on  slielves — surcingles  and  breast-straps  stretched  on  racks — halters,  bridles, 
reins,  Sec.  hung  up  in  bundles  of  five  or  ten — hames-straps,  collar-straps,  &c., 
liung  up  in  bundles  of  ten  or  twenty — bits,  curb-chains,  trace-hooks,  in  boxes. 

All  these  articles  should  be  examined  and  cleaned  at  least  four  times  a  year. 


HORSESHOES   AND   NAILS.  161 

The  leather  articles  are  brushed  and  greased  with  neafs-foot  oil,  as  often 
as  their  condition  requires :  if  they  have  a  reddish  hue,  mix  a  little  lamp- 
black with  the  oil.  First  brush  the  leather  carefully,  then  pass  over  it  a 
sponge  wet  with  lukewarm  water;  grease  it  slightly  on  the  hair-side,  apply- 
ing the  oil  with  a  soft  brush  before  the  leather  is  quite  Tlry.  In  general, 
new  leather  is  not  greased  until  it  has  been  in  store  three  years,  unless  it 
should  be  found  to  require  it.  Iron  parts  which  are  not  japanned  or  tinned, 
or  from  which  the  coating  is  rubbed  olF,  are  greased  with  tallow. 

Horseshoes  and  Nails. 

The  principal  parts  of  the  shoe  are  the  two  faces,  the  two  edges,  the  inner 
and  outer;  the  toe,  the  front  part;  the  quarters  uniting  the  toe  with  the 
heels, — the  fullering,  the  crease  in  which  the  nail-holes  are  made :  there 
are  generally  eight  holes ;  the  calks,  projections  at  the  extremities  of  the 
heels  on  the  lower  face :  they  serve  principally  to  prevent  the  horse  from 
slipping:  they  should  be  used  with  caution;  the  clip,  a  kind  of  claw  on 
the  outer  edge  of  the  shoe,  generally  on  the  toe  of  the  hind  foot,  some- 
times on  the  outer  quarter,  in  which  case  a  small  one  is  made  on  the  inner 
one:  they  are  used  to  keep  the  shoe  in  place  and  to  guard  the  hoof;  the 
bevel,  the  concavity  of  the  upper  face,  that  the  iron  may  in  no  case  rest  on 
the  arch  of  the  sole  of  the  foot. 

The  hind  shoes  are  generally  a  little  thicker  and  broader  at  the  toe  than 
the  front  shoes.  The  front  shoes  are  punched  nearer  the  toe,  the  hind 
shoes  nearer  the  heels. 

The  principal  parts  of  the  nail  are  the  head,  the  body,  and  the  point. 
The  head  ought  to  fit  into  the  fullering ;  the  blade  near  the  head  should 
not  be  too  thin :  it  has  a  slight  curve  near  the  point,  that  it  may  turn 
out  instead  of  going  into  the  foot.  Reject  those  nails  that  are  split  or 
have  flaws. 

Soft  iron  is  best  adapted  for  horseshoes. 

Horseshoes  made  by  machinery  are  generally  furnished  to  the  artilleiy. 
There  are  four  sizes, — viz. : — 

Dimensions  and  Weights  of  Horseshoes. 


Front  shoe. 


Hind  shoe 

Horseshoe-nails. 


In.^ 

In. 

Lbs. 

.  1. 

Length 

5.75 

Width 

4.5 

Weight 

,  0.875 

2. 

6.0 

4.75 

1.0 

3. 

6.25 

5.75 

1.1875 

4. 

6.5 

5.1 

1.4375 

1. 

5.25 

4.0 

0.875 

2. 

5.5 

4.2 

1.0 

3. 

5.5 

4.25 

1.1875 

4. 

6.1 

5.75 

1.4375 

2. 

112  nails 

" 

1.0 

3. 

140    " 



1.0 

162  ORDNANCE   MANUAL. 


General  Directions  for  Shoeing  Horses. 

The  shoe  should  be  forged  to  fit  the  form  of  the  foot:  it  should  project 
on  the  outside  at  the  end  of  the  heel  about  its  thickness,  beginning  at  the 
last  hole ;  should  be  flush  with  the  hoof  at  the  toe  and  on  the  inside ;  the 
heels  generally  short  and  thin.  The  holes  in  the  outer  quarter  should  be 
farther  from  the  edge,  and  in  the  inner  quarter  nearer  the  edge ;  in  the 
front  shoe  nearer  the  toe,  and  in  the  hind  shoe  nearer  the  heel.  Make  the 
lower  face  of  the  shoe  perfectly  flat,  and  try  it  on  an  iron  table.  The  shoe 
should  bear  equally  all  around  on  the  wall  of  the  foot,  and  not  at  all  on 
the  sole. 

A  judicious  preparation  of  the  foot  for  the  shoe  is  of  the  greatest  im- 
portance, strict  attention  being  paid  to  its  peculiarities. 

Cut  away  the  wall  no  more  than  is  necessary  to  make  the  shoe  fit ;  pare 
the  sole  and  the  frog  very  sparingly ;  in  using  the  buttress,  place  it  flat  on 
the  foot,  and  cut  ofi"  the  hoof  evenly.  The  whole  thickness  of  the  wall 
should  be  left  perfectly  flat  for  the  bearing  of  the  shoe,  which  should 
never  rest  on  the  sole.  The  bars  should  never  be  pared  except  in  cases 
of  contracted  feet,  and  then  with  judgment. 

Do  not  apply  the  shoe  to  the  foot  when  too  warm  ;  keep  it  there  but 
for  a  short  time.  Drive  the  nails  in  the  sound  hoof  and  rivet  them  solidly, 
all  at  the  same  height. 

In  rasping  the  rivets,  do  not  touch  the  wall  of  the  foot :  it  weakens  the 
foot.  When  a  nail  binds,  draw  it  out  and  take  another.  If  the  horse 
suddenly  jerks  his  foot  after  a  blow  of  the  hammer,  withdraw  the  nail 
immediately. 

Shoes  should  not  be  allowed  to  remain  on  more  than  five  weeks,  when 
they  should  be  removed,  the  useless  hoof  pared  off"  and  the  shoe  replaced 
if  it  be  still  good.  This  should  be  regulated  by  the  length  of  the  hoof 
rather  than  by  the  wear  of  the  shoe.  In  removing  shoes,  take  care  to 
raise  the  clenches  first,  that  the  crust  may  not  be  torn  or  portions  of  the 
nail  left  in  the  hoof.  It  is  better  to  remove  the  shoes  one  at  a  time  as  the 
new  shoe  is  ready  to  be  put  on. 

Rough-shoeing  difi"ers  from  ordinary  shoeing  only  in  the  form  of  the 
nails,  the  heads  being  longer  and  more  pointed. 

The  shoe  used  in  all  other  services  is  to  be  preferred  to  that  in  use  in 
ours.  It  has  no  fullering,  but  each  hole  is  countersunk  to  receive  the 
head  of  the  nail,  which  is  less  apt  to  be  broken  otF,  as  it  is  well  sup- 
ported on  all  sides:  the  shoe  is  not  weakened  by  fullering. 


HARNESS. 

Harness  required  for  each  Horse. 


163 


Halter 

Bridle 

Coupling-strap 

Driver's  saddle 

Valise-saddle 

Valise 

Collar  and  collar-strap 

Hames  and  strap  and  2  turning-straps 

Pair  of  traces,  i  T       i-  

(  Leading 

Trace-loops  and  belly-band 

Loin-straps  and  trace-loops.  ]  j     ^y  '" 

Crupper 

Breeching  and  hip-strap 

Breast-strap 

Leg-guard 

Whip 

Nose-bag 

Pole-strap  (on  the  carriage-pole) 

Pole-pad  "  "         

{For  each  horse 
Set  for  2  horses 


i 

Wheeleks. 

Leaders. 

o 

i 

Near 

Off 

Near 

Off 

V 

eg 

Side. 

Side. 

Side. 

Side. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 
1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 
1 

1 

1 

1 

... 

1 

1 

1 

1 

... 

1 

1 

1 

1 

... 

1 

1 

"'l' 

"  i' " 

1 

1 

1 

1 

... 

1 

1 

1 

1 

... 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

... 

1 

1 

1 

.. 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 



... 

Lbs! 

Lbs*. 

Lbs'. 

Lbs'. 

59.82 

54.0 

51.60 

47.77^ 

... 

113.82 

99.37 

Weight. 


Lbs. 
3.0 
3.0 
0.5 

16.25 
7.78 
4.5 
4.25 
9.25 
9.75 

11.75 
1. 

0.75 
0.875 
0.75 
3.6 
4.75 
2.00 
0.35 
1.12 
2. 
1.5 


14* 


164 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 
Buckles,  Loops,  Rings,  and  Staples. 


Interior 
Dimensions. 

The  Frame. 

o    . 

Designation. 

|m 

Remarks. 

Width. 

Length. 

Width. 

Thick- 
ness. 

1" 

Inches. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

Inches. 

No.  1  B 

2.5 

1.3 

.4 

For  the  carbine-sling. 
With  roller. 

No.  2  A 

2.0 

1.1 

.25 

Round. 

'    .25' 

No.  3 

1.75 

2.5 

.4 

" 

No.  4 

1.5 

0.9 

.2 

" 

Those  marked  A  are  made 

No.  4  A 

1.5 

1.0 

.25 

" 

.25 

of  malleable  iron ;  B,  made 

No.  4  B 

1.5 

1.6 

.3 

.18 

.24 

of  brass. 

No.  5  A 

1.375 

2.0 

.325 

.175 

.25 

Size  ofround  for  strap,  .3X-2 
inch. 

Buckles.  - 

No.  6 
No.  7  A 

1.25 
1.125 

.8 
2.0 

2 

Round. 
.175 

.25 

No.  8 

1.0 

.8 

.16 

Round. 

No.  8  B 

1.0 

1.2 

.25 

.125 

.2 

No.  9 

.88 

.7 

.16 

Round. 

No.  10 

.75 

.6 

.15 

'' 

No.  10  A 

.75 

1.35 

.225 

.125 

.2 

No.  10  B 

.75 

.9 

.2 

.11 

.14 

No.  11 A 

.625 

1.15 

.2 

.125 

.175 

^No.  IIB 
'  No.  1 B 

.625 
)  1.9 

hi 

With  roller. 

1.4 

.185 

Round. 

No.  2  A 

1.2 

.3 

.25 

No.  3 

1.5 

1.25 

.25 

Round. 

Loops.     - 

No.  4 

1.4 

0.9 

.175 

" 

No.  4  B 

1.4 

1.1 

.185 

" 

No.  5 

1.25 

.8 

.2 

" 

No.  6  B 

1.125 

.5 

.185 

" 

No.  7  B 

1.0 

.45 

2 

Cast  with  a  shank. 

!>-"">-  {^'o:  2  B 

1.85 

1.R5 

.325 

.25 

1.125 

.8 

.185 

Round. 

fNo.  1 

1.7 

Round. 

.2 

a 

No.  1  A 

1.7 

u 

.25 

" 

No.  2 
No.  3 

1.3 
1.25 

(( 

.15 
.13 

!' 

Plated  with  brass. 

Kings.     ' 

No.  3  A 

1.25 

ii 

.2 

« 

No.  4 

1.1 

" 

.18 

_  No.  5 

1.0 

« 

.21 

■  No.  1 

1.25 

2.3 

.2 

Round. 

Diameter 

Staples.  - 

of  Foot. 

No.  2  A 

.9 

.3 

.2 

.4 

Foot-staplesjheld  by  screws. 

.No.  3 

.88 

.6 

.1 

Diameter 
of  Head. 

Ilalter-bo 

It 

1.2 

.25 

Round. 

.4 

Diameter 

Foot. 

of  Knob. 

Sadille-bag  stud 

0.4 

Kye. 

1. 

.225 

Round. 

.4 

Link-lioo 

k 

1.1 

•' 

.4 

1.75 

Made  of  iron  wire,  doubled. 

HARNESS. 


165 


Dimensions  of  the  Principal  Leather  Parts  of  Artillery  Harness, 
with  the  Number  and  Size  of  Buckles. 


Parts. 


'Crown-piece  . 
Cheek-straps 
Brow-band  ... 
Halter.  \  Nose-band  ... 
Chin-straps... 
Thro  at- strap 
Throat-lash,., 


C  Crown-piece 

Throat-lash 

I  Brow-band 

Cheek-straps 

I  Billets  for  cheek-straps. 

Billets  for  reins 

Coupling-straps. 


Billets  for  do.     {  ^^f  ■; 


Driver's 
Saddle. 


Valise- 
Saddle. 


r  Skirts 

Billet  for  collar-strap. 

Stirrup-leathers 

Trace-loop  billets 

Girth-billet 


^.  ,,      f  short  part. 
^''^'^'   1  long  part.. 


'Skirts 

Girth 

Girth-billet 

Trace-loop  billet 

Billet  for  collar-strap. 

Crupper-strap 

Valise-straps 


Vat 


Body 

Ends 

Inner  flap 

Strap  for  flap 

Cover 

Buckle-straps 

Billets  for  buckle-straps. 


In. 

1.25 

1.25 

1.25 

1.25 

1,25 

1.25 

1. 

1.75 
.75 
1. 
1. 
1. 
1. 
1. 
1. 
1. 
1. 
1. 

14. 
1.25 
1.5 
1.25 
1.5 
2.8 
2.8 

10. 
2. 
2. 

1.25 
1.25 
1.25 
1. 

18. 
6.25 
4. 

.88 
10. 

.88 
.88 


Cut. 


In. 
30. 
12.5 
21. 
18.5 
12. 
1,3.5 
44. 

26. 

23. 

23. 

12.5 

10. 

66. 

46. 

11. 

64.1 

26.} 

10. 

24. 
14. 
65. 

18. 
22. 1 
20.  J 
38. 

21. 

30. 

20. 

18. 

14. 

10.5 

48. 

25. 

7.25 
16. 
18. 
20.3 

4. 

7.5 


Fin- 
ished. 


In. 

30. 
8. 

15. 

14. 
5.25 
6.25 

42. 

26. 

19.5 

16. 

8.5 
10. 
64. 
44. 
11. 

84. 

10. 

24. 
12. 

56. 

18. 

38. 
38. 


18. 
12. 
4.5 
46. 


18. 


2. 
7.5 


No. 


Width. 


In. 
1.25 


1. 

.75 
1. 


1.5 


1.5 


1.25 


166  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Dimensions  of  Leather  Parts  of  Artillery  Harness. — Continued. 


Parts. 


(Body 

Leg-Guard.  <  Foot-strap.. 
(  Leg-straps , 


Collar  and 
Hames. 


f  Collar-billets  ..., 

I  Trace-lugs 

Trussing-straps 
Harness-strap... 
Collar-strap 


Traces 

AND 

Straps. 


Wheel-traces 

Leading-traces. 
Trace-loops 

Belly-band 


Wheel ... 

[Loin-straps...^  J^^''^*^^"^ 
"^  ^         1  Layer  ... 

Loops.... 


Dock. 


p    ^  J  Body 

j  Layer  for  body, 


[  Back-strap 


Breeching.  < 


Breech-strap 

Layer  for  breech-strap. 

Tugs 

Safes 

Hip-strap 

^  Breast-strap 


In. 
17. 

.88 
.75 

1. 

1.75 

1. 

1.25 

1.25 

1.75 
1.75 
1.25 
1.25 
1.25 
1.25 
1.25 
1.25 
1.25 

3.5 
1.75 
1.25 
1.25 

2.5 

1.75 

1.25 

2.25 

2.5 

1.75 


Length. 


Cut. 


In. 

20.5 

14, 

26. 

11. 
17. 
34. 
21. 
15. 

50. 
96. 
21. 
31. 
16. 
48. 


Fin- 
ished. 


In. 

14. 

24. 

11. 

7. 
32. 
18. 

9. 

50. 
96. 

9. 
25. 
13. 
48. 
60. 

6. 
10. 

14. 
20. 
10. 
31. 

42. 
42. 


48. 


Buckles. 


Width. 

In. 

0.75 
1. 

1. 

1.25 
1.25 


1.25 
1.25 


1.25 


.88 
1.25 


1.75 
1.25 


Harness-leather 7  sides. 


Leather,  etc.,  required  for  1  set  of  Wheel  and  1  set  of  Leading  Har- 
ness, for  2  Horses  each. 

Tow  linen 1  yd. 

Cotton  batting 2  lbs. 

Doers'  hair J    " 

Rye  straw 24   " 

Tacks,  assorted 4  M. 

Finishing-nails  i]  gross. 

Shoe-thread 2  lbs. 

One  side  of  collar-leather 

makes 14wbips. 


Bridle  "       

Collar  "       

Goat  (morocco)  skins... 

Sheep-skins,  russet 

"  black 

Hemp  webbing 3  yds. 

Cotton  ticking 3     " 

"      drilling 2     " 


DIMENSIONS    OF   PARTS    OF   CAVALRY   EQUIPMENTS. 


167 


13  ■'^  JJ  CO 

s  -.  5  =5 


O.  be 
0^  ^ 

1 

4 

-2  S 

S  'g 


- 

T-l 

<M 

«o 

(>»  OC  r-i  rH  i-^  rH 


^f  QC  o  C5  c^  o  -+  CO  o  o  o  , 

rh  '^  O  ^  CO 


lO  lO  lO  C<l  iC  t- 


CO  O         (M  n  C>1  CO         CC  O 
!  1-i  CO  (M*  1-i  r-<  r-i  r-n'  i?i 


•}9S 
OUO  JOJ  SJJBd 

JO     aaqiun^v 


r-l     lHC<lr-IIM(NJ^      <N      (Mi-fr-^rHr-l      rH      r-li-lr-lrHr-IC-1<M'N'MC1-*!N, 


.cr,  = 


"2  ^  -e    Mc 

•  b  5  t,     ^    -t"  c' 


z.^  z^     a 


;  —  -/^  J.  :si  n  m 


1G8 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL 


^.    ■    :    .    • /^. 


c    : 
I         ,: 


^8     II     . 


c/:  ~.       c/:  x  ~i 


=^        I  I  -JOS        I 

.  JO      j^(iiim_s:   I 


c; 


•M  ?1  CI  CI  C^  ?1 


M  i  j| 

ii 

r 

7 

•f 

J 

\i.^ 

\ 

:  I  X 

^1  i  ^  H'^ 

_£ 

- 

I 

f                  1  ^ 

! 

169 


CHAPTER   SEVENTH. 
PAINTS,  LACKEES,  ETC. 
COMPOSITION   AND   PREPARATION. 
The  proportions  are  given  for  100  parts  by  weight  of  prepared  colors, 
&c.,  when  not  otherwise  designated. 

A  gallon  of  linseed-oil  weighs 7.5 

"  spirits  of  turpentine 7.25 

"  Japan  varnish 7. 

"  sperm-oil 7.12 

"  neat's-foot  oil 7.63 

Boiled  Oil. 

Raw  linseed-oil 103. 

Copperas 3.15 

Litharge 6.3 

Put  the  copperas  and  litharge  in  a  cloth  bag  and  suspend  it  in  the 
middle  of  the  kettle.  Boil  the  oil  4i  hours,  with  a  slow,  even  fire,  so  that 
it  may  not  be  burned ;  then  let  it  stand  and  deposit  the  sediment. 

Dryings . 
Mixture  of  copperas  and  litharge  taken  from  the  boiled  oil  60 

Spirits  of  turpentine 56 

Boiled  oil 2 

The  mixture  taken  from  the  boiled  oil  to  be  ground,  and  mixed  with  the 
turpentine  and  oil. 

Putt)/. 
{^For  filling  cracks  in  tvood.) 

Spanish  whiting,  pulverized 81.6 

Boiled  oil 20.4 

Made  into  a  stiff  paste.     If  not  intended  for  immediate  use,  raw  oil  should 
be  used,  as  the  putty  made  with  boiled  oil  hardens  quickly. 

Another  kind  of  putty  for  the  same  purpose  is  made  by  mixing  fine  sifted 
oak-sawdust  with  linseed-oil  which  has  been  boiled  until  it  assumes  a 
glutinous  consistency. 

White  Paint. 

For  inside  work.  For  outside  work. 

"White  lead,  ground  in  oil 80     80 

Boiled  oil 14.5 9 


170  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Raw  oil 9 

Spirits  of  turpentine 8    4 

Grind  the  white  lead  in  the  oil,  and  add  the  spirits  of  turpentine. 

New  wood-work  requires  about  1  lb.  to  the  square  yard  for  three  coats. 


Lead  Color. 


White  lead,  ground  in  oil 


75. 


Lampblack 1. 

Boiled  linseed-oil 23. 

Litharge 0.5 

Japan  varnish 0.5 

Spirits  of  turpentine 2.5 

The  lampblack  and  the  litharge  are  ground  separately  upon  the  stone, 
in  oil,  then  stirred  into  the  white  lead  and  the  oil;  the  turpentine  and 
varnish  are  added  as  the  paint  is  required  for  use,  or  when  it  is  packed  in 
kegs  for  transportation. 

Blach  Paint. 

Lampblack 28 

Litharge 1 

Japan  varnish 1 

Linseed-oil,  boiled 73 

Spirits  of  turpentine 1 

Grind  the  lampblack  in  oil ;  mix  it  with  the  oil,  then  grind  the  litharge 
in  oil  and  add  it,  stirring  it  well  with  the  mixture.  The  varnish  and  tur- 
pentine are  added  last.     The  paint  is  used  for  the  iron-work  of  carriages. 

Olive  Paste. 

Yellow  ochre,  pulverized 68. 

Lampblack 1.1 

Boiled  oil 37. 

Spirits  of  turpentine 0.4 

Make  a  thick  paste  with  the  ochre  and  oil,  in  a  paint-pot,  and  with  the 

lampblack  and  oil  in  another ;  grind  them  together  in  small  portions,  and 
keep  the  mixture  in  a  tin  vessel. 

Liquid  Olive  Color. 

Olive  paste 61.5 

Boiled  oil 29.5 

Spirits  of  turpentine 5.5 

Dryings 3.5 

.lapan  varnish 2. 

Stirred  together  in  a  paint-pot. 


PAINTS,    LACKERS,    ETC.  171 

Liquid  Olive  Color. 

Yellow  ochre  (French) 46. 

Boiled  oil  (raw,  45) 40. 

Litharge 5 

Lampblack 2 

Spirits  of  turpentine 5 

Japan  varnish 2 

Brown  Paint,  for  Iron  Carriages. 
Iron  paint. 
Spirits  of  turpentine. 

Brainard's  Paint. 
Dissolve  10  lbs.  of  shellac  in  10  gals,  of  boiling  water,  adding  30  oz.  of 
sal-seratus.     Mix  this  solution  with  an  equal  quantity  of  paint  prepared 
in  the  usual  manner.     This  paint  is  economical  and  durable. 

Paint  for  Window-  Glass . 

Add  .25  oz.  of  best  chrome  green  to  1  lb.  sugar  of  lead,  ground  fine,  in 
sufficient  linseed-oil  to  moisten  it;  mix  to  the  consistency  of  common 
paint,  and  apply  it  with  a  soft  brush.  No  drying-material  is  required. 
The  glass  should  be  well  cleaned  before  the  paint  is  applied. 

The  above  quantity  is  sufficient  for  about  200  ft.  of  glass. 

Whiting  and  Prussian  blue  may  be  used  for  the  same  purpose. 

Gray  or  Stone  Color,  for  Buildings. 

1st  coat.  2(1  coat. 

White  lead,  in  oil 78 100. 

Boiled  oil 9.5  20. 

Raw  oil 9.5  20. 

Spirits  of  turpentine 3. 

Turkey  umber 0.5 

Lampblack 0.25 0.25 

Yellow  ochre 3. 

Mixed  like  the  lead  color. 

A  square  yard  of  new  brick- work  requires,  for  two  coats,  1.1  lb.  ;  for 
three  coats,  1.5  lb. 

Cream  Color,  for  Buildings. 

1st  coat.  2d  coat. 

White  lead,  in  oil 66.06 70. 

French  yellow 3.33 3.33 

Japan  varnish 1.33 1.33 

Raw  oil 28 24.5 

Spirits  of  turpentine 2.25 2.25 

15 


172  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

A  square  yard  of  new  brick-work  requires,  for  first  coat,  0.75;  for 
second  coat,  0.3  lb. 

Ydloiv-  Wash  for  Buildings. 

Dissolve  1  lb.  of  pulverized  copperas  in  8  gals,  of  water ;  let  it  stand 
twenty-four  hours,  stirring  it  two  or  three  times  from  the  bottom  ;  use 
this  for  slaking  the  lime,  and  tliinning  it  to  the  consistency  of  ordinary 
whitewash;  add  hydraulic  cement  equal  in  quantity  to  the  lime  used, 
and  of  clean  sand  o-gal.  to  15  gals,  of  wash.  Stir  it  frequently,  to  prevent 
the  sand  from  settling. 

The  walls  should  be  first  well  cleaned  of  dust  and  thoroughly  wet  from 
the  rose  of  a  Avatering-pot,  and  the  wash  applied  immediately  after,  begin- 
ning at  the  top,  laying  on  the  coat  horizontally  and  finishing  it  vertically. 

Before  leaving  the  work,  at  any  time,  finish  the  course  to  a  joint  in  the 
wall,  to  prevent  making  a  mark  in  the  color  where  the  two  courses  join. 

This  wash  has  been  known  to  last  for  fifteen  years  without  requiring 
renewal. 

For  a  gray  or  stone  color,  add  lampblack  previously  deadened  with 
whiskey. 

Lacker  for  Iron  Ordnance. 

1. — Black  lead,  pulverized 12 

Red  lead 12 

Litharge. 5 

Lampblack 5 

Linseed-oil G6 

Boil  it  gently  about  twenty  minutes,  during  which  time  it  must  be  con- 
stantly stirred. 

2. — Umber,  ground 3.75 

Gum  shellac,  pulverized 3.75 

Ivory-black 3.75 

Litharge 3.75 

Linseed-oil 78. 

Spirits  of  turpentine 7.25 

The  oil  must  be  first  boiled  half  an  hour.  The  mixture  is  then  boiled 
24  hours,  poured  off  from  the  sediment,  and  put  in  jugs,  corked. 

3. — Coal-tar  (of  good  quality) 2  gals. 

Spirits  turpentine 1  pint. 

The  turpentine  to  be  added  in  small  quantities  during  the  application 
of  the  lacker. 

In  applying  lacker,  the  surface  of  the  iron  must  be  first  cleaned  with  a 
scraper  and  a  wire  brush,  if  necessary,  and  the  lacker  applied  hot,  in  two 


LACKERS.  173 

thin  coats,  with  a  paint-brush.  It  is  best  done  in  summer,  when  the  metal 
is  heated  by  the  sun's  rays,  with  gloves  made  of  sheep-skin,  the  wool 
turned  outwards,  cut  .4  inch  long,  the  thumb  alone  being  free. 

Old  lacker  should  be  removed  with  a  scraper,  or  by  scouring,  and  not 
by  heating  the  guns  or  balls,  by  which  the  metal  is  injured. 

About  5  gallons  of  lacker  are  required  for  100  field-guns  and  1000  shot ; 
about  1  quart  for  a  sea-coast  gun. 

Lacher  for  Iron  Ordnance,  (used  in  the  British  service.) 

Anti-corrosion 40  lbs. 

Grant's  black,  ground  in  oil 4    " 

Red  lead,  as  a  dryer 3    " 

Linseed-oil 4  gals. 

Spirits  turpentine 1  pint. 

This  mixture  when  well  stirred  and  incorporated  will  be  fit  for  use ;  but 
as  by  long  keeping  in  this  state  it  becomes  hard,  no  more  should  be  mixed 
than  may  be  required  for  immediate  use. 

Anti-corrosion. — Slag  from  iron-foundries,  pounded ,....   12 

Chalk ,,......  12 

Soot,  common 1 

Lacher  for  Small  Arms,  or  for  Water-Proof  Faijcr. 

Beeswax 13  lbs. 

Spirits  turpentine 13  galls. 

Boiled  linseed-oil 1  gall. 

All  the  ingredients  should  be  pure  and  of  the  best  quality.  Heat  them 
together  in  a  copper  or  earthen  vessel,  over  a  gentle  fire,  in  a  water-bath, 
until  they  are  well  mixed. 

Lacher  for  hright  Iron-  Worh. 

Linseed-oil,  boiled 80.5 

Litharge 5.5 

White  lead,  ground  in  oil 11.25 


Rosin,  pulverized, 


2.75 


Add  the  litharge  to  the  oil ;  let  it  simmer  over  a  slow  fire  3  hours  ;  strain 
it,  and  add  the  rosin  and  white  lead ;  keep  it  gently  warmed,  and  stir  it 
until  the  rosin  is  dissolved.     Apply  it  with  a  paint-brush. 

Planton's  Composition,  for  Wood  or  Iron. 

Rosin,  i:)ulverized 48 

Shellac,        "          2 

Charcoal  or  cannel  coal,  pulverized 16 

Spirits  turpentine 1 


174  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

The  shellac  may  be  replaced  by  double  the  quantity  of  beeswax.  The 
rosin  and  shellac  are  melted  in  an  iron  vessel  over  the  fire;  the  charcoal 
is  then  added  and  stirred  briskly  until  the  whole  is  well  intermixed,  after 
which  the  turpentine  is  added  and  stirred  until  it  is  well  incorporated  with 
the  other  ingredients. 

Blach  Sfain,  for  Wood. 

Copperas 1      lb. 

Nutgalls 1       " 

Sal  ammoniac 25  " 

Vinegar 1  gall. 

Stir  it  occasionally,  and  it  will  be  ready  for  use  in  a  few  hours. 
Clean  and  make  smooth  the  surface,  filling  the  cracks  with  black  putty, 
which  should  be  allowed  to  harden.     Apply  the  stain  two  or  three  times, 
and  leave  it  a  day  or  two  to  dry;   then  rub  it  with  boiled  ©il  until  it  is 
polished. 

The  stain  will  be  of  a  bluish  color  till  the  oil  is  applied. 
This  forms  a  cheap  and  durable  preservative  for  wood. 

Vai'nish  for  Holsters,  Scabbards,  &c.,  (or  Patent  Leather.) 
[For  first  and  second  coats.) 

Prussian  blue,  in  lumps 4. 

Sugar  of  lead 0.7 

Aqua  fort  is 0.7 

Linseed-oil,  boiled 70. 

Spirits  turpentine 24.6 

The  ingredients,  except  the  turpentine,  are  boiled  together  in  an  iron 
kettle  eight  hours,  when  the  mixture  will  assume  a  brilliant  black  color. 
When  the  varnish  is  nearly  cool,  stir  in  the  turpentine.  The  kettle  in 
which  the  varnish  is  made  should  be  of  a  capacity  to  hold  double  the  quan- 
tity of  varnish  to  be  boiled. 

[For  the  third  or  fmishing  coat. — Copal  Varnish.) 

Gum  copal  (in  clean  lumps) 2G.5 

Boiled  linseed-oil 42.5 

Spirits  turpentine 31. 

This  varnish  is  made  in  a  copper  vessel,  smallest  at  top,  in  the  form  of  a 
still. 

Put  the  copal  in  the  vessel,  set  it  on  a  charcoal  fire  for  one  hour,  in 
which  time  it  will  melt,  and  all  the  watery  particles  will  evaporate.  Add 
the  oil  Avhile  the  copal  is  warm,  but  not  boiling  hot.  AVhen  nearly  cool, 
add  the  turpentine,  which  will  give  it  a  proper  consistency  for  use. 

For  5  lbs.  copal  and  the  proper  proportions  of  oil  and  turpentine,  the 
vessel  should  hold  G  gallons. 


PITCH   CEMENT.  175 

Japan  Varnish. 

Litharge 4 

Boiled  oil 87 

Spirits  turpentine 2 

Red  lead 6 

Umber 1 

Gum  shellac 8 

Sugar  of  lead 2 

White  vitriol 1 

Japan  varnish  is  generally  purchased  from  the  paint-sellers.  It  is  made 
by  boiling  over  a  slow  charcoal  fire,  for  five  hours,  all  the  ingredients, 
except  the  turpentine  and  a  small  portion  of  the  oil ;  the  latter  is  added  as 
required,  to  check  the  ebullition  and  allay  the  froth  Avhich  rises  to  the 
surface.  It  must  be  continually  stirred  with  a  wooden  spatula,  and  great 
care  is  necessary  to  prevent  it  from  taking  fire. 

The  turpentine  is  added  after  the  varnish  is  nearly  cool,  and  it  is  stirred 
well  in.  The  varnish  must  be  put  in  demijohns,  or  close  cans,  and  kept 
tightly  corked. 

DijG  for  Blaching  Belts. 

Extract  of  logwood 2  lbs. 

Broken  nutgalls 5  lbs. 

Pyrolignate  of  iron 5  pint. 

Soft  water 1  gall. 

The  logwood  and  nutgalls  are  boiled  in  the  water  till  the  logwood  is  dis- 
solved.    When  cold,  add  the  pyrolignate  of  iron.     Stir  it  well  and  let  it 
settle.     When  clear,  decant  it  free  from  sediment  and  keep  it  well  corked. 
The  pyrolignate  of  iron  is  made  by  dissolving  iron-filings  in  pyroligneous 
acid, — as  much  as  the  acid  will  take  up. 

The  addition  of  the  logwood  is  not  essential. 

A  solution  of  copperas  may  replace  the  pyrolignate  of  iron,  but  it  is  not 
so  good. 

Kit. 
Composition. — 9  rosin,  6  pitch,  6  beeswax,  1  tallow.     To  be  melted  to- 
gether and  poured  into  water ;  then  worked  with  the  hands  until  it  becomes 
soft  and  pliable. 

Pitch  Cement. 

Lbs.  Oz. 

Beeswax 0  3 

Pitch 2 

Rosin  1 

Turpentine 1 

Brick-dust 0  9 

15* 


176 


ORDNANCE   MANUAL. 


The  materials  for  the  cement  are  melted  successively  over  a  slow  fire, 
and  the  brick-dust  is  stirred  in  last. 

Grease  for  Carriage  -  Wheels. 
Ilogs^  lard,  softened,  (if  fresh,)  by  working  it. 

If  this  cannot  be  procured,  tallow  or  other  grease  may  be  used;  if  hard, 
it  should  be  melted  with  fish-oil. 

About  1  lb.  of  grease  is  required  for  four  wheels. 

BoolKs  Patent  Grease  for  Railway  Axles. 

Water 1  gall. 

Clean  tallow 3  lbs. 

Palm-oil 6    '' 

Common  soda ^  lb. 

Or,  Tallow 8  lbs. 

Palm-oil 10  " 

To  be  heated  to  about  210°,  and  to  be  well  stirred  until  it  cools  down  to 
70°. 

Quantiti/  of  Paint  required  for  a  Carriage. 


Kind  of  Carriage. 


Lead 
color. 

Olive. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

6 

10 

8 

1.5 

6 

10 

7 

13 

7 

14 

6 

11 

Black. 


Field-gun  carriage  and  limber,  with  implements. 

Caisson,  with  limber  and  implements,  &c 

Forge,  with  limber 

Battei'y-wagon,  with  limber 

Casemate-carriage  and  chassis,  wooden 

Barbette-carriage  and  chassis,  wooden 


bs. 
.75 


A  priming  of  lead  color  and  two  coats  of  olive  color  are  applied  to 
wood-work,  and  1  coat  of  lead  color  and  1  of  black,  to  the  iron-work. 


SMALL   ARMS.  177 


CHAPTER    EIGHTH. 

SMALL  ARMS,  SWORDS,  SABRES  AND  ACCOUTREMENTS. 

SMALL   ARMS. 
The  small  arms  adopted  for  service  are  : 

The  rifle  musket,  model  1855. 

The  rifle  musket,  model  1842. 

The  cadet  musket,  model  1858. 

The  rifle,  model  1855. 

The  rifle,  model  1842,  reamed  out  to  .58  inch. 

The  pistol  carbine,  model  1855. 
No  model  has  yet  been  adopted  for  a  carbine  for  the  cavalry  service ; 
several  difi'erent  patterns  are  now  in  the  hands  of  the  troops  for  trial. 
A  repeating  pistol  is  issued  to  the  cavalry  and  to  the  light  artillery. 

Rifle  mushet,  model  1855.     (Plates  24,  25,  26.) 

NOMENCLATURE. 

Barrel. — Muzzle;  bayonet-stud  and  front  sight,  breech,  flats,  bevels  and 
oval,  cone-seat,  vent,  vent-screw,  cone-screw  thread,  vent-screw  thread, 
rear-sight  mortise,  rear-side  screw-hole,  bore,  grooves,  lands.  The  ex- 
terior shape  of  this  barrel  tapers  with  a  gentle  re-entering  curve  from  the 
breech  to  the  muzzle.  That  poi'tion  of  the  flat  in  rear  of  the  cone-seat  is 
parallel  to  the  axis  of  the  bore. 

Breech-screw. — Plug  with  threads,  (16  to  the  inch,)  tenon,  shoulders, 
tang,  tang-screw  hole,  bevel. 

Rear-sight,  (steel.) — Base;  fence,  off"sets,  ears,  screw-hole,  joint,  groove 
for  barrel,  steady-pin ;  1st  leaf:  body,  ears,  screw-holes,  sight-notch, 
graduation-mark  ;  2d  leaf:  body,  tenon,  screw-hole,  sight-notches,  gradua- 
tion-marks ;  joint-screw :  stem,  head,  slit,  and  thread. 

Base-screw. — Stem,  head,  holes,  thread. 

Tang-screw. — Shoulder. 

Cone,  (steel.) — Screw-thread,  shoulder,  square,  nipple,  vent. 

Bayonet. — Blade,  (steel;)  point,  face-flute,  back-flutes,  edges  of  back  and 
blade,  bevels,  elbow,  neck;  Socket,  (iron  :)  muzzle-end,  bridge-end,  bridge, 
mortise,  shoulder  for  clasp,  stop-pin;  Clasp,  (iron:)  body,  studs,  bridge, 
groove,  stop,  clasp-screw. 

Lock. — Lock-plate ;  front  and  rear  ends,  sides,  cone-seat  notch,  bolster, 
main-spring  notch,  chamfer,  bevel,  magazine,  (mouth,  throat,  and  body,) 
6  holes  for  the  pivots  of  the  main-spring  and  bridle,  arbor  of  the  tumbler, 


178  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

cover-catch,  and  cover-liinge  stud,  7  screw-holes,  3  mortises  for  sear- 
spring  stud  and  cover-hinge,  1  slot  for  feeding-finger;  hammer:  body, 
crook,  head,  comb,  cliecking,  countersink,  cutter,  slit,  tumbler-hole; 
tumbler,  (steel:)  body,  friction-shoulder,  arbor,  square,  pivot,  swivel-arm, 
swivel-slot  and  pin-holes,  half-cock  notch,  cock-notch,  screw-hole;  bridle: 
body,  eye,  pivot,  3  holes  for  tumbler-pivot,  sear-screw,  and  bridle-screw ; 
bridle-screw;  sear,  (steel:)  body,  eye,  nose,  tang,  screw-hole;  sear-screiv ; 
sear-spring,  (steel:)  blade,  (upper  and  lower  branch  and  elbow,)  eye,  stud- 
screw  hole;  sear-spring  screw;  mainspring,  (steel:)  blade,  upper  and  lower 
branch  and  elbow,  hook,  pivot,  tang;  sicivel,  (steel:)  body,  axis,  2  holes 
for  tumbler-pin  and  finger-pivot;  tumbler  and  swivel-pin;  feeding -finger, 
(steel:)  eye,  pivot,  crook,  curve,  point;  finger-spring,  (steel:)  eye,  long 
and  short  branch,  elbow. 

Magazine- cover. — Body,  hinge,  jaAvs,  rivet,  rivet-holes,  chamfer,  thumb- 
nail notch  and  catch-notch;  stud:  head-rivet  hole,  stem,  and  countersink- 
rivet,  (hexagonal  in  shape;)  cover-catch,  (steel:)  head,  notch,  foot,  screw- 
hole  ;  cover-catch  screw. 

2  side  screws. 

In  all  the  screws  the  parts  are  : — the  stem,  the  head,  the  slit,  and  the 
thread. 

The  bottom  of  the  slit  of  the  larger  screws  is  concave;  the  base-screw 
of  the  rear  sight  has  2  holes  in  the  head,  instead  of  a  slot,  in  order  that  it 
may  not  be  removed  by  the  ordinary  screw-driver. 

3Iountings. —  Upper  and  loicer  bands :  body,  creases,  letter  U,  to  desig- 
nate the  upper  from  the  lower  edge;  middle-band:  body,  creases,  letter 
U,  stud,  hole  for  swivel-rivet;  middle-band  swivel:  wire,  eyes,  rivet; 
band-sjjring!^,  (steel:)  stem,  Avire,  shoulder;  side-screw  loashers :  counter- 
sink, hole  for  screw;  guard;  guard-plate:  body,  bolsters,  trigger-stud,  2 
holes  for  guard-bow,  2  for  wood-screws,  and  1  for  trigger-screw ;  guard- 
bow :  body,  pillars,  stems  with  their  screw-threads,  swivel-stud,  piece  and 
hole,  2  nuts  for  stems,  swivel,  and  rivet;  trigger:  blade,  tang  or  finger 
piece,  hole  for  screw  ;  trigger-screw :  2  icood-screws  for  guard-plate ;  butt- 
plate :  body,  toe,  heel,  hollow,  corners,  tang  and  screw  holes  ;  2  icood-screws 
for  butt-plate;  box  plate:  the  lid  and  the  strap  joined  by  a  hinge  and  rivet ; 
screws:  3  box-plate  and  1  for  spring;  Z  springs:  1  for  box-plate ;  catch: 
1  for  box-plate;    rivets:  2  for  catch. 

Ramrod,  (steel.) — Stem,  swell,  head,  cup,   screw;   stop,  (iron:)  for  rod. 

Stock,  (black  walnut.) — Butt:  comb,  handle,  head,  facings,  first  and 
second  reinforce,  chase,  shoulders  for  bands  and  tip;  ^roowes  for  barrel 
and  ramrod;  beds  for  tang  and  tenon,  lock,  washers,  guard-plate,  nuts  for 
guard-bow  and  trigger-stud,  butt-plate,  and  band-springs  and  tip;  mortises 
for  the  trigger,  and  stop;  rod-holes  for  the  rod,  tlie  side  screws,  tang- 
screws,  guard-screws,  butt-  late  screws,  band-springs,  and  tip-rivet. 


SMALL   ARMS.  179 

Tip,  (malleable  iron.) — Recess  for  stock,  groove  for  rod,  rivet-liole,  and 
shoulder. 

The  j)atch-boz  was  added  July  9,  1859. 

The  muskets  made  at  this  time  have  not  the  self-priming  lock  nor  the 
patch-box. 

Rifle  Musket,  model  1842.  (Plate  26.) 
(For  nomenclature  see  Ordnance  Manual,  1850.) 

This  arm  differs  from  the  original  model  in  the  following  particulars  : — 
The  bore  is  grooved;  it  has  a  rear  sight  similar  to  that  for  the  new  musket. 

Cadet  3Iuskef,  model  1858. 
The  parts  are  identical  with  the  rifle  musket  of  1855,  except  the  barrel, 
the  stock,  the  bayonet,  and  the  rammer. 

Efle,  model  1855.  (Plate  26.) 

Barrel. — Muzzle:  bayonet-stud,  front  sight,  (brass,)  breech,  flats,  bevels 
and  oval,  cone-seat,  vent,  vent-screw,  cone-screw  thread,  vent-screw  thread, 
rear-sight  mortise,  rear-sight  screw-hole,  bore,  grooves,  bands.  The  ex- 
terior of  the  barrel  has  a  uniform  taper  from  the  breech  to  the  muzzle. 
That  portion  of  the  flat  in  rear  of  the  cone-seat  is  parallel  to  the  axis  of 
the  bore. 

Breech-screw. — Plug  with  threads,  (16  to  the  inch,)  tenon,  shoulders,  tang, 
tang-screw  hole,  bevel. 

Rear-sight. — Similar  to  that  of  the  rifle  musket,  1855. 

Tang-screw. — Shoulder. 

Cone. — Same  as  for  rifle  musket. 

Sword  Bayonet. — Blade,  (steel,)  shoulder,  back,  edge,  bevel,  point, 
curvature,  groove — tang,  rivet-hole,  rivet. 

Hilt,  (brass.) — Gripe — ridges,  back,  beak,  slot  for  stud,  slot  for  guide, 
hole  for  finger-piece,  hole  for  spring-screw,  hole  for  rivet,  (tang,)  mortise 
for  tang.  Finger-piece — head,  notch.  Finger-piece  spring — blade,  screw- 
hole,  boss.  Finger-piece  spring-screw.  Guard-rivet,  guard — long  and  short 
branch,  knobs,  muzzle-socket. 

Lock. — The  same  as  the  rifle  musket,  1855. 

Countings. — Similar  to  those  of  the  rifle  musket,  1855. 

Ramrod. — Similar  to  that  of  the  rifle  musket,  1855. 

Stock  and  tip. — Similar  to  that  of  the  rifle  musket,  1855,  except  the  2d 
reinforce  of  stock. 

Rifle  Model  of  1842. 

(For  nomenclature  see  Ordnance  Manual,  1850.) 


180  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Pistol  Carhlnc,  1855.  (Plate  2G.) 

Barrel. — Muzzle,  front  slight,  brcecli,  breech-pin  tlu'eads,  flats,  bevels  and 
oval,  cone-seat,  vent,  vent-screw,  bore,  grooves,  lands.  This  barrel  tapers 
with  a  straight  line  from  breech  to  muzzle.  The  portion  of  the  flat  in  rear 
of  the  cone-seat  is  parallel  to  the  axis  of  the  bore. 

BreccJi-screw. — Plug,  with  threads,  (16  to  the  inch,)  tenon,  shoulders, 
tang,  tang-screw  hole,  bevel-sight  mortise. 

Cone. — Same  as  for  rifle  musket. 

Rear  sight,  (steel.) — Base,  ears,  joint-screw,  screw-hole,  1st,  2d,  and  od 
leaves,  4  sight-notches,  eye-joint,  screw-holes. 

Tang-screw. — Shoulder. 

Lock. — Same  as  for  rifle  musket,  1855,  except  in  size,  which  is  reduced 
to  conform  to  a  magazine  capable  of  holding  one-half  a  strip  of  primers. 

llouiiti/igs,  (brass.) — Band,  swivel,  and  sj)ring,  correspond  to  the  middle 
band,  swivel,  and  spring  of  the  rifle  musket,  1855. 

Guard-j)late. — Butt-cup:  screw-hole,  tang.  Butt-strap :  holes  for  catch- 
spring  and  hook,  tang,  strap,  and  guard-plate  screws,  shoulders  for  breech- 
screw  tang,  and  butt-cup  tang,  reinforces  for  hook,  and  catch-spring. 
Cup-screw :  head,  eye.  Swivel-ring.  The  remaining  mountings  are  similar 
to  the  corresponding  parts  of  the  rifle  musket,  1855. 

Ramrod,  (steel.) — Head  (iron)  riveted  on,  cup,  foot  with  a  female  screw. 

Ramrod-swivel. — Tavo  side  bars,  screw,  cross-bar,  riveted  into  the  side 
bars. 

Stock,  (black  walnut. )-^Butt,  handle,  curve,  facings,  reinforce,  chase; 
shoulders  for  band  and  tip,  grooves  for  barrel  and  ramrod ;  beds  for  tang  and 
tenon,  lock,  washers,  guard-plate,  nuts  for  guard-bow  and  trigger-stud, 
butt-plate,  band-spring,  tip,  butt-cup  and  strap,  butt-piece  cap,  and  catch- 
spring,  hook-nut ;  mortises  for  trigger,  hook  and  catch-spring ;  holes  for 
rod,  tip-rivet,  band-spring,  side-screws,  tang-screw,  cup-screw,  strap-screw, 
butt-plate  screws,  and  cap-screws. 

Butt-piece. — Plate,  2  wood  screws ;  cap,  hollow,  upper  and  lower  tang, 
screw-holes,  2  wood-screws,  cavity  for  pistol  handle,  hook,  stem,  nut ; 
spring-catch,  screw,  head,  blade ;  finger-piece,  loop  for  spring,  screw-thread, 
rivet  and  nut. 

Aiii>en(la(jes. 

Wiper. — Model,  1855.  It  answers  for  all  arms.  It  is  composed  of  the 
body,  prongs,  and  screw-hole  for  rod. 

Ball-screw. — Body,  tang,  screw-hole  for  rod,  screw  to  draw  the  ball. 
Screw-driver. — Cone-wrench,  blades,  rivet,  collets  for  rivet. 
Spring-vice. — Bolster-slide,  slide-mortise,  slide-screw,  thumb-screw. 
Band-spring  and  tumbler-punch. — Punches,  collets,  rivets. 
Tompion,  (maple.) — Head,  body,  slot. 


SMALL    ARMS.  181 

To  make  the  Barrel. 

The  barrel  is  made  from  a  short,  flat  bar  of  iron,  which  is  first  formed 
into  a  hollo-w  cylinder  and  then  welded  and  drawn  out  to  the  required  size, 
length,  and  taper,  by  passing  it  through  a  series  of  rolls  for  that  purpose. 

Materials. — Best  refined  iron,  free  from  slag  and  other  impurities,  of 
uniform  texture,  without  hard  spots  :  in  plates  14  inches  long,  5|  inches 
wide,  .5025  inch  thick;  the  edges  are  so  bevelled  that  they  shall  form  a 
close  joint  when  the  plate  is  formed  into  a  cylinder.  English  iron,  Marshall 
brand,  is  generally  used.  Best  bituminous  coal  for  the  reverberating  fur- 
nace, (Cumberland,  Broad  top.)  Best  anthracite  coal  for  the  forge,  (Hazle- 
ton,  lump.)     Pure  sand  for  the  bottom  of  the  furnace,  (New  Jersey.) 

Utensils. — 1  pair  of  rolls  for  bending  the  plates  into  cylinders.  They 
have  5  grooves,  of  different  sizes;   3  of  them  have  tongues,  2  are  open. 

\  pair  of  rolls  for  welding  and  shaping  the  barrel.  They  have  9  grooves, 
of  different  sizes,  2  of  them  parallel  and  7  taper:  it  has  an  iron  frame  to 
hold  the  end  of  the  mandrel.     The  rolls  make  36  revolutions  per  minute. 

2  sets  of  steel  mandrels,  of  8  each  set,  with  an  egg-shaped  bulb  on  each 
end,  varying  in  size  from  .71  inch  to  .46  inch  in  diameter. 

1  small  mandrel,  3  feet  long,  1  mandrel  6  inches  long. 

1  straightening-table,  iron.  1  straightening -machine,  with  2  dies  the  length 
and  the  shape  of  the  barrel  worked  by  an  exccntric  which  opens  the  dies 
\  inch  and  makes  60  revolutions  per  minute. 

2  trip-hammers,  with  dies. 

To  form  the  cylinder. — The  plates  are  put  into  the  furnace  and  raised  to  a 
white  heat,  and  then  passed  through  the  rolls,  each  groove  in  succession. 
The  first  groove  forms  the  plate  into  a  trough-shape  ;  the  second  and  third 
grooves  contract  it  gradually;  the  fourth  turns  the  two  edges  inward,  and 
the  fifth  completes  the  cylinder.     The  operation  is  performed  at  one  heat. 

A  day's  work. — 3  men  can  form  450  cylinders  in  10  hours. 

1^0  toeld  and  shape  the  barrel. — The  fireman  places  two  cylinders  in  the 
furnace,  and  brings  them  to  a  welding-heat;  the  foreman  thrusts  the  largest 
mandrel  through  one  of  them  while  yet  in  the  furnace,  and,  taking  it  to  the 
rolls,  puts  the  mandrel  through  the  frame,  introduces  the  end  into  the 
first  groove,  and  the  cylinder  is  drawn  over  the  bulb  of  the  mandrel,  which 
is  held  by  the  collar. 

The  first  assistant,  standing  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  rolls,  catches  the 
barrel  as  it  passes  through,  with  a  pair  of  tongs,  and  hands  it  to  the  second 
assistant,  who  stands  on  the  same  side  as  the  foreman,  and  receives  it  with 
a  small,  short  mandrel,  which  he  thrusts  into  the  barrel,  and  straightens  it 
by  striking  it  tAvo  or  three  times  on  the  flat  table.  He  then  replaces  it  in 
the  furnace,  and  it  is  raised  to  a  welding  heat  a  second  time.  The  foreman 
takes  out  the  other  cylinder  and   proceeds  with  it  in  the  manner  just 


182  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

described.  When  the  barrel  is  brought  to  a  welding-heat  the  second  time, 
the  foreman  takes  it  with  the  next  smaller  mandrel  and  passes  it  through 
the  second  groove,  by  which  tlie  barrel  is  reduced  in  diameter  and 
lengthened  :   it  is  straightened  as  before,  and  returned  to  the  furnace. 

The  third  and  remaining  grooves  taper  so  as  to  give  the  barrel  the  shape 
of  a  frustum  of  a  cone,  each  succeeding  groove  reducing  the  size  of  the 
barrel  and  making  it  longer.  The  rolls  are  of  such  size  that  a  single  revo- 
lution takes  the  barrel  through ;  as  they  continue  to  revolve  without 
stopping,  it  requires  care  and  dexterity  on  the  part  of  the  foreman  to  insert 
the  barrel  in  tlie  grove  at  the  proper  time,  bringing  the  end  against  the 
shoulder  in  the  large  part  of  the  groove. 

The  barrel  is  so  much  chilled  by  passing  over  the  mandrel,  that  it  is 
necessary  it  should  be  straightened  and  reheated  before  passing  it  through 
the  next  groove:   a  high  red  heat  is  required. 

After  the  barrel  has  been  passed  through  the  first  eight  grooves  with 
their  corresponding  mandrels,  it  is  taken  with  tongs  and  passed  hoice 
through  the  last  groove,  for  the  purpose  of  making  it  round  and  smooth. 

To  straigJden  the  barrel. — The  foreman  inserts  the  muzzle  end  of  the  barrel 
in  the  dies  and  turns  it  around  gradually,  when  the  dies  are  open,  pushing 
it  farther  into  the  dies  until  its  whole  length  is  embraced  by  them.  The 
barrel  then  receives  the  pressure  of  the  dies  from  ten  to  fifteen  times, 
when  it  will  be  found  to  be  straight. 

To  attach  the  cone-seat. — The  cone-seat  is  swaged  to  the  proper  shape 
under  the  trip-hammer,  and  then  welded  to  the  barrel,  the  dies  of  the  trip- 
hammer and  the  short  mandrel  in  the  end  of  the  barrel  preserving  the 
form  of  the  barrel  and  the  cone-seat. 

A  day's  icorli. — 4  men  can  form  and  weld  from  75  to  80  barrels  in  10 
hours. 

The  barrel  is  next  bored,  turned,  straightened,  and  proved. 

The  stock  is  turned,  the  lock  and  guard-bow  are  let  in,  and  the  grooves 
for  the  rammer  and  barrel  are  cut  by  machinery,  and  made  ready  for  the 
other  mountings. 


INSPECTION   OF   SMALL   ARMS.  183 

Principal  DimensionSj  Weights,  etc.  of  Small  Arms. 


Dimensions. 


Barrel 


Diameter  of  bore 

Variation  allowed,  more.. 

Diameter  at  muzzle 

Diameter  at  breech    be- 
tween flats 

Length   without  breech- 


Bayonet. — Length  of  blade 

Ramkoi). — Length 

Stock,  with  butt-plate  and  tip...length 

Length  without  bayonet.. 

With  bayonet  fixed 

With  butt-piece 

Number 

Twist,  uniform,  1  turn  in 

Width 

Depth  at  muzzle 

Depth  at  breech 


Arm, 
complete, 


Grooves  .. 


Weights. 

Barrel,  without  breech-screw. 

Lock,  with  side  screws 

Batonet 

Butt-Plate.. 

r Without  baj^onet, 
-<  With  bayonet. 


Arm, 
complete. 


(^With  butt-piece. 


Eifle  Muskets. 


1S55. 


In. 

0.58 

0.0025 

0.78 

1.14 

40. 

18. 


52.85 
55.85 
73.85 

"z. 

6  ft. 

0.30 
.005 
.015 


Lbs. 

4.28 

.81 

.72 

.375 

9.18 

9.90 


1S42. 


In. 

0.69 
0.015 
0.85 

1.25 

42. 
18. 
41.70 

57'.80" 


6  ft. 

0.36 
.005 
.015 


Lbs. 

4.19 

.95 

0.64 

"9.51* 
10.15 


Cadet, 


In. 

.58 
.0025 

.78 

1.14 


16. 

37.60 

50. 

53. 

71. 


6  ft. 

0.30 

0.005 

.015 


Lbs. 
4.125 
.81 
.62 
0.34 
8.50 
9.12 


Rifles. 


1855. 


In. 

0.58 

0.0025 

0.90 

1.14 

33. 

21.7 

33.00 


6  ft. 

0.30 
.005 
.013 


Lbs. 

4.8 

.81 

2.15 


12.( 


'.93 


1842. 


In. 

0.58 

0.0025 

0.90 

1.15 

33. 

21.7 
33.00 

is.'s""* 

71.3 

3.' 

6  ft. 

0.30 
.005 
.013 


Lbs. 

4.8 

.55 

2.15 


11.83 


Pistol 
Carbine. 


1855. 


In. 

0.58 

0.0025 

0.82 


1. 

12. 
12'" 

nie" 


28.2 
3. 

4  ft. 
0.30 
.005 


Lbs. 
1.4 


.25 
3.56 


5.09 


INSPECTION  OF  SMALL  ARMS. 

All  the  materials  used  in  the  manufacture  of  arms  must  be  of  the  best 
quality,  and  they  should  be  tested  by  the  inspectors,  according  to  the 
methods  indicated  in  Chapter  XIV. 

The  -wood  for  gun-stocks  should  be  seasoned  at  least  three  years  and  kept  in 
a  dry  place  two  years  before  being  worked ;  it  must  be  free  from  knots  and 
sap,  and  no  wood  which  is  brash,  or  light,  or  worm-eaten,  or  in  any  degree 
decayed,  or  which  is  cut  across  the  grain  at  the  handle  of  the  stock,  or 
which  is  kiln-dried,  should  be  used  or  received. 

The  following  rules  for  inspection  apply  to  all  small  arms,  whether  made 
at  the  national  armories,  or  by  contract  at  private  establishments. 

The  attention  of  the  inspecting  officers  should  be  directed  as  much  as 
possible  to  the  operations  of  the  workmen  in  the  course  of  the  fabrication 
of  arms. 

Each  component  part  is  first  inspected  by  itself,  and  afterwards  the  arm 
in  a  finished  state. 

'    The  materials  and  the  forms  and  dimensions  of  all  the  parts  must  conform 

10 


184 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


strictly  to  those  of  the  established  patterns ;  the  workmanship  and  finish 
must  be  equal  to  those  of  the  model  arms,  and  the  several  parts  must  be 
browned,  blued,  case-hardened,  or  polished  as  in  the  standard  model. 

The  forms  and  dimensions  of  the  parts  are  verified  by  means  of  the 
standard  gauges.     (See  p.  315.) 

Inspection  of  Barrels. 

The  first  inspection  of  the  barrel  is  made  in  the  forged  or  cone-seated 
stage;  the  second  m  the  3d  bored  stage;  the  third  in  the  (/round  stage;  the 
fourth  in  the  proved  stage  ;  the  fifth  in  the  filed  stage  ;  the  sixth  in  the  6th 
bored  stage;  the  seventh  in  the  rifled  stage;  and  the  eighth  in  the  breeched 
stage. 

In  these  inspections,  the  inspector  will  verify  the  barrel  with  proper 
gauges  for  each  stage ;  he  will  see  that  the  thread  for  the  breech-screw  in 
the  barrel  is  well  cut,  and  the  bayonet-stud  firmly  brazed  on;  that  the  ex- 
terior and  interior  dimensions  of  the  barrel  are  correct ;  that  there  are  no 
interior  hammer-marks,  ring-bores,  cinder-lioles,  flaws,  cracks,  or  other 
defects  which  will  not  disappear  in  the  finishing;  and  that  the  thread  of 
the  breech-screw  is  accurately  cut. 

The  barrels  rejected  for  defects  that  cannot  be  remedied  will  be  stamped 
on  the  upper  side,  in  a  line  with  the  vent,  with  the  mark  of  condemnation, 
which  will  be  in  all  cases  the  letter  C.  If  tlie  defect  is  of  such  a  nature 
as  not  to  prevent  the  use  of  the  barrel  for  a  shorter  arm  when  cut  oif,  the 
mark  will  be  made  on  the  defective  part. 

Proof. — The  barrels  which  pass  this  inspection  will  then  be  proved  by 
being  fired  twice,  with  the  following  charges: 


1st  charge. 

2d  charge. 

Size  of  Ball. 

Size  of 
Wad. 

*© 

Kind  of  Barrel. 

5 

1 

1 

3 

5 
? 

To 

1 

s 

Square. 

II 

Si 
H 

Rifle  musliet.  model  1855 
Cadet  rifle  iiiuslvet,  1858.. 

Jlifle  model  1855         .    .. 

C!rs. 

280 
280 

280 

255 

No. 

I 
1 

1 

1 

No. 

2 
2 

O 

1 

Grs. 
250 
250 

250 

200 

Xo. 
1 

I 

1 
1 

No. 
2 

2 

Grs. 

500 

500 

(557^ 

12781 

450 

In. 

0.57 
0.57 

0.57 

0.57 

In. 

32. 
32. 

32. 

32. 

In. 
.01 
.01 

.01 

.01 

One  wad  is  placed  on  the  powder  and  the  other  on  the  ball,  and  the 
charge  is  well  rammed  with  a  copper  rod.  The  wad  occupies,  when 
rammed,  about  J  inch  in  the  length  of  the  barrel. 

The  barrels  are  closed  for  proof  with  provinff-plugs  having  vents  in  them. 

Musket-powder  will  be  used  for  proving  the  barrels  of  muskets;  the 


INSPECTION    OF   BARRELS.  185 

powder  must  be  of  the  best  quality,  giving  not  less  than  the  standard 
initial  velocity ;  it  must  be  proved  immediately  before  being  used,  unless 
it  shall  have  been  proved  within  one  year  and  the  inspector  has  no  reasou 
to  suppose  that  it  has  become  deteriorated. 

The  measures  for  the  proof-charges  should  be  of  a  conical  form,  with 
the  mouth  as  small  as  may  be  convenient,  in  order  that  there  may  be  less 
variation  in  the  quantity  of  powder. 

Before  commencing  the  proof  of  barrels,  the  inspector  will  satisfy  him- 
self as  to  the  quality  and  proof  of  the  powder,  the  size  of  the  balls  and 
of  the  wads. 

The  inspector  will  observe  the  greatest  caution  in  having  the  barrels 
properly  loaded ;  for  which  purpose,  after  they  are  placed  on  the  proving- 
bed,  he  will  pass  a  ramrod  into  each  barrel,  to  verify  the  accuracy  of  the 
charge. 

After  the  discharge  he  will  again  pass  the  ramrod  into  each  barrel,  and 
those  which  have  missed  tire  will  be  pricked  and  primed  and  discharged, 
before  proceeding  to  the  second  proof-charge. 

After  the  second  proof-charge,  the  inspector  will  examine  the  barrels 
which  have  burst,  and  note  the  cause  of  defect,  whether  in  the  materials 
or  workmanship. 

He  will  then  examine  those  which  have  not  burst,  and  he  will  mark,  as 
condemned,  any  which  are  evidently  defective ;  the  others  will  receive  the 
proof-stamp,  viz. :  V  for  viewed,  P  for  proved,  with  the  eagle's  head  under 
them,  placed  on  the  left  square  of  the  barrel,  opposite  the  cone-seat.  The 
barrels  will  be  immediately  washed  clean,  in  hot  water,  and  dried,  after 
which  they  will  be  again  carefully  examined. 

They  will  now  be  inspected  in  the  interior  and  on  the  exterior;  the  in- 
spector will  reject  such  as  are  too  large  in  the  bore,  and  such  as  have 
holes,  cross-cracks,  scales,  seams,  or  ring-bores ;  he  will  examine  the 
brazing  of  the  bayonet-stud,  and  see  that  the  barrel  is  not  notched  too 
deep,  or  indented  inside. 

The  barrels,  having  been  reduced  to  their  ultimate  dimensions,  straight- 
ened, and  completely  finished,  are  again  strictly  inspected,  to  verify  the 
straightness  of  the  bore,  the  exterior  and  interior  diameters,  their  weiglit, 
(which  should  not  vary  more  than  1  ounce  from  the  standard  weight,)  tlie 
taps  for  the  breech-screw  and  cone,  the  size,  position,  and  direction  of  the 
vent. 

The  straightness  of  the  barrel  may  be  ascertained  by  holding  it  up  to 
the  light  and  reflecting  a  straight  edge  on  the  different  parts  of  tlie  bore, 
by  which  means  an  experienced  eye  readily  detects  any  inaccuracy  in  the 
bore.  The  small  or  standard  plug  should  pass  freely  through  flie  whole 
length  of  the  barrel,  including  the  threads  for  the  breech-screw,  and  the 
bore  should  not  admit  the  large  or  limit  plug. 


186  ORDNANCK    MANUAL. 

Tlic  i/rnnvr.'^  slioiiM  ])c  cavef'ully  cxamiiuMl  to  seo  that  they  arc  formed  ac- 
cuiMliiiL!:  to  the  ]»alt('rii.  and  that   they  arc  even  and  iiiiif'onii  t  lirou<i;hoiit. 

Thr  ///■><  c/i-yr/'i  tr.s  will  he  I'x  am  i  lu'd  lo  >rc  thai  ihry  ai'e  of  the  proiKT  di- 
mensions, are  sonnd  in  ever}'  jiart.  and  have  icnod  threads;  they  are  ca-e- 
liardened.  The  sere\v  must.  l)e  tried  in  the  haiaad,  to  see  that  it  occupies 
all  the  threads  iii  the  tap  of  tlie  barrel,  and  that  it  is  not  loose  after  enter- 
iri<r  three  threads. 

The  rr/il  shouhl  enter  the  bore  of  tlie  barrel  clear  of  the  end  of  tlie 
breeeh-screw. 

M'trlcs. — barrels  condemned  foi'  defects  detected  after  proof  or  at  any 
time  in  the  coui'se  of  inspection,  are  marked  ^vith  the  letter  <■,  struck  in 
deeply- ;  those  finally  I'eceived  are  stamped,  in  addition  to  the  pruof-mark, 
■with  the  Hear  of  fabrication  on  the  top  of  the  barrel,  in  the  direct i(.»n  of 
the  axis  of   the  barrel,  ending  at  .'lo  inch  from  the  breech. 

Verify  the  dimensions,  exterior  and  interior,  and  tlie  thread  of  the  screw. 
Sec  tliat  tlie  upper  part  of  the  cone  is  properly  hardeneil  and  free  from 
cracks  or  flaws. 

Examine  all  the  limbs,  to  see  that  they  are  sound,  well  filed,  and  of  tiic 
proper  form. 

JIanuiv'rs.- — Verify  the  dimensions  and  form  carefully  Avitli  the  proper 
gauges;  see  tliat  tliey  are  jiroperly  case-hardened,  especially  in  the  liead, 
knife-edge,  and  cup  fnr  the  cone. 

TmnhlrrH  must  be  veritied  separately,  with  great  care,  and  their  har(l- 
ness  tested. 

Fipd-F'iivjcr  and  Spring/  must,  be  examined  that  tliey  are  of  right  length 
and  curve. 

Sprinu-s. — The  strength  of  the  lock-sjiriiigs.  as  indicated  by  tlie  weiglits 
tliey  require  to  bend  them  up  to  tlie  C(jck-notch  without  causing  them  to 
belly  or  bend  beyond  a  straight  line,  is  as  follows: 

Main-s})ring  of  rille  musket,  iHoo,  7<)  to  75  pounds. 

"  cadet         "  70  to  75       " 

'■  ])istol  cai'bine,  70  to  75       " 

Sear-sjtring  of  each,  about  20       " 

S/u-in;/-pronl\  Xn.  1. — Sliows  when  the  main-S|n'ings  are  evenly  tempered, 
and  will  weigh  from  70  to  75  pounds  without  bending  beyond  a  straight 
line,  setting,  or  l)reaking,  liy  bringing  them  to  the  standard  mark. 

Sl>riii;j-jn'nni\  Xn.  2. — Tlie  main-sjiriugs  are  all  rei|uireil  to  stand  in  the 
position  of  full  cock,  in  a  spring-]»ro(d'  which  Imlds  '■'>')  at  one  time,  in  the 


INSPECTION   OF   SMALL   ARMS.  187 

same  position  as  they  are  held  in  the  lock,  for  twelve  hours,  to  test  their 
strength  and  soundness. 

Screws. — Examine  the  forms  of  the  stems  and  heads  of  all  screws  and 
the  cutting  of  the  threads,  and  gauge  them ;  see  that  they  are  properly 
hardened. 

Lock-j)lates.—YeYify  with  the  proper  gauges  the  form  and  dimensions, 
the  accuracy  of  the  position  of  the  holes  and  the  threads  of  those  which 
are  tapped ;  see  that  the  plate  is  sound  and  free  from  cracks  and  flaws, 
especially  about  the  tumbler-hole,  and  that  it  is  well  hardened. 

Finished  locks. — The  locks  having  been  put  together,  see — 

1.  That  they  are  clean  in  the  inside. 

2.  That  the  sear  works  freely  when  the  sear-screw  is  driven  as  far  as 
it  will  go,  and  that  the  nose  is  sufficiently  strong  and  falls  properly  into 
the  notches  of  the  tumbler. 

3.  That  the  bridle  has  no  cracks  or  flaws  about  the  holes  for  the  tum- 
bler-pivot and  screws. 

4.  That  the  springs  are  well  bent  and  of  good  proportions,  that  the 
fixed  branches  fit  close  to  the  lock-plate,  and  that  the  movable  branches 
swing  clear  of  it,  without  having  too  much  play. 

5.  That  the  slits  of  the  screw-heads  are  not  defective. 

G.  That  the  arbor  and  pivot  of  the  tumbler  fit  accurately  in  their  holes. 

7.  That  the  hook  of  the  tumbler  does  not  fall  below  the  edge  of  the 
lock-plate  when  the  cock  is  down. 

8.  That  the  notches  of  the  tumbler  are  sound  and  smooth,  and  that 
the  tumbler  fits  and  turns  well. 

9.  That  the  main-spring  swivel  is  sound,  by  snapping  the  hammer 
several  times  on  the  bare  cone. 

10.  That  the  feed-finger  and  spring  arc  the  proper  length  and  the  slot 
of  the  proper  foi^m,  by  running  out  a  part  of  a  coil  of  primers  and  observ- 
ing that  they  are  cut  off  in  the  middle  between  two  primers  ;  and  that  the 
feed-finger  rises  at  half-cock  sufficiently  for  the  easy  insertion  of  the 
primer. 

11.  That  the  hammer  fits  well  on  the  square  of  the  tumbler,  and  that 
it  does  not  rest  on  the  lock-plate  when  screwed  up  tight,  and  that  it  has 
the  proper  set  in  relation  to  the  cone. 

12.  That  all  the  parts  work  well  together. 

Marks. — The  place  and  year  of  fabrication  are  stamped  on  the  face  of 
the  lock-plate, — the  year  in  rear  of  the  hammer,  and  the  name  of  the  place 
in  front  of  the  magazine,  with  the  letters  U.  S.  over  it :  an  eagle  is  stamped 
on  the  magazine-cover. 

Finished  arm. — The  initials  of  the  finish   inspector  and  of  the  master 

armorer  are  stamped  on  the  rear  end  of  the  face  of  the  stock,  opposite  the 

lock,  with  italic  letters. 

16» 


188  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Mountings. 
The  forms  and  dimensions  are  verified  with  the  appropriate  gauges  and 
patterns.  The  trigger  should  be  well  fitted  to  the  guard-plate,  with  as 
little  lateral  play  as  is  consistent  with  its  free  movement.  The  form,  size, 
and  threads  of  the  screws  should  be  carefully  examined.  The  letters  U.  S. 
are  marked  on  the  tang  of  the  butt-plate. 

•  Ramrods. 

The  temper  of  the  rod  is  tested  by  springing  it  in  four  directions,  with 
the  point  resting  on  the  floor.  The  musket  ramrod  should  bend  6  inches 
from  a  right  line  joining  the  ends;  the  rod  should  spring  back  perfectly 
straight,  without  setting.  Its  soundness  and  freedom  from  flaws  and  cross 
cracks  are  ascertained  by  the  sound  it  gives  when  suspended  by  one  end 
and  gently  struck  with  a  piece  of  metal,  and  by  passing  it  over  the  edge 
of  a  block  of  wood  or  the  closed  jaws  of  a  vise,  pressing  down  the  ends  at 
the  same  time  and  turning  the  rod,  so  as  to  present  every  side  successively 
to  inspection.  Rifle  and  pistol  rods  are  subjected  to  the  last  tests  only. 
The  diameter  of  the  rod  and  the  tap  of  the  screw  for  the  wiper  are  verified 
with  the  proper  gauges.     The  length  is  also  verified. 

Bai/oncts. 

The  form  and  dimensions  of  the  bayonet  are  verified  with  the  proper 
gauges ;  the  temper  is  tried  by  springing  the  bayonet  attached  to  the 
barrel,  the  point  resting  on  the  floor.  In  case  of  doubt,  the  temper  of 
the  bayonet  is  definitely  proved  in  the  following  manner: 

Two  iron  staples  are  fixed  in  a  piece  of  oak  plank  on  a  workbench,  16| 
inches  apart;  one  of  them  serves  as  a  bridge,  and  has  notches  to  receive 
the  blade, — the  other  serves  as  a  staple  for  holding  the  point  of  the  bayonet 
close  to  the  plank :  the  bayonet  is  fixed  on  a  barrel,  to  the  butt  of  which 
is  fastened  a  brass  ball  weighing  6  pounds ;  so  that,  by  inserting  the  point 
of  the  blade  in  the  staples,  the  face  and  back  resting  alternately  on  the 
bridge,  the  blade  sustains  a  weight  of  9  pounds,  which  springs  it  about  f 
of  an  inch.  In  this  situation  the  blade  is  also  examined  to  detect  flaws 
and  cross-cracks.     It  should  not  remain  bent  after  this  trial. 

The  inspector  then  seizes  the  blade  near  the  point  and  strikes  the  elbow 
smartly  on  the  workbench,  to  ascertain  that  the  welding  is  sound. 

If  the  proof  shows  no  defects,  he  verifies  the  dimensions  and  bore  of  the 
socket  and  the  accuracy  of  the  channels.  He  examines  the  dimensions  of 
the  clasp,  to  see  that  it  fits  well  to  the  shoulder;  that  it  turns  evenly,  with- 
out binding  in  any  part ;  that  the  stop  is  well  placed  and  firmly  set ;  that 
the  clasp-screw  and  its  thread  in  the  stud  of  the  clasp  are  well  cut ;  that 
the  elbow  has  the  proper  form  and  dimensions. 


INSPECTION    OF   SMALL   ARMS.  189 

Marks. — Bayonets  are  marked  on  the  face  of  the  blade,  near  the  neck, 
with  the  letters  U.  S.  ;  those  rejected  for  defects  that  cannot  be  remedied 
are  marked  with  the  stamp  of  condemnation. 

Stocks. 
The  examination  of  the  stock  will  be  directed — 

1.  To  the  quality  of  the  wood :  that  it  has  good  straight  grain,  is  well 
seasoned,  and  free  from  sap  and  worm-holes. 

The  degree  of  seasoning  is  indicated  by  the  smell  of  the  wood  at  a  fresh- 
cut  place  ;  by  the  appearance  of  the  lock  and  barrel,  &c.  when  removed 
from  the  stock :  they  will  be  rusted  by  unseasoned  wood ;  by  rolling  a  thin 
shaving  between  the  fingers  :  it  will  crumble  if  the  wood  be  well  seasoned, 
otherwise  it  will  be  tough  and  will  bend. 

The  medium  weight  of  a  well-seasoned  musket-stock  is  2  pounds  ;  a  stock 
made  of  good  walnut  will  not  weigh  less  than  1  pound  13  ounces. 

2.  To  the  workmanship :  that  it  is  free  from  splits,  especially  about  the 
barrel-groove  and  heading ;  that  it  has  not  been  split  and  glued  up  ;  that 
the  grooves  and  beds  are  of  the  proper  forms  and  dimensions ;  that  the 
roundings  for  the  bands  are  smooth  and  accurate ;  that  the  handle  and 
comb  are  of  the  proper  size  and  form  ;  that  the  stock  has  the  proper /aZi 
or  crook,  and  is  of  the  right  length ;  that  the  holes  are  well  drilled,  and 
that  those  for  the  wood-screws  have  good  threads. 

In  examining  the  bed  of  the  lock,  see — 

1.  That  all  the  edges  are  sharp  and  smooth. 

2.  That  the  beds  of  the  sear-screw  and  sear-spring  screw  are  not  bored 
down  to  the  trigger  or  to  the  breech-screw. 

3.  That  the  beds  of  the  main-spring  and  main-spring  screw  do  not 
penetrate  to  the  barrel. 

4.  That  the  hole  for  the  tang  of  the  sear  is  as  small  as  possible,  so  that 
the  sear  shall  not  be  wood-bound. 

5.  That  the  wires  fit  well  in  their  holes. 

Marks. — The  stocks  inspected  are  marked  on  the  left  side  with  the  stamp 
of  approval  (the  initials  of  the  inspector's  name)  or  of  condemnation,  as 
the  case  may  be. 

Appendages. 

Ball-screws  and  wipers  are  examined  by  screwing  them  on  a  piece  of  ram- 
rod furnished  with  a  handle,  to  verify  the  accuracy  of  the  screw-thread; 
the  temper  of  the  branches  is  tested  by  pressing  the  points  on  a  piece  of 
hard  wood,  in  which  proof  they  should  spring  back  to  their  proper  form. 

Screw-drivers,  by  inserting  the  blades  in  a  vise,  or  in  a  slit  made  for  the 
purpose,  and  twisting  them  with  the  hand.  Test  the  strength  and  size  of 
the  cone-wrench  by  putting  it  on  a  square  socket  and  wrenching  it  by 
hand. 


190 


oin)\ANri:  mamal. 


Otlior  i!ii]ilo!ii(Miis  arc  cxainincil  li_v  a]iplyiii,'i-  tlio  appropriafo  patforn?, 
i^c.  aii'l  tli'/ir  SDnnihu'^s  may  he  rui'tiicr  testcl  hy  >n'ikiii<;^'  tlieiii  a  smart 
Iiinv,   wii  li  a   iiaiiiiiKT. 

l"iiii:-li(M]  arm-  oiiVtciI  f'n'  itispci  ion  mi;-!  he  takon  oniircly  lo  pic-ccs, 
aii'l  each  ])art  mu>I  lu'  cxamiiieil  as  ahuvc  (lii'ecicil  :  if  the  parts  lia\e  been 
]irevi(>ii>ly  iiispecUMl.  ^ce  lliat  llicy  liavc  siiH'crc^il  no  subseijiiciit  injury. 
Tliis  1)C'ii'i,ir  (lone,  tlie  arms  will  l)e  piut  loiLX'ther  aii'l  cxamiiieil  in  tluMi-  com- 
}>lete  state.  Some  of  the  arms  in  every  lot  slioiild  be  put  together  l)y  the 
insiiector  himself. 

Tlie  inspector  will  osa.mitie  tlie  fi)iishe<l  arms  on  every  sii]e.  to  sec  tliat 
(he  parts  are  well  iitte(l  looeilu-r:  lie  vrill  verify  the  prin(,'i|ial  diiiieiisions 
aii'l  forms  by  jnea.iis  of  the  app^rojiria.to  jrauires  aii'l  ]iat  terns. 

JltiT'l. — The  'liameter  of  the  boi'c  miisr  Ijc  veritieil  ivith  the  standard 
and  limit  ^laiiLces.  The  barrel  should  eiuer  the  .u'rijovc  of  the  stock  to  the 
de])ih  of  half  its  diameter,  and  shoiild  l)ear  v>'ell  in  lh(>  whole  lenfrih  of 
the  <:-roove.  particularly  al  the  breech.  The  vent  should  be  accurate  in  its 
dimensions.  jKjsitiou.  and  direction,  an^l  a  v.dre  should  be  jia.ssed  iutr>  the 
vent  throuah  the  cone  and  eone-seat.  to  see  that  ihey  are  free.  The  cotic 
should  be  examineil.  to  see  lliat  it  is  souml.  The  shoulders  of  the  l>reech- 
screw  should  hi  close  to  the  end  of  the  ba.rrtd,  and  it  tiiust  b(>  iVee  from 
cra(ds-s  or  Haws  about  the  tanir-screw  hole:  the  laniz'-screw  should  be 
perpendicular  to  the  taiiLT.  The  bore  of  the  barrel  should  be  cU>an  and 
bri;i'hr. 

lliiiiinxj. — The  firtincr  of  tl:e  <xroove  is  ascertained  by  di-aAvinir  a;id  re- 
ttirninii-  the  rod  smartly  several  times,  to  «ee  that  it  liolds  v.-ell  and  does 
not  sii(d<  iM)  ti<;-ht  ;  the  ]ii<t  ol-carbiue  ramrod  should  hold  more  iirndy 
than  that  of  the  musket:  the  raturod  mu-t  bear  on  the  rod-stop,  au'l  in 
that  po<iiion  its  head  should  no-t  jirojcct  beyiiiid  the  end  of  the  barrel; 
it  should  fill  the  u-roove  well:  the  open  part  (d'  the  ;:'roove  slontld  l)e  in 
the  centre  of  the  -tock.  the  covereil  part  in  the  middle  of  the  thickness  of 
the  Stock,  bet  ween  the  <iu;-id,e  and  the  boiiomof  tlu;  ])arrel-groove,  and 
the  ri,)d  should  tiot  interfere  with  the  front  ^iile-screw,, 

Huiinif  I. — The  socket  (d'  the  bayoiu't  should  be  a  little  l)elow  the  nuizzlc 
of  the  barrel  at  the  up})er  end.  Work  t!ie  (dasp.  to  see  thai  the  ramrod 
does  7iot  interfere  Avith  it,  that  it  bears  well  on  the  shoulders,  that  the  clasp- 
scriMV  holds  well,  that  the  stock  i-  lirnily  iixed.  and  that  the  clasji  moves 
evi'iily,  without  binditi':-:  thebladi'oi'  the  bayonet  .-hould  set  (uUwardsa 
little  towarij  the  ]-(dnt.  To  try  the  siren.L'ih  and  temjier  (d'  the  bayonet 
v>di''n  fixed,  sjirinu-  it  smartly  in  1'<,ur  dire(  'ioii^.  toward  the  back  ami  face  j 
and  eaeh  e^lge.  re-ting  the  ],oiiit  on  ihe  tlooix  and  gra.-;  ing  the  butt  of  the  I 
Stock  with    tlie   rii'-ht    haml   and   the  midiile  of   the   barrel  will)    the   left,      i 


INSPECTION   OF    SMALL   ARMS.  191 

Examine  the  fitting  of  the  bayonet  to  the  barrel,  and  see  that  the  inside  of 
the  socket  is  clean  and  free  from  rust,  and  that  the  bayonet-stud  is  well 
brazed  and  of  the  right  dimensions. 

Lock. — Examine  carefully  the  action  of  the  lock ;  snap  the  hammer  on 
the  cone,  to  see  that  it  fits  well.  Let  the  hammer  down  several  times,  to 
judge  of  the  working  of  the  lock.    See,  also : 

1.  That  the  interior  parts  are  not  wood-bound. 

2.  That  the  hammer  stands  off"  (0.02  inch)  from  the  lock. 

3.  That  it  does  not  go  off  at  half-cock  when  the  trigger  is  pulled  hard. 

4.  That  it  goes  neither  too  hard  nor  too  easily  when  cocked. 

5.  That  it  does  not  stop  at  half-cock. 

6.  That  the  trigger  is  steady  at  cock  and  half-cock,  and  free  when  the 
hammer  is  down. 

7.  That  the  fall  of  the  hammer  is  not  stopped  by  the  heel  of  the  tumbler 
before  it  touches  the  cone. 

8.  That  the  hammer  has  sufficient  sweep ;  that  it  falls  evenly,  without  a 
jerk,  and  that  the  knife-edge  passes  freely  over  the  plate. 

Examine  the  soundness  of  the  hammer  at  the  tumbler-hole. 

In  examining  a  finished  lock  by  itself,  observe  the  rules  laid  down  above  ; 
see  that  the  lock-plate  fits  accurately  in  its  bed,  and  that  the  wood  around 
it  is  full  and  sound. 

Mountings. — The  front  part  of  the  trigger  at  half-cock  should  be  nearly 
perpendicular  to  the  surface  of  the  guard-plate;  the  slit  for  the  trigger 
should  be  of  the  exact  width,  so  that  the  trigger  shall  have  no  lateral 
motion. 

It  is  important  that  the  guard-plate  should  bear  fii-mly  on  the  wood  in 
every  part ;  as,  otherwise,  by  driving  the  tang-screw  too  hard,  the  trigger 
might  be  brought  too  close  to  the  sear  and  the  action  of  the  lock  be  thus 
interfered  with. 

The  butt-plate  should  be  well  fitted  in  the  centre  of  the  stock. 

The  bands  should  fit  smoothly  at  the  shoulders  and  closely  to  the  stock 
and  barrel,  but  not  so  tight  as  to  require  a  great  effort  to  remove  them. 
The  band-springs  should  not  be  too  deeply  set ;  they  should  spring  back 
freely  when  pressed  down ;  the  holes  for  the  wires  should  not  interfere 
with  the  barrel  or  ramrod  grooves. 

All  the  mountings  should  fit  smoothly  to  the  stock.  The  stock  should 
have  the  proper  fall  or  crook,  which  is  ascertained  by  applying  the  pattern 
and  by  trying  the  piece  in  the  position  of  aiming. 

By  sighting  along  the  barrel,  it  will  be  seen  whether  it  is  well  stocked, 
whether  the  bands,  the  front  and  rear  sights,  and  the  bayonet,  are  well 
set. 

See,  also,  Inspection  of  arms  in  service. 


192  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

General  Directions. 

The  inspector  is  not  restricted  to  the  particular  examinations  above  men- 
tioned ;  lie  will  make  any  other  examinations  which  he  may  deem  necessary 
to  ascertain  the  quality  of  any  part  of  the  arms  and  their  conformity  to  the 
standard  models ;  if  he  discover  or  suspect  any  attempts  on  the  part  of 
the  workmen  to  cover  or  conceal  serious  defects,  he  will  subject  the  arms 
to  the  most  severe  scrutiny,  in  order  to  detect  such  defects. 

In  the  inspection  of  contract  arms,  the  inspector  will  judge  of  the  quality 
of  materials  and  workmanship  by  the  rules  wliich  govern  in  like  cases  at 
the  national  armories ;  that  is,  he  will  reject  such  arms  or  parts  of  arms  as 
would  be  condemned  at  the  national  armories,  and  he  will  receive  such  as 
would  be  approved  at  the  national  armories, — without  exacting,  in  any  case, 
more  rigid  conditions  than  are  enforced  at  those  establishments. 

The  ordnance  officer  charged  with  the  inspection  of  arms,  or  the  master 
armorer  at  a  national  armory,  will  cause  at  least  one  in  iicenty  of  each  lot  of 
arms  passed  by  a  sub-inspector  to  be  taken  to  pieces  in  his  presence,  and 
he  will  examine  them  strictly,  agreeably  to  the  foregoing  directions,  before 
affixing  his  stamp  of  approval  on  the  finished  arms,  all  of  which  must  be 
examined  by  him. 

Marks. — As  a  general  rule,  every  part  condemned  on  inspection  will  be 
indelibly  marked  with  the  letter  C,  and  every  principal  part  approved  will 
be  marked  with  the  initials  of  the  inspector's  name.  Care  must  be  taken 
that  the  marks  of  approval  are  not  stamped  so  deep  as  to  be  injurious. 

Finished  arms  approved  in  inspection  will  bo  marked  on  the  left  face  of 
the  stock  with  the  initials  of  the  name  of  the  principal  inspector,  and  the 
year  of  inspection. 

Report  of  Inspection  of  Barrels. 

After  the  inspection  of  each  lot  of  barrels  the  inspector  will  make  a  state- 
ment, shoAving : 

1.  The  number  of  barrels  offered  for  proof. 

2.  The  number  rejected  before  proof. 
8.   The  number  burst  in  proof. 

4.  The  number  rejected  after  proof,  for  flaws,  cross-cracks,  or  other 
defects. 

5.  The  number  received  after  the  proof  and  inspections. 
C.   The  number  rejected  on  inspection  of  the  finished  arm. 

These  statements  furnish  the  materials  for  the  reports  of  inspection 
required  by  the  Ordnance  Regulations. 

Browned  Arms. 
The  barrels  of  rifles  are  browned  at  tlie  armories  before  being  received 
for  the  service ;  the  lochs,  ramrods,   bayid-springs,   triggers,   and  screivs  are 


BROWNING   ARMS.  193 

not  browned.     The  parts  of  these  arms  should  be  thoroughly  inspected 
before  browning,  and  the  finished  arm  after  being  browned. 

INSTRUCTIONS    FOR    BROWNING    ARMS. 

Materials  for  Br ov^ning- Mixture. 

\\  oz.  spirits  of  wine. 
1^  oz.  tincture  of  steel. 

\  oz.  corrosive  sublimate. 
1^  oz.  sweet  spirits  of  nitre. 
1    oz.  blue  vitriol. 

f  oz.  nitric  acid. 

To  be  mixed  and  dissolved  in  1  quart  of  soft  water ;  the  mixture  to  be 
kept  in  glass  bottles,  and  not  in  earthen  jugs. 

Previous  to  commencing  the  operation  of  browning,  it  is  necessary  that 
the  barrel  or  other  part  should  be  made  quite  bright  with  emery  or  a  fine 
smooth  file,  (but  not  burnished,)  after  which  it  must  be  carefully  cleaned 
from  all  greasiness ;  a  small  quantity  of  pounded  lime  rubbed  well  over 
every  part  of  the  barrel  is  the  best  for  this  purpose.  Plugs  of  wood  are 
then  to  be  put  into  the  muzzle  of  the  barrel  and  into  the  vent,  and  the  mix- 
ture applied  to  every  part  with  a  clean  sponge  or  rag.  The  barrel  is  then 
to  be  exposed  to  the  air  for  twenty-four  hours ;  after  which  time  it  is  to  be 
well  rubbed  over  with  a  steel  scratch-card  or  scratch-brush,  until  the  rust  is 
entirely  removed ;  the  mixture  may  then  be  applied  again,  as  before,  and 
in  a  few  hours  the  barrel  will  be  sufficiently  corroded  for  the  operation  of 
scratch-brushing  to  be  repeated.  The  same  process  of  scratching  off  the 
rust  and  applying  the  mixture  is  to  be  repeated  twice  or  three  times  a  day 
for  four  or  five  days,  by  which  time  the  barrel  will  be  of  a  very  dark 
brown  color. 

When  the  barrel  is  sufficiently  brown  and  the  rust  has  been  carefully 
removed  from  every  part,  about  a  quart  of  boiling  water  should  be  poured 
over  every  part  of  the  barrel,  in  order  that  the  action  of  the  acid  mixture 
upon  the  barrel  may  be  destroyed  and  the  rust  thereby  prevented  from 
rising  again. 

The  barrel,  when  cold,  should  afterwards  be  rubbed  over  with  linseed-oil 
or  sperm-oil.  It  is  particularly  directed  that  the  steel  scratch-card  or 
scratch-brush  be  used  in  the  place  of  a  hard  hair-brush,  otherwise  the 
browning  will  not  be  durable  nor  have  a  good  appearance. 

The  browning-mixture  is  applied  to  other  parts  of  arms  in  the  same 
manner  as  to  the  barrels. 

About  6  quarts  of  browning-mixture  are  required  for  1,000  barrels. 


194  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Varnish  for  browned  iron. 

Shellac 1  oz. 

Dragons'  blood 1875  oz. 

Alcohol 1  quart. 

To  remove  old  browning :  Plug  the  vent  and  the  muzzle  of  the  barrels  ; 
immerse  the  browned  parts  for  one  hour  in  boiling  lime-water  or  lye,  to 
remove  the  varnish  or  grease ;  wipe  them,  and  put  them  in  vinegar,  in  a 
wooden  trough,  for  half  an  hour  or  an  hour,  when  the  browning  may  be 
rubbed  off  with  a  rag. 

PACKING  SMALL  ARMS. 

Box  for  20  Rifie  Muskets.     (Plate  27.) 

The  box  is  made  of  well-seasoned  white  pine  boards  1  inch  thick;  the 
sides  and  bottoms  lap  over  the  ends.  4i  corner -pieces,  (yellow  pine,)  2.25  inches 
wide,  1.25  inch  thick;  the  width  of  the  corner-piece  is  placed  against  the 
end  of  the  box  ;  a  rabbet  is  cut  in  each  piece  to  receive  the  ends  of  a  board 
4.5  inches  wide  and  .125  inch  thick,  which  forms  the  inner  lining  of  the  im- 
plement-pocket. 2  end-linings,  between  the  corner-pieces,  8.75  inches  deep, 
leaving  vacant  spaces  above  them,  between  the  corner-pieces,  4.5  inches 
deep,  for  the  implements.  They  are  fastened  to  the  ends,  each  with  two 
nails. 

Interior  dimensions  of  the  box. — Length  between  the  end-linings,  59.25 
inches;  width,  16  inches;  depth,  13.25  inches. 

The  ends  are  fastened  with  nine  8-penny  nails  in  two  rows,  in  each  corner- 
piece.  Each  side  is  fastened  with  five  12-penny  nails  in  each  end,  three 
10-penny  nails,  and  one  2-inch  screw  No.  14,  (above  the  nails^)  in  each 
corner-piece.  The  bottom  is  fastened  to  each  end  and  lining  with  twelve 
10-penny  nails,  and  to  each  side  with  ten  10-penny  nails  and  two  2-inch 
screws.  The  top  is  fastened  with  two  2-inch  screws  to  each  end  and  four 
to  each  side.  Two  holes  are  bored  in  each  end,  6  inches  apart  and  8  inches 
from  the  bottom,  to  receive  rope  beckets,  .5  inch  thick  and  18  inches  long, 
which  are  inserted  and  fastened  by  a  knot  countersunk  in  the  end,  before 
the  linings  are  nailed  on. 

4  bayonet-clamps,  each  1  inch  thick ;  two  of  them  are  1  inch  deep  ;  the 
others,  1.5  inch.  They  have  each  ten  notches  on  the  under  side  to  receive 
the  blades  of  the  bayonets,  and  they  are  fastened  to  the  bottom  of  the  box 
each  with  2  screws,  except  when  the  box  is  lined  with  tin.  The  small 
clamps  are  placed  G  inches  apart,  in  the  clear;  the  large  ones,  12.5  inches 
apart  for  the  model  of  1855,  and  5  inches  apart  for  the  model  of  1842. 

4  muzzle-clamps,  1  inch  thick  and  2.25  inches  wide,  16  inches  long;  each 
clamp  has  5  holes  for  the  muzzles  of  the  barrels  and  5  for  the  heads  of  the 
ramrods. 


PACKING  SMALL  ARMS.  195 

^hutt- damps,  each  1.85  inch  thick  and  2.20  inches  wide:  each  clamp 
has  5  sloping  notches,  1  inch  deep,  1.55  inch  wide  at  the  top,  and  1.8 
inch  at  the  bottom  for  the  model  of  1842,  and  1.45  inch  wide  and  1.7 
inch  at  the  bottom  for  the  model  of  1855,  to  receive  the  butts  of  the 
muskets. 

On  the  back  of  the  upper  corner  a  rabbet,  .25  inch  deep  and  .45  inch  wide, 
is  cut  to  receive  a  corresponding  projection  or  tongue  on  the  middle-clamp: 
this  serves  to  hold  the  pieces  together,  and  thereby  save  the  necessity  of 
grooves  on  the  sides  of  the  box. 

2  middle- clamps,  each  1.85  inch  thick,  1.10  inch  wide  in  front;  a  pro- 
jecting square  lip,  .25  inch  deep  by  .45  inch  wide,  on  the  lower  rear  corner, 
to  fit  into  the  rabbet  of  the  butt-clamp, 

2  top-damps,  each  1.85  inch  thick  and  3  inches  wide:  the  cover  of  the 
box  presses  on  them  and  keeps  the  muskets  tight  in  place.  A  lip  is  made 
on  these  clamps  to  fit  into  the  butt-clamps,  as  described  in  the  butt- 
clamps. 

Note. — The  rifle-musket  (model  1855)  is  1.85  inch  shorter  than  that 
of  1842.  For  this  reason  an  extra  end-piece,  1  inch  thick,  with  cleats 
nailed  upon  each  end,  2  inches  wide,  .85  inch  thick,  is  placed  in  one  end 
of  the  box  previous  to  putting  in  the  muskets.  This  forms  a  pocket  for 
the  tompions. 

To  pack  a  box  of  Muskets. 

Unfix  the  bayonets  and  let  down  the  hammers. 

The  small  bayonet-clamps  being  fastened  down,  place  the  points  of  the 
bayonets  in  their  notches,  the  bayonets  lying  on  the  edge  of  the  blade ; 
then  put  in  the  large  clamps  and  screw  them  down. 

Place  the  lower  tier  of  ten  muskets ;  the  muzzles  and  ramrods  in  the 
holes  in  the  lower  end-clamps,  the  butts  resting  on  the  opposite  clamp ; 
put  two  lower  butt-clamps  in  over  the  butts  of  the  lower  tier  of  muskets, 
and  over  them  the  two  middle-clamps.  Place  the  upper  muzzle-clamps  in  ; 
insert  the  upper  tier  of  muskets  like  the  lower ;  put  in  the  upper  butt- 
clamps  and  the  top-clamps. 

Put  the  implements  in  the  pockets  provided  for  them,  and  screw  on  the 
cover. 

Packing-Box  for  twenty  Rifles.    (Plate  27.) 

Rifles  are  packed  in  the  same  manner  as  muskets,  the  box  being  made 
like  the  musket-box,  except  in  its  dimensions,  and  changing  the  hayonei- 
damps,  and  adding  2  end  deats  and  2  steel  springs  ;  1  rabbet  in  each  side. 

Interior  dimensions  of  rifle-box. — Length  between  the  end-linings,  50.2 
inches;  width,  16.5  inches;  depth,  13.5  inches. 

17 


190  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

When  small  arms  arc  to  be  sent  on  a  long  sca-voyagc,  the  packing-boxes 
are  provided  with  tin  linings  securely  soldered,  so  as  to  exclude  all 
dampness. 

The  clamjn  for  the  bayonets  are  held  down  by  tin  loops  soldered  to  the 
sides  of  the  tin  lining,  and  bent  over  the  clamps  and  screwed  to  them  after 
the  bayonets  are  in  place. 

Two  strips  of  wood,  1,8  inch  wide  and  1  inch  thick,  are  placed  on 
each  side  of  the  box,  their  ends  resting  in  notches  cut  in  the  ends  of  the 
top-clamps. 

A  tin  cover  is  then  placed  upon  these  pieces,  and  the  edges  of  the  lining 
are  bent  over  it  and  soldered. 

To  open  the  box,  a  soldering-iron  and  thin  knife  are  required  to  open 
the  soldered  joint,  and  the  cover  is  removed. 

Wci(/hts  of  boxes  of  Anns  i^ ached, 
20  muskets  and  appendages,  model  1855,  280  lbs. 
20        '«  "  "  "for  sea-voyage,  oOl  lbs. 

20        "  "  "      1842,  285  lbs. 

20        "  "  '*  "for  sea- voyage,  300  lbs. 

20  rifles  "  "      1855,  321  lbs. 

PacJdng  Arms  icith  Straic. 

In  the  field,  or  under  other  circumstances,  when  the  proper  ai-m-chests  are 
not  on  hand,  it  may  sometimes  be  necessary  to  pack  arms  in  tliis  manner. 

The  interior  dimensions  of  a  box  for  20  muskets  may  be  the  same  as  for 
the  regular  packing-box. 

The  straw  should  be  long,  perfectly  dry,  and  free  from  dvist ;  rye  strata 
is  the  best ;  hai/  should  not  be  used :  about  25  pounds  of  straw  are  re- 
quired to  a  box. 

To  prepare  the  musket  for  jmching. — Oil  it ;  let  down  the  hammer,  pass  the 
bayonet  up  to  the  socket  into  the  guard-bow,  on  the  right  side,  in  front  of 
the  trigger.  Make  a  rope  of  about  40  straws,  slightly  twisted,  and  40 
inches  long ;  wrap  it  about  the  musket,  commencing  on  top  of  the  hammer, 
going  round  the  bayonet  below,  again  over  the  hammer  and  round  the  piece 
in  front  of  the  guard,  then  over  the  socket  of  the  bayonet  near  the  neck, 
and  wrapping  the  rest  around  the  handle  of  the  stock. 

Lay  a  bed  of  straw  2  inches  thick  in  the  bottom  of  the  box  ;  in  the  middle 
and  at  C  inches  from  the  ends,  place  three  cushions  of  straw  6  inches  thick 
and  12  inches  wide.  Put  in  a  tier  of  10  muskets  crossing  each  other,  the 
butts  renting  alternately  against  the  ends  of  the  box,  the  guards  upper- 
most, and  the  hammers  bearing  on  the  cusliions.  Put  small  trusses  of 
straw  under  the  upper  and  middle  bands,  by  raising  tlie  muskets  at  one 
end  and  tlien  pressing  them  down  between  the  others.     Pack,  l)ct\veen  the 


PRESERVATION   OP   ARMS   IN    STORE.  197 

butts,  wads  of  straw  8  inches  long,  made  of  a  handful  of  straws  folded  in 
three;  cover  the  guards  and  guard-bows  with  the  ends  of  the  straw  that 
form  these  wads,  which  will  be  still  about  12  inches  long.  Put  in  another 
tier  of  10  muskets  in  the  same  manner,  making  the  cushions  4  inches 
thick.  Pack  the  implements  in  straw  in  the  vacant  spaces.  Fill  the  box 
with  straw,  so  that  the  cover  shall  require  strong  pressure  to  keep  it 
down.     Put  two  hoops  round  the  box,  at  18  inches  from  the  ends. 

Other  arms,  swords,  etc.,  are  packed  in  a  similar  manner. 

Arms  should  not  be  wrapped  in  paper,  unless  it  be  oiled,  as  it  attracts 
moisture  more  readily  than  straw  does. 

PRESERVATION   OF   ARMS   IN   STORE. 
Arrangement  and  Planner  of  Stormg  Arms. 

Arms  are  kept  at  the  arsenals  either  in  the  boxes  in  which  they  are  re- 
ceived from  the  armories,  or  in  racks. 

Those  of  each  kind  are  kept  separate,  and  they  are  arranged  according 
to  the  model,  the  place  and  year  of  fabrication,  and  the  time  when  they 
were  last  cleaned. 

New  arms  are  kept  distinct  from  those  which  have  been  repaired. 
Each  parcel  should  have  a  label,  indicating  the  kind,  number,  model, 
date  of  their  receipt  in  store  and  of  their  being  last  cleaned. 

The  manner  of  keeping  arms  at  the  arsenals  is  determined  by  the  chief 
of  the  Ordnance  Department,  according  to  the  peculiar  circumstances  of 
each  case,  and  i-acks  are  constructed  for  them  only  in  pursuance  of  special 
authority  from  the  Ordnance  Office ;  without  such  authority  they  are  kept 
in  boxes.  The  form  and  arrangement  of  the  racks  vary  with  those  of  the 
room  in  which  they  are  placed,  so  as  to  use  the  space  to  the  best  advantage 
and  give  light  and  air  to  every  part  of  the  room.  The  usual  arrangement 
of  racks  for  muskets  is  to  establish  two  rows  of  double  racks,  two  tiers 
high,  perpendicular  to  the  length  of  the  room,  leaving  alleys  around  the 
room  next  to  the  walls,  and  in  the  centre,  if  necessary.  The  bayonets  are 
passed  through  the  middle-band  swivel,  the  socket  covering  the  top  of  the 
ramrod.  Other  racks  of  a  similar  kind  may  be  made  for  rifles,  carbines, 
&c.  Pistols  are  suspended  by  the  guard-bows,  on  hooks  driven  into  the 
faces  of  the  musket-racks,  or  into  the  joists,  or  into  strips  attached  to  the 
walls  of  the  building. 

When  there  are  neither  racks  nor  boxes  prepared,  the  arms  are  stored 
in  dry  rooms,  arranged  in  rows  apart  from  the  walls,  standing  on  their 
muzzles  and  supported  by  frames  to  prevent  them  from  pressing  too  much 
on  each  other.  The  bayonet  should  be  unfixed  and  passed  through  the 
swivel.  They  should  be  covered  with  tarpaulins  or  cloths,  if  necessary,  to 
protect  them  from  dust. 


198  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Arms  of  peculiar  kinds,  and  arms  to  be  repaired,  are  kept  separate  from 
others ;  as  also  arms  unserviceable  or  condemned  to  be  broken  up. 

Limbs  and  spare  parts  intended  for  repairs  of  arms  should  be  kept  in 
store  by  themselves,  in  a  dry  place,  classed  according  to  the  kind  of  arms 
and  to  the  model  and  year  of  fabrication,  and  labelled  accordingly. 

Musket  and  rifle  barrels  and  other  long  barrels,  standing  on  their  muz- 
zles ;  the  piles  covered  from  the  dust  with  tarpaulins  supported  so  as  not 
to  touch  the  barrels.  Pistol-barrels,  bayonets,  and  other  small  parts,  in 
drawers  or  boxes,  properly  labelled.  Stocks,  in  square  piles,  in  the  attic 
or  upper  story  of  the  building. 

Care  of  Arms  in  Store. 

Arms  when  received  at  an  arsenal  should  be  unpacked  and  carefully  ex- 
amined, to  detect  any  damage  suffered  in  transportation ;  they  should  be 
cleaned  and  oiled,  if  they  require  it.  Those  arms  which  are  not  to  be 
placed  in  racks  should  be  returned  to  the  boxes,  laid  in  loosely  but  safely, 
and  the  cover  slightly  fastened  down,  so  that  they  can  be  readily  examined. 

All  arms  in  store  should  be  frequently  examined,  to  see  that  they  do  not 
become  rusty.  Those  which  are  found  to  be  rusted  should  be  immediately 
cleaned  and  again  oiled.  Browned  arms,  if  affected  with  specks  of  rust, 
should  be  rubbed  hard  with  linseed-oil ;  and  if  the  appearance  of  the 
browning  indicate  that  the  acid  is  not  neutralized,  care  should  be  taken 
to  examine  the  arms  again  within  a  short  time,  as  it  may  be  found  neces- 
sary to  remove  and  renew  the  browning ;  but  this  operation  should  not  be 
performed  without  special  authority  from  the  chief  of  the  Ordnance  De- 
partment, on  the  report  of  a  duly-authorized  inspector. 

Arms  which  are  to  be  repaired  should  be  oiled  and  taken  care  of  in  the 
same  manner  as  sei'viceable  arms.  Irreparable  arms,  the  parts  of  which 
can  be  used  for  repairs,  should  be  oiled.  Similar  remarks  apply  to  spare 
parts  for  repair  of  arms. 

Sperm-oil  should  be  used  for  greasing  arms. 

Empty  boxes,  from  which  the  arms  in  racks  are  taken,  should  be  kept, 
with  all  the  parts  belonging  to  them,  in  the  attics  or  other  dry  situations. 

The  store-houses  for  arms  should  be  aired  in  clear,  dry  weather. 

Issuing  Anns. 

The  Ordnance  Regulations  prescribe  the  manner  of  issuing  arms  to  the 
troops,  under  the  various  circumstances  of  service,  and  to  the  States,  for 
arming  the  militia. 

All  arms  issued  from  an  arsenal  should  be  carefully  examined  before 
delivery,  cleaned,  and  put  in  good  order  ;  if  intended  for  transportation, 
they  should  be  oiled,  if  necessary,  after  cleaning,  and  carefully  packed. 


PRESERVATION   OP   ARMS   IN   SERVICE.  199 

PRESERVATION  OF  ARMS  IN  SERVICE. 

The  officers,  non-commissioned  ofl&cers,  and  soldiers  should  be  instructed 
and  practised  in  the  nomenclature  of  the  arms,  the  manner  of  dismounting 
and  mounting  them,  and  the  precautions  and  care  required  for  their  pre- 
servation. 

Each  soldier  should  have  a  screw-driver  and  a  wiper,  and  each  squad 
of  ten  a  band-spring  and  tumbler  punch,  and  a  spring-vise.  No  other 
implements  should  be  used  in  taking  arms  apart  or  in  setting  them  up. 

In  the  inspection  of  arms,  ofl&cers  should  attend  to  the  qualities  essential 
to  service,  rather  than  to  a  bright  polish  on  the  exterior  of  the  arms.  The 
arms  should  be  inspected  in  the  quarters  at  least  once  a  month,  with  the 
barrel  and  lock  separated  from  the  stock. 

Taking  Arms  to  Pieces. 

To  take  apart  the  rifle  musket,  model  1855 : — 

1.  Unfix  the  bayonet. 

2.  Put  the  tompion  in  the  muzzle  of  the  barrel. 

3.  Draw  the  ramrod. 

4.  Turn  the  tang-screw. 

5.  Take  off  the  lock :  to  do  this,  first  put  the  hammer  at  half-cock,  then 
unscrew  partially  the  side  screws,  and,  with  a  slight  tap  on  the  head  of 
each  screw  with  a  wooden  instrument,  loosen  the  lock  from  its  bed  in  the 
stock ;  then  turn  out  the  side  screws,  and  remove  the  lock  with  the  left 
hand. 

G.  Remove  the  side  screws,  taking  care  not  to  disturb  the  washers. 

7.  Take  oflF  the  upper  band. 

8.  Take  off  the  middle  band. 

9.  Take  off  the  lower  band. 
10,  Take  out  the  barrel. 

In  doing  this,  turn  the  musket  horizontally,  with  the  barrel  downward, 
holding  the  barrel  loosely  with  the  left  hand  below  the  rear  sight,  the 
right  hand  grasping  the  stock  by  the  handle ;  and  if  it  does  not  leave  the 
stock,  tap  the  tompion  in  the  muzzle  gently  against  the  ground  or  floor, 
which  will  loosen  the  breech-end  from  the  stock.  This  is  preferable  to 
lifting  the  barrel  out  by  the  muzzle,  because  if  the  tang  of  the  breech- 
screw  should  bind  in  the  wood,  the  head  of  the  stock  would  be  liable  to  be 
split  by  raising  the  muzzle  first. 

The  foregoing  parts  of  the  rifle  musket  are  all  that  should  usually  be 
taken  off  or  dismounted. 

The  soldier  should  never  dismount  the  band-springs,  guard,  side  screw, 
washers,  butt-plate,  rear  sight,  cone,  and  cone-seat   screw,  except  when  au 


200 


OUDXANCE    MAXrAr,. 


(inictM-  roiisiiU'vs  it  uoecssary.  Tlio  ])reccli-scre\v  sliouM  lie  taken  out  only 
]>y  an  urnmrer,  atul  innr  in  o-rdiiiary  clcaninji:.  Tlie  lock  sliouM  lu.tt  be 
taken  ajtarl,  nor  tlie  bayoiiet-ela-^ji  lakeu  otl',  i^xccjjt  -wlien  al)solutely 
necessary  in  tlie  ojiinion  of  an  olliccr.  If  prcjn-r  kikI  r('<jnlnr  care  hi'  lakeii 
of  (hr  (inii,  //lis  n-ill  he  v>-ri/  .Hrhlnni  iirrrxsn ri/. 

Tlie  parts  which  are  sjiecially  assiirneil  t(»  be  tlisniounted  l)y  an  ex[»e- 
rieneed  armorer  -will  be  stale(l  in  iheir  r(>o;iilar  order  following;  No.  10,  viz,  : 

II.  I'nscrew  the  cone,  keepiiiL!;  the  wi'ench  well  down  on  the  square  of 
the  cone,  to  ])revent  the  corners  from  being  injured. 

III.  Ta.l^e  (iut  the  eone-seat  screw. 

1;!.  Take  out  the  tipper,  middle,  and  lower  ])and-spr;ngs,  ttsing  a  wire 
ptiiudi  of  lu'oper  size. 

11.   Take  out  the  side  screws. '-■'■ 

lo.  Take  out  the  guard,  using  care  to  prevent  injuring  the  wood  at  each 
end  of  the  guard-plate. 

]t).    Take  tnit  the  side-screw  washers  with  a  drift  punch. 

17.  Take  out  the  butt-plate  screws  with  the  largest  blade  of  the  screw- 
driver, and  remove  the  butt-plate. 

18.  Jlemove  the  rear  sight  by  litrning  out  the  leaf-spring  screw,  which 
will  release  the  sight  from  the  barrel. 

10.  Turn  out  tlie  breech-screw  by  means  of  a  "  breech-screw^  wrench" 
suited  to  the  tenon  of  the  brcech-scrcw.  No  other  wrench  should  ever  be 
used  for  this  purpose,  and  the  barrel  should  be  held  in  clamps  fitting 
neatly  tlie  breech. 

ORDER    tX    WlllC'ir    TIfK    t.OCK     IS     rAKKN    AI^VKT. 

].  ("ock  the  piece,  and  put  the  spring-vise  on  tlie  main-spring;  give  the 
tliuml)-screw  a  turn  sutlicient  to  liberate  the  spring  from  the  swivel  ami 
main-spring  tiotcli.      lvemo\e  the  spring. 

'1.  The  sear-spring  screw.  I'efore  turning  ihis  scre^v  entirely  out,  strike 
the  elbow  of  the  spring  with  i!ie  screw-driver,  so  as  to  disengage  the  pivot 
from  its  tnortise;   then  remove  the  screw  and  spring. 

;>.    The  sear-screw  ami  scar. 

■1.    The  ])ridle-screw  and  bridle. 

o.    The  tuml.iler-screw. 

t'..  The  tumbler.  Tiiis  is  driven  oui  wiih  a  jnincli  inserted  in  the  screw- 
hole,  which  at  the  same  time  libei-aU'<  ihc  hammer. 

7.    ])e'acli  the  m-iin-spring   swivel  tV.uii  the  tumbler  v.ilh  a  drill -punch. 


ifi-i.latf,  aii'I  siM-sT.'w  li.M.l>  li 


l.'ttiii-  th-  Sci-.'W-.lrivri-  >li])  eut   wliile  in  ihr  art  ..f  tl 
ol:^,!.!  vcl  III  jii-i;\fiir  injury  iu  tlii.-i  iiarricular. 


-lit<.  \nY  whirli 
■-1  liy  ar:i,l.-iit  . 
ii!  screw,     (ire 


r\v-.lnver 
ssm-ss  in 
.hoiiM  bo 


DISMOUNTING   ARMS.  201 

8.  Take  out  the  feed-finger  and  spring.  The  magazine-cover  should 
never  be  taken  off  except  when  absolutely  necessary. 

9.  The  catch-spring  and  screw. 

Assembling  Arms. 
The  lock  and   the  musket  are   put   together  in  the  inverse   order  of 
taking  them  apart. 

THE    LOCK. 

1.  The  catch-spring.  2.  The  feed-finger  and  spring.  3.  The  main 
spring  swivel.  4.  The  tumbler  and  hammer.  5.  The  tumbler-screw.  6. 
Bridle  and  screw.  7.  Sear  and  screw.  8,  Sear-spring  and  screw. 
9.   Main-spring. 

Before  replacing  the  screws,  oil  them  slightly  with  good  sperm-oil, 
putting  a  drop  on  the  point  of  the  screw ;  also  on  the  arbor  and  pivot  of 
the  tumbler;  between  the  movable  branches  of  the  springs  and  the  lock- 
plate  ;  on  the  hook  and  notches  of  the  tumbler.  After  the  lock  is  put 
together,  avoid  turning  the  screws  in  so  hard  as  to  make  the  limbs  bind : 
to  insure  this,  try  the  motion  of  each  limb  before  and  after  its  spring  is 
mounted,  and  see  that  it  moves  without  friction. 

THE    MUSKET. 

1.  The  barrel.  Drop  the  barrel  into  its  place  in  the  stock,  and  squeeze 
it  down  with  the  hand ;  give  the  butt  of  the  stock  a  gentle  tap  against  the 
floor,  to  settle  the  breech-end  of  the  barrel  against  the  head  of  the  stock. 

2.  Put  on  the  lower  band  with  the  letter  U  upward,  being  careful  not  to 
mar  the  stock  or  barrel  in  sliding  it  into  its  place ;  apply  the  thumb  to  the 
band-spring,  to  see  that  it  plays  freely. 

3.  Put  on  the  middle  band ;  and, 

4.  The  upper  band,  in  the  same  manner. 

5.  The  lock.  Half-cock  the  hammer ;  take  the  lock  in  the  right  hand, 
with  the  main-spring  and  sear  toward  you,  holding  the  stock  with  the  left 
hand  by  the  swell,  with  the  butt  between  the  knees.  Enter  the  lock  fairly 
into  the  lock-bed,  taking  care  to  keep  the  arm  of  the  sear  clear  of  the 
trigger ;  press  the  plate  well  down  into  the  wood,  and  then  turn  the 
musket  over,  holding  the  lock  and  stock  together  with  the  left  hand. 

6.  With  the  right  hand,  turn  in  the  side  screws,  after  having  touched 
their  screw-threads  with  oil.  Observe  that  the  point  of  the  rear-screw  is 
flat,  and  should  not  project  beyond  the  plate,  to  interfere  with  the  ham- 
mer.    The  front  screw  has  a  round  point, 

7.  Turn  in  the  tang-screw,  after  having  oiled  the  screw-thread.  Be 
careful  to  see  that  each  of  these  screws  are  turned  firmly  home,  but  not 
forced.  Observe  that  the  lock  plays  freely,  without  friction,  and  that  no 
limb  is  bound  by  the  wood. 

8.  Return  the  ramrod. 


202  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

9.  Refix  the  bayonet,  after  having  oiled  the  clasp  and  socket  to  prevent 
chafing. 

10.  Replace  the  tompion.  Oil  the  stock  well  with  sperm  or  linseed  oil ; 
let  it  stand  a  few  hours,  and  then  rub  it  with  a  woollen  rag  until  the  wood 
is  perfectly  dry.  Repeat  this  from  time  to  time,  and  it  will  produce  a 
polish  which  moisture  will  not  affect. 

Linseed-oil  is  the  best  for  this  purpose,  and  it  should  be  used  while  the 
arm  is  dismounted. 

Cleaning  and  Care  of  Arms. 

TO    CLEAN    THE    BARREL. 

1.  Stop  the  hole  in  the  cone  with  a  peg  of  soft  wood ;  pour  a  gill  of 
water  (warm,  if  it  can  be  had)  into  the  muzzle ;  let  it  stand  a  short  time, 
to  soften  the  deposit  of  the  powder ;  put  a  plug  of  soft  wood  into  the 
muzzle,  and  shake  the  water  up  and  down  the  barrel  well;  pour  this  out 
and  repeat  the  washing  until  the  water  comes  out  clear ;  take  out  the  peg 
from  the  cone,  and  stand  the  barrel,  muzzle  downward,  to  drain  for  a  few 
moments. 

2.  Screw  the  wiper  on  to  the  end  of  the  ramrod,  and  put  a  piece  of  dry 
cloth  or  tow  round  it,  sufficient  to  prevent  it  from  chafing  the  grooves  of 
the  barrel ;  wipe  the  barrel  quite  dry,  changing  or  drying  the  cloth  two 
or  three  times. 

3.  Put  no  oil  into  the  vent,  as  it  will  clog  the  passage,  and  cause  the 
first  cap  to  miss  fire ;  but,  with  a  slightly-oiled  rag  on  the  wiper,  rub  the 
bore  of  the  barrel  and  the  face  of  the  breech-screw  and  immediately 
insert  the  tompion  into  the  muzzle. 

4.  To  clean  the  exterior  of  the  barrel,  lay  it  flat  on  a  bench  or  board,  to 
avoid  bending  it.  The  practice  of  supporting  the  barrel  at  each  end  and 
rubbing  it  with  a  strap  or  buff-stick,  or  with  the  ramrod  or  any  other  in- 
strument, to  burnish  it,  is  pernicious,  and  should  be  strictly  forbidden. 

5.  After  firing,  the  bai'rel  should  always  be  washed  as  soon  as  prac- 
ticable ;  when  the  water  comes  off  clear,  wipe  the  barrel  dry,  and  pass 
into  it  a  rag  moistenecrwith  oil. 

As  rust  and  dirt  are  produced  by  exploding  caps  or  primers,  although 
no  charge  be  fired,  the  parts  of  the  barrel  and  cone  exposed  should  be 
carefully  wiped  and  oiled  after  such  practice. 

Fine  fiour-of-emery  cloth  is  the  best  article  to  clean  the  exterior  of  the 
barrel. 

TO    CLEAN    THE    LOCK. 

Wipe  every  part  with  a  moist  rag,  and  then  a  dry  one ;  if  any  part  of 
the  interior  shows  rust,  put  a  drop  of  oil  on  the  point  or  end  of  a  piece 
of  soft  wood  dipped  into  flour  of  emery ;  rub  out  the  rust  clean  and  wipe 
the  sui'face  dry  ;  then  rub  every  part  with  a  slightly-oiled  rag. 


CLEANING   OF   ARMS.  203 

When  a  lock  has,  from  any  cause,  become  gummed  with  oil  and  dirt,  it 
may  be  cleaned  by  being  boiled  in  soap-suds  or  in  pearlash  or  soda  water, 
to  loosen  the  thick  oil ;  but  heat  should  never  be  applied  to  any  part  of 
it  in  any  other  way. 

TO    CLEAN    THE    MOUNTINGS. 

For  the  mountings,  and  all  of  the  iron  and  steel  parts,  use  fine  flour  of 
emery  moistened  with  oil,  or  flour-of-emery  cloth. 

For  brass,  use  rotten-stone  moistened  with  vinegar  or  water,  and  keep 
free  from  oil  or  grease.  Use  a  hard  brush,  or  a  piece  of  soft  pine,  cedar, 
or  crocus- cloth. 

Remove  dirt  from  the  screw-holes  by  screwing  a  piece  of  soft  wood  into 
them. 

Wipe  clean  with  a  linen  rag,  and  leave  the  parts  slightly  oiled. 

In  cleaning  the  arms,  great  care  should  be  observed  to  preserve  the 
qualities  essential  to  service,  rather  than  to  obtain  a  bright  polish. 

Burnishing  the  barrel  (or  other  parts)  should  be  strictly  avoided,  as  it 
tends  to  crook  the  barrel,  and  also  to  destroy  the  uniformity  of  the  ex- 
terior finish  of  the  arm. 

It  is  not  essential  for  the  musket  to  be  dismounted  every  time  that  it  is 
cleaned;  for,  after  firing  it  in  fine  weather,  or  when  there  has  been  no 
chance  for  the  wet  to  get  between  the  barrel  and  the  stock,  it  can  be  per- 
fectly cleaned  in  the  folloAving  manner : — 

Put  a  piece  of  rag  or  soft  leather  on  the  top  of  the  cone,  and  let  the 
hammer  down  upon  it ;  pour  a  gill  of  water  into  the  muzzle,  carefully,  so 
that  it  does  not  run  down  the  outside  ;  put  a  plug  of  wood  into  the  muzzle, 
and  shake  the  gun  up  and  down,  changing  the  water  repeatedly  until  it 
comes  out  clear.  When  clear,  withdraw  the  leather,  and  stand  the  musket 
on  the  muzzle  a  few  moments ;  then  wipe  out  the  barrel,  (as  given  in  the 
second  rule  for  cleaning,)  and  also  wipe  the  exterior  of  the  lock  and  the 
outside  of  the  barrel  around  the  cone  and  cone-seat,  first  with  a  damp  rag, 
and  then  with  a  dry  one,  and  lastly  with  a  rag  that  has  been  slightly  oiled. 
In  this  way,  all  the  dirt  due  to  the  firing  may  be  removed  without  taking 
out  a  screw. 

If,  however,  the  hammer  be  observed  to  work  stiff,  or  to  grate  upon  the 
tumbler,  the  lock  must  immediately  be  taken  off  and  the  parts  cleaned 
and  touched  with  oil. 

To  change  the  cone,  when  it  is  broken  or  worn  out. — After  removing  the 
old  cone,  enter  the  new  one  carefully  with  the  fingers,  before  using  the 
wrench,  in  order  to  avoid  bruising  the  thread  in  the  barrel. 

It  is  very  important  to  use  no  other  implements  than  those  before  men- 
tioned. By  using  nails  to  drive  out  the  wires,  their  holes  are  enlarged. 
The  main-spring  should  never  be  heated  for  the  purpose  of  either  raising 


204 


ORDN'AXC'K    MAMAL. 

"s  the  elasticity  of  the  ppriii<r.  and  the 


or  lii-\veviiiir  its  tompor;    (his  destn 
h.u-I;  no  hjnger  gives  hre. 

The  iMlche-  of  tlic  tunihler,  (lie  n.iain-^j)ring  swivel,  and,  in  o-eneral,  all 
tlie  jiiints  of  the  lock,  slimihl  he  fre(|uently  (uleil.  ufler  first  wi})ing  olF  the 
hard  grt\'ise  and  the  dust. 

Jlrn/r/K'.I arms  are  cleaned  liy  ruhhing  Iheni  hard  with  an  (died  rag  until 
the  oil  is  well  incirp-irateil  witli  the  ])rowning,  or  by  rul)l)iTig  tlieiu  willi 
beeswax  on  a  rag  or  curk. 

llitled  arms  sliould  not  have  the  rdinroJ  s^,/  uii;/  in  llie  bore  wiili  unneces- 
pary  force.  It  V)aiters  the  liead  of  the  rod,  and  wears  injuriously  tlie 
grooves.  'J'he  soldier  should  let  the  I'od  slide  down  gently,  sujiported  by 
the  tliunib  and  linger ;  and  the  inspecting  officer  can  satisfy  liini-elf  of  the 
condition  of  ihe  bottom,  of  the  bore  by  gently  tapping  Avith  the  rod.  Tlie 
face  of  the  breecli  can  be  polished,  after  -washing,  by  means  of  a  coi-k 
fixed  on  (he  wiper  or  ball-screw;  the  polished  surface  can  be  seen  if  the 
muzzle  is  (urned  to  the  light. 

iSesides  all  the  jjrecautions  in  dismounting,  remounting,  and  cleaning, 
whicli  have  been  pointed  out  in  the  foregoing  pages,  habitual  care  in 
liamlling  the  urius  is  necessary  to  keep  them  in  good  and  serviceable  con- 
dition. 

In  ordcrinij  urins  on  parade,  let  the  butt  be  brought  gently  to  tlie  ground, 
especially  when  the  exercises  take  place  on  jiavements  or  hard  roads. 
TJiis  will  save  tlie  mechanism  of  the  lock  from  shocks,  which  are  very  in- 
jurious to  it,  anil  wliicli  tend  to  loosen  and  mar  the  screws  ami  split  the 
wood-work. 

In  .•^■tiit'kiic/  (in/i--^,  care  should  be  taken  not  to  injure  the  bayonets  by  for- 
cibly straining  t!ic  edg(;s  against  each  other.  The  stack  can  be  as  well 
secured  wiilioui.  such  force  being  used. 

No  cutting,  marking,  or  scraping  in  any  way  the  wood  or  iron  should 
be  allowed  ;  ami  no  -jiart  of  the  gun  should  lie  touched  with  a  file.  Take 
every  jiossilile  care  to  ju'eveiii  water  from  getting  in  lietween  the  lock,  or 
barred,  and  stock.  Jf  any  should  <!:('\  iliere.  dismount  the  gun  as  soon  as 
])o^sible,  clean  and  oil  tlic  parts  a<  directed,  and  see  that  they  are  per- 
fectly dry  before  rea^^-omhling  ihem. 

'JO  I'l.Aci;  A  cini.  (.1  i'i;i.M!.i;s  in  riii;  ma(;azim;. 
Let  ilowii  the  hammer;  o])cn  th«'  magazine,  by  pulling  ba(d<  the  head  of 
(he  cover-cat(di  with  the  thumli-nail  of  the  left  hand,  Avhile  tlie  thumb-nail 
of  the  right  hand  is  jtiished  under  the  cover  at  the  bottom,  llemove  the 
coveriiig-])aper  from  the  coil  ot  primers:  separate  any  ]iarts  that  tiiay 
liap]M'n  to  St  i<d>:  togetlier:  unwind  about  one  incli  :  place  the  coil  in  the 
magazine,  and  tlie  free  etid  of  it  in  the  grijove.  Hat  side  towaril  tlie  cone, 
and  otie  primer  lieyond  tlie  etid  of  the  feeil-fmger  ;   close  the  magazine. 


INSPECTION    OF   ARMS    IN    SERVICE.  205 

Should  an  exploded  primer  fail  to  ignite  the  charge,  there  must  be 
moisture,  or  some  obstruction,  in  the  vent ;  or  the  gun  may  be  improperly 
loaded.  After  a  night  in  a  damp  place,  a  drop  of  moisture  sometimes 
collects  in  the  vent,  and,  unless  removed,  prevents  the  first  primer,  or  cap, 
from  igniting  the  charge. 

If,  by  accident,  a  coil  of  primers  become  softened  by  dampness,  it  can 
be  made  good  again  by  a  short  exposure  to  a  dry,  warm  atmosphere. 

Should  the  cocking  of  the  hammer  fail  to  feed  out  properly  the  pi'imer, 
open  the  magazine,  and  notice,  while  working  the  hammer,  the  cause  of 
the  difficulty.     It  can  generally  be  readily  corrected. 

INSPECTION  OF  AEMS  IN  SERVICE,  OR  WHICH   HAVE  BEEN  IN 

SERVICE. 

Implements. — Standard  and  limit  gauges  for  the  bore,  limit-gauges  for 
the  exterior  of  the  barrel,  and  a  screw-plate  with  taps  for  the  holes  of  the 
lock-plate. 

The  following  are  the  principal  points  to  be  attended  to  in  the  inspection 
of  arms: — 

The  arms  being  taken  to  pieces  and  cleaned. 

Bakrel. — Defects  for  which  the  barrel  7mist  be  condemned  as  unfit  for  service. 
The  large  gauge  entering  the  whole  length  of  the  barrel.  The  small  or 
standard  gauge  not  entering,  unless  the  diminution  of  the  bore  be  caused 
by  the  barrel  being  indented  or  bent, — defects  which  may  be  remedied.  A 
diminution  of  the  exterior  diameter  at  the  breech  or  at  the  muzzle,  so  as  to 
enter  the  small  receiving-gauges :  this  diminution  is  0.1  inch  at  the  breech ; 
0.03  inch  at  the  muzzle  for  arms  with  bayonets,  and  0.045  inch  for  arms 
without  bayonets.  A  diminution  of  more  than  0.25  in  the  length  of  a  pis- 
tol-barrel, or  0.5  inch  in  the  length  of  other  barrels.  Splits,  cross-cracks, 
and  other  serious  defects,  caused  either  by  bad  workmanship  or  by  use. 

Examine  the  barrel  carefully,  to  see  if  it  have  any  of  the  above  defects, 
and,  if  so,  mark  them  with  a  file,  when  not  very  apparent.  See  if  the 
bayonet-stud  be  broken  or  too  much  worn,  if  the  cone-seat  be  perfect,  and 
its  thread  in  good  order  and  the  vent  unobstructed.  If  the  breech-screw 
be  not  tight  after  entering  5  or  6  threads,  or  if  it  oan  be  screwed  down  by 
hand  without  the  use  of  a  wrench,  if  the  threads  be  not  sharp  and  sound, 
if  the  plug  do  not  fill  up  the  whole  box  of  the  female  screw,  if  the  tang 
be  broken  or  cracked  at  the  screw-hole,  or  if,  when  the  breech-screw  is  in, 
the  tang  be  not  even  with  the  upper  surface  of  the  barrel,  a  new  breech- 
Screw  is  required. 

Cone. — Examine  the  chamfered  end  of  the  cone,  to  see  that  it  be  not 
broken  or  bruised ;  examine  also  the  thread  and  the  vent. 

Bayonet. — A  bayonet  is  considered  unserviceable  if  the  blade  be  1  inch 


206  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

too  short.  See  if  it  be  sound  and  perfect  in  all  its  parts,  and  if  it  fit  the 
barrel ;  also,  if  the  clasp  be  in  good  order  and  turn  freely. 

Lock. — See  if  the  fixed  branches  of  the  spriiigs  fit  close  to  the  lock- 
plate,  if  the  movable  branches  be  clear  of  it,  and  if  any  of  the  parts  be 
wood-bound. 

Have  the  springs  and  the  bridle  of  the  tumbler  renewed  when  their 
pivots  are  broken.  There  should  be  an  equal  space  between  the  lock- 
plate  and  the  sear,  the  tumbler  and  the  hammer. 

If  the  sear  rub  on  the  plate,  have  it  adjusted.  The  friction  of  the 
tumbler  may  be  caused  by  the  bridle  being  badly  pierced,  in  which  case 
renew  the  bridle.  If  the  hammer  rub  on  one  side  only,  have  it  adjusted; 
if  it  rub  everywhere,  the  arbor  of  the  tumbler  does  not  project  sufficiently, 
and  the  tumbler  should  be  renewed.  If  the  notches  of  the  tumbler  be 
broken,  or  the  edges  too  blunt,  have  them  dressed ;  if  the  hook  of  the 
tumbler  project  beyond  the  edge  of  the  lock-plate  when  the  hammer  is 
let  down,  the  tumbler  should  be  renewed.  The  arbor  and  the  pivot  of  the 
tumbler  should  fit  well  in  their  holes.  Examine  the  sear  closely,  and  have 
it  renewed  when  the  nose  is  too  thin  or  is  worn  on  the  side  next  the  lock- 
plate,  although  it  may  be  perfect  on  the  exterior.  If  the  hammer  be  not 
steady,  the  tumbler  should  be  renewed.  Try  the  action  of  the  hammer, 
to  see  that  it  explodes  the  cap  with  certainty. 

Renew  the  lock-plate  when  the  holes  are  too  much  worn  to  be  dressed 
over.  Renew  every  limb  that  is  broken  or  cracked,  the  screws  which  are 
too  much  worn,  or  of  which  the  stems  are  bent  or  the  slits  too  much 
enlarged. 

Mountings. — See  if  the  parts  be  complete  and  sound. 

If  the  tang-screw  do  not  fit  tight  in  the  screw-hole  of  the  guard-plate, 
renew  whichever  part  is  defective. 

Ramrod. — See  if  it  be  sound  and  have  a  good  thread  and  be  of  the 
proper  length  ;  otherwise,  replace  it. 

Stock. — Examine  carefully  the  bed  of  the  lock,  and  the  holes  for  the 
band-springs.  Press  the  thumb  against  ih^  facings,  to  see  if  they  be  split 
at  the  holes  for  the  side  screws,  and  renew  the  stock  if  it  be  split  there 
or  at  any  other  part  to  an  injurious  extent. 

The  arms  complete 

Are  inspected  according  to  the  rules  before  laid  down  for  the  inspection 

of  finished  arms ;  due  allowance  being  made  for  the  necessary  wear  in 

service. 

REPAIRS  OF  ARMS  AT  ARSENALS. 

When  arms  which  have  been  in  the  hands  of  the  troops  are  turned  into 
store  at  an  arsenal,  they  should  be  inspected  by  a  master  armorer,  under 
the  supervision  of  an  of&cer,  and  classed  as  follows : — 


REPAIRS   AT   ARSENALS.  207 

1.  Serviceable  arms. 

2.  Arms  requiring  repairs. 

3.  Irreparable  arms. 

Arms  requiring  repairs  are  classified  according  to  their  kinds  and  models 
and  to  the  extent  of  the  repairs  required.  Each  arm  should  be  marked 
with  a  number,  and  the  requisite  repairs  should  be  noted  on  the  register 
of  inspection,  to  guide  the  workmen  and  to  govern  the  issue  of  spare  parts 
required  for  repairs. 

Repairs  prohibited. — The  following  repairs  being  always  imperfect,  the 
parts  requiring  them  should  be  replaced  : — Cutting  oif  a  barrel;  brazing  a 
patch  on  a  barrel ;  brazing  a  tang  on  the  breech-screw  ;  brazing  a  bolster 
on  a  lock-plate ;  reaming  out  the  hole  for  the  arbor  of  the  tumbler ; 
brazing  a  piece  for  a  tumbler-hole  or  a  shoulder  on  the  hammer  ;  hammer- 
ing in  the  edge  of  the  hole  to  make  it  fit  tight  on  the  square  of  the  tum- 
bler ;  putting  a  pivot  to  a  tumbler ;  twisting  the  square  of  the  tumbler  to 
increase  the  sweep  of  the  hammer ;  straightening  the  arbor  ;  brazing  a 
ramrod  ;  splicing  a  stock. 

The  spare  parts  furnished  from  the  armories  are  in  gQwcvoX  filed,  finished, 
hardened,  and  tempered,  including  the  breech-screw. 

Fitting  new  parts. — To  adjust  a  new  lock,  the  flat  of  the  barrel  should  not 
be  filed,  but  the  bolsters  of  the  lock-plate  should  be  ground. 

The  barrel  should  not  be  touched  with  a  file  when  it  has  been  injured 
by  rust.  In  replacing  the  bayonet-stud,  avoid  cutting  too  deep  into  the  barrel 
and  producing  a  projection  inside  ;  try  the  small  gauge  in  the  barrel  after 
the  operation.  In  fitting  a  new  bayonet,  dress  out  the  groove  of  the  socket 
and  ream  out  the  socket  if  necessary. 

Braze  sights  and  bayonet-studs  only,  and  no  other  pieces ;  the  solder  is 
composed  of  two  parts  of  brass  and  one  of  zinc,  without  any  tin. 

Irreparable  Arms. 

Arms  are  considered  irreparable  when  both  the  barrel  and  stock  are  unfit 
for  service  ;  or  when  the  arms  require  very  extensive  repairs  and  the  parts 
can  be  made  useful  for  repairs  of  other  arms.  They  can  be  broken  up 
only  by  special  authority;  and  they  should  therefore  be  oiled  and  pre- 
served, in  order  to  be  submitted  to  an  inspector,  as  prescribed  in  the  Ord- 
nance Regulations. 

When  arms  are  broken  up,  the  parts  are  classed  either  as  serviceable, 
reparable,  or  unserviceable;  those  of  the  last  class  should  be  turned  into 
store  as  scrap  iron  or  steel,  ^c. 

STRENGTH  AND  DURABILITY  OF  MUSKET-BARRELS. 

To  test  the  strength  of  musket-barrels,  model  1855,  they  have  been  fired 
with  an  increasing  number  of  cartridges,  until  the  force  of  the  explosion 

IS 


208  ORDNANCE    3IAMAL. 

of  tlic  first  two  cartridccos  was  unahlo  to  drive  out  thn  otlioi'  eliargcs,  and 
the  gas  escaped  throup;!i  the  vent,  hMviuii  tlie  barrel  uninjured. 

The  strenj2:lli  of  tlie  barrel,  therefore,  furnishes  cv(>ry  I'equisite  secui'ity 
against  the  ace  i  dents  of  service  aiul  the  Avaut  of  care  on  the  part  of  the  soldier. 

J]xperience  has  shown  that  a  musket-harrcl  may  he  fired  2"),()(I0  times 
"without  becoming  unserviceable. 

l)arrels  which  are  condemned  in  service  are  almost  always  the  result  of 
accident,  very  rarely  from  enlargement  of  tlie  bore  or  from  the  diminution 
of  the  exterior  dimensions. 

The  following  trials  of  the  strength  and  durability  of  the  Frencli  musket- 
barrel  are  taken  from  the  Aide-Mi'mnirp.  Tliey  refer  to  the  smootli-bore 
musket  :  It  is  to  lie  observed  that  the  cliargc  of  the  French  mu-ket  was 
formei'ly  102  grains  Troy,  ju'lming  included,  (or  140  grains,  exclusive  of 
priming.)  and  is  therefore  consideraV)ly  greater  than  our  present  service- 
charge. 

In  experiments  made  in  1806,  barrels  reduced  O.lo  inch  at  the  breech 
bore  a  double  and  triple  charge  with  one  ball,  or  2  cartridges  placed  one 
over  the  otlier. 

Other  trials  were  made  in  1820,  at  tlie  manufactory  of  Mutzig,  on  arms 
sent  tliere  for  repairs,  Avhich  luul  been  a  greater  or  less  time  in  the  iiands 
of  the  troops.      They  furnished  the  following  results  :  — 

1st.  When  a  musket-bavrel  is  charged  with  a  single  cartridge,  placed 
in  any  part  of  it,  or  with  2  or  even  with  o  cartridges,  inserted  regularly, 
without  any  interval  between  them,  there  is  no  danger  of  bursting;  with  4 
cartridges  inserted  regularly  over  each  other,  or  with  2  or  even  o  cartridges 
placed  over  each  other  with  slugged  balls,  (or  balls  driven  in,  as  in  a  ritie.) 
there  is  danger  only  in  case  of  some  defect  of  fabrication,  or  some  deterio- 
ration in  the  barrel;  with  more  than  4  cartridges  inserted  regularly  one 
over  another,  or  with  2,  o,  and  4  cartridges  with  intervals  between  them, 
it  is  not  safe  to  fire. 

2d.  No  danger  of  bursting  is  occasioned  by  leaving  a  ball-screw  iir  tho 
barrel.  There  may  be  danger  from  a  ping  of  wood  driven  tight,  into  the 
muzzle,  wlien  the  barrel  has  been  loaded  with  2  cartridges;  or  from  a  cork 
rammed  into  the  barrel  to  a  certain  distance  from  the  charge,  with  another 
cartridge  over  it. 

Snow,  clay,  and  sand,  whicli  may  be  accidentally  introduced  into  the 
barrel,  are  not  dangerous,  if  they  lie  close  to  the  charge;  but  they  are  so 
when  there  is  a  space  between  them  and  the  charge;  in  this  case  sand  is 
the  :n.ost  dangerous,  then  clay  and  snow. 

IJalls  or  pieces  of  iron  insei'ted  over  the  charge  were  not  attended  with 
danger  when  placed  close  to  the  charge,  even  when  their  weight  amounted 
to  1  'j  lb.  ;  but  there  is  danger  from  a  piece  of  iron,  0.5  inch  s<piare,  weigh- 
ing \  lb.,  if  j)laced  20  inches  or  more  from  the  breecli. 


SPARE   PARTS   OP   MUSKETS. 


209 


3d.  A  barrel  with  a  defect  which  might  have  escaped  the  inspector  at 
the  armory,  bore  the  explosion  of  3  cartridges,  regularly  inserted.  After 
mutilation,  which  may  have  caused  a  reduction  of  metal  in  some  parts,  it 
may  still  be  used  without  danger. 

Finally,  the  diminutions  of  exterior  diameter  which  may  be  produced  in 
ordinary  service  are  never  sufficient  to  be  dangerous.  In  these  trials,  bar- 
rels originally  0.272  inch  thick  at  the  breech  did  not  burst  when  loaded 
with  2  cartridges,  until  the  thickness  was  reduced  to  0.169  inch,  and  with 
1  cartridge  to  0.091  inch. 

Spare  Parts  required  for  the  repair  of  1,000  Rifle  Muskets,  and  also 
1,000  Cadet  Rifle  3Iuskets,  during  one  year  in  the  field. 


Tip  for  stocks 

Tip-rivets 

Ramrod-stops 

Stocks 

Butt-plates 

Butt-plate  screws , 

Guard-plates 

Guard-bows , 

Guard-bow  swivels 

"  "  "  rivets. 
"       ''         "■       nuts ., 

Triggers 

Trigger-screws 

Guard-screws 

Sight-bases , 

Sight-leaves , 

Sight-leaf  springs 

"       "         "        screws 

Sight-joint  pins , 

Sight-slides 

Sight-slide  springs 

'*        '*      rivets 

Leaf-sight  base 

First  leaf 

Second  leaf 

Joint-screw 

Base-screw 

Front  sights 

Breech-screws 

Cones 

Vent-screws 

Barrels 

Tang-screws 

Upper  bands 

Middle     '*      

Lower      "      

Upper  band  springs 

Middle     "         "       


Nos. 

10 

20 

10 

50 

5 

25 

10 

10 

75 

100 

50 

25 

25 

75 

100 

100 

100 

150 

150 

ICO 

150 

300 

50 

50 

50 

50 

100 

25 

20 

75 

125 

2 

50 

50 

30 

30 

30 

30 


Lower  band  springs 

Middle  band  swivels 

"         "         "        rivets .... 

Lock-plates 

Magazine-cover  studs , 

Magazine-covers 

"  "      rivets 

*'  '•      catches 

"  "  "  screws 
Feeding-springs 

"  "         screws 

"        fingers 

Main-spring  swivels 

"         "  "       rivets.... 

Hammers 

Tumblers 

Tumbler-screws 

Bridles 

Bridle-screws 

Sears 

Sear-screws 

Sear-springs 

*'         "        screws 

Main-springs 

Side-screw  washers 

Side-screws 

Ramrods 

Bayonets 

Bayonet-clasps 

Bayonet-clasp  screws 

APPENDAGES. 

Wipers 

Screw-drivers 

Ball-screws 

Spring-vises 

Tompions 

Band-sp.  and  tumbler-punch . 


N03. 

30 

75 

100 

8 

50 

75 

100 

75 

100 

300 

150 

100 

20 

50 

75 

75 

125 

25 

125 

40 

125 

125 

125 

125 

60 

200 

100 

75 

100 

lOO 


25 
25 
25 
100 
25 


210 


ORDNANCE   MANUAL. 


Spare  Parts  for  1,000  Rifles  {3Iodel  1855)  one  year  in  the  field. 


Barrels 

Vent-screws 

Rear-sights 

Breech-screws 

Tang         "        

Cones 

Locks 

Lock-plates 

Hammers 

Tumblers 

*'         screws 

Bridles 

*'      screws 

Sears 

"     screws 

Sear-springs 

"  "       screws 

Main-springs 

"  "        swivels 

'<  "  "       rivets 

Feed-fingers 

"  "      springs 

"  "  "       screws 

Magazine-covers 

"  "      studs 

"  "         ''     rivets,... 

"  "      catches 

"  "  *'       screws 

Side-screws 

Upper  bands  with  swivels 

"      band  swivels  and  rivets. 

"         "      springs 

Lower  bands 


Nos. 
2 
30 
20 
10 
30 
50 


20 

100 

20 

50 

20 

50 

50 

50 

50 

40 

40 

40 

100 

100 

20 

20 

20 

100 

100 

100 

10 

50 

30 

10 


Lower  band  springs 

Side-screw  washers 

Guard-plates 

"       bows 

"         "      nuts 

"         "         "      swivels  and 

rivets  

Triggers 

"        screws 

Guard-plate  screws 

Butt-plates 

"         "     screws 

Box-plates  with  catches 

"         "      screws 

''         "       springs 

"         "  "       screws 

Ramrods 

"  stops 

stocks 

Screw-drivers 

Wipers 

Ball-screws 

Spring-vises 

Tumbler  and  wire  punches.... 

Bullet-moulds 

Swages  for  balls 

Swoi-d  bayonets 

Tompions 

Sword  bayonet  lock-pins 

Sword  bayonet  lock-pin  springs 

Sword  bayonet  lock-pin  spring 

screws 


N08. 

20 
30 
10 
20 
40 

50 
10 
10 
50 

2 
20 

5 

10 
10 
10 
50 
10 
30 
50 
50 
10 
10 
10 

5 

5 
30 
20 
25 
50 

50 


ARMORER  S   TOOLS. 


211 


Number  and  hind  of  Armorer's  Tools  required  for  any  number  of 
workmen,  from  1  to  12,  at  an  Armory  or  Arsenal,  for  Repairs,  &c. 


Number  of  Workmen. 


TOOLS. 

Awls,  stocker's 

Axes,  hand 

Augers,  armorer's 

Anvils 

Bending-tools 

Balances 

Bayonet-proofs 

Bevels 

Bick-irons 

Bits,  assorted 

*'     auger 

"     stocker's 

Braces,  iron 

Braces  and  bits 

Brands,  U.S 

Brushes,  dust 

"         tool 

Buff,  sticks 

Burrs 

Burnishers 

Cutter,  boxes 

"       dies 

"       jumpers 

Cutters,  smith's 

"  graduated  ma- 
chinist's   

Callipers 

Chargers 

Chisels,  turning  metal... 

"  "       wood... 

"        cold 

"        stocker's 

"        smith's 

Clamps,  iron 

Combs,  screw 

Comb,   grinder's 

Countersinks 

Chucks,  scroll 

Cutting-off  tools 

Crucibles 

Cone-boxes 

Cans,  tin 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

G 

6 

6 

G 

G 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

3 

3 

4 

4 

6 

20 

20 

20 

24 

24 

24 

28 

28 

28 

30 

30 

6 

6 

6 

G 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

12 

18 

18 

18 

18 

18 

18 

20 

20 

20 

24 

24 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

3 

3 

4 

4 

5 

5 

G 

G 

1 

1 

2 

2 

3 

3 

3 

4 

4 

5 

6 

3 

3 

3 

G 

6 

12 

12 

24 

24 

24 

24 

G 

6 

G 

G 

6 

6 

G 

G 

6 

G 

6 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

o 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

9 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

9 

2 

2 

2 

9 

0 

2 

o 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

9 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

6 

6 

G 

6 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

6 

G 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

3 

6 

9 

12 

15 

18 

21 

24 

27 

30 

33 

6 

6 

G 

G 

G 

G 

6 

G 

G 

6 

G 

2 

2 

2 

9 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

9 

6 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

6 

G 

G 

G 

6 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

6 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

G 

() 

G 

4 

4 

4 

4 

8 

8 

8 

14 

14 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

IS* 


212 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL, 


Niimher  and  kind  of  Armorer's  Tools,  &c. — Continued. 


Number  of  Workmeu. 


TOOLS. 

Dies,  screw-cutting  ... 

"      milling 

**      trimming 

'*     shaving 

"     tilt-hammer 

Drilling-collars 

Drill-presses,  portable 

Drill-stocks 

Drills,  pivot 

"       assorted 

Dividers 

Dogs,  turning 

Files,  assorted 

Formers,  forger's 

Flatters,  forger's 

Floats,  stocker's 

Fullers  and  sets 

Furnaces,  portable.... 

Gauges,  sc.  cutting,... 

"        graduating  ... 

*'        sliding 

"         assorted 

"        wire 

Glue-pots 

Gouges,  stocker's 

Grindstones,  small 

"  large 

Gravers 

Hammers,  set 

"  copper 

"  hand  

Heading-tools 

Hods,  iron 

Jumper  boxes 

"        dies 

Jigs,  drilling 

"      filing 

"      tapping 

"      milling 

"      shaving 

Knives,  drawing 

"        stocking 

Ladles,  iron 

Levellers,  iron 


1 

2 

3 

^ 

5 

0 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

13 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

11 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

46 

46 

46 

46 

46 

46 

46 

46 

46 

46 

46 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

12 

24 

36 

48 

60 

72 

84 

96 

108 

120 

132 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

200 

200 

200 

200 

200 

200 

200 

200 

200 

200 

200 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

] 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

24 

24 

24 

24 

24 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

16 

31 

31 

31 

31 

31 

31 

31 

31 

31 

31 

31 

50 

50 

50 

50 

50 

50 

50 

50 

50 

50 

50 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

o 

2 

2 

2 

4 

4 

4 

4 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

9 

2 

2 

' 

* 

4 

4 

ARMORER  S   TOOLS. 


213 


Numher  and  kind  of  Armorer's  Toolsj  &c. — Continued. 


Number  of  Workmen. 


TOOLS. 

Measures,  tape 

"  tin 

Mills 

Mandrels,  forger's 

"  assorted 

"  boring , 

"  band 

Moulds,  grind-wheel .... 

"        bullet 

Oil-cans 

Oilers 

Oil-cups , 

Oil-stones , 

Pans,  copper  vitrioling. 

"       tin 

'*       annealing 

'*       sheet  iron 

Pincers 

Pliers 

Planes,  stocker's , 

Powder,  canister 

Plugs,  calibre 

"       proving 

Punches,  assorted 

**          handled 

"  spring 

Pails,  wood 

"      iron  washing 

Pots,  water 

Rods,  wiping , 

"      rifling 

Riflers 

Reamers 

Rules,  carpenter's 

Rests,  filer's 

Racks,  movable 

Stands,  straighteningbls 
Scales,  graduated 

"       standard 

Scales  and  weights 

Saws,  hand 

"      metal  circular  .... 

"      hack 

**      stocker's 

**      whip 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

244 

244 

244 

244 

244 

244 

244 

244 

244 

244 

244 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

8 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

6 

] 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

3 

3 

3 

3 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

3 

3 

3 

3 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

7 

7 

7 

7 

7 

14 

14 

14 

14 

14 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

5 

6 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

5 

6 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

9 

2 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

9 

2 

2 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

2 

4 

4 

4 

4 

4 

28 

28 

28 

28 

28 

28 

28 

28 

28 

28 

28 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2 

2 

2 

3 

3 

3 

3 

3 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

9 

9 

3 

o 

4 

4 

G 

G 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

214 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Number  and  kind  of  Armorer' %  Tools,  &c. — Concluded. 


Number  of  Workmen. 


TOOLS. 

Shovels,  smith's 

"        steel 

Screw-drivers 

Screw-plates 

Screw-stocks 

Scribers 

Sets,  assorted 

Saw-sets 

Shears,  hand 

"        bench 

Sledges 

Sows,  cast  iron 

Soldering-copper  ... 

Spoke-shaves , 

Spring-proofs 

Squares,  2-feet 

"         assorted... 

trying 

Stakes,  iron 

"        lead 

Stamps,  letters 

**        figures 

"         eagles 

Straight-edges 

Swages 

Swage-boxes 

"      dies 

*'       jumpers 

'«      bullet 

Trimmers 

Taps,  metal 

Tongs,  grinder's 

"        smith's 

Trowels,  mason's.., 

Tunnels,  tin 

Trucks,  hand 

Tool-cases 

Target,  iron , 

Vises,  barrel 

"      bench , 

"      hand 

"      foot 

Wheels,  polishing.. 

Wrenches,  patent.. 
"  assorted 


10 


VERTFYINQ   GAUGES. 


List  of  Verifying  Gauges  for  the  Rifle  Musket,  Model  o/lSSS. 

Each  set  of  gauges  is  distinguislied  by  the  term  "Rifle  Musket,  U.  S.," 
and  the  number  to  correspond  with  those  contained  in  the  following  list, 
with  descriptions. 


FOR   BARRELS. 

Calibre-  Gauge : 

Measures  the  size  of  the  bore,  .58  inch  diameter. 
Groove- Gauge,  No.  1: 

Measures  the  depth  of  the  groove  at  the  muzzle,  .585  inch. 
Groove-  Gauge,  No.  2 : 

Measures  the  depth  of  the  groove  at  the  breech,  .595  inch. 
Dimension- Gauge,  No.  1 : 

Shows  the  distance  between  flats,  vertical  diameter,  position  of  top, 
left-hand  bevel  and  oval,  size  of  tenon  at  shoulder,  ends  of  the 
two  flats,  and  one  bevel. 
Dimension- Gauge,  No.  2: 

Shows  the  exterior  diameter  of  the  barrel  at  the  butt,  at  1.5  inch, 
2.5  inches,  5.5  inches,  9.875  inches,  21.5  inches,  33.25  inches, 
from  rear  end  of  barrel,  and  at  top  and  bottom  of  bayonet-socket, 
and  the  length  of  the  bayonet-socket. 
Calliper-  Gauge : 

Corresponding  with  No.  5. 
Barrel-Holder : 

Holds  barrel  and  marks  the  above  points  for  measurement. 
Receiving-  Gauge : 

Shows  dimensions  of  barrel  at  butt,  position  and  form  of  cone-seat, 
direction  and  position  of  tap  for  cone-screw,  position  of  vent- 
screw,  shape  of  tang,  and  position  of  tang-screw  hole. 
Rear-Sigkt  Mortise  Gauge : 

Shows  the  position,  depth,  width,  and  bevel  of  mortise,  and  the 
position,  size,  and  depth  of  rear-sight  screw-hole. 
Gauge  for  Counterhore  of  Barrel: 

Shows  length  and  diameter  of  the  counterbore. 
Tap-  Gauge  for  Barrel- Thread: 

Shows  length,  depth,  and  width  of  thread. 
Bayonet- Stud  and  Barrel- Muzzle: 

Shows  the  height  of  stud,  distance  of  stud  from  muzzle,  and  dia- 
meter of  barrel  at  3.03  inches  from  the  muzzle. 
Front-Sight  Gauge: 

Shows  height,  length,  and  form  of  sight. 
Barrel,  Sight,  and  Rod  Gauge: 

Shows  position  and  mortise,  screw-hole  for  rear  sight,  length  of 
barrel,  position  of  front  sight,  length  of  ramrod. 
Die-  Gauge  for  Breech- Screw  : 

Shows  size  and  commencement  of  thread,  length  of  body,  diameter 
of  the  body. 


216  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


No. 


12 
13 

14 

14^ 
15 

16 

17 

18 

19 

20 

21 
22 


FOR  BARRELS. —  Continued. 
Limit-  Gauge  for  Breech-Screw  : 

Shows  maximum  size  of  thread,  limit  of  entrance  of  pin,  diameter 
and  length  of  stem. 

FOR   LOCKS. 

Receiving- Gauge  for  Lock-Plate  : 

Shows  the  form  of  the  lock-plate,  and  thickness. 
Lock-Flate  Gauge: 

Shows  thickness  of  plate  and  bevel,  thickness  of  plate,  notch  for 
main-spring,  thickness  of  bolster  and  plate,  height  of  bolster-body, 
and  height  at  notch. 
Tumbler-  Gauge : 

Has  a  receiving  cavity  to  show  the  form  of  tumbler,  diameter  of 
arbor  and  square,  thickness  of  body,  length  of  arbor  and  square, 
taper  of  square,  size  of  pivot,  position  of  swivel-pin  hole  and 
swivel-slot. 
Tumbler-  Gauge,  JVo.  2  : 

Tests  the  thread  in  the  tumbler. 
Bridle-  Gauge  : 

Shows  the  form  of  the  bridle,  position  of  the  pivot  and  stud,  thick- 
ness of  body,  and  thickness  at  eye. 
Sear- Gauge: 

Receiving  cavity  shows  form  of  sear,  height  and  form  of  tang,  free- 
ing of  sear,  thickness  of  tang,  width  of  nose,  and  width  at  eye. 
Hammer-  Gauge : 

Shows  form  of  hammer  and  position  of  hole  for  square  of  tumbler, 
with  a  drift  for  size  of  tumbler-hole,  and  form  of  knife-edge. 
Dimension-  Gauge : 

Shows  thickness  of  body  at  tumbler-hole  and  bevel,  thickness  of 
body,  profile  of  comb,  width  of  comb  and  shape  of  back,  curve 
of  front  of  comb  at  start  of  body,  thickness  and  curve  of  head, 
curve  of  top  of  comb,  depth  and  size  of  countersink,  crook  of 
body. 
Lock  Screw-IIole  Gauge : 

Shows  position  of  all  holes  on  the  inside  of  the  lock-plate. 
Magazine-  Gauge : 

Shows  position  and  form  of  magazine,  position  and  size  of  finger- 
spring  screw-hole,  and  position  of  hinge-stud.  \ 
Magazine-  Gauge,  No.  2  : 

Shows  depth  of  magazine,  depth  and  width  of  magazine-throat, 
position  and  size  of  hinge-stud,  size  and  depth  of  mortise  above 
and  below  stud. 
Main- Spring  Gauge : 

Shows  the  curve  of  long  branch,  freeing  of  spring,  shape  of  spring 
at  hook,  position  of  pivot  and  relative  position  and  thickness  of 
the  two  branches,  length  of  short  branch,  shape  of  tang,  width 
of  hook,  width  of  long  branch  opposite  extremity  of  short  branch, 
width  of  body,  curve  of  bend,  form  of  slot  for  swivel. 


VERIFYINa   GAUGES.  217 


FOB  LOCKS. — Continued. 

Main- Spring  Gauge,  No.  2  : 

Shows  the  thickness  of  long  branch  close  to  the  hook,  opposite  the 
end  of  short  branch,  close  to  stud,  thickness  of  short  branch  close 
to  tang,  opposite  to  stud,  and  at  centre  of  tang,  and  height  above 
top  of  tang-slope. 
Sear-Spring  Gauge: 

Shows  spread  of  spring,  length  of  arm,  size  of  stud  and  freeing  of 

small  branch,  position  of  stud  and  pin-holes,  thickness  of  metai 

at  eye,  width  at  small  end,  width  of  metal  at  body,  width  of  body 

adjoining  eye. 

Tap-Gauge  for  Lock-Screws,  Trigger,  Vent,  and  Bayonet-Clasp  Screws : 

Shows  the  length,  diameter,  and  thread  of  each. 
Cover-Catch,  Feed- Finger  Spring,  and  Lock- Swivel  Gauge: 

Shows  the  profile  of  the  cover-catch,  length  and  thickness  of  foot, 
body,  and  head,  shape  of  head,  finger-spring,  shape  and  width 
at  bend  for  screw,  shape  and  position  of  swivel-pin  holes,  position 
and  size  of  arms,  length  of  arms,  and  thickness  of  body. 

Feed-Finger  Gauge: 

Shows  form  of  finger,  position  of  stud,  length,  thickness  at  stud, 
thickness  of  body,  width  of  finger. 
Magazine- Cover  Gauge: 

Shows  form  of  cover,  position  of  catch-notch,  thumb-nail  notch, 
position  and  distance  between  jaws,  size  of  rivet-hole,  thickness 
of  jaws,  round  of  jaws,  chamfer  of  cover,  thickness,  diameter  of 
jaws. 


LEAF-SIGHT,  MODEL   OF   1859. 

Gauge  for  Base,  Ko.  1 : 
Shows  the  profile  of  side  of  base,  thickness  of  fence  and  distance 
between  fences,  length  of  base  inside,  width  and  form  of  curve 
at  rear  end,  length  of  curve  and  position  of  screw-hole  and  steady- 
pin  on  under  side,  thickness  of  head,  body,  and  diameter  of  the 
screw,  length  of  screw. 
Gauge  for  Base,  No.  2  : 
Shows  the  position  of  the  screw  and  steady-pin  holes  and  slot  for 
the  tenon,  as  in  the  barrel. 
Gauge  for  First  Leaf: 
Shows  the  length,  width,  and  thickness,  thickness  of  ears,  distance 
between  ears,  and  position  as  assembled. 
Gauge  for  Second  Leaf: 
Shows  the  form  of  the  side  of  the  100-yard  range,  form  of  the  side 
of  300-yard  range,  width  of  leaf,  thickness,  width  of  joint,  and 
position  as  assembled  ;  showing  the  form  and  position  of  notches, 
and  the  angle  of  inside  and  outside  of  leaf. 
Gauge  for  Joint-Screw : 
Shows  the  length,  diameter  and  thickness  of  head,  diameter  of  body, 
and  size  of  thread. 


218  ORDNANCE   MANUAL. 


No. 
30 


81 

82 
33 

34 
35 

36 
37 

38 


39 
40 

41 
42 


MOUNTINGS,  ETC.  I 

Butt-Plate  Gauge,  No.  1 :  I 

Keceives  the  plate  and  shows  its  form,  position  of  screw-holes,  po- 
sition and  size  of  notch  for  patch-box. 
Butt-Plate  Gauge,  No.  2  : 

Shows  thickness  of  heel,  thickness  of  toe,  thickness  at  corners, 
thickness  of  body,  lateral  curve  across  body,  lateral  curve  across 
tang,  longitudinal  curvature  of  bottom  of  plate. 
Butt-Plate  and  Guard-Screw  Gauge: 

Shows  form  of  head  and  reinforce,  diameter  and  length  of  stem,  the 
shape  of  thread. 
Band-  Gauge : 

Shows  width  and  thickness  of  body,  width  and  thickness  of  swivel- 
stud  for  middle  band  and  guard-bow  stud,  round  of  stud,  thick- 
ness of  swivel  and  stud,  size  of  swivel- wire. 
Band-3Iandrel  Gauge,  No.  1 : 

Shows  interior  of  upper  band. 
Band- Mandrel  Gauge,  No.  2  : 

Shows  interior  form  of  middle  band. 
Band-Mandrel  Gauge,  No.  3  : 

Shows  interior  form  of  lower  band. 
Guard-Plate  Gauge  : 
Receives  the  plate  and  shows  its  form,  position  of  stud  for  trigger 
and  slot,  position  of  screw-holes,  position  of  guard-bow  holes  and  _, 
tang-screw  hole.  | 

Gtiard-Plate  and  Bow- Gauge:  ^ 

Shows  diameter  of  trigger-stud,  thickness  of  plate  at  bolsters,  thick- 
ness of  body,  shape  of  exterior,  profile  across  bolsters,  position 
and  size  of  trigger-slot,  width  and  shape  of  upper  and  lower  sides 
of  bow,  taken  at  the  middle,  width  of  swivel-joint,  diameter  of 
collar,  diameter  of  stem,  thickness  at  middle  of  bow,  diameter 
between  collar  and  swivel-stud,  diameter  of  nut,  thickness  of 
nut,  relative  position  of  swivel-stud,  collar,  stem,  and  screw,  . 
screw-thread.  I 

Trigger-  Gauge :  :' 

Receiving-slot,  showing  thickness  and  shape  of  blade,  curve  of  fin- 
ger-piece, position  and  size  of  pivot-hole,  curve  of  under  side  of 
finger-piece,  and  thickness  of  metal  at  finger-end. 
Band-Spring  Gauge: 

Receiving-slot,  showing  size,  form,  and  set  of  spiung  and  position 
of  wire  and  shoulder,  three  gauges  for  lengths  of  wire,  thickness 
at  shoulder,  thickness  of  stem,  width  of  stem,  and  diameter  of 
wire. 
Washer-Gauge : 
Shows  countersink  for  screw-head,  size  of  the  hole  for  screw,  dia- 
meter of  washer,  thickness  of  washer,  and  depth  of  countersink. 
Side  and  Tang  Screw  Gauge : 

Shows  diameter  of  head  of  side  screw,  diameter  of  stem,  diameter 
of  thread,  length  of  both  side  screws,  countersink  for  the  shoulder 


VERIFYING   GAUGES. 


219 


No. 

43 

44 
45 

46 
47 

48 
49 

60 
51 
62 
52^ 


MOUNTINGS,  ETC. — Continued. 

of  tang-screw,  diameter  of  head,  of  stem,  of  thread,  and  length 
of  screw. 

Rod- Stop-  Gauge : 

An  iron  pattern,  complete. 

BAYONET. 

Receiving-  Gauge : 

Shows  length,  width,  and  set  of  bladew 

Socket- Gauge,  No.  1 : 

Shows  exterior  diameter  of  socket  below  bead,  and  diameter  of  bead. 

Socket-Gauge,  No.  2  : 

Shows  exterior  diameter  of  socket  at  top  and  bottom. 

Mandrel-  Gauge : 

Shows  form  of  socket  at  lower  end,  size  of  cut  for  stud,  length  of 
socket,  size  of  grooves,  position  of  clasp. 

Blade- Gauge: 

Shows  curve  of  front  flute,  the  thickness  of  metal  at  commence- 
ment of  front  flute,  at  1^  inches  and  14^- inches  from  widest  point 
of  blade. 

Dimension-  Gauge : 

(To  be  applied  before  the  clasp  is  put  on.) 

Shows  position  and  size  of  socket  at  clasp-stud,  position  and  size 

of  clasp-stud,  relative  position  of  bridge-bead  and  clasp-stud, 

distance  from  top  of  slot  to  top  of  socket. 

Neck-  Gauge : 

(To  be  applied  before  the  clasp  is  put  on.) 

Shows  lower  curve  of  neck,  upper  curve  of  neck,  diameter  of  neck, 
and  relative  position  of  neck,  bead,  and  bridge. 

Neck-  Gauge,  No.  2  : 

Shows  curves  of  junction  of  neck  and  socket. 

Blade-  Gauge : 

Shows  profile  of  back  of  blade  at  the  commencement  of  back  flutes, 
at  termination  of  bevel,  at  middle  of  blade,  and  1  inch  from  point 
of  blade,  and  the  width  of  blade  at  the  above-mentioned  points. 


Rod-  Gauge : 

Shows  profile  of  head,  neck,  and  swell  for  6|-  inches,  diameter  of 
head,  diameter  at  2.5  inches,  diameter  at  5  inches,  diameter  of 
body  at  7  inches,  18.5  inches,  30  inches  from  large  end,  diameter 
at  start  of  thread,  and  form  of  cup ;  the  thread  same  as  in  model 
of  1840;  length,  39.625  inches. 

Rod-Holder  : 

Marks  points  at  2.5  inches,  5,  7, 18,5,  and  30  inches  from  large  end, 
at  start  of  thread,  and  gives  true  length  of  rod. 
19 


220  ORDNANCE   MANUAL. 


STOCK. 

Profile-  Gauge : 

Shows  the  curve  or  shape,  length,  position  of  bands,  tip,  and  shape 
of  butt. 
Bayonet-  Clasp  Mandrel-  Gauge : 

Shows  exterior  and  interior  size  of  clasp  when  the  screw  is  in  its 
place. 
Clasp-Dimension  Gauge  : 
Shows  thickness  of  body,  thickness  at  bridge,  width  of  stud,  width 
of  body  at  notch,  position  of  screw-hole,  round  of  stud,  receiving- 
tool  for  form  and  size  of  finished  clasp,  with  position  of  bridge 
and  notch. 
Tip-  Gauge : 

Shows  circular  cut  for  barrel,  cross-section  of  base  of  tip,  with  cut 
for  rod-groove,  profile  of  under  side  and  barrel  at  end. 
Tip- Gauge,  i\"o.  2  : 

Shows  inside  of  tip. 
Cone-Gauge : 
Shows  size  and  thickness  of  collar,  thread  for  screw,  size  of  body, 
size  of  bottom  of  cone,  size  of  tip,  profile,  size  of  top,  throat,  and 
lower  part  of  vent-hole,  upper  surface,  square  and  diameter  of 
collar. 
Screw-Driver  Gauge: 

Long  branch:  shows  form  of  edge,  form  of  end,  width  across  centre 
below  rivet,  size  of  wrench,  thickness  of  head,  of  body,  of  wrench, 
of  end  of  blade. 
Short  branch :  shows  thickness  of  body,  width  of  body,  width  of  end, 
thickness  of  end,  size  of  rivet-hole. 
Wiper : 
Shows  the  diameter  of  branches,  thickness  of  head,  form  of  head, 
size  of  thread. 
Ball- Scr CIO : 

Shows  length  and  form  of  screw,  diameter  of  collar,  diameter  of 
body,  size  of  thread  for  rod. 
Barrel- G auge : 

Shows  the  number  of  threads  and  length  of  body  for  breech-screw, 
to  be  applied  in  the  bai-rel. 
Tip- Screw  Gauge: 

Shows  the  length,  size  of  head,  body,  thickness  of  head  and  thread. 
Stock-  Gauge : 

Shows  thickness  across  end  of  centre  of  butt  and  bed  of  lock-plate, 
at  the  bands  and  tip,  at  flats  near  tang,  and  at  end  of  box-mortise. 
Receiving-  Gauge : 

Shows  the  form,  size,  and  length  of  the  stock,  the  shoulders  for  the 
butt  end  of  the  barrel,  the  bands,  and  the  tip. 

Gauges  for  Rijle,  Model  of  1855. 

Nos.  1  to  4,  6,  7,  11  to  27,  30  to  33,  35,  37  to  43,  and  57  are  the 
same  as  for  the  rifle  musket. 


VERIFYING   GAUGES.  221 


GAUGES  FOR  EiFLE,  MODEL  OF  1855. — Continued. 

Barrel-  Gauge : 

Shows  the  diameter  of  the  barrel  at  the  muzzle  and  other  points  in- 
dicated by  No.  65. 
Bayonet-Stud  Gauge: 

Shows  length  of  stud,  distance  from  muzzle  to  lower  end  of  stud, 
thickness  and  form  of  stud 
Front-Sight  Gauge: 

Shows  height  and  form  of  front  sight. 

Sight- Gauge,  No.  2: 

Shows  the  position  of  the  front  sight  and  of  the  mortise  and  screw- 
hole  for  the  rear  sight. 
Band- Mandrel  Gauge,  No.  1  : 

Shows  interior  of  upper  band. 
Band-Mandrel  Gauge,  No.  3 : 

Shows  interior  of  lower  band 
Ramrod-  Gauge : 

Shows  profile  of  head,  neck,  and  swell,  and  diameter  of  head,  neck, 
swell,  and  body. 
Profile  Stock- Gauge: 

Shows  length  and  curve  of  stock,  and  position  of  bands  and  tip. 
Tip-  Gauge : 

Shows  length  of  tip  and  exterior  form  at  upper  and  lower  end. 

Box-Spring  Gauge : 

Shows  length,  width,  and  thickness  of  spring,  and  position  of  rivet 
and  screw  holes. 
Box-Cover  Gauge: 

Shows  profile  of  cover  and  position  of  screw-holes  and  rivet-hole 
for  spring. 
Box-Cover  Gauge,  No.  2: 

Shows  curve  of  top  and  thickness  of  cover. 
Ramrod- Holder : 

Shows  gauging-points  for  ramrod. 
Barrel-Holder : 

Shows  gauging-points  of  barrel. 

SWORD    BAYONET. 

Shows  profile  of  back  of  blade  and  back  of  hilt. 
Shows  width  and  thickness  of  blade. 

Shows  width  and  thickness  of  hilt.  ^ 

Shows  profile  of  back  and  front  of  hilt  and  guard. 
Shows  position  and  depth  of  slot  in  hilt. 

Finger-Piece  Gauge : 

Shows  the  diameter  and  length  of  body,  diameter,  length,  and  form 
of  head,  and  thickness  and  length  of  finger-piece  spring. 
Tompion-  Gauge : 

Shows  length  of  head  and  body,  diameter  of  head,  neck,  collar,  and 
body. 


222  ORDNANCE    MANUAU 

SWOBDS  AND   SABBES. 

NOMENCLATURE. 
Cavalry  Sahre.    (Plate  28.) 

Blade, — Shoulder,  back,  edge,  bevel,  point,  curvature,  large  groove, 
small  groove  ;  tang,  riveting. 

IIiLT. — Pommel,  (brass,)  notch  for  the  guard,  back,  rivet-cap,  hole  for 
the  tang  of  the  blade ;  gripe,  wooden  body,  (birch  or  maple,)  leather  cover- 
ing, (calf-skin  blackened,)  wires,  (brass,)  notch  for  the  guard,  ridges, 
shoulder,  hole  for  the  tang  of  the  blade. 

Guard. — Front  branch,  hook;  back  branch;  middle  branch;  plate,  mortise 
for  the  tang,  flange,  bead,  lip. 

Scabbard,  (sheet  steel.) — Body,  back,  front,  sides,  holes  for  the  rivets; 
motith-piece,  rim,  springs,  rivet-holes;  2  rivets;  2  bands,  knob,  eye  for  the 
ring;  2  rings;  tip,  front  branch,  back  branch. 

Light  Cavalry  Sahre. 

The  nomenclature  the  same  as  the  cavalry  sabre. 

This  sabre  differs  from  that  above  in  being  shorter  and  lighter. 

Light  Artillery  Sahre.  (Plate  28.) 

The  nomenclature  is  the  same  as  the  cavalry  sabre,  with  the  following 
exceptions: — 

Bladk. — Has  but  one  groove. 

IIiLT. — Guard,  one  branch  terminating  in  a  scroll;  the  plate  has  2 
countersinks, — one  for  the  gripe,  the  other  for  the  scabbard. 

Scabbard, — Spring,  fastened  to  the  back  by  1  rivet. 

Foot  Artillery  Sword.   (Plate  28,) 

Bi.ADK. — Straight,  two-edged,  narrower  near  the  hilt  than  in  the 
middle;  bodg,  (or  blade  proper,)  shoulder,  shoulder-rounding,  ridges, 
point,  bevels,  edges;  tang,  its  rounding  and  riveting,  three  holes  for  the 
gripe-rivets. 

Hilt,  (brass,  in  one  piece.) — Cross,  knob  and  panel  of  the  cross,  mortise 
for  the  tang,  gripe,  fillet,  necks,  SAvell,  knob  with  an  eagle  on  each  side, 
bolster  and  liole  for  the  tang-rivet,  grooves  and  ridges,  three  holes  and 
bolsters  for  the  gripe-rivets;  3  rivets,  (iron.) 

Scabbard,  (harness-leather,  jacked,  blackened,  and  varnished,) — Body, 
edges,  inner  and  outer  sides;  mountings,  (brass;)  ferrule,  stud,  bead,  cap; 


officers'  swords.  223 

safes,  (bufF-leather;)  4  nails  for  the  ferrule  and  safes;  tip,  bead,  knob;  4 
nails  for  the  tip. 

Non- Commissioned  Officer's  Sword.    (Plate  28.) 

Blade,  (straight,  cut  and  thrust.) — Back,  edge,  groove,  bevel,  point. 

Hilt. — Pommel,  (brass,)  notch  for  the  hook  of  the  guard,  rivet-cap, 
shoulder  for  the  ferrule,  hole  for  the  tang ;  2  ferrules  ;  gripe,  wooden  body, 
hole  for  the  tang;  covering,  (sheet  brass,)  grooves  and  ridges. 

Guard,  (in  one  piece.) — Branch,  hook  and  its  shoulder;  plate,  flange, 
bead ;  knob. 

Scabbard,  (leather.) — Ferrule  and  hook,  (brass  ;)  tip,  (brass,)  body,  front 
branch,  back  branch. 

This  swoi'd  is  for  the  non-commissioned  officers  of  foot  troops. 

Musician^  Sword. 
The  same  as  the  non-commissioned  officer's  sword,  without  the  guard- 
plate,  and  with  a  blade  six  inches  shorter. 

Sahre  for  Staff  and  Field  Officers.    (Plate  28.) 

Blade. — Shoulder,  back  rounded,  edge,  bevel,  point,  tapering  nearly 
equal  from  edge  and  back,  curvature  slight ;  large  groove,  small  groove ; 
tang,  riveting;  etched  vine  on  back;  letters  "U.S.,"  guns,  drums,  colors, 
and  rays  on  left  side ;  eagle,  guns,  colors,  and  rays  on  riglit  side 

Hilt, — Pommel,  (brass,  gilded,)  notch  for  guard,  scrolled  back,  rivet- 
cap,  hole  for  the  tang  of  the  blade  ;  gripe,  wooden  body,  (birch  or  maple,) 
seal-skin  covering,  (blackened,)  wire,  (fine  brass,  richly  gilded,)  notch  for 
guard,  ridges,  shoulder,  hole  for  the  tang  of  the  blade. 

Guard. — Front  branch,  hook;  back  branch;  middle  branch;  letters  "U.S." 
and  open  scroll-work  between  branches ;  plate,  (brass,  gilded,)  bead,  flange, 
scroll,  lip,  mortised  for  tang  of  blade  and  for  strap  of  sword-knot. 

Scabbard,  (sheet  steel,  browned.) — Interior  lining  well-seasoned  bass- 
wood  ;  body,  back,  front,  sides,  holes  for  screws ;  mouth-piece,  (brass, 
gilded,)  rim;  2  bands,  (brass,  gilded,)  knob,  eye  for  the  ring,  screws,  and 
screw-holes;  2  rings,  (gilded;)  tip,  (gilded,)  screw,  screw-hole,  front  and 
back  branch. 

Sword  for  Officers  of  the  Staff  and  Staff  Corps.   (Plate  28.) 
Blade. — Straight,  two  edges,  with  an  arris  in  the  middle  between  the 
edges ;    etched  scrolls,  colors,  and  shield  on  the  left  side ;   eagle,  guns, 
colors,  and  scrolls  on  the  right  side  ;   tang,  riveting. 

Hilt,  (brass,  chased  and  gilded.) — Pommel,  an  inverted  frustum  of  a 
cone,  with  an  eagle  chased  on  one  side. 

19* 


224 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Guard. — Principal  branch,  chased,  mortise  for  the  sword-knot,  shoulder 
for  the  lower  ferrule;  fixed  shell,  bearing  an  eagle  and  flags,  chased; 
movable  shell,  plain  ;  button  for  the  spring  ;  cross-bar.  Gripe,  (black  horn,) 
Avrapped  spirally  with  gold  cord ;  2  ferrules,  chased.  Weight  of  sword, 
1.2  lb. 

Scabbard,  (steel  or  leather.) — The  steel  scabbard  has  2  brass  bands  and 
rings,  gilded  and  chased ;  tip;  mouth-piece,  (brass.)  The  leather  scabbard 
lias  brass  ferrule  and  hook-tip.     Weight  of  steel  scabbard,  0.69  lb. 


^imrd  for  Foot  Officers.   (Plate  28.) 

The  nomenclature  is  the  same  as  for  the  staff  officer's  sword,  except  as 
follows : — 

Blade. — Etched,  guns,  colors,  and  rays  on  the  left  side ;  shield,  colors, 
and  rays  on  the  right  side. 

Guard. — It  has  no  middle  branch  nor  letters. 

Scabbard,  (sole-leather,  jacked,  fluted,  blackened,  and  varnished.) — 
Body,  back,  front,  sides,  holes  for  screws  ;  mouth-piece  and  top  band  united, 
(brass,  gilded,)  rim,  band,  knob,  eye  for  ring,  screw,  and  screw-hole; 
band,  (brass,  gilded,)  knob,  eye  for  ring,  screw,  and  screw-hole;  2  rings, 
(gilded;)  tip,  (brass,  gilded,)  fluted,  screw  and  screw-hole,  front  and  back 
branches. 

/Sahre  for    Cavalry    Officers. 

The  same  as  the  cavalry  sabre,  or  light  cavalry  sabre,  with  gilt  mount- 
ings. 

Principal  Dimensions  and  Weights  of  Swords  and  Sahres. 


Dimensions. 

PI 
•< 

1-2 -d 

a  ^ 
1' 

Wliolo    length   of    the  sword  or 

In. 

4:5.25 

;5t). 

;'.7.2.5 

1.1 

1.5 
7.5 

Ibs.oz. 
4     8 

1  5 

2  2 

In. 
42.35 
34.80 
3G.0.J 

1. 

1.42 

7.20 

lbs.oz. 
3    7 
1     6 

1    4 

In. 

38.6 
32. 
33. 
1.06 

2.32 

G.5 

lbs.  oz. 
4    l.i 

In. 

26. 
19. 
20. 
1.8 

In. 

38.75 
32.0 
32.8 
0.72 

In. 
32.75 

26.0 
29.0 
0.72 

In. 
39.4 
32.4 
32.2 

1.1 

0.4 

In. 

37.85 

L<'ntrth  of  the  Itlade  jji-oper 

Li'iijitli  (if  tlif  sc:il)li;ir(l 

Ui,lthof  tliebladeinthc  middle. 

VtTM'd  sine  of  tho  cnrvaturo  of 

the  liliidt.  in  tlie  iniddlo 

32.2 

.31A&33 

1.1 

0.4 

Vciscd   Kino  of  the  curvature  of 
tlie  bliidc  in  proof 

"Weights. 

Wi'ip;ht  of  the  sword  or  sabre  com- 
Iibte 

6.5 
lbs.  oz. 

Ibs.oz. 
3     3 
1     9 

10 

Ibs.oz. 

Ibs.oz. 
3  lOi 

lbs.  oz. 
f3    Oi 

"\Viit;ht  of  the  finished  blade 

I  '^  15t 

Weight  of  the  scabbard 

1     9A 

fl    0* 
|l     Qi 

PROOF   AND   INSPECTION    OF   SWORDS   AND   SABRES.        225 


Proof  and  Inspection  of  Sivords  and  Sahres. 

1st,  The  dimensions  and  form  of  the  blade  are  verified  by  comparing  it 
with  the  model,  and  by  applying  the  appropriate  gauges  and  patterns,  for 
the  length,  width,  and  thickness  at  several  points,  and  the  curvature,  if  any. 

2d.  The  blade  is  then  proved,  as  follows : — 1st.  The  point  is  confined  by 
a  staple,  and  the  blade  is  bent  on  each  of  the  flat  sides  over  a  cylindrical 
block,  the  curvature  of  which  is  that  of  a  circle  35  inches  diameter,  the 
curvature  of  the  part  next  the  tang  being  reduced  by  inserting  a  wedge 
0.7  inch  thick  at  the  head,  and  14  inches  long.  2d.  It  is  struck  twice, 
on  each  of  the  flat  sides,  on  a  block  of  oak  wood,  the  curvature  of  which 
is  the  same  as  the  above,  od.  It  is  struck  twice  on  the  edge  and  twice  on 
the  back  across  an  oak  block  1  foot  in  diameter.  4th.  The  point  is  placed 
on  the  floor  and  the  blade  bent  until  it  describes  an  arc  having  the  versed 
sine  indicated  in  the  above  table.  After  these  trials,  the  blade  is  examined 
to  see  that  it  is  free  from  flaws,  cracks,  or  other  imperfections,  and  that  it 
is  not  set, — that  is  to  say,  does  not  remain  bent. 

The  blade  of  the  artillery  sioord  is  proved  by  striking  each  of  the  sides 
and  edges  twice  on  a  flat  block  of  hard  oak  wood. 

The  stamp  of  approval  or  condemnation  is  placed  on  the  side  of  the 
blade,  below  the  tang. 

3d.  The  form,  dimensions,  and  workmanship  of  the  mountings  are  ex- 
amined and  compared  with  the  model.  After  the  blade  is  mounted,  the 
sword  is  again  examined,  and  it  is  struck  four  times  on  a  hard  block  of  wood, 
to  test  the  strength  of  the  mountings.  The  quality  of  the  brass  mountings 
may  be  tested  by  breaking  a  certain  number,  not  more  than  4  in  each 
hundred,  which  should  be  taken  from  the  pieces  rejected  for  erroneous 
dimensions. 

4th.  The  form,  workmanship,  and  finish  of  the  scabbards  are  examined 
and  compared  with  the  model,  and  their  fitting  to  the  blades  tested.  The 
sewing  of  leather  scabbards,  and  the  fastening  of  the  ferrules  and  tips,  will 
be  particularly  examined. 

Steel  scabbards  are  proved  by  letting  fall  on  them,  from  a  height  of  18 
inches,  an  iron  weight  of  two  pounds,  1  inch  square  at  the  base :  1st,  on 
one  side,  just  above  the  upper  band ;  2d,  on  the  same  side,  6  inches  from 
the  tip  ;  3d,  on  the  opposite  side,  just  above  the  lower  band.  In  this  proof 
the  scabbard  should  not  remain  indented.  The  nature  of  the  material 
(whether  iron  or  steel)  may  be  tested,  if  there  be  any  doubt,  by  using 
nitric  acid,  which  will  leave  a  black  spot  on  the  steel  but  not  on  the  iron. 


22G 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Packing  SicorcU  and  Sabres. 

Tacking-boxes  for  swords  find  sabres  are  made  on  the  same  principles  as 
those  for  muskets  and  other  small  arms,  being  furnished  with  packing- 
boards,  or  partitions,  made  with  grooves  to  receive  the  scabbards  near  the 
hilt  and  near  the  point;  the  swords  are  placed  in  their  scabbards,  with  the 
hilts  and  points  alternately  toward  each  end  of  the  box, — except  the  artil- 
lery swords,  two  of  which  are  placed  in  the  length  of  the  box,  their  points 
resting  on  a  packing-board  in  the  middle. 

Number  packed  in  a  box. 
30  cavalry  sabres.  50  artillery  swords. 

50  artillery  sabres.  50  infantry  swords. 

Cleaning  Swords  and  Sabres. 

The  iron  and  brass  parts  of  swords  and  sabres  are  cleaned  in  the  same 
manner  as  those  of  muskets.  When  the  oil  on  the  blade  of  a  sword  is 
dried  up,  it  will  leave  a  spot  which  may  be  removed  by  covering  it  with 
oil  and  rubbing  it  smartly,  after  a  short  time,  with  a  linen  rag.  When  a 
leather  scabbard  has  become  wet,  draw  the  blade,  and  dry  the  scabbard 
slowly  without  heating  it ;  wipe  the  blade  dry,  and  pass  an  oiled  rag  over 
it  and  the  scabbard  before  returning  the  blade.  Oil  the  blades  of  arms  in 
store,  and  also  the  scabbards,  especially  on  the  seams. 

Sjiare  Parts  required  for  Repairs  q/' 1,000  Swords  or  Sabres  for 
one  year  in  the  field. 


Gripes 

Gripes  and  ferrules 

Heads 

Guards 

I'oilies  for  leather  scabbards 

Mouth-j)ieccs  and  springs 

Ferrules  and  stud-hooks 

Upper  bands  and  rings 

Tips 

Lower  bands  and  rings 


Cavalry 

Sabre. 


50 


50 
50 

50 

50 
50 


Light 

Artillery 

Sabre. 


50 

50 
50 

50" 

50 

50 


Non-com.Officer's 
or  Musician's 
Sword. 


50 

50 

50 

100 


Too 


INFANTRY  ACCOUTREMENTS.  227 


ACCOUTEEMENTS. 

Infantry  Accoutrements. 

Cartridge-box, -5^  for  .58-in.  ball,  (black  bridle-leather,)  inner  cover,  (light 
upper-leather,)  with  end  pieces  sewed  to  it  to  cover  the  ends  of  the  box; 
flap,  with  a  hutton-hole  strap  sewed  near  the  bottom  ;  brass  button,  riveted  to 
the  bottom  of  the  box;  implement-pocket,  (light  upper -leather,)  sewed  to  the 
front  of  the  box,  with  Q,flap,  strap,  and  loop;  2  loops  on  the  back  of  the  box, 
near  the  top,  for  the  shoulder-belt  to  pass  through ;  2  upright  loops  for  the 
waist-belt  to  pass  through,  sewed,  and  riveted  with  1  copper  rivet  No.  8 
at  each  end;  2  roller-buckles  No.  9,  (japanned  black,)  for  the  shoulder- 
belt,  sewed  to  the  bottom  of  the  box ;  2  tins,  each  with  1  lower  division, 
open  in  front,  to  contain  1  bundle  of  10  cartridges,  and  2  upper  divisions, 
one  to  contain  6  and  the  other  4  cartridges.  The  edges  of  the  tin  are 
turned  over  and  soldered  down  to  prevent  them  from  cutting  the  car- 
tridges.    All  the  tin  linings  should  be  made  to  slide  freely  in  the  boxes. 

Cartridge-box  for  .69  inch  ball.  It  is  like  the  above,  except  in  dimen- 
sions, for  which  see  page  230. 

Cartridge-box  for.  69-inch  round  ball.  The  same  as  the  above,  except 
in  dimensions. 

Cartridge-box  plate,  (brass.) — Oval,  3.5  inches  by  2.2  inches,  with 
the  letters  U.  S.  stamped  on  it ;  2  eyes  of  iron  wire,  for  fastening  the  plate 
to  the  flap  of  the  box. 

Cartridge-box  belt,  (black  buff-leather.) — Width,  2.25  inches;  length, 
65.5  inches,  clear  of  the  2  billets  for  buckles,  which  are  each  4.25  inches 
long  and  0.875  inch  wide. 

Cartridge-box  belt-plate,  (brass.) — Circular,  2.5  inches  diameter, 
stamped  with  an  eagle ;  2  eyes,  of  iron  wire. 

Cap-pouch,  (black  bridle-leather.) — Length  and  depth,  3  inches;  width, 
1.25  inch ;  inner  cover,  with  end  pieces ;  flap,  made  of  the  same  piece  as 
the  back,  with  a  button-hole  strap  at  the  bottom ;  brass  button,  riveted 
under  the  bottom  of  the  pouch  ;  2  loops,  sewed  to  the  back,  2.25  inches 
long,  to  admit  a  waist-belt  of  2  inches ;  lining,  a  strip  of  sheep-skin,  with 
the  wool  on,  1.5  inch  wide,  glued  with  fish-glue,  and  sewed  to  the  back,  at 
the  mouth  of  the  pouch. 

Cone-pick,  (steel  wire  No.  18.) — 1.-*  inch  long,  with  a  ring  handle  0.5 
inch  diameter ;  it  is  carried  in  a  loop  in  the  inner  left-hand  corner  of  the 
cap-pouch. 

Bayonet-scabbard,  (black  bridle-leather.) — Length,  including  the  fer- 


*  New  boxes  have  been  ordered  to  be  made,  with  a  view  of  substituting  two  small  boxes 
for  the  one  large  one. 


•JJv  (il!I)\.\N(  K    MAMAJ.. 

V,,:..  :,n>i  ti,.,  \:.r  :lio  l^iivojirK  Mfilic  iikmIc!  .,f  IS.",:,  and  1840,  10.:,  inclios  ; 
;  .r  !.,... i,:  l-^'J".  1^  iiM'hr-:  _''. /■/"/-  h/kJ  fij\  ]>v'.i<>:  J'rofi,  (black  Imff-k-iillier,) 
.,.\\,  ,i  ;,ii  1  ri\ri(Ml  v;i;li  'J  c.iiiiKT  rivets  ,\o.  8  to  u  socket  of  Mack  leather 
^^;li,•;|  i-  t:i~ieiie'l  tu  ilic  inji  of  the  scJibliard;  the  fi'Og  slides  on  the  waist- 
be':. 

W  \i- r-i;ii.T.  1  Mark  iMifr-leather.)— AVidth,  1.0  inch;  length,  ."18.5  incites ; 

\V  \i- 1 -iiri.i  ri.vTi:,  ilira>s.) — Oval,  iko  inclies  long  by  2.25  inches  wide, 
:-':i;i  i.rd  wiili  tin'  letter-^  U.  S.;  2  ^holx  and  1  hook,  (l>rass.) 

(IrN-^iiM;.  iMK^^et  bag-leat  lief,  j — Width,  1.25  inch  ;  length,  40  inches  ;  1 
,s'., •;,<■'/'-•;  ,//,./'  1  si't.i.-n'i  l"<'i' ;  h<"ik,  (hrass.)  fastened  to  the  sling  witii  2  hrai^.s 
,•;.-  •>  N...   i:,  wire. 

.<\\Mi;ii  vii,,ri.ui:ii-i'.r,i,T,  fm*  non-commissioned  ofiicers,  (Idack  l:)uff- 
i.'a'hi'!-.  '  - A\  idth,  2.:!  iiiclie< ;  length  of  short  branch,  17  inches;  long 
bi-mrh.    10  iiichoe  :    1  yJdn'ltn^i-hx.p  on  long  branch  ;  froij  for  SAVord. 

SiiMii  in  i;-iii:i.T  ri.A'n:.  —  kik(.'  the  cartridge-box  bolt-plate,  except  in 
1.  i\iii'j:  :;  A'v, /..-•,  instead  of  eyes. 

S!.i;i:r.ANT"s  AMI  .^^■^l(■lA^''s  WA 1  sT-T.KT.  T,  (black  bnff-leather.) — Length, 
;;>■.  I.I  in  iiirhe^:  width.  1.0  inch:  1  hroi^s  Juiok  on  one  end.  fastened  with  8 
/,/■/■.-  ;■■//•'   rir.i^  >",,.  1.",;  1  hrass  loop  sewcd  to  the  other  end,  to  connect  with 

Si.Koi;  w  r',-  w.\i>'i-r.r.i.r  ri.ATi:. — The  same  as  the  sahre-ljiU  plate 

Sr  \  |;i;  \K|,       i-ni-        ,N  ( .N -CI  i  M  VI  I  S>- I  ( I  NF.  1)      ()  I'll  CK  M' S       SWOiM*,      (light      bridle- 

b-i'li'-r.:   /i.h'Ived.  blarked,.  and    vai'nislied. — \  Urriilc,   (brass,)   with    1    hock 

'■■A--    br.i^^     ilvri,..!  lo  ii  b_v  2  hrass  a-ire  rircla  No.  15,  fastened  to  the  scab- 

bivd  v.bh    ghic  niid    1  },rnss   viri'   rinin  No.  15:    1    tip,    (brass.)   fastened   to 

li,K    -.v.t.biM'd   uilii    ^li;..   ;,nd    \   hrass   ,r,re  rivfls  No.   15. 

S'  \i;i;m;]i  i  mi;   iii!:  ^!  i  v],- 1 ;,  n"<   sudiio. — 'J'he  same  as   (hat  for  the  non- 

I  'III!!'!  — i.'io'  i  Mili.'.T  -  -word,  except  in  length. 


A'///'    A'-aoiifrrnirnt^. 

Til'-  -Ml  ir  a-  \'^v  ilo'  inraiiiry  accoutiMMiienls.  cxcejit  the  waist-belt  for 
Ili-   -v,>  rdbiynn.'t   and  the  s  wnrd-bayoiiet   scabbanl. 

\V\i-i-i;i.ii  iiii;  >\\oi;i,-i',avum:t.  i  slioe-l(\at  her.  dressed  on  the  ib^sli- 
-M''.  I,,  o-i!,  1-.:  inclio-,  V  idili  2.4  in(die<;  1  hilhf  .0  inch  wid(\  sewed  on 
till-  ill-  i-  :i;  .  :i.-ii  end  Im  liMd  tile  (da<p.-  in  place:  1  pair  r/'/.vy/.v.  2  part-^^. 
''-ra",  ■  ■  -';■]'•  .oi  i!,e  bcir:  2  h.npy,  with  eyes,  (brass.)  to  slide  on  tin; 
I-:-:/-  ,;  ;■.  I-  -v,,,ro-.lr>\,oiel  -cabbard.  wit  h  1  hUht;  1  brass  hncklr  Xo. 
I'l.   :,iid    1    .  •-    .    .a  I.,  j.. 

•^••".  "1. 1'- 1;  ■■;'■■•■:  !  -I  ,i;];\i;ii,  •  iilaek  liridlr-ltMi  her.  i  —  Length,  including 
I'-M";:-  :i:i  ;  iip,   i:..;;mim-;    \f.rrnh   and   1   /'y.  ^  bras^  ;;  1  /o^y/  i  brassj  on  the 


ARTILLERY   ACCOUTREMENTS.  229 

Cavalry  Accoutrements. 

Cartridge-box  for  carbine. — Like  the  infantry  cartridge-box,  except  in 
dimensions.  2  loops  are  placed  upright  on  the  back  of  the  box,  to  receive 
a  2-inch  waist-belt.  Special  boxes  are  made  for  the  carbines  now  on  trial 
in  the  hands  of  troops. 

Cap-pouch.  |  __r^^^  ^^^^  ^^  ^^^  ^^^  infantry. 

Cone-pick.  J 

Sabre-belt,  (buflf-leather.)— Tfa^s^6eZ^,  length  36  to  40  inches,  width 
1.9  inch ;  1  square  loop  No.  46,  2  D  rings  No.  2  B,  (brass,)  for  attaching  the 
slings  and  the  shoulder-strap;  1  hook,  (brass,)  riveted  on  one  end  by  3  brass 
wire  rivets  No.  15 ;  1  loop,  (cast  brass,)  sewed  on  the  other  end  to  connect 
with  the  plate;  1  shoulder-strap,  41  inches  long,  1.125  inch  wide,  with  2 
hooks,  (brass  ;)  2  sabre-slings,  1.125  inch  wide;  front  sling  17  inches  long, 
rear  sling  34  inches;  4  studs  (brass)  for  slings;  1  sabre-hook,  (brass  wire 
No.  7.) 

Sabre-belt  plate,  (cast  brass.) — Rectangular,  3.5  inches  long,  2,2  inches 
wide,  with  an  eagle  surrounded  by  a  wreath,  (German  silver  ;)  1  slot  at  one 
end,  to  receive  the  belt. 

Sword-knot,  (buflf-leather.) — Strap  1  inch  wide,  36  inches  long;  one  end 
of  the  strap  is  fastened  to  a  tassel  3  inches  long;  the  other  end  is  passed 
through  the  tassel  after  going  round  the  guard  of  the  sabre,  and  is  fastened 
by  one  of  the  tags  of  the  tassel ;   1  sliding-loop. 

Carbine-sling,  (buff-leather.) — Length  56  inches,  width  2.5  inches;  1 
buckle  and  1  tip,  (brass,)  sivivel  and  D  with  roller,  bright  iron,  2.62  inches 
wide ;  link  and  hook,  iron  ;  guard-spring,  steel. 

Artillery  Accoutrements. 

FOR    light    artillery. 

Sabre-belt,  (black  buff-leather, ) — Length  36  to  40  inches,  width  1 . 9  inch ; 
2  leather  chapes  sewed  on  the  outside  of  the  belt  for  attaching  2  brass  loops 
No.  6,  for  the  slings ;  2  sabre-slings  and  4  brass  studs,  like  those  for  the 
cavalry  sabre-belt;  1  sabre-hook,  (brass  wire  No.  7;)  1  loop  (cast  brass) 
sewed  on  one  end  to  connect  with  the  plates ;  1  hook  (brass)  riveted  to  the 
other  end  with  3  brass  wire  rivets  No,  15. 

Sabre-belt  plate.   |_ ^jke  those  for  the  cavalry. 
Sword-knot.  J 

FOR   FOOT    artillery. 

Sword-belt,  (buff-leather,)  made  in  three  pieces,  1.9  inch  wide,  con- 
nected together  by  2  loops  (brass)  No.  1  B.  Lo7ig  branch  24  inches  long; 
frog-piece  4,5  inches;  short  branch  4  inches;  1  frog,  3.5  inches  deep,  2.5 
inches  wide  at  top,  and  2.3  inches  at  bottom,  suspended  to  the  loops  by  2 
slings  1.3  inch  wide  and  3.5  inches  long;  1  loop  (cast  brass)  sewed  on  one 


230 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


end  to  connect  with  the  plate ;  1  hook  (brass)  riveted  to  the  other  end  with 
3  brass  wire  rivets  No.  15. 

Sword-belt  plate. — Like  that  for  the  cavalry  sabre-belt. 

Foot  artillery  sw^ord-scabbard,  (light  bridle-leather,)  jacked,  black- 
ened, and  varnished. — Length,  including  the  ferrule  and  tip,  20  inches ; 
width,  2  inches ;  ferrule  (brass)  has  1  s^wc?  riveted  to  it,  and  is  fastened  to  the 
scabbard  by  4  brass  wire  rivets  No.  15;  1  tip  (brass)  fastened  to  the  scab- 
bard by  4  brass  tcire  rivets  No.  15 ;  2  safes  (black  buff-leather)  placed  on 
the  sides  of  the  mouth  of  the  scabbard. 

Inspection  of  Accoutrements. 

Examine  the  materials  of  which  they  are  made. 

The  bridle,  shoe,  sole,  calf,  and  russet  leather  should  be  tanned  with  oak 
bark  :  reject  all  that  has  been  tanned  with  hemlock,  as  such  leather  soon 
moulds,  and  the  blacking  turns  of  a  reddish  color. 

The  leather  should  be  of  the  best  quality,  uniform  in  thickness,  and  free 
from  cuts  and  fly-holes.  Flesh  split-leather  is  not  admitted.  The  buff- 
leather  should  be  soft  and  flexible,  free  from  defects.  When  freshly  cut, 
it  should  present  a  bright-yellow  surface ;  a  brownish-yellow  color  indi- 
cates that  the  hide  has  been  burned  by  the  lime  in  tanning.  It  should  be 
firm  without  being  horny,  and  not  spongy. 

See  that  the  hooks  of  cast  brass  are  free  from  flaws,  and  that  the  eyes 
are  firmly  fastened. 

Dimensions  of  Cartriclge-Boxes, 


Interior  of  box. 


Inner  cover 

Flap width 


{Length 
Width 
Depth  in  front... 

...Width 

/  at  top 

1  at  bottom 


Implement-pocket |  j^^ngth 


Tin!^ 


Depth., 

^^— &^ 

Depth.. 
Small....  IJ^^."?/^^ 


Upper. 


I 
Box  comi^lctc. 


Large . 


i  Width. 

f  Length 

\  Width 

...Weight lbs. 


[nfantrt 

For  .58- 

For  .69- 

For  .69 

balls. 

balls. 

rouDd. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

6.8 

7.8 

7.2 

1.4 

1.6 

1.6 

5.2 

4.7 

5.8 

3.8 

4.0 

4.0 

8.0 

9.0 

8.0 

8.3 

9.4 

8.5 

G.2 

7.0 

6.0 

3.5 

3.7 

3.5 

3.2 

3.8 

3.3 

2.7 

2.7 

3.0 

2.3 

1.9 

2.7 

1.4 

2.2 

1.35 

1.3 

1.5 

1.35 

2.0 

1.5 

2.0 

1.4 

1.5 

1.35 

1.67 

1.76 

1.76 

Carbine. 


In. 

7.2 
1.6 
5.0 


2.8 


MATERIALS   FOR   ACCOUTREMENTS. 
Copper  Rivets. 


231 


Head. 

Body. 

Diameter. 

Thickness. 

Length. 

Diameter. 

No.  8 

No.  12 

In. 
.45 
.3 

In. 
.05 
.04 

.375 

In. 
.15 
.1 

Spare  Parts  for  Accoutrements  for  one  year  in  the  field. 
For  1,000  Infantry  Accoutrements. 
25  cartridge-box  plates. 
50         "  "    belt-plates. 

100  waist-belt  plates. 
100  cone-picks. 

For  1,000  Cavalry  carbine- slings. 
150  swivels. 
150  swivel-springs. 

MATERIALS  REQUIRED  FOR  MAKING  ACCOUTREMENTS. 
Leather. 

19  Infantry  cartridge-box  belts. 
34  Waist-belts  1.9  in.  wide. 
34  Non-com.  officer's  sword-belts. 
25  Shoulder  sword-belts. 

200  Bayonet-scabbard  frogs. 
15  Waist-belts  for  sword  bayonet. 
15  Cavalry  sabre-belts. 

20  Light  artillery  sabre-belts. 
20  Foot  artillery  sword-belts. 
20  Carbine-slings. 
70  Sabre-knots. 


Either  of  these  can  be  cut  out  of 
one  hide  of  buff-leather. 


7  Cavalry  sabre-belts. 

8  Waist-belts  for  sword  bayonet. 

9  Carbine-sling's. 


}  Either  of    these   can    be    cut   out 
of  one  side  of  heavy  upper  shoe- 
leather  dressed  on  flesh-side. 
40  Gun-slings — out  of  one  butt  hide  of  bag-leather. 
11  Infantry  cartridge-boxes,   except  pockets  and  inner  covers,  out  of 

one  side  of  heavy  bridle-leather. 
27  Bayonet-scabbards. 


22  Sword-bayonet  scabbards. 

22  Non-com,  officer's  sword-scabb'd. 

25  Musician's  sword-scabbards. 

22  Foot  artillery  sword-scabbards. 

50  Pockets  for  infan.cartridgeboxes. 

50  Inner  covers  for     do.      d.o. 

40  Tops  for  cap-pouches. 

40  Inner  covers  for  cap-pouches. 

20 


Either  of  these  can  be  cut  out  of 
one  side  of  light  bridle-leather. 


Either  of    these  can  be  cut  from 
one  side  of  light  upper-leather. 


232 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Thread. 

100  Infantry  cartridge-boxes 1.25  lbs. 

100  Gun-slings 13  " 

100  Cap-pouches 5  " 

100  ]5ayonct-scabbards 3  " 

100  Sword-bayonet  scabbards 2  " 

100  Non-com.  officer's  sword-scabbards.   .3  '< 

100  Musician's  or  foot  artillery  do 2  " 

100  Carbine-slings 08   lb. 

100  Non-com.  officer's  waist-belts 08  " 

100  Cavalry  sabre-belts 4  " 

100  Light  artillery  sword-belts 3  '< 

100  Foot  artillery  sword-belts 8  <' 

100  Sword  bayonet  waist-belts 7  " 

100  Non-com.  officer's  sword-belts 33  lb. 

100  Waist-belts 08  " 

100  Bayonet-scabbard  frogs 3  " 


No.  3.  White  shoe- 
thread,  waxed  with 
rosin-wax. 


No.  3.  Black  shoe- 
thread,  waxed  with 
rosin-wax. 


No.  3.  Black  shoe- 
thread,  waxed  with 
beeswax. 


Metals, 

For  100  sets  of  cavalry  sabre-beli  mountings. 

100  Sabre-hooks 4.5    lbs 

100  Loops 4.65    " 

200  Rings 6.8      '' 

100  Large  hooks 7.        " 

200  Small  hooks 5. 

700  Rivets 48    " 

400  Studs 22.5      " 

100  Belt-plates  and  loops (See  below.) 


brass  wire 

No.  7 

do. 

"     7 

do. 

"     6 

sheet  brass 

''  11 

do. 

"  14 

brass  wire 

-  15 

cast  brass. 

For  100  infantry  cartridge-boxes. 

For  tins,  125  sheets  single  tin,  1  lb.  soft  solder. 

For  buttons,   4.9  lbs.  cast  brass.     For  burrs,   .33  lb.  sheet  brass,   400 
copper  rivets. 

For  100  cavalry  belt-plates. 
25.     lbs.  cast  brass. 

.2    "     German  silver.  No.  33. 
.5    "     soft  solder. 

For  100  infantry  icaist-belt  plates. 
4.5    lbs.  sheet  brass  No.  31,  for  plates. 


16. 


"  "  No.  14,  for  hooks, 
brass  wire  No.  14,  for  rivets, 
soft  solder. 


For  100  infantry  cartridge-box  plates. 

4.2  lbs.  sheet  brass  No.  31,  for  plates. 
.8    •'     iron  wire  No.  15,  for  loops. 
M.      "     soft  solder. 


WEIGHT   OF   ACCOUTREMENTS.  233 

For  10^  ferrules  for  bayonet-scahbards. 

3.5    lbs.  sheet  brass  No.  25,  for  tips. 
5.        "     cast  brass,  for  knobs. 

.14    "     copper  wire  No.  15,  for  rivets. 
200  copper  rivets  and  burrs  ( ^  No.  8)  to  attach  the  frog. 

.2  lb.  spelter. 

.3    "  soft  solder. 

For  100  sets  hooks  and  rivets  for  gun-slings. 

2.8    lbs.  sheet  brass  No.  14. 
.18    "     brass  wire  No.  15. 

For  100  sets  of  mountings  of  waist-belt  for  sword  bayonet. 

100  prs.  clasps,  cast  brass,  21.25  lb. 

200  loops  for  clasps,  sheet  brass  No.  14,  3,75  lbs. 

200  sliders,  cast  brass,  14.8  lbs. 

Spelter,  .4  lb. 

For  100  buttons  and  cone-picks  for  cap-pouches. 

3.2  lbs.  cast  brass,  for  buttons. 
.65  "     sheet  brass  No.  19,  for  burrs. 
.2    '<     steel  wire,  No.  18,  for  cone-picks. 

For  100  sets  mountings  for  sword-bayonet  scabbard. 

29  lbs.  sheet  brass  No.  24,  for  ferrules  and  tips. 
1.75  lbs.  cast  brass,  for  loops  for  ferrules. 
6.25    "  "  for  knobs  for  tips. 

1.4      *'     copper  wire  No.  12,  for  800  rivets. 

.4      "     spelter. 

.3      *'     soft  solder. 

WEIGHT  OF  ACCOUTREMENTS. 

100  Infantry  cartridge-boxes  and  plates  for  .69-in.  ball 176  lbs. 

100  Infantry  cartridge-boxes  and  plates  for  .58-in.  ball 167 

100  Infantry  cartridge-box  belts  and  plates 63 

100  Cap-pouches  and  cone-picks 13 

100  Bayonet  scabbards  and  frogs 31 

100  Waist  belts  and  plates,  1.9  inch  wide 50 

100  Gun-slings 15 

100  Non-commissioned  officer's  waist  belts  and  plates 49 

100  Non-commissioned  officer's  sword  belts  and  plates  (shoulder)  60 

100  Rifle  cartridge-boxes  and  plates  for  .54-in.  ball 118 

100  Rifle  waist  belts  and  plates,  for  bayonet-scabbard 59 

100  Rifle  sword-bayonet  scabbards 49 

100  Rifle-pouches 43 

100  Rifle-flasks 81 

100  Rifle  flask  and  pouch  belts 27 

100  Cavalry  sabre  belts  and  plates 120 

100  Carbine  slings  and  swivels 110 

100  Light  artillery  sabre  belts  and  plates 95 

100  Foot  artillery  sword  belts  and  plates 81 


284  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


CHAPTEIl  NINTH. 

GUNPOWDEE. 

Gunpowder  for  the  military  service  is  made  by  pi-ivate  contractors.  It 
is  distinguished  as  musket,  mortar,  cannon,  and  mammoth  powder.  They  are 
all  made  in  the  same  manner,  of  the  same  proportions  of  materials,  and 
differ  only  in  the  size  of  the  grain. 

MATERIALS. 
The   materials   required  are   saltpetre,   charcoal,    and  sulphur.     They 
should  be  of  the  greatest  possible  purity,  both  for  the  quality  of  the  pow- 
der and  the  prevention  of  disastrous  accidents  in  the  manufacture. 

Saltjpeti'e. 
Saltpetre  (nitre,  nitrate  of  potassa)  is  a  transparent,  white,  crystallized 
salt,  inodorous,  anhydrous,  of  a  cooling,  pungent,  and  slightly  bitter 
taste.  It  generally  crystallizes  in  six-sided  prisms  terminated  by  six- 
sided  pyramids,  or  in  needles  deeply  striated,  and  sometimes  contains 
mother-water  in  fissures  in  the  longer  axis  of  large  ci-ystals.  It  is  com- 
posed of  53.45  nitric  acid  and  46.55  potassa.  Specific  gravity,  2.099  to 2.1. 
Unalterable  in  common  air,  it  becomes  deliquescent  in  an  atmosphere 
nearly  saturated  with  moisture.  It  melts  at  about  062°  into  a  limpid, 
oily-looking  liquid,  and  may  be  cast  into  moulds,  forming  a  white,  compact 
mass.  It  begins  to  decompose  at  about  716°,  giving  up  its  oxygen  :  at  a 
white  heat  the  decomposition  is  incomplete,  peroxide  of  potassium  remaining. 
If  thrown  upon  burning  coals,  it  melts  and  deflagrates  violently.  It  is  inso- 
luble in  absolute  alcohol  and  oils;  soluble  in  water, — more  in  warm  than  in 
cold:  in  dissolving  it  causes  a  fall  in  temperature;  it  raises  the  boiling- 
point  of  water,  and  increases  its  density  by  about  0.0077  for  each  part  of 
saltpetre  contained  in  100  parts  of  water. 

100  parts  of  water  at  32°  dissolve  13.32  saltpetre,  and  the  solution  boils  at  about  213.8.° 

"                 "  "  215.6.0 

"                 "  "  219.2.0 

a                     a  a  222.8.° 

'•                 '•'  "  228.2.° 

"                 "  "  235.4.0 

"  "  240.8.° 

A  saturated  hot  solution  will  consequently  lose,  in  cooling,  the  greatest 
part  of  tlie  salt  dissolved. 


68 

31.75 

104 

'    63.S0 

140    ' 

'   110.70 

176 

'   170.80 

212 

'   246.60 

240.8 

'   335.00 

REFINING    SALTPETRE.  235 

Saltpetre  occurs  naturally  in  great  quantities,  as  an  efflorescence  on  the 
surface  of  the  earth,  in  many  of  the  warm  countries, — particularly  in  India, 
wffere  there  is  sufficient  to  supply  the  wants  of  the  whole  world.  It  also 
occurs  as  a  saline  crust  in  caverns  in  some  parts  of  the  globe ;  and  in  the 
vicinity  of  Monclova,  Mexico,  it  is  found  in  great  purity  in  veins  or  mines. 

It  exists  in  certain  plants,  and  is  formed  spontaneously  by  the  decom- 
position of  animal  and  vegetable  substances  when  mixed  with  substances 
containing  potash  and  kept  at  an  even  temperature  in  moist  situations. 
On  this  principle  artificial  nitre-beds  are  made,  from  which  large  quantities 
of  nitre  are  obtained,  in  France,  Germany,  Sweden,  Hungary,  &c.  Salt- 
petre obtained  from  any  of  these  sources  may  be  separated  from  the 
greater  part  of  the  foreign  salts  and  earthy  matter  by  lixiviation  with 
wood-ashes  and  evaporation.  The  nitrous  earth  of  India  yields  about  one- 
fifth  of  its  weight  of  nitre  ;  that  of  the  nitre-caves,  from  one  to  ten  pounds 
of  nitre  to  the  bushel.  The  best  artificial  nitre-beds  afford  annually  about 
a  quarter  of  a  pound  of  nitre  to  a  bushel  of  earth.  All  the  saltpetre 
used  in  the  United  States  for  the  manufacture  of  gunpowder  is  obtained 
from  India,  whence  it  is  imported  in  a  crystallized  state,  called  crude 
saltpetre,  containing  generally  from  15  to  18  per  cent,  of  foreign  salts,  earths, 
and  water. 

TEST    OF    CRUDE    SALTPETRE. 

Crude  saltpetre  was  formerly  tested  by  washing  it  with  water  saturated 
with  saltpetre,  which  dissolved  the  other  soluble  foreign  salts  without  dis- 
solving any  of  the  saltpetre  itself;  the  loss  in  weight  by  washing  was 
taken  as  the  weight  of  the  impurities  contained.  This  process  was  found 
to  occasion  serious  error,  from  the  fact  that  when  water  saturated  with 
saltpetre  has  dissolved  a  portion  of  sea-salt,  it  acquires  the  property  of  dis- 
solving an  additional  amount  of  saltpetre ;  besides,  this  mode  of  testing 
fails  when  there  is  present — as  there  is  almost  always — the  chloride  of 
potassium.  The  process  of  testing  now  used  in  this  country,  as  well  as  in 
England  and  India,  is  that  of  analysis.  The  chlorides  that  the  crude  salt- 
petre contains  are  precipitated  in  the  form  of  the  chloride  of  silver  by 
adding  the  nitrate  of  silver  to  the  solution  of  a  given  weight  of  the  sample 
to  be  tested.  The  sulphates  are  precipitated  in  the  form  of  the  sulphate 
of  baryta  by  adding  the  nitrate  of  baryta  to  the  solution  of  a  given  weight 
of  the  sample ;  the  amount  of  these  impurities  can  now  be  calculated. 

REFINING  SALTPETRE. 

The  purity  of  saltpetre  used  in  making  gunpowder  is  of  the  greatest 
importance,  not  only  on  account  of  the  quality  of  the  powder,  but  more 
particularly  as  diminishing  the  chances  of  explosion  in  the  powder-mills. 

Wash  the  crude  saltpetre  in  a  large  shallow  pan  with  about  40  per  cent. 

20* 


2'\C}  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

of  cold  water,  stirring  it  well  with  rakes.  At  the  end  of  12  hours,  with- 
draw the  water,  Avhich  takes  away  witli  it  a  portion  of  the  chlorides.  To 
free  the  saltpetre  from  earthy  matters  and  the  chloride  of  sodium,  dissolve 
it  by  means  of  heat,  in  the  least  possible  amount  of  water,  in  a  large  copper 
kettle.  AVhen  it  is  entirely  dissolved,  clarify  the  liquid  by  pouring  in  a 
solution  of  glue  in  the  proportion  of  -^^  per  cent,  of  glue  dissolved  in  five 
times  its  weight  of  water.  The  glue  is  added  at  two  different  times  ;  and 
the  liquid  should  be  well  stirred  and  the  scum  removed  as  it  forms  on  the 
surface.  When  the  scum  has  nearly  ceased  forming,  check  the  boiling  by 
adding  cold  water  saturated  with  saltpetre,  to  precipitate  the  chloride  of 
sodium,  which  is  removed  as  it  falls  to  the  bottom.  When  the  scum  has 
ceased  forming  and  the  chloride  of  sodium  is  no  longer  precipitated,  the 
liquid  becomes  limpid,  and  it  is  permitted  to  remain  several  hours,  keep- 
ing up  sufficient  heat  to  prevent  it  from  crystallizing  in  the  kettle. 

llemove  the  liquid  gently,  while  at  a  temperature  of  about  230°,  to  the 
crystalUzing-pans,  and  stir  it  continually  with  wooden  scrapers  to  prevent 
the  formation  of  large  crystals.  The  scrapers  in  large  establishments  are 
moved  by  machinery.  Draw^  the  saltpetre,  as  it  forms,  to  the  sides  of  the 
pans,  and  when  the  liquid  falls  to  a  temperature  of  about  70°  draw  it  off 
into  other  vessels  :  it  will  then  have  given  up  nearly  all  its  saltpetre.  Take 
the  saltpetre  from  the  crystallizing-pans  to  the  washing-troughs,  and  wash 
it  twice  from  the  rose  of  a  watering-pot  with  50  per  cent,  of  cold  water 
saturated  with  pure  saltpetre,  the  water  being  permitted  to  remain  on  the 
salt  each  time  about  two  hours,  and  then  drawn  off:  sprinkle  it  with  50 
per  cent,  of  pure  Avater,  which  merely  drains  through  and  is  carried  off. 

The  saltpetre,  after  remaining  in  the  washing-troughs  three  or  four 
days,  is  taken  to  the  drying-reservoirs,  where  it  is  dried  and  stirred 
from  time  to  time  with  wooden  shovels.  It  is  then  passed  through  a  brass 
sieve,  to  separate  any  small  lumps  or  foreign  particles,  and  is  ready  for 
packing.     It  is  now  like  fine  sand,  and  as  white  as  snow. 

A  100-lbs.  powder-cask  will  hold  about  132  lbs.  of  saltpetre.  The  scum, 
mother-water,  washings,  etc.,  are  collected,  and  the  saltpetre  extracted 
from  them. 

TEST  OF  REFINED  SALTPETRE. 

In  order  to  be  used  in  the  manufacture  of  gunpowder,  saltpetre  should 
not  contain  more  than  l-3000th  of  chlorides.  To  test  this,  dissolve  200 
grains  of  saltpetre  in  the  least  possible  quantity  (say  1,000  grains)  of  tepid 
distilled  water  ;  pour  on  it  20  grains  of  a  solution  of  nitrate  of  silver  con- 
taining 10  grains  of  the  nitrate  to  1,033  grains  of  water,  that  being  the 
quantity  required  to  decompose  200-3000ths  of  a  grain  of  muriate  of  soda ; 
filter  the  liquid,  and  divide  it  into  two  portions;  to  one  portion  add  a  few 
drops  of  the  solution  of  nitrate  of  silver;  if  it  remain  clear,  the  saltpetre 
does  not  contain  more  than  l-3000th  of  muriate  of  soda;    to  the  other 


SULPHUR.  237 

portion  add  a  small  quantity  of  solution  of  muriate  of  soda ;  if  it  become 
clouded,  the  saltpetre  contains  less  than  l-3000th.  By  using  the  test- 
liquor  in  very  small  quantities,  the  exact  proportion  of  muriate  of  soda 
may  be  ascertained.  The  saltpetre  used  in  our  best  powder  does  not  contain 
moi'e  than  l-18000th  of  chlorides ;  and  that  used  in  the  best  sporting-powder 
is  refined  a  second  time,  and  contains  not  more  than  l-60000tli  part. 

Charcoal. 
(For  general  remarks  on  charcoal,  see  Chapter  X.) 

Of  the  three  component  materials  of  gunpowder,  the  charcoal  has  the 
greatest  effect  upon  its  quality,  owing  to  the  great  difference  in  it,  due  to 
the  kind  of  wood  from  which  it  is  made,  and  to  the  mode  of  its  preparation. 
Light,  friable,  and  porous  charcoal,  which  burns  rapidly  and  leaves  the 
least  ashes,  is  the  best  adapted  for  making  gunpowder.  Charcoal  from 
willow  and  black  alder, — chiefly  the  former, — obtained  by  distillation  in 
cast-iron  cylinders,  is  used  for  powder  for  the  military  service. 

The  wood  is  cut  in  the  spring,  when  the  sap  is  running  freely.  Branches 
are  selected  of  three  to  four  years'  growth,-  not  more  than  three-quarters 
of  an  inch  in  diameter,  stripped  of  its  bark  as  soon  as  cut,  and  piled  in 
dry  and  airy  places.  The  larger  branches  are  split  lengthwise.  All  dead 
wood  is  rejected. 

The  dried  wood  is  put  in  upright  cast-iron  cylinders,  which  are  then  closely 
luted.  The  heat  is  applied  to  the  outside  of  the  cylinder,  and  care  is  taken 
to  prevent  them  from  getting  too  hot.  The  gaseous  and  liquid  products 
escape  by  an  opening  near  one  end.  The  progress  of  distillation  is  judged 
of  by  the  color  of  the  flame  and  smoke,  and  sometimes  by  test-sticks  which 
are  introduced  through  tubes  prepared  for  the  purpose.  When  the  distil- 
lation is  complete,  the  charcoal  is  removed  into  sheet-iron  tubs. 

About  35  per  cent,  of  brown  coal  is  produced,  by  this  process,  to  100 
parts  of  dried  wood. 

Charcoal  should  be  made  only  as  it  is  required  for  immediate  use,  as  it 
absorbs  moisture  readily  from  the  air. 

When  freshly  prepared,  it  absorbs  and  condenses  gases:  it  heats,  and, 
if  in  a  heap  of  30  lbs.  or  more,  takes  fire  spontaneously. 

The  specific  gravity  of  freshly-burned  charcoal  is  about  .380;  when 
triturated  in  a  moist  state  for  a  long  time  under  heavy  rollers,  its  specific 
gravity  is  increased  to  1.100  and  1.400. 

Sulpliur. 
Sulphur  is  found  in  abundance,  in  the  native  state,  in  the  neighborhood 
of  volcanoes,  mixed  merely  with  earthy  matters.     It  may  also  be  obtained 
tVom  the  sulphurets  of  iron  and  copper,  and  from  other  sources,  but  is  not 


238  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

SO  pure  in  this  case  as  the  volcanic  sulphur.  The  specific  gravity  of  native 
sulphur  is  2.U72;  that  of  sulphur  which  has  been  fused,  1.99, — which  is  still 
further  diminished  by  trituration.  Sulphur  melts  at  234°  into  a  trans- 
parent and  nearly  colorless  liquid  which  is  lighter  than  the  solid  sulphur. 
As  the  temperature  is  increased,  the  sulphur  becomes  more  yellow  and  less 
fluid ;  at  482°  it  is  of  a  dark-brown  color,  and  so  thick  as  to  flow  with 
difficulty.  From  500°  to  its  boiling-point,  788°,  it  becomes  more  fluid. 
Sulphur  takes  fire  at  a  temperature  of  500°,  and  burns  with  a  dull  blue 
flame  and  suff"ocating  fumes.  It  is  soluble  in  oil  of  turpentine,  and  in- 
soluble in  water  and  alcohol. 

The  supply  of  sulphur  for  this  country  is  brought  principally  from 
Sicily,  in  the  crude  state.     It  contains  about  8  per  cent,  of  earthy  matter. 

It  is  refined  by  distilling  it  in  cast-iron  retorts,  and  collecting  the  vapors 
in  a  large  chamber,  where  they  are  condensed.  The  temperature  of  this 
chamber  is  kept  at  about  248°,  and  the  liquid  sulphur  is  drawn  oft',  through 
iron  pipes  in  the  side  of  the  chamber,  into  wooden  moulds. 

If  the  temperature  of  the  chamber  be  kept  as  low  as  180°,  the  vapors 
are  condensed  in  a  light  dust,  called  flowers  of  sulphur:  in  this  state  the 
sulphur  always  contains  sulphurous  and  sulphuric  acids. 

Pure  sulphur  should  be  of  a  beautiful  citron-yellow  color,  slightly  trans- 
parent, should  show  no  acid  reaction  on  test-paper,  and  should  burn 
without  any  residuum. 

Sulphur  may  be  refined,  but  not  so  thoroughly,  by  being  melted,  skimmed, 
and  decanted. 

Manufacture  of  Gunpoicder. 

The  buildings  in  which  the  different  operations  are  carried  on  are  sepa- 
rated from  each  other,  and  protected  by  trees  or  traverses  as  far  as  prac- 
ticable. 

There  is  great  diversity  in  the  manipulations  of  manufacture,  not  only 
in  diff"erent  countries,  but  even  in  difierent  powder-mills  of  the  same  coun- 
try,— each  having  some  pai-ticular  mode  of  its  own,  which  is  preferred  to 
the  rest.  The  principal  operations  consist  in  pulverizing  the  materials 
very  finely,  thoroughly  incorporating  them,  pressing  them  into  a  cake, 
reducing  the  cake  into  grains,  glazing  the  grains,  drying  and  dusting  the 
powder. 

Pulverhing. — The  saltpetre  is  usually  pulverized  sufficiently  when  it  comes 
from  the  refinery.  The  charcoal  is  placed  in  large  cast-iron  barrels  with 
twice  its  weight  of  bronze  balls.  The  barrel  has  several  ledges  on  the  inte- 
rior, and  is  made  to  revolve  from  20  to  25  times  in  a  minute.  It  is  pul- 
verized in  2  or  3  hours.  The  sulphur  is  placed  in  barrels  made  of  thick 
leather  stretched  over  a  wooden  frame,  with  twiceits  weight  of  bronze  balls 
from  .3  to  .5  inch  in  diameter,  and  the  barrel  made  to  revolve  about  20 
times  per  minute. 


MANUFACTURE  OF  GUNPOWDER.  239 

The  sulphur  is  pulverized  in  four  to  eight  hours. 

Proportions  of  materials. — All  powder  for  the  military  service  must  be 
composed  of  the  following  proportions  by  weight, — viz.  : 

76  parts  of  saltpetre,  14  of  charcoal,  and  10  of  sulphur ; 
or,      75  parts  "  15  "  10 

Incorporating. — The  ingredients  having  been  weighed  out  in  the  pro- 
portions above  given,  the  charcoal  and  sulphur  are  put  together  in  a  rolling- 
barrel  similar  to  that  in  which  the  sulphur  is  pulverized,  and  rolled  for 
one  hour.  The  saltpetre  is  then  added,  and  rolled  for  three  hours  longer.  In 
some  mills  this  operation  is  omitted.  It  is  now  taken  to  the  cylinder,  or 
rolling-mill.  This  consists  of  two  cast-iron  cylinders  rolling  round  a 
horizontal  axis  in  a  circular  trough  of  about  9  feet  diameter,  with  a  cast- 
iron  bottom.  The  cylinders  are  6  feet  in  diameter,  18  inches  thick  on  the 
face,  and  weigh  about  8  tons  each.  They  are  followed  by  a  wooden  scraper, 
which  keeps  the  composition  in  the  centre  of  the  trough. 

A  charge  of  75  lbs.  in  some  mills,  and  150  lbs.  in  others,  is  then  spread 
in  the  trough  of  the  rolling-mill,  and  moistened  with  2  to  3  per  cent,  of 
water,  according  to  the  hygrometric  state  of  the  atmosphere. 

It  is  rolled  slowly  at  first,  and  afterward  from  8  to  10  revolutions  of  the 
roller  per  minute,  for  1  hour  for  50  lbs.  and  3  hours  for  150  lbs.  of  com- 
position. A  little  water  is  added,  as  the  process  advances,  if  the  compo- 
sition gets  very  dry, — which  is  judged  of  by  its  color. 

When  the  materials  are  thoroughly  incorporated,  the  cake  is  of  a  uni- 
form, lively,  brownish  red  color.     In  this  state  it  is  called  mill-cake. 

The  quality  of  the  powder  depends  much  on  the  thorough  incorporation 
of  the  materials,  and  burns  more  rapidly  as  this  operation  is  more  thoroughly 
performed. 

The  mill-cake  is  next  taken  to  the  press-house,  to  be  pressed  into  a  hard 
cake. 

Pressing. — The  mill-cake  is  sprinkled  with  about  3  per  cent,  of  water, 
and  arranged  in  a  series  of  layers  about  2  inches  thick,  separated  by  brass 
plates.  A  powerful  pressure  is  brought  to  bear  on  the  layers,  whicli  are 
subjected  to  the  maximum  pressure  for  about  10  to  15  minutes,  when  it  is 
removed.     Each  layer  is  thus  formed  into  a  hard  cake  about  an  inch  thick. 

Granulating. — The  cake  is  broken  into  pieces  by  means  of  bronze  toothed 
rollers  revolving  in  opposite  directions,  their  axes  being  parallel  and  the 
distance  between  them  regulated  as  required.  Fluted  rollers  are  some- 
times used.  The  pieces  are  passed  through  a  succession  of  rollers,  each 
series  being  closer  together,  by  which  the  pieces  are  broken  into  others  still 
smaller,  which  pass  over  a  sieve  to  another  roller,  the  small  grains  parsing 
through  the  sieve  into  a  receiver  below,  until  the  whole  is  reduced  to  the 
required  size.  The  various-sized  grains  are  separated  by  the  sieves  be- 
tween the  different  rollers. 


240  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Glazing. — Several  hundred  pounds  of  the  grained  powder,  containing 
from  3  to  4  per  cent,  of  water,  are  placed  in  the  glazing-barrel,  which  is 
made  to  revolve  from  9  to  10  times  per  minute,  and  in  some  mills  from  25 
to  30  times  per  minute.  Usually  from  10  to  12  hours  are  required  to  give 
the  required  glazing.  In  this  operation  the  sharp  angles  are  broken  off, 
thereby  diminishing  the  dust  produced  in  transportation,  and  the  surface 
of  the  grain  receives  a  bright  polish. 

Drying. — The  powder  is  spread  out  on  sheets  stretched  upon  frames  in  a 
room  raised  to  a  temperature  of  140°  to  160°  by  steam-pipes  or  by  a  fur- 
nace. The  temperature  should  be  raised  gradually,  and  should  not  exceed 
160°,  ventilation  being  kept  up. 

Dusting. — The  powder  is  finally  sifted  through  fine  sieves,  to  remove  all 
dust  and  fine  grains.  The  dust  obtained  in  this  and  previous  operations 
may  be  worked  over  to  make  other  powders. 


PacJdng. 

Government  powder  is  packed  in  barrels  of  100  lbs.  each.  Powder-barrels 
are  made  of  well-seasoned  white  oak,  and  hooped  with  hickory  or  cedar 
hoops,  which  should  be  deprived  of  their  bark:  the  cedar  is  not  so  liable 
as  hickory  or  white  oak  to  be  attacked  by  worms,  and  it  should  therefore 
be  used  in  preference  ;  or  the  hoops  may  be  prepared  by  immersion  in  a 
solution  of  corrosive  sublimate.  The  hoops  should  cover  two-thirds  of 
the  barrel.  Instead  of  a  bung  on  the  side,  a  screw-hole  1.5  inch  in 
diameter  is  made  in  the  head  of  the  barrel,  for  mortar  and  musket  powder: 
it  is  closed  by  a  wood  screw  with  an  octagonal  head  which  must  not  pro- 
ject beyond  the  ends  of  the  staves;  under  the  head  of  the  screw  is  a 
washer  of  thin  leather  steeped  in  a  solution  of  beeswax  in  spirits  of  tur- 
pentine. This  screw-plug  renders  it  unnecessary  to  take  out  the  head  of 
the  barrel,  and  the  hoops  may  therefore  be  secured  with  copper  nails ;  for 
transportation,  a  piece  of  cloth  should  be  glued  over  the  head  of  the 
plug.  Some  barrels  have  been  made  with  6  copper  hoops,  and  others 
witli  4  copper  and  8  or  10  cedar  hoops:  the  copper  hoops  are  1  inch  wide 
and  I  of  an  inch  thick,  fastened  with  2  rivets,  and  nailed  each  with  3 
copper  nails  0.625  inch  long.     Average  weight  of  a  hoop,  1\  lbs. 

Powder-barrels  made  of  strong  sheet  iron,  corrugated,  the  heads  put  in 
by  folding  them  over  with  the  metal  forming  the  body,  have  been  made, 
and  are  now  on  trial,  with  prospects  of  their  answering  a  good  purpose. 

It  lias  been  found  that  lining  powder-barrels  with  India-rubber  cloth  has 
an  injurious  effect  on  the  powder,  in  consequence  of  the  affinity  of  the 
caoutchouc  for  !>ulphur. 

The  heads  of  powder-barrels  are  painted  black,  in  order  to  show  the 
marks  more  plainly  in  dark  magazines. 


DIMENSIONS    OF   POWDER-BARRELS.  241 

Dimensions  of  Powder-Barrels. 

Whole  length 20.5  inches. 

Length,  interior,  in  the  clear 18         " 

Interior  diameter  at  the  head 14         *' 

Interior  diameter  at  the  bilge 16         " 

Thickness  of  the  staves  and  heads 0.5  inch. 

Weight  of  the  barrel  with  cedar  hoops 25   lbs. 

The  barrels  have  generally  12  hoops,  14  to  16  staves,  and  2  or  3  pieces  in 
each  head.  The  above  dimensions  are  calculated  so  that  with  100  lbs.  of 
powder  there  shall  be  a  vacant  space  in  the  barrel,  allowing  the  powder 
to  shake,  in  order  to  prevent  its  caking.  The  barrel  would  contain  about 
120  lbs.  of  powder  settled  by  shaking. 

Round  powder,  for  immediate  use,  may  be  made  in  an  expeditious 
manner  as  follows.  Fix  a  powder-barrel  on  a  shaft  passing  through  its 
two  heads,  the  barrel  having  ledges  on  the  inside  ;  to  prevent  leakage, 
cover  it  with  close  canvas  glued  on,  and  put  the  hoops  over  the  canvas. 
Put  into  the  barrel  10  lbs.  of  sulphur  in  lumps,  and  15  lbs.  of  charcoal, 
with  60  lbs.  of  zinc  balls,  or  of  small  shot,  (down  to  No.  4,  0.014 inch  in 
diameter  nearly. )  Turn  it  by  hand,  or  otherwise,  30  revolutions  in  a  minute. 
To  10  lbs.  of  this  mixture  thus  pulverized  add  30  lbs.  of  saltpetre,  and 
work  it  two  hours  with  the  balls  ;  water  the  40  lbs.  of  composition  with  2 
quarts  of  water,  mixing  it  equally  with  the  hands ;  granulate  with  the 
graining-sieve.  The  grains  thus  made,  not  being  pressed,  are  too  soft. 
To  make  them  harder,  put  them  into  a  barrel  having  5  or  6  ledges,  project- 
ing about  0.4  inch,  inside  ;  give  it  at  first  8  revolutions  in  a  minute,  increas- 
ing gradually  to  20.  The  compression  will  be  proportionate  to  the  charge 
in  the  barrel,  which  should  not,  however,  be  more  than  half  full.  Continue 
this  operation  until  the  density  is  such  that  a  cubic  foot  of  the  powder 
shall  weigh  855  oz., — the  mean  density  of  round  powder;  strike  on  the 
staves  of  the  barrel  from  time  to  time,  to  prevent  the  adhesion  of  the 
powder. 

Sift  the  grains  and  dry  the  powder  as  usual :  that  which  is  too  fine  or 
too  coarse  is  returned  to  the  pulverizing-barrel. 

This  powder  is  round,  and  the  grain  is  sufficiently  hard  on  the  surface ; 
but  the  interior  is  soft,  which  makes  it  unfit  for  keeping,  and  may  cause 
it  to  burn  slowly.  This  defect  may  be  remedied  by  making  the  grains  at 
first  very  small,  and  by  rolling  them  on  a  sheet  or  in  a  barrel,  watering 
them  from  time  to  time,  and  adding  the  pulverized  composition  in  small 
portions ;  in  this  way,  the  grains  will  be  formed  by  successive  layers : 
they  are  then  separated  according  to  size,  glazed,  and  dried. 

It  appears  from  experiments  that  the  simple  incorporation  of  the  mate- 
rials makes  a  powder  which  gives  neai-ly  as  high  ranges  with  field-pieces 


242  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

as  grained  powder :  the  incorporated  dust  from  the  rolling-barrel  may 
therefore  be  used  in  case  of  necessity.  Gunpowder  burns  at  the  tempera- 
ture of  575°  to  600°  Fahrenheit. 

Insj)ectlon  and  Proof  of  JPoioder. 
Before  powder  for  the  military  service  is  received  from  the  manufac- 
turer, it  is  inspected  and  proved.  For  this  purpose,  at  least  50  barrels  are 
thoroughly  mixed  together.  One  barrel  of  this  is  proved  by  firing  three 
rounds  from  a  musket,  with  service-charge,  if  it  be  musket-powder;  if 
cannon  or  mammoth  powder,  from  an  8-inch  columbiad,  with  10  lbs,  and  a 
solid  shot  of  65  lbs.  weight  and  7.88  inches  in  diameter;  if  it  be  mortar- 
powder,  from  an  8-inch  mortar,  with  1.25  lb.  and  a  shell  7.88  inches  in  dia- 
meter, weighing  47.5  lbs.  The  general  character  of  the  grain,  and  its 
freedom  from  dust,  are  noted. 

General  Qualities. — Gunpowder  should  be  of  an  even-sized  grain,  an- 
gular and  irregular  in  form,  without  sharp  corners,  and  very  hard.  When 
new,  it  should  leave  no  trace  of  dust  when  poured  on  the  back  of  the  hand, 
and  when  flashed  in  quantities  of  10  grains  on  a  copper  plate,  it  should  leave 
no  bead  or  foulness.  It  should  give  the  required  initial  velocity  to  the  ball, 
and  not  more  than  the  maximum  pressure  on  the  gun,  and  should  absorb 
but  little  moisture  from  the  air. 

Size  of  Grain. — The  size  of  the  grain  is  tested  by  standard  sieves  made 
of  sheet  brass  pierced  with  round  holes.  Two  sieves  are  used  for  each 
kind  of  powder, — Nos,  1  and  2  for  musket,  2  and  3  for  mortar,  4  and  5  for 
cannon,  and  6  and  7  for  mammoth,  powder. 

Diameter  of  holes  for  musket-powder:  No.  1,  0,03  in. ;  No.  2,  O.OG  in. 
"  "         mortar         "         No.  2,  0.06  in, ;  No.  3,  0.01  in. 

"  "         cannon         "         No,  4,  0,25  in. ;  No.  5,  0.35  in. 

mammoth     "         No.  6,  0.6  in. ;  No.  7,  0.9  in. 

Musket-poivdcr. — None  should  pass  through  sieve  No.  1 ;  all  through  No.  2, 

Mortar-powder. — None  should  pass  through  sieve  No.  2;  all  through  No.  3, 

Cannon-powder. — None  should  pass  through  sieve  No.  4;  all  through  No,  5. 

Gravimetric  Density. — Is  the  weight  of  a  given  measured  quantity. 
It  is  usually  expressed  by  the  weight  of  a  cubic  foot  in  ounces. 

This  cannot  be  relied  upon  for  the  true  density  when  accuracy  is  de- 
sired, as  the  shape  of  the  grain  may  make  the  denser  powder  seem  the 
lighter. 

Specific  Gravity. — The  specific  gi-avity  of  gunpowder  must  be  not  less 
than  1.75.  It  is  important  that  it  should  be  determined  with  accuracy. 
Alcohol  and  water  saturated  with  saltpetre  have  been  used  for  this  pur- 
pose;  but  they  do  not  furnish  accurate  results.  Mercury,  only,  is  to  be 
relied  upon. 

Mcrairi/  Dcn-nmcter. —This  apparatus  was    invented   by  Colonel  Mallet, 


INSPECTION    AND    PROOF    OF    GUNPOWDER,  243 

of  the  French  army,  and  M.  Bianchi,  and  consists  of  an  open  vessel  con- 
taining mercury,  a  frame  supporting  a  glass  globe  communicating  by  a 
tube  with  the  mercury  in  the  open  vessel,  and  joined  at  top  to  a  graduated 
glass  tube,  which  communicates  by  a  flexible  tube  with  an  ordinary  air- 
pump.  Stop-cocks  are  inserted  in  the  tubes  above  and  below  the  glass 
globe,  and  a  diaphragm  of  chamois-skin  is  placed  over  the  orifice  at  the 
bottom  of  the  globe,  and  one  of  wire-cloth  over  the  upper  orifice. 

The  operation  consists  as  follows :  Fill  the  globe  with  mercury  to  any 
mark  of  the  graduated  tube,  by  means  of  the  air-pump ;  close  the  stop- 
cocks; detach  the  globe,  full  of  mercury,  and  weigh  it;  empty  and  clean 
the  globe;  introduce  into  it  a  given  weight  of  gunpowder;  attach  the 
globe  to  the  tubes ;  exhaust  the  air  till  the  mercury  fills  the  globe  and  rises 
to  the  same  height  as  before ;  shut  the  stop-cocks ;  take  off  the  globe  and 
weigh  it  as  before.  If  we  represent  by  a  the  weight  of  the  powder  in  the 
globe,  by  Pthe  weight  of  the  globe  full  of  mercury,  by  P^  the  weight  of  the 
globe  containing  the  powder  and  mercury,  and  by  D  the  specific  gravity  of 
the  mercury,  the  specific  gravity  of  the  gunpowder  will  be  expressed  by 

the  formula  d  =  „     ,--, — . 
F—I^-j-a 

A  mean  of  two  or  three  results  will  give  the  true  specific  gravity. 

The  density  of  some  samples  of  powder  has  been  brought  up  to  1.831. 

Initial  Velocity. — The  initial  velocity  is  determined  by  means  of  the 
Ballistic  Pendulum,  or  by  Captain  Benton's  Electro-Ballistic  Pendulum. 
For  the  method  of  using  this  machine,  see  page  249. 

Musket-powder  should  give  an  initial  velocity  of  not  less  than feet. 

Mortar-powder       "         "  "  "  "  '<         " 

Cannon-powder      "         "  "  "  "  "         <' 

Strain  upov  the  Gun. — This  is  determined  by  Captain  Rodman's  press- 
ure-piston.    For  the  method  of  using  this  instrument,  see  page  251. 

Mortar-powder  should  not  give  a  greater  pressure  than pounds  on 

the  square  inch. 

Cannon-powder  should  not  give  a  greater  pressure  than pounds  on 

the  square  inch. 

Hygrometric  Qualities. — If  the  powder  be  made  of  pure  materials  and 
have  the  required  density,  its  hygroraetric  quality  follows  as  a  matter  of 
course.  It  may  be  determined  by  exposing  the  powder  to  air  saturated 
with  moisture.  For  this  purpose,  samples  of  about  1500  grains  Aveight 
may  be  placed  in  a  shallow  tin  pan,  9  inches  by  6  inches,  set  in  a  tub  the 
bottom  of  which  is  covered  with  water.  The  pan  of  powder  should  be 
placed  about  one  inch  above  the  surface  of  the  water,  and  the  tub  covered 
over.  In  this  manner  any  sample  of  powder  may  be  compared  with  an- 
other of  known  good  quality.  Good  powder,  made  of  pure  materials,  will 
not  absorb  more  than  2^  per  cent,  of  moisture  in  24  hours. 

21 


(ii;  DNANCK    .MAMAIi. 

i;  riMi:  I'.  -  Til"  •.■(■|.,,r!  o\'  iii-jicriiu))  sliould  shovr  the  phirr  ;uul 
ifiMii  :!;nl  ..f  j.rw  if.  I  lie  ,{i'>','  iiT  i)mwi1(M-  ami  its  troiei';!.!  quiill- 
•iilii;-  III'  ;/;-ai;i-  in  IHI  in\^.,  vlnMiiir  \.:iV'\  orsoi't,  rom.il  or 
i'  .ii   ;i  111-   l!'i."iiil  ii'  -:/(",  \v:!elii;T  i'vc^.^  IVoiii  diist  or   ddi  :    tli<' 

11. >    i,v'-!ii  of  il:c    li'ironi.'tri-  '.v:d   1, yirronK'ter  !if    tl:e  time  of 


IN  1  in;  r.  \  K  i:  K!.,-.-"  Ivicij  linrrcl  is  marked  on  betli  iu'i'.ds  (in 
il'T-.  ii.r  head  [)'iiiiied  Idafd<)Avilh  the  mini!>er  of  t lie  ])urre1, 
1    ilic  i.ia  .iiifaci  urcr.    y.nrof   fabrication,  rind    the    kind  "f  p',AV- 

/.  ,■,.,<//■.  or  ,/";■■/,(''. — t'rie  meii'.  initial  velo'-it'v,  and  t'nc  prcss- 
iiiie  iiii'i;  on  th"  j)ressure-pi<i on.  l^ach  lime  the  p^'Avd  T  is 
•    ioiiial    vtMoritv   is    marked   below  the   foriaer  proofs,   and   tlie 

ti  ial  oppo-ite  it. 


Aini'^/si.-<  of  (jt/hjjouu/cr. 

Whatt'vm  may  be  tiie  mode  of  jiroof  adopted,  it  is  essential,  in  jndging 
of  the  (lualiiirs  of  ^auipowdci",  to  know  the  mode  of  fabiicatioii  and  the 
]ir  ■portions  and  de,i>;rce  of  i)urity  of  the  mateidals.  The  latter  point  may 
be  a- evrtaineil  ])y  analysis. 

In  the  tirsi  place,  determine  the  onantity  of  water  that  the  powder  con- 
tains, by  subjeciiiiL'"  it  to  a  temjieratnre  of  '2l'2°,  in  a  stove  or  in  a  tnl)e 
wlii:  a  iMirroiit  of  warm  air  passing  over  it,  until  it  no  longer  loses  in 
wrigiit.  Tiie  ditfcrenre  in  Aveight,  before  and  ai'ler  drying,  gives  the 
a;ir.i;ni   .if  moi-iun.^  contained  in  the  powder. 

/'"  'A '' ///o,.'-  //,'  ijiiaiitlti/  nf  Sditpvtrc. — In  a  vessel  of  tinned  coj^iei', 
lik"  a  cmimoii  ,■., Hoc-pot ,  di-^s.dve  1,000  grains  of  powder,  well  dried 
bot  ,r.'  w.-ig!i;ng,  in  L'.Udil  grains  of  distilled  water,  and  heat  it  nntil 
it  b..il^  ;  loi  ii  >taiid  a  moment,  and  then  decant  ii  on  a  piece  of  filtering- 
papcr,  ibiubld  cxacily  in  the  mid.l'e  :  rejieat  this  operation  foui-  times;  at 


the  j'.iiii'th  time,  in-tca.l  .if  decant ing.  p^nr  the  whole  contents  of  the  vessel 
on  the  tiller:  drain  the,  filler,  ami  wash  it  sevei'al  times  with  2,000  gr.ains 
.il'uai.'i-  heated  in  ilieve->cl,  using  in  all  t  hese  o})erations  1 0,000  grains 
.'f  wati'r.  After  pa<-ing  thr.iugh  the  liiters,  this  vv'ater  coiitains  in  soh!tit)n 
a'l  the  saltpetre,  t  he  ( j  ua.it  it  y  of  ^vllich  is  asceit  aiiied  by  evap.irat  ing  to 
■iiyi!c-<.  Dry  the  .buiblc  tilt'cr  with  tlic  mixture  (jf  coal  and  sulphur,  and 
•.a'..'  ;h"  weight  of  this  compo-iiii'ii  by  u<ing  the  exterior  iiltt-r  to  ascertain 
th.'  w.iiht  of  thai  on  which  the  compo-ilion  remain^  :  this  weight  serves 
t'l  \.-rily  iliat   ..f  the  saltpetre  and  to  estimate  tiie  lu-^«  in  the  pr.')cess. 

'/""  ..'.'.■■'//,.  /,',.'  .pmii'Uy  (>f  ("i;iir,'i,iil  dir/nh;. — 'i'o  si']>arate  the  sulphur 
f  •  ■  -ii  ill'  eiiar-'ial.  viii.jcr.i  tj,,.  ],ov.-'ler.  ei;  hei'  .rfectiyor  after  the  saltpetre 
ha-   be.;n  .!i-Mi!'.cd  oi:!,  io  \]',v  aeibm  ..f  a  ])oiling   >olution  of  the  sulpliide 


PRESERVATION;    STORAGE,    AND    TRANSPORTATION.  245 

of  potassium  or  sodium,  wliicli  dissolves  the  sulphur  and  leaves  the  char- 
coal, the  weight  of  which  may  be  easily  determined. 

It  is  important  that  the  sulphides  of  potassium  and  sodium  used  in  dis- 
solving the  sulphur  should  contain  no  free  potassa  or  soda ;  for  each  of 
these  alkalies  would  dissolve  a  part  of  the  carbon, — particularly  of  the 
brown  coal. 

The  sulphide  of  carbon  also  dissolves  the  sulphur  contained  in  powder, 
and  may  be  used  to  determine  the  weight  of  charcoal  which  it  contains. 

The  charcoal,  separated  from  the  saltpetre  and  sulphur,  is  dried  with 
care  and  weighed,  and  should  then  be  submitted  to  analysis  in  an  appa- 
ratus used  for  burning  organic  matters.  The  composition  of  the  charcoal 
may  be  judged  of  by  comparing  it  with  the  results  obtained  in  the  analysis 
of  charcoal  of  known  quality  used  in  the  manufacture  of  powder. 

To  determine,  the  quantity  of  Sulphur  directly. — Mix  and  beat  in  a  mortar 
10  grains  of  dry  powder,  10  of  subcarbonate  of  potash,  10  of  saltpetre, 
and  40  of  chloride  of  sodium ;  put  this  mixture  in  a  vessel  (capsule) 
of  platinum  or  glass,  on  live  coals,  and,  when  the  combination  of  the 
materials  is  completed  and  the  mass  is  white,  dissolve  it  in  distilled  water, 
and  saturate  the  solution  with  nitric  acid ;  decompose  the  sulphate  which 
has  been  formed,  by  adding  a  solution  of  chloride  of  barium,  in  which  the 
exact  proportions  of  the  water  and  the  chloride  are  known.  According  to 
the  atomic  proportions,  the  quantity  of  sulphur  will  be  to  that  of  the 
chloride  of  barium  used  as  20.12  to  152.44. 

Restoring  UnserviceaMe  Foicder. 

When  powder  has  been  damaged  by  being  stored  in  damp  places,  it 
loses  its  strength,  and  requires  to  be  worked  over.  If  the  quantity  of 
moisture  absorbed  do  not  exceed  7  per  cent.,  it  is  sufficient  to  dry  it  to 
restore  it  for  service.     This  is  done  by  expoi^ing  it  to  the  sun. 

When  powder  has  absorbed  more  than  7  per  cent,  of  water,  it  is  sent  to 
the  powder-mills  to  be  worked  over. 

When  it  has  been  damaged  with  salt  water,  or  become  mixed  with  foreign 
matters  which  cannot  be  separated  by  sifting,  the  saltpetre  is  dissolved  out 
from  the  other  materials  and  collected  by  evaporation. 

Preservation,  Storage,  and  Transportation. 

In  the  powder-magazines  the  barrels  are  generally  placed  on  the  sides, 
three  tiers  high,  or  four  tiers,  if  necessary.  Small  skids  should  be  placed 
on  the  floor  and  between  the  several  tiers  of  barrels,  in  order  to  steady 
them,  and  chocks  should  be  placed  at  intervals  on  the  lower  skid,  to  prc- 
Tent  the  rolling  of  the  barrels.  The  powder  should  be  separated  according 
to  its  kind,  the  place  and  date  of  fabrication,  and  the  proof-range.     Fixed 


lM<)  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

;iiiimuuiiion,  especially  for  cannon,  should  not  be  put  in  the  same  maga- 
zine with  powder  in  barrels,  if  it  can  be  avoided.  Fireworks  should  never 
be  stored  in  powder-magazines. 

lu  a  room  13  or  14  feet  wide,  the  bai-rels  may  be  arranged  in  a  double 
row  in  the  centre,  two  alleys  2J  feet  wide,  and  2  single  rows  6  to  12  inches 
from  the  walls :  in  this  way  the  marks  of  each  barrel  may  be  seen,  and 
any  barrel  can  be  easily  reached.  In  a  room  12  feet  wide,  an  equal  num- 
ber of  barrels  may  be  placed  in  two  double  rows,  with  a  central  alley  of 
o  feet,  and  2  side  alleys,  next  the  walls,  of  about  10  inches  each.  There 
should  be  an  unencumbered  space  of  6  or  8  feet  at  the  door  or  doors  of  the 
magazine. 

Should  it  be  necessary  to  pile  the  barrels  more  than  4  tiers  high,  the 
npper  tiers  should  be  supported  by  a  frame  resting  on  the  floor;  or  the 
barrels  may  be  placed  on  their  heads,  with  boards  between  the  tiers. 

Besides  being  recorded  in  the  magazine-book,  each  parcel  of  powder 
should  be  inscribed  on  a  ticket  attached  to  the  pile,  showing  the  entries  and 
the  issues. 

For  the  preservation  of  the  poAvder  and  of  the  floors  and  lining  of  the 
magazine,  it  is  of  the  greatest  importance  to  preserve  unobstructed  the 
circulation  of  air,  under  the  flooring  as  well  as  above.  The  magazine 
should  be  opened  and  aired  in  clear,  dry  weather,  when  the  temperature  of 
the  air  outside  is  loiver  than  that  inside  the  magazine.  It  should  not  be  opened 
in  damp  weather  if  it  can  be  avoided.  The  ventilators  must  be  kept  free; 
no  shrubbery  or  trees  should  be  allowed  to  grow  so  near  as  to  protect  the 
building  from  the  sun.  The  magazine-yard  should  be  paved  and  well 
drained.  The  moisture  of  a  magazine  may  be  absorbed  by  chloride  of 
lime  suspended  in  an  open  box  under  the  arch,  and  renewed  from  time  to 
time ;  quicklime  is  dangerous,  and  should  not  be  used. 

The  sentinel  or  guard  at  a  magazine,  Avhen  it  is  open,  should  have  no  fire- 
arms, and  every  one  who  enters  the  magazine  should  take  off"  his  shoes,  or 
put  socks  over  them  :  no  sword,  or  cane,  or  any  thing  which  might  occasion 
sparks,  should  be  carried  in. 

The  windows  should  have  inside  shutters  of  copper-wire  cloth.  Fire 
should  never  be  kindled  near  the  magazine  for  the  repair  of  the  roof  or 
lightning-rod. 

I'arrels  of  powder  should  not  be  rolled  for  transportation  :  they  should 
be  carried  in  hand-barrows,  or  slings  made  of  rope  or  leather.  In  moving 
powder  in  the  magazine,  a  cloth  or  carpet  should  be  spread  ;  all  implements 
used  there  should  be  of  Avood  or  copper,  and  the  barrels  should  never  be 
repaired  in  the  magazine.  ^Vhen  it  is  necessary  to  roll  the  powder  for  its 
better  preservation  and  to  prevent  its  caking,  this  should  be  done,  with  a 
small  quantity  at  a  time,  on  boards,  in  the  magazine-yard. 

In  the  spring  an  inspection  of  the  barrels  should  be  made,  and  the  hoopg 


FRENCH    GUNPOWDER.  247 

Bwept  with  a  biush  wherever  they  can  be  got  at,  to  remove  the  insects 
vrhich  deposit  their  eggs  at  this  season. 

In  wagons,  barrels  of  powder  must  be  packed  in  straw,  secured  in  such 
a  manner  as  not  to  rub  against  each  other,  and  the  load  covered  with  thick 
canvas. 

In  transportation  by  railroad,  each  barrel  should  be  carefully  boxed,  and 
packed  so  as  to  avoid  all  friction.  The  barrels  should  have  a  thick  tar- 
paiilin  under  them.  The  cars  should  have  springs  similar  to  those  of 
passenger-cars. 

English  Gunpowder. 

English  gunpowder — particularly  their  sporting-powder — has  long  been 
noted  for  its  excellence,  which  is  due  to  the  care  taken  in  selecting  the 
best  materials,  and  the  skill  in  combining  them. 

The  woods  used  for  making  charcoal  for  gunpowder  are  the  black  dog- 
wood, the  alder,  and  the  Dutch  white  willow. 

The  coal  is  made  by  distillation  in  iron  cylinders. 

The  ingredients  are  separately  reduced  to  an  impalpable  powder  and 
passed  through  silk  cloths  or  bolting-machines,  then  mixed  in  a  tub  in 
charges  of  42  lbs.  each,  moistened  with  2  or  3  pints  of  water,  and  incor- 
porated in  the  cylinder-mill  for  3J  hours.  The  iron  cylinders  of  the 
cylinder-mill  are  6  feet  in  diameter,  weigh  about  3  tons  each,  and  make 
about  8  revolutions  in  a  minute  in  a  circular  iron  trough  7  feet  in  diameter. 
The  incorporated  material  is  subjected  to  a  pressure  of  75  tons  to  the  square 
foot  by  means  of  a  hydrostatic  press,  forming  it  into  pressed  cake,  which 
is  broken  by  toothed  rollers  and  formed  into  grains  as  above  described. 
It  is  glazed  by  rolling  in  a  canvas  cylinder,  or  large  cask,  making  40  revo- 
lutions per  minute,  for  1}  hours.  It  is  dried  in  a  temperature  of  140°  to 
150°,  raised  by  means  of  steam. 

French  Gunpowder. 

The  charcoal  used  by  the  French  in  making  gunpowder  is  obtained  by 
the  combustion  of  black  alder  in  the  open  air  in  iron  pots. 

At  the  powder-mills  at  Saint-Chamas,  the  charcoal  is  made  by  distillation, 
effected  by  passing  a  current  of  steam  raised  to  a  temperature  of  540°  to 
600°  into  the  iron  cylinder  containing  the  wood.  Charcoal  of  an  excellent 
quality  is  said  to  be  obtained  in  this  way. 

The  materials  are  pulverized  separately  in  leathern  barrels  by  means  of 
bronze  balls,  and  passed  through  a  sieve  to  separate  any  foreign  matters 
which  may  have  accidentally  fallen  in  and  might  cause  explosions  in  tritu- 
ration. 

Two  and  three-fourths  pounds  of  sulphur  and  the  same  of  charcoal  are 
weighed  into  a  tub,  moistened  with  1^  quart  of  water,  and  mixed  by  hand 
for  5  minutes.     It  is  then  transferred  to  the  composition-tray,  16J  lbs.  of 

21* 


248  OUDNANCIE    MANUAL. 

saltpetre  are  added,  and  tlie  tijiy  taken  to  the  pounding-mill.  The  contents 
are  emptied  into  a  mortar  and  well  mixed  witli  the  hand  for  several  minutes, 
without  further  addition  of  water. 

A  pounding-mill  contains  usually  from  IG  to  24  mortars  and  pestles, 
arranged  in  two  parallel  rows.  The  mortars  are  hollowed  out  of  a  piece 
of  oak,  with  bottoms  made  of  a  harder  wood.  The  pestle  is  made  of  beech, 
and  has  on  its  lower  end  a  bronze  shoe  with  its  angles  well  rounded.  It 
Aveighs  about  88  lbs.,  and  falls  through  a  height  of  IG  inches. 

Each  pestle  gives  in  the  beginning  of  the  pounding  from  30  to  40  blows 
per  minute,  and  after  10  minutes  the  number  of  blows  is  increased  to  55 
or  GO  per  minute.  The  pounding  is  continued  in  this  way  for  12  hours, 
including  the  stoppages  for  shifting  the  charges  from  one  mortar  to  the 
next, — which  is  done  every  hour.  These  changes  are  made  to  mix  the  ma- 
terials more  thoroughly,  and  to  break  the  cakes  which  form  at  the  bottom  of 
the  mortars.  From  the  6th  to  the  8th  change,  about  ]  pint  of  water  is  added, 
or  as  much  as  may  be  necessary  to  give  to  the  composition  from  7  to  8  per 
cent,  of  moisture.  During  the  last  2  hours  no  changes  are  made,  so  as  not 
to  interrupt  the  formation  of  cake.  The  composition  is  taken  out  of  the 
mortar  and  dried  from  1  to  3  days,  till  it  contains  only  about  6  per  cent,  of 
moisture.  It  is  then  taken  to  the  house  for  granulation.  This  operation 
is  performed  in  a  barrel  made  by  stretching  two  pieces  of  wire-cloth  over 
a  wooden  frame.  The  pieces  of  wire-cloth  are  placed  one  over  the  other, — 
the  outer  one  fastened  on  by  cords  so  as  to  be  removed  at  pleasure,  and 
replaced  by  another  of  different-sized  meshes,  the  meshes  being  of  the  size 
of  the  grain  required,  of  musket  or  cannon  powder.  The  distance  between 
the  wires  of  the  inner  cloth  is  .28  inch.  Balls  of  hard  wood  2  inches  in 
diameter,  and  50  or  60  in  number,  are  placed,  with  the  composition  to  be 
grained,  in  the  barrel,  which  is  made  to  revolve  about  30  times  in  a  minute. 
The  caked  composition  is  broken  by  the  balls,  and,  passing  through  the  wire- 
cloths,  falls  into  a  tub  beneath. 

The  contents  of  the  tub  are  sifted  in  sieves  which  pei'mit  the  small  grains 
and  dust  to  pass  through. 

The  powder  is  moderately'  glazed  by  rolling  it,  while  still  containing  from 
5  to  G  per  cent,  of  moisture,  in  a  barrel  from  10  to  30  minutes, — depending 
upon  the  kind  of  powder  and  the  amount  of  moisture  it  contains.  It  is  so 
conducted  that  the  powder,  when  dry,  should  have  a  gravimetric  density 
of  between  820  and  860  ounces. 

Tlie  powder  is  then  passed  through  a  standard  sieve  of  parchment,  and 
is  dried  either  in  the  open  air,  spread  out  on  sheets,  on  tables,  or  in  a 
drying-room,  spread  on  sheets  stretched  over  the  top  of  boxes,  into  the 
lower  part  of  which  heated  air  is  forced  and  escapes  by  passing  through  the 
powder. 

After  drying,  the  powder  is  again  sifted,  to  remove  all  dust. 


ELECTRO-BALLISTIC    PENDULUM. 


249 


Proportions  of  Iiif/redioUg. 

Saltpetre.       Charcoal.         Sulpbixr. 
By  the  atomic  llieovy 74.64         13.51  11.85 

In  the  United  States  : 

17      .1        -r.  •  f76  14  10 

For  the  military  service J 

\  75  15  10 

T?            ,-                                (78  12  10 

^^^^P"*'^"^ {77  13  10 

In  England  ;       For  the  military  service 75  15  10 

,,             ,.                                  r78  14  8 

^'''l^^'^'-S {75  17  8 

In  France:         For  the  military  service 75  12.5  12.5 

For  sporting 78  12  10 

For  blasting 62  18  20 

In  Prussia:        For  the  military  service 75  13.5  11.5 

In  Spain  :  For  the  military  service 76.5  12.7  10.8 

Captain  Benton's  Electro-Ballistic  Pendulum. — (Plate  29.) 

Description. — This  instrument  consists  of  a  vertical  arc  of  brass  graduated 
into  degrees  and  fifths,  supported  by  a  tripod  with  a  thumb-screw  at  each 
foot.  Levels  are  attached  to  the  arc,  that  it  may  be  kept  in  a  vertical  position. 
Two  pendulums,  with  their  axes  in  the  same  line  passing  through  the  centre, 
and  perpendicular  to  the  plane,  of  the  arc,  swing  freely  in  front  of  and  near 
to  the  arc.  To  the  lower  extremity  of  each  is  attached  a  piece  of  soft  iron. 
The  bob  of  the  outer  pendulum  is  adjustable.  An  electro-magnet  is  attached 
to  each  end  of  the  horizontal  limb  of  the  arc,  and  holds  the  pendulums 
horizontal,  or  at  90°  from  the  0°  or  lowest  point  of  the  arc,  when  the  soft 
iron  of  the  pendulum  is  brought  in  contact  with  the  magnet.  The  inner 
pendulum  has  at  its  lower  extremity  a  movable  point  projecting  toward  the 
arc,  the  head  of  whicli  is  struck  by  a  blunt  steel  point  on  the  outer  pen- 
dulum when  the  two  pass  each  other,  leaving  a  mark  on  the  paper  which 
is  clamped  to  the  arc  for  that  purpose.  Wire  conductors  lead  from  the 
magnet  to  the  clamp-screws  secured  to  the  upright  limb,  where  they  are 
readily  joined  to  the  wires  leading  to  the  batteries  and  targets. 

2'he  adjustments. — 1st.  Level  the  instrument  by  means  of  the  thumb-screws. 

2d.  See  that  the  magnets  are  in  such  a  position  that  each  pendulum  when 
brought  up  against  them  is  exactly  90°  from  the  lowest  point  of  the  arc. 
The  magnets  are  held  by  clamp-screws  to  admit  of  this  adjustment, 

3d.  Move  the  bob  of  the  outer  pendulum  till  the  times  of  vibration  of  the 
two  are  the  same.  This  is  done  by  connecting  the  wire  of  the  magnet  to 
the  poles  of  the  battery,  including  the  disjunctor  in  the  circuit.  Bring  the 
two  batteries  to  the  same  strength.  Break  the  currents  by  means  of  the 
disjunctor,  and  see  if  the  two  pendulums  meet  exactly  at  the  zero-mark. 


(  .!;  !i\  \  \(    i;     MANIA  !,. 

V,  1,    ,••   ,.;.,,.-     ;,;•,■      1  ,  1  I  .  '  ',\    I  '      'm      1  M  '     M  !'      CMn,!!       ^-  1   i' C  1 1  'I  t  !  1      wllf'Il      t  1 !  O     ])  ^  lul  U  1  11111  S 

;,;    :;,.    /,.i  ..- j'-ii,i.   ii  i.-pfci  i\r    mT  lii;-    j':ir:  inilwr    hatun'y  t]i;it    uovks 

/ ,     ■  i-  .,;i  ill-:  riMiM'ii;   ii-.'^I  ic  tc-.  :  lie  worl^iiiL!' (-('  ilie  ImI  tcr'es 

,.  i  \s!i,T,  I'lcv  an-  I'l'trai  iii--  wiiii  v^nnl  ;ic!ivity.  Then.;  are  sevci'ul 
.  ,,;■  ii,;..  iii-t  niiii.iii.  iii<'  f<- (.Mil  i;il  ptiiit  1  iciii  ;r  t  n  l)r(';ik  t  lio  c\irreiits 
^  ;  !  !li,>  ~  line  liiMc.  Il  i-  -•!  .'iim;!Iiii<m]  iliat  by  soitiiip;  the  trif:,u^er  tlie 
1,1-  ai'.-  i'M-iiH"i,  aii'l  li\-  ]'i'rs-iim-  it  iliev  lU'e  ))rokeii.  It  slionhi  give 
:;i^,,.   jiiiii!  ,.1   iiic(>;iiii:-  "f  ilie  ;[.('Hiiuluins  iji  six   oi"  oiglit  trials  made 

]•■].     -lii'iT--ii.!l. 

.  -•,,  /',  ,./,'./  /,.  !".-!niili-.li  t!i(>  wires  as  shown  in  Plate  20.  Insert 
-•■•  ■■:'  .li;i  \vii!---p:;|M  r  ui:'h.-r  ti;e  are.  ainl  elauip  it.  Set  the  trigger  of 
li-'ji. -■'■;.. i- :  r:i;-r  thf  pciphilunis  again-t  tlieir  magnets:  press  the 
,  )■  :  iiiht  p-iint  i.f  iiM'ofiim-  is  very  nenr  the  0'^,  set  llie  trigger  again; 
il:,.  (••lufi.ii.  •■HeM.iy:"  rai>e  the  jienihilum,  and  ••lire."  Head  olf 
;irj:li'.  v.iiii-ii    iiiii-t    he   '-..1  reeic'l.  if  ihe   ]>endukun  on  the  trial  did  not 

;,!  ill..  !.  .  hy  -/'/'///,//  the  angle  lietween  the  0°  and  mark,  if  it  be  on 
;_j,i,  ;iii>i   h:V  .^ '/////■'/'•/'■//'/  ii  if  il    ]>e  oii   the  left.      The;  angle  thus  eor- 

1    ii;i;-'    b<'  ,/,,,, '','-u'  fur   tlie  time  of  passage  of  the  pi'ojectile  l)etween 

,'  ••/,/,.  /'',,  /,,.■/;,/'  r.h,i-il)i. — Let  /  lie  the  length  of  the  oquivalent 
',-  ;  III  loluui.  ail  1  ,'  the  time  oi'  pas.-ing  over  any  one  degree  beginning 

:i.;u  V  -.//cms.  r. 

-1 '  -' '.:  iiiin^  f"'.-  .'  'liilViTtii  N'lliies.  v-'e  get  the  times  of  pa-^sing  over 
i'.;!'  i'lii  ■'['■2,V'  >■-.  -^Mi.jM.^iiif.'  '111.  vehicity  to  be  iiniftirm  for  the  time  of 
!  ■_  hi  ihi-  w  ;y  a  iti.ic  iv  loniiMl  whicii  sh.oiihi  give  the  limes  for 
i':b  :■■;.:   'il  ii-.-r-  :nid  icnih-  <^\'  de'/ree-^.  and   the   sums  of  tlic   times  to 


I  :■•  '.  i'.  ;•  nt'  '  i~  dfi  ri-;niiii.i  by  sii  i  ipiiri  i  iig  the  inner  pendiilnni  on  the 
;:'  I'lL-  .  .-iii'l  11  I  ;ii!z'  I  i>r  liiiic  i-c.jiiii-Mi  to  m;ike  . ",11(1  or  i,(M)i)  vibrations. 
■''  i  .i.j; ;.  ■'!  !  ii.'  r<(iii\  aitMit  -i  111  pU'  pendulum  is  obtained  iroiu  the  r  flat  ion 
■'  '.  ■'  b.-hi_  iiic  liiiir  nf  11  silicic  viliratinii  ;i^  just  determined,  and  I' 
■  ■•'  ■  '  i.''  hiuj!  il  '.f  !  he  '-iinpli'  -ee:,ii.!  pe !H hi h im  at  t ]i e  ] ilace  o. f  e\ p(n-i 111 on t. 
;  '!■'  !:.;e-)iih.'  i-  I'liiced  ,,ii  n  -ili<l  1  m , i II d n t  i oil ,  about  10(1  yards  frmii  the 
■■I.  'Il  <.i'.e.i''-  Ml-  Ibiii^eii  <  baiieri.--  are  be-t  ;  Smee's  has  lieeu  used 
^e  .  '  .  1  re-M'-,  Tl'e  p.iwer  mT  ih"  biitiery  mu-t  lie  regulalO'l  aceoriliug 
'■      h  ..^':i    :i!'  i    -i/e  •.!'  ilie  wire,      ("upper  wire    Xo.    if,  i-;   about    i!u'  si:'.e 

i  '       *  '    '    ■....,.     ■-   |,'  ,,■  ..]    :ii,::i;:    ::  i  ti  el   iVmui   jiM'  Miuz/le  wl    the  e'un.  and 

■  <   ■  ■■■        •   '  '.  •    '.-'''.  ■le.-  ,-,r  !!;■   Im  i  ;,,■  velM-i-y  of  !  lie  J ;  i'l  .j  ee!  i  i  e.      'i'he 

'■'■  '■'■  '  ■'■■  '■irLii-    !-  e-  LMiMier  liiMii  i<  iieee--;n-v  in  in-ure  if^'  being  sti'uck 


Rodman's  pressure-piston.  251 

every  shot,  and  the  distance  between  its  wires  is  regulated  in  the  same 
manner.     For  small  arms  a  much  finer  wire  is  used  to  form  the  target. 

Captain  Rodman^ s  Pressure- Piston.  (Plate  29.) 

This  instrument  is  used  to  determine  the  pressure  of  the  gas  on  the  sides 
of  the  bore  of  a  gun.  It  consists  of  a  housing  of  wrought  iron,  with  a 
cylindrical  shank  at  one  end,  chased  with  the  threads  of  a  screw,  by  which 
it  is  attached  to  the  gun.  This  shank  has  a  cylindrical  hole  through  its 
axis,  .37  inch  in  diameter,  into  which  the  piston  fits  closely.  The  head 
of  the  piston  is  terminated  by  a  cutter,  which  is  forced  by  the  explosion  of 
the  charge  into  a  piece  of  wrought  copper,  leaving  a  cut  or  indentation  of 
greater  or  less  length,  according  to  the  greater  or  less  pressure  on  the 
sides  of  the  bore. 

The  cutter  is  made  broad  and  thin,  so  as  to  make  a  long  cut  compared 
with  its  breadth  and  depth,  that  pressures  which  vary  but  slightly  may  be 
distinguished  more  readily. 

A  strong  screio,  at  the  opposite  end  of  the  housing  to  the  shank,  holds 
the  disk  of  copper  on  the  cutter. 

A  gas-check,  made  of  thin  copper,  is  set  up,  by  a  die  and  punch,  in  the 
shape  of  a  hollow,  shallow  cup.  It  is  placed  against  the  lower  end  of  the 
piston,  the  open  end  toward  the  charge  of  powder. 

A  hole,  .4  inch  in  diameter,  is  drilled  into  the  bore  of  the  gun  at  the  seat 
of  the  charge ;  the  outer  part  is  counter-bored  and  tapped  so  as  to  receive 
the  housing. 

To  use  the  pressure-piston. — Clean  and  oil  the  piston  and  the  hole  in  the 
housing  into  which  it  works;  insert  the  piston  in  the  housing;  put  in  the 
gas-check,  pressing  it  down  on  the  piston ;  place  a  thin  copper  washer  in 
the  hole  in  the  gun,  and  screw  the  housing  down  firmly  on  it ;  place  a  disk 
of  copper  on  the  cutter ;  interpose  between  this  and  the  head  of  the  screw 
a  second  disk,  and  press  it  down  hard  on  the  cutter. 

After  each  discharge,  unscrew  the  housing,  take  out  the  gas- check,  clean 
the  hole  in  the  gun,  the  piston  and  the  hole  in  which  it  works ;  renew  the 
gas-check  as  often  as  required ;  see  that  the  copper  disk  is  pressed  hard 
on  the  cutter. 

The  actual  pressure  in  pounds  is  determined  by  placing  the  cutter  in 
the  dynamometer,  and  applying  a  pressure  until  a  cut  is  made  of  the  same 
length  in  a  similar  piece  of  copper. 


:o2  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


LIGHTNING-CONDUCTORS. 


(Condensed  fi-om  a  ''Circular  Memorandum"  issued  by  General  Burgoyne, 
Inspector-General  of  Fortifications,  British  Army,  from  the  researches  of 
Sir  Wm.  Snow  Harris,  F.R.S.,  1858.) 

It  appears  to  be  established: — 

That  metal  in  a  building,  whether  disposed  in  the  form  of  a  conductor 
or  otherwise,  never  attracts  lightning. 

That,  provided  the  surfaces  of  metals  are  not  interrupted  by  bodies 
possessing  a  less  conducting-power,  a  building  entirely  of  metal  will  be 
the  safest  of  all,  and  that  such  buildings  require  no  further  lightning-con- 
ductors than  connections  with  the  earth,  over  the  masonry  foundations  on 
which  the}'  are  often  laid. 

That,  with  regard  to  a  building  of  brick  or  stone,  the  object  must  be  to 
establish  a  sufficient  number  of  lines  of  electrical  conductors,  extending 
from  its  most  elevated  and  prominent  points  to  the  ground,  and  further 
bring  the  building  into  a  condition  similar  to  that  of  a  metal  building,  by 
means  of  other  conductors  generally  attached  to  more  prominent  lines  of 
the  building  itself,  such  as  the  ridges,  angles,  and  eaves. 

There  is  no  advantage,  but  the  contrary,  in  endeavoring  to  insulate  the 
conductors  from  tlic  building. 

The  best  material  for  conductors  is  copper,  either  in  tubes  1 J  to  2  inches 
diameter,  and  .125  inch  thick,  or  in  plates  3.5  inches  wide  and  .125  inch  to 
.2  incli  thick. 

All  metal  surfaces,  whether  lead,  copper,  or  iron,  on  ridges,  roofs,  gut- 
ters, or  coverings  to  doors  or  Avindows,  to  be  connected  by  plates  of  copper 
with  the  conducting-pystem.  Lead,  on  account  of  its  low  conducting- 
power,  canncit  be  altogether  depended  upon. 

One  or  more  solid  copper  rods,  to  project  freely  into  the  air,  about  5 
feet  above  tlie  highest  points  of  the  building  to  which  the  main  conductors 
are  applied.  The  summit  of  the  rod  to  be  pointed;  but  gold,  gilt,  or  pla- 
tinum tops  are  unnecessary. 

Tlie  termination  of  the  conductors  below  to  be  led  into  damp  or  porous 
soil,  when  the  building  happens  to  stand  upon  it;  but,  when  the  soil  is  dry, 
two  or  three  trenches  to  be  cut,  radiating  from  the  foot  of  the  conductor, 
to  a  dcptli  of  18  inches  or  2  feet,  and  30  feet  in  length,  and  either  the  con- 
ductor carried  along  tlie  bottom  of  the  trenches,  or  old  iron  chain  laid  in 
them,  carefully  connected  Avith  the  foot  of  the  conductor.  The  trenches 
to  be  tlien  filled  up  to  one  foot  in  depth  with  coal-ashes,  or  other  carbona- 
ceous sui)stance.  and  afterward  with  earth  or  gravel. 

If  it  1)0  possihle,  in  regulating  the  surface-drainage,  to  lead  a  flow  of 
Wilier,  duriiig  tlie  vain  which  geuerally  acc(,mpanics  thunder-storms,  over 
the  sites  of  the  trendies,  it  will  be  an  additional  precaution. 


LIGHTNING-CONDUCTORS.  253 

Tanks  are  useless,  except  wliere  the  Avater  flows  freely  into  them  from 
the  surrounding  soil ;  and  even  then  they  are  superfluous  as  appendages 
to  the  conductors. 

The  conductors  for  a  brick  or  stone  magazine  with  slate  roof  should 
consist  of  a  sheet-copper  strip  4  inches  wide  and  .125  inch  thick,  covering 
the  ridge  and  securely  fixed  to  it  by  wrought-copper  nails.  At  each  end  of 
the  ridge  a  solid  copper  rod,  .5  inch  in  diameter,  is  fixed  to  the  conductor 
on  the  ridge,  and  projects  about  5  feet  above  the  highest  point  of  the 
building  ;  its  upper  end  is  pointed. 

Copper  strips,  3  inches  wide,  or  copper  tubes,  1  inch  in  diameter,  pass  down 
the  angles  of  the  hip,  and  are  firmly  secured  to  the  copper  eaves-gutter. 

The  descending  water-pipes,  made  also  of  copper,  and  fastened  to  the  face 
of  the  building  by  copper  holdfasts,  are  connected  at  their  lower  end  to  the 
underground  conductor  by  a  piece  of  copper,  3  inches  wide,  wrapped  around 
the  lower  end  of  the  water-pipes  and  riveted  to  the  underground  conductor. 

The  underground  conductor  runs  out  from  the  building  4  feet,  and  then 
branches  into  two  parts,  each  8  feet  long,  2  inches  wide,  and  .125  inch 
thick.  These  conductors  are  about  2.5  feet  from  the  surface  of  the  ground 
at  the  loAver  end,  and  are  covered  with  coal-ashes  and  earth. 

The  copper  sheathings  on  the  doors  and  windows  are  connected  with  the 
lower  end  of  the  water-pipes  by  flat  copper  strips,  2  inches  wide,  fixed  to 
the  water-table  by  copper  nails  driven  into  wood  plugs  about  10  feet  apart. 

When  tubular  conductors  cannot  be  had  of  sufficient  length  in  one  piece, 
they  are  connected  by  a  union  joint,  and  strengthened  by  a  small  pipe  or 
ferrule,  about  4  inches  long,  inside  the  tube,  and  riveted  to  each  end. 

Buildings  which  have  the  eaves-gutters  and  down-pipes  made  of  tin  or 
zinc  should  have  a  main  conductor  communicating  directly  with  the  ground : 
it  should  also  be  connected  with  the  eaves-gutter,  and  the  down-pipe  should 
connect  by  a  metallic  communication  with  the  ground,  running  out  some 
distance  from  the  building. 

In  case  of  buildings  situate  on  a  dry  or  rocky  soil,  especial  pains  must 
be  taken  to  lay  down  old  chains  or  other  conductors  in  various  directions, 
to  a  distance  of  10  to  15  yards,  and  from  1  foot  to  1.5  foot  below  the  sur- 
face of  the  ground ;  and,  if  possible,  lead  a  flow  of  rain  over  the  surface 
of  the  ground  about  or  near  the  conductor.  Let  the  conductor  terminate 
in  a  large  surface  of  moist  earth  whenever  it  can  be  eff'ected. 

If  copper  be  not  used  for  conductors,  zinc  is  the  next  best  material  of 
which  they  can  be  made.  If  iron  be  used,  it  should  be  in  the  shape  of  gal- 
vanized wrought-iron  pipe,  not  less  than  2  inches  in  diameter,  firmly 
screwed  together  in  joints  of  extra  thickness. 

Copper  tube,  of  a  thickness  of  from  .125  to  .2  inch,  is  always  to  be  pre- 
ferred :  it  has  more  than  five  times  the  capacity  for  conducting  electricity 
that  iron  has,  and  more  than  three  times  that  of  zinc. 


254  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


CHAPTER   TENTH. 
AMMUNITION  AND  MILITAEY  FIREWORKS. 

BUILDINGS. 

In  a  large  establishment  for  the  preparation  of  ammunition  and  fireworks 
four  separate  buildings  are  required. 

No.  1  should  have  a  porch,  and  contain  at  least  four  rooms,  viz. : 

Cartridge-room,  for  making  paper  and  flannel  cartridges  of  all  kinds. 

Filling-room,  for  filling  cartridges  for  cannon  and  small  arms. 

Packing-room,  for  putting  up  ammunition  for  transportation  or  storage. 

Store-room,  for  materials  and  tools. 

No.  2.  Furnace  or  smith  shop,  should  have  three  rooms, — two  entirely 
cut  off"  from  the  third  by  a  partition-wall  : 

Driving-room,  for  driving  rockets,  fuzes,  &c. 

Mixing-room,  for  mixing  compositions. 

Furnace-room,  for  casting  fuzes  or  bullets,  and  making  compositions  re- 
quiring the  use  of  fire.     The  floors  are  laid  with  brick  or  flagging. 

No.  3.  Carpenter's  shop. 

No.  4.  Magazine,  for  powder,  fixed  ammunition,  &c. 

All  these  buildings  should  be  at  a  distance  from  inhabited  buildings, 
apart  from  each  other,  and  protected  by  trees  or  traverses  of  earth  placed 
between  them. 

The  size  of  the  rooms  must  be  regulated  by  the  number  of  artificers  to 
be  accommodated.  In  small  establishments  the  number  of  rooms  may  be 
reduced,  as  the  same  room  may  be  used,  at  diff'erent  times,  for  diff"erent 
purposes. 

Fixtures  aiid  Furniture. 

1.  Cartridge-rooms. — A  table  for  making  cartridges  for  small  arms,  12 
feet  long  and  2^  feet  wide,  for  twelve  men  or  boys  to  work  at,  and  the 
length  in  that  proportion  for  any  greater  number;  tables  for  cutting  paper 
and  flannel,  and  for  rolling  cases  on;  choker  for  rocket-cases;  press  for 
rocket  and  portfire  cases ;  benches  for  cartridge-tables  ;  stools.  Closets 
should  be  partitioned  off  from  these  rooms,  and  furnished  with  cases, 
drawers,  racks,  .and  shelves  for  materials  and  tools. 

2.  Filling-room. — A  shelf,  2  feet  wide,  for  weighing  on  ;  other  shelves, 
■with  closets  under  them;  tables  with  raised  borders,  for  filling,  folding, 
&c.  ;    budge-barrels,    or  powder-barrels   with   copper    hoops   and   covers ; 


FURNACES.  255 

stools  for  seats  ;  foot-stools  ;  a  step-ladder ;  stands  and  gutters  for  empty- 
ing powder-barrels. 

3.  Packing-room. — Tables,  benches,  and  stools ;  platform  balance. 

4.  Store-room. — Shelf  for  weighing  on ;  shelves,  drawers,  and  closets ; 
tables,  scales,  stools,  seats,  step-ladder. 

5.  Driving-room. — Blocks  set  in  the  ground  or  pavement;  benches  and 
stools. 

In  favorable  weather,  a  porch  attached  to  the  building,  or  a  tent,  may  be 
used  for  a  driving-room. 

6.  Mixing-room. — Tables  with  raised  edges  ;  sieves,  &c. 

7.  Furnace-room. — Furnaces ;  workbenches ;  platform  balance,  or  large 
scales;  a  tinner's  bench  and  tools,  with  a  vise,  an  anvil,  and  a  chest  for 
tools ;  a  smith's  forge,  shovel,  and  poker ;   stools,  &c. 

8.  Carpenters  shop. — Turning-lathe  and  tools;  carpenters'  benches  and 
tools. 

9.  Magazine. — Shelves  and  frames  for  boxes  and  barrels. 


Furnaces. 

Two  kinds  of  furnaces  are  used  in  a  laboratory :  in  the  first,  the  flame 
circulates  around  both  the  bottom  and  sides  of  the  kettle  ;  in  the  second,  it 
comes  in  contact  only  with  the  bottom:  the  latter  are  used  for  compo- 
sitions of  which  gunpowder  forms  a  part. 

Furnaces  are  built  of  bricks.  The  kettle  is  of  cast  iron,  about  2  feet  in 
diameter  at  the  top,  having  a  rounded  bottom  and  a  flange  about  4  inches 
wide  around  the  top,  or  else  strong  handles,  to  set  it  by.  The  bottom  is 
0.75  inch  thick  and  the  sides  0.5  inch.  By  setting  it  in  an  iron  plate 
pierced  with  holes,  encircling  the  bottom,  a  furnace  of  the  first  kind  may 
be  converted  into  one  of  the  second  kind  by  stopping  the  holes. 

Furnace  for  reducing  the  oxide  of  lead,  or  dross. — This  furnace  is  built  in 
the  open  air,  on  a  stone  or  brick  foundation.  It  is  composed  of  a  cylinder 
of  sheet  iron,  16  inches  by  30  inches,  lined  with  refractory  clay  from  2  to 
3  inches  thick. 

The  interior  has  the  form  of  an  inverted  frustum  of  a  cone,  terminating 
below  in  a  basin,  the  bottom  of  which  is  inclined  toward  a  tap-hole.  The 
fire  is  made  in  the  furnace,  and  the  draught  supplied  by  a  bellows,  the 
nozzle  of  which  enters  at  the  top  of  the  reservoir.  The  dross,  and  the 
charcoal  intended  for  its  reduction,  are  thrown  on  the  fire  from  the  top  of 
the  furnace.  The  metal,  as  it  is  reduced,  flows  into  the  basin,  and  escapes 
through  the  tap-hole  into  an  iron  vessel,  and  is  cast  into  bars  or  pigs  as 
desired. 

In  the  field,  furnaces  may  be  built  with  sods  or  sunk  in  the  earth,  if 
bricks  cannot  be  readily  procured. 

22 


250  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Furnace  built  icith  sods. — Let  the  kettle  rest  on  a  trivet,  the  feet  of  which 
may  stand  on  any  piece  of  flat  iron,  such  as  the  bottom  of  a  shot-canister 
or  stand  for  grape,  the  bottom  of  the  kettle  about  1  foot  from  the  ground; 
buikl  round  it  with  sods.  The  door  of  the  furnace  is  10  inches  square; 
the  flue  of  the  chimney,  opposite  to  the  door,  6  inches  square,  and  com- 
mencing about  G  inches  from  the  ground;  the  first  part  of  the  flue  inclined 
at  an  angle  of  about  15°, — the  rest  vertical,  and  placed,  if  circumstances 
permit,  against  a  wall ;  the  top  of  the  door  and  of  the  flue  may  be  sup- 
ported by  small  bars  of  iron. 

Furnace  sunk  in  the  earth. — The  edge  of  the  kettle  should  be  about  1  inch 
above  the  ground,  and  the  bottom  12  to  15  inches  above  the  hearth  of  the 
furnace;  the  earth  is  dug  down  vertically  1  foot  from  the  kettle  for  the 
front  of  the  furnace,  and  the  door  is  cut  out  10  inches  square.  The  earth 
is  removed  and  sloped  out,  so  as  to  give  access  to  the  door ;  the  flue  is  bored 
out  on  the  opposite  side  with  a  crowbar:  it  commences  6  inches  above  the 
hearth  and  comes  out.  of  the  ground  18  inches  from  the  furnace,  whence  it 
is  carried  horizontally  about  13  feet. 

In  furnaces  of  the  second  kind  mentioned  above,  the  trivet  may  be 
omitted,  and  the  kettle  may  rest  on  the  sod  or  earth  for  about  1  inch  all 
round,  and  the  earth  rammed  in  against  the  sides  of  the  kettle. 


Precautions  against  Accidents. 

Avoid,  as  much  as  possible,  the  use  of  iron  in  the  construction  of  the 
buildings,  fixtures,  tables,  benches,  boxes,  &c.  of  the  laboratory  ;  sink  the 
heads  of  iron  nails  if  used,  and  fill  over  them  with  putty,  or  paste  several 
thicknesses  of  paper  over  them.  Before  the  men  go  to  work,  cover  the 
floor  with  carpets  or  tarpaulins,  which  are  taken  up  carefully  after  the 
men  leave  and  carried  at  least  50  yards  from  the  building,  and  there 
shaken  thorouglily  and  swept.  During  the  work,  have  the  carpets  fre- 
quently swept. 

Place  the  stores  in  cloth  bags  in  the  windows  exposed  to  the  sun. 
Prevent  persons  from  entering  with  sabres,  swords,  or  caries,  &c.,  or  with 
matches  about  their  persons.  Direct  all  Avho  work  where  there  is  powder 
to  wear  moccasins  or  socks,  and  to  take  them  off"  when  they  leave.  Direct 
the  men  not  to  drag  their  feet  in  walking. 

Make  the  doors  and  windows  to  open  and  close  easily,  without  friction; 
keep  them  open  Avhencver  the  weather  permits. 

Never  keep  in  the  laboratory  more  powder  than  is  necessary,  and  have  the 
ammunition  and  other  work  taken  to  the  magazine  as  fast  as  it  is  finished. 

Let  powder  barrels  be  carried  in  hand-barrows  made  with  leather,  or 
with  slings  of  rope  or  canvas,  and  tlie  ammunition  in  boxes.  Let  every 
tbing  that  is  to  be  moved  be  lifted,  and  not  dragged  or  rolled  on  the  floor. 


MATERIALS.  Z'O  i 

Never  drive  rockets,  portfires,  &c.,  or  strap  shot  or  shells,  in  a  room 
-where  there  is  any  powder  or  composition,  except  that  used  at  the  time. 

Loading  and  unloading  shells,  driving  rockets,  pulverizing  materials, 
the  preparation  of  compositions  requiring  the  use  of  fire  and  in  which  the 
components  of  gunpowder  enter,  ought  to  be  done  in  all  cases,  when  possible, 
in  the  open  air  or  under  a  tent,  far  from  the  laboratory  and  magazine. 

Never  enter  the  laboratory  at  night,  unless  it  is  indispensable,  and  then 
use  a  close  lantern,  with  a  wax  or  oil  light  carefully  trimmed.  Allow  no 
smoking  of  tobacco  near  the  laboratory. 

In  melting  lead,  be  sure  that  it  contains  no  moisture ;  put  the  pigs  in 
carefully,  and  do  not  use  more  than  will  fill  the  pot  two-thirds  full. 

Use  the  same  precautions  in  melting  fatty  substances. 

Applications  for  Burns. 

Exclude  the  air  by  applying  to  the  burn  fresh  lard ;  or  bathe  the  part 
burned,  and  cover  it  with  linen  soaked  in  a  mixture  of  8  parts  of  sweet  oil 
and  1  of  hartshorn,  well  beaten  together. 

MATERIALS. 

Saltpetre. 

For  vise  in  the  laboratory,  saltpetre  should  be  freed  from  all  foreign 
substances  and  be  reduced  to  a  fine  powder,  or  else  to  very  minute 
crystals.  It  is  best  pulverized  in  the  rolling-barrels  at  the  powder-mills  ; 
but  it  may  be  pulverized  by  hand  in  the  laboratory,  as  follows.  Put  into 
a  rolling-harrel  50  lbs.  of  dry  refined  saltpetre  and  100  lbs.  of  bronze  balls; 
turn  the  barrel  for  two  hours  and  a  half,  at  30  revolutions  a  minute,  strik- 
ing it,  at  the  same  time,  with  a  mallet,  to  prevent  the  saltpetre  from  ad- 
hering to  the  sides.  Separate  the  balls  by  means  of  a  brass-wire  screen, 
and  the  foreign  substances  with  a  hair-sieve. 

Saltpetre  may  also  be  pulverized  by  pounding  it  in  a  brass  mortar,  or  by 
solution,  as  follows.  Put  14  lbs.  of  refined  nitre,  with  5  pints  of  clear 
water,  in  a  broad  and  shallow  copper  pan,  over  a  slow  fire,  and,  as  the  nitre 
dissolves,  skim  off  the  impurities  ;  stir  the  solution  with  a  Avooden  spatxila 
until  the  water  is  all  evaporated, — when  the  nitre  will  be  very  white  and 
fine.  Should  it  boil  too  much,  the  pan  must  be  lifted  from  the  fire  and  set 
upon  wet  sand  or  earth,  and  the  saltpetre  should  be  stirred  until  it  dries, 
to  prevent  it  from  adhering  to  the  pan. 

Charcoal 
Is  the  residuum  of  the  incomplete  combustion  or  of  the  distillation  of 
wood.     Its  composition  and  properties  vary  witli  the  kind  of  wood  from 
which  it  is  made,  and  with  the  mode  of  carbonization  used. 


258  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

It  is  as  much  more  dense  and  compact  as  the  wood  from  which  it  is 
made  is  harder  and  of  a  closer  texture;  its  density  is  nearly  proportional 
to  that  of  the  wood,  and  its  combustibility  seems  to  be  as  much  greater  as 
its  density  is  less. 

The  best  charcoal  for  fireworks  is  that  which  is  most  inflammable  and 
which  leaves  the  least  ashes,  such  as  coals  from  black  alder,  willow,  poplar, 
hazel-tree,  hemp-stalks,  &c.  Hard  woods,  generally,  give  coals  contain- 
ing more  ashes  than  light,  soft  ones;  old  trees  more  than  young ;  dead 
trees  more  than  living;  in  the  same  tree,  the  bark  more  than  the  sap- 
wood, — next  the  trunk,  the  roots,  and,  least  of  all,  the  branches. 

In  some  cases,  where  long  trains  of  fire  are  desired,  charcoal  from  hard 
woods,  such  as  oak,  maple,  or  beech,  is  used.  Charcoal  for  fireworks  is 
best  made  in  closed  vessels.  The  different  processes  of  carbonization  are 
only  more  or  less  rapid  distillations  of  the  vegetable  substance  carried  to 
a  greater  or  less  extent.  The  volatile  matters  which  are  disengaged  and 
the  fixed  substances  which  remain  vary  at  each  moment,  but  in  such  a 
manner  that  the  character  of  the  former  indicates  that  of  the  latter. 

In  a  slow  distillation  by  a  progressive  heat  not  exceeding  570°,  bluish 
vapors  are  first  disengaged,  then  carbonic  and  acetic  acids,  empyreumatic 
oil,  and  soot  in  dark  clouds  burning  with  a  red  flame.  Carbonic  oxide  re- 
places, by  degrees,  the  carbonic  acid,  the  smoke  becomes  clearer,  and  the 
flame  takes  a  violet  tint.  Afterward  carburetted  hydrogen  is  disengaged ; 
the  smoke  becomes  translucent;  the  flame  passes  from  a  violet  to  a  yellow, 
then  to  a  more  and  more  shining  white.  Finally  the  smoke  disappears, 
and  the  flame  grows  shorter  and  goes  out. 

If  the  operation  be  stopped  when  the  flame  of  the  gas  becomes  violet, 
about  40  per  cent,  of  charcoal  will  be  obtained.  If  the  operation  be  con- 
tinued till  the  flame  becomes  yellow,  there  will  be  had  not  more  than  30 
per  cent,  of  coal.  Finally,  not  more  than  15  per  cent,  will  remain  after  the 
flame  goes  out.  In  all  of  these  cases,  with  slow  distillation  the  carboniza- 
tion is  uniform  from  the  surface  to  the  interior  of  each  piece  of  wood,  and 
requires  a  longer  time  in  proportion  as  the  temperature  is  lower. 

In  a  rapid  distillation  with  a  very  strong  heat,  the  gaseous  products  are 
disengaged  simultaneously ;  the  distillation  on  the  surface  of  a  piece  of 
wood  is  finished  before  it  is  hardly  begun  on  the  interior.  To  obtain  uni- 
form results  by  this  method,  the  distillation  must  be  protracted  till  from  15 
to  20  per  cent,  of  coal  only  is  obtained.  By  the  rapid  distillation  a  part 
i>f  the  incombustible  matter  is  carried  off,  and  the  coal  remaining  contains 
less  ashes.  The  carbonization  in  boilers,  pots,  pits,  or  heaps  is  nothing 
more  iliau  a  rapid  "distillation. 

Cliavcoal  obtained  by  stopping  the  carbonization  when  the  violet  flame 
appears  has  a  brown  chocolate  shade ;  its  fracture  is  bright  and  even  ;  it 
is  flexible,  in  thin  pieces;   reduced  to  a  powder,  it  has  a  greasy  feeling 


MATERIALS.  259 

and  a  velvetty  appearance ;  it  burns  -with  a  yellowish-blue  flame,  bright 
and  without  smoke;  it  gives  out  a  heavy  sound  when  broken,  and  dissolves 
almost  entirely  in  potassa.  Heated  in  a  close  vessel,  it  yields  tar,  pyro- 
ligneous  acid,  and  40  per  cent,  of  gas.  It  is  composed  of  carbon  0,7G5, 
hydrogen  0.288,  and  ashes  0.007. 

Charcoal  obtained  from  a  protracted  distillation,  when  only  15  per  cent. 
is  had,  from  dry  wood,  has  a  bluish-black  color,  is  hard  and  coarse  ;  it 
breaks  easily,  gives  out  a  clear  sound,  burns  without  flame,  and  is  with 
difiiculty  reduced  to  a  powder ;  it  is  then  dry  to  the  touch,  and  does  not 
easily  form  a  cake  by  pressure :  it  is  insoluble  in  caustic  potassa.  It  is 
composed  of  carbon  .906,  hydrogen  .076,  and  ashes  .018. 

All  charcoals  are  embraced  within  the  two  preceding  kinds,  and  approach 
more  or  less  one  or  the  other.  Coal  which  has  not  reached,  the  brown 
chocolate  shade  burns  with  smoke ;  it  is  called  smoky  coal :  it  is  not  yet 
charcoal.  Charcoal  takes  fire  at  about  460°.  Black  charcoal,  highly  cal- 
cined, takes  fire  quickl}^,  but  is  easily  extinguished ;  red  charcoal  is  longer 
in  taking  fire,  but  it  keeps  fire  and  burns  up  rapidly.  This  combustibility 
is  as  much  greater  as  the  charcoal  is  lighter.  Charcoal  at  a  red  heat  de- 
composes water  to  combine  with  its  oxygen.  Its  absolute  density  is  at 
least  1.5  ;  the  apparent  density  is  very  variable. 

Charcoal  does  not  become  a  conductor  of  heat  and  electricity  unless  it 
has  been  highly  calcined  at  a  white  heat. 

It  absorbs  moisture  rapidly  from  the  atmosphere, — particularly  when  in 
a  state  of  fine  powder.  When  freshly  prepared  and  pulverized,  it  absorbs 
and  condenses  gases  ;  it  grows  warm  ;  and,  if  in  a  mass  of  more  than  about 
30  lbs.,  it  takes  fire  spontaneously.  Black  charcoal,  highly  calcined,  may 
be  set  on  fire,  when  in  pieces,  by  a  strong  blow,  or  by  friction. 

To  make  a  comparison  between  charcoals  as  to  their  action  in  composi- 
tions, make  an  intimate  mixture  of  5  parts  of  saltpetre  and  1  of  the  char- 
coal to  be  tried,  both  well  pulverized ;  drive  a  fuze  with  the  composition, 
or  press  it  in  a  metal  tube  of  about  one-quarter  of  an  inch  bore ;  take  its 
weight  and  height,  and  determine  the  time  of  burning  by  a  watch  or  pen- 
dulum. The  rapidity  of  combustion,  or  the  length  of  composition  Avhicli 
burns  in  a  second,  measures  the  combustibility  of  the  charcoal.  Note  also 
the  weight  of  the  residuum. 

The  rapidity  of  combustion  is  independent  of  the  diameter  of  the  tube 
and  of  the  materials  of  which  it  is  made:  it  varies  very  little  with  the 
greater  or  less  compression  of  the  composition,  but  varies  much  with  the 
degree  of  trituration  of  the  materials:  it  is  therefore  important,  in  CDm- 
paring  difl'erent  coals,  to  mix  the  compositions  precisely  in  the  same  way. 

Sulphur. — Vfhen  melted  sulphur  is  to  be  used,  care  must  be  taken  that  it 
does  not  become  thick, — which  takes  place  at  about  320°.  It  is  pulverized 
by  being  rolled  four  hours  in  a  rolling-barrel  Avith  twice  its  weight  of  bulls, 

22* 


2G0  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

or  by  being  pounded  in  a  mortal-  and  sifted.  Roll-brimstone  is  used  for 
moltinfr,  and  flowers  of  sulpliur  may  be  used  instead  of  roll-sulphur  pul- 
verized, but  is  not  so  good. 

GuxpowDKR. — For  compositions,  gunpowder  is  mealed,  either  by  rolling  it 
for  two  hours  with  once  and  a  half  its  weight  of  balls,  or  by  beating  it  an 
equal  length  of  time  in  a  leather  bag,  or  by  grinding  it  with  a  muller  on  a 
mealing-table. 

Mealed  powder,  and  pulverized  saltpetre,  charcoal,  and  sulphur,  are 
generally  obtained  from  the  powder-mills. 

SuLPiiuRET  OF  Antimony  is  a  gray  solid,  with  a  fibrous  texture,  very 
fusible,  very  volatile,  and  easily  reduced  to  a  powder.     Density,  4.62. 

It  is  found  in  the  natural  state,  and  can  likewise  be  prepared  by  melt- 
ing in  a  crucible  equal  parts,  by  weight,  of  antimony  and  sulphur  pulver- 
ized and  mixed.  It  is  purchased  in  the  state  of  a  powder.  Its  purity  is 
tested  by  treating  a  small  sample  (150  grs.)  with  concentrated  warm  hydro- 
chloric acid.  The  residuum  which  is  not  dissolved  ought  not  to  exceed 
the  sulphuret  used,  by  12  per  cent. 

CiiLOKATE  OF  PoTASSA  is  a  whitc  Salt,  crystallized  in  white  scales,  anhy- 
drous, not  altered  by  exposure  to  the  air.  Soluble  in  water ;  more  in  warm 
than  in  cold  ;  insoluble  in  alcohol.  Density,  1.989.  Fusible  at  about  662°  ; 
it  is  decomposed  at  about  720°  into  oxygen  and  chloride  of  potassium. 

This  salt  is  one  of  the  most  energetic  of  oxidizing  bodies,  because  it  parts 
witli  its  oxygen  readily,  of  which  it  contains  a  great  quantity,  (.3915  of  its 
weight.)  Thrown  on  burning  coals,  it  melts  quickly.  It  explodes  by 
simple  contact  with  sulphuric  acid:  mixed  with  a  combustible  body,  the 
mixture  may  be  exploded  by  friction  or  by  a  blow.  It  should  be  pur- 
chased crystallized,  and  should  not  contain  more  than  one-thousandth  of  its 
weight  of  chloride  of  sodium  or  potassium.  Its  purity  is  tested  by  means 
of  the  nitrate  of  silver  dissolved  in  distilled  water,-— 73J  grs.  in  one-quarter 
of  a  pint.  Dissolve  77  grs.  of  the  clilorate  in  300  grs.  of  warm  water,  and 
let  the  solution  get  cold ;  the  chlorate  will  be  precipitated  in  crystals.  Add 
to  the  liquid  about  two  drops  of  the  solution  of  the  nitrate  of  silver. 
After  filtering,  the  liquid  ought  not  to  give  a  precipitate  by  the  addition 
of  more  nitrate  of  silver. 

FiLMiNATK  OF  Mercury  is  a  white  salt,  crystallized  in  fine,  silky  needles. 
Soluble  in  water  ;  more  so  in  warm  than  in  cold  water. 

Tlie  elements  of  tliis  salt  arc  held  together  so  feebly  that  the  least  shock 
or  friction  causes  its  decomposition  with  an  explosion.  (For  manner  of 
making,  see  page  300.) 

Fri,MiNATixo-Powi)ERS  are  compositions  that  detonate  with  great  force  by 
friction  or  by  a  blow.  They  are  generally  made  of  fulminate  of  mercury 
or  a  mixture  of  chlorate  of  potassa  and  sulphuret  of  antimony.  The  prepa- 
ration and  manipulation  of  these  powders  are  very  dangerous,  and  ought 


MATERIALS. 


261 


to  be  made,  with  the  greatest  precautions,  far  from  the  laboratory  and 
magazines.  The  powder  of  chlorate  of  potassa  and  sulphuret  of  antimony 
cannot  be  manipulated  without  danger  if  it  have  not  at  least  20  per  cent, 
of  water  with  it.  In  this  state  a  blow  or  friction  explodes  only  the  part 
struck  or  rubbed ;   the  rest  is  dispersed  without  being  set  on  tire. 

The  fulminate  of  mercury,  with  30  per  cent,  of  water,  explodes  partially 
when  ground  on  marble  with  a  wooden  muller ;  but  the  explosion  is  not 
communicated  to  the  rest.  It  should  always  be  manipulated  moistened 
with  this  amount  of  water. 

Lead  is  a  bluish-white  metal,  bright,  but  tarnishes  quickly  in  the  air.  Spe- 
cific gravity,  when  pure,  11.48  ;  melts  at  600°,  and  volatilizes  at  a  red  heat. 

The  purity  of  lead  is  judged  of  by  its  specific  gravity.  To  determine 
this,  after  having  weighed  the  pig,  suspend  it  with  a  wire  in  a  vessel  of 
water,  so  that  it  shall  be  completely  immersed,  without  touching  the  sides, 
and  weigh  it  again.  The  weight  in  the  air,  divided  by  the  difference 
between  the  weight  in  air  and  water,  will  give  the  specific  gravity, — which 
ought  to  be  11.35  for  lead  of  commerce. 

Lead  melted  in  contact  with  air  is  soon  covered  by  a  coat  of  gray  oxide, 
which  rapidly  increases  in  thickness.  The  formation  of  this  oxide, 
or  dross,  is  prevented  by  covering  the  lead  with  powdered  charcoal  or 
rosin. 

To  reduce  the  oxide  of  lead. — Put  in  a  kettle  about  50  lbs.  of  lead,  with 
■^^  of  its  weight  of  powdered  charcoal  or  grease ;  cover  the  kettle,  and 
raise  to  a  red  heat ;  stir  the  mass,  and  add  gradually  more  coal,  as  it 
assumes  a  yellow  color,  using  in  all  i  of  the  weight  of  oxide ;  dip  out 
the  lead  with  an  iron  ladle,  and  pour  it  into  iron  moulds  or  pans.  After 
having  obtained  in  this  way  two-thirds  of  the  weight  of  oxide,  in  lead, 
throw  the  dross  into  a  tub  of  water,  and  wash  it,  to  separate  the  ashes  and 
coal ;  dry  the  remaining  oxide  and  grains  of  lead,  and  put  them  in  a 
ladle  with  -^-^  of  their  weight  of  rosin ;  raise  it  to  a  red  heat,  set  fire 
to  the  rosin,  shake  the  ladle,  and  pour  oif  the  lead.  A  further  addition  of 
rosin  will  produce  more  lead;  -^^  of  the  weight  of  dross  is  generally 
used.     Tallow  may  be  used  in  place  of  rosin. 

When  the  quantity  of  dross  is  considerable,  it  may  be  reduced,  in  a 
similar  manner,  in  a  small  cupola-furnace.     (See  page  264.) 

Acetate  of  Lead  [Sugar  of  Lead)  is  a  white,  efflorescent  salt,  of  a  SAveetish 
taste,  soluble  in  three  or  four  times  its  weight  of  cold  Avater.  Specific 
gravity,  2.345.  It  may  be  made  by  heating  a  mixture  of  litharge  and 
vinegar.  The  solution  being  concentrated  and  set  aside  to  cool,  the  salt 
crystallizes  in  white,  brilliant  needles. 

Plumber's  Solder  is  an  alloy  of  lead  and  tin,  in  the  proportion  of  2  parts 
of  the  former  to  1  of  the  latter. 

Antimony  [Regulus  of  Antimony)  is  a  grayish-wliite  metal,  very  brilliant, 


2G2  OKD.NANCE    MANUAL. 

■with  a  highly-lamellatcd  structure.  Specific  gravity,  G.7;  melting-point, 
hO'.P.  It  is  easily  reduced  to  powder,  and  by  its  combusiion  with  sulphur 
produces  a  strong  light  and  heat,  with  a  blue  or  white  flame.  Antimony  is 
never  found  pure  in  the  sliops  :  that  which  is  sold  under  the  name  of 
rri/iilus  of  antimony  always  contains  a  little  sulphuret  of  antimony,  arsenic, 
and  sometimes  sulphuret  of  iron. 

CoPi'Kii  is  a  red,  brilliant  metal,  possessing  great  tenacity,  ductility, 
and  malleability.      Specific  gravity,  8.9;   fusible  at  abotit  1980°. 

Copper,  being  but  slightly  acted  on  by  saltpetre,  is  employed  for  powder- 
measures,  utensils  for  refining  saltpetre,  &c.  Copper  vessels  should  not 
be  exposed  to  a  great  heat,  or  used  for  heating  compositions  containing 
sulpliur,  as  the  copper  would  be  rapidly  oxidized. 

In  fireworks,  copper-filings  are  used  to  give  reddish  sparks  and  a  green- 
ish-blue flame. 

BnoNZE  is  used  in  the  laboratory  for  utensils  and  implements  which 
receive  blows,  or  act  b}^  percussion,  and  replaces  steel  and  iron  wherever 
there  is  danger  of  an  explosion  from  a  blow  or  from  friction. 

Brass  is  an  alloy  of  about  2  parts  of  copper  and  1  of  zinc.  Brass  wire  is 
used  for  ligatures,  for  screens  and  sieves. 

AcETATK  OF  CoPTEK  (  Verdigris)  is  a  green  salt,  used  sometimes  to  make 
slow-match,  which  burns  with  a  strong  coal  and  with  a  slightly  green  flame. 

Zinc  is  a  bluish-white  metal ;  usually  brittle,  and  its  fracture  shows  a 
crystalline  structure.  Specific  gravity,  6.9;  melts  at  680°,  is  volatilized  at 
a  red  heat  and  takes  fire  in  the  air,  burning  with  a  white  flame.  At  400° 
it  is  easily  reduced  to  a  powder  in  a  mortar.  Granulated  zinc  is  used  to 
proiluce  a  bluish  flame.  An  alloy  of  zinc  and  antimony  pulverized  gives 
V)eautiful  blue  drops.  The  oxide  of  zinc  [flowers  of  zinc)  produces  the 
appearance  called  gold  rain.  It  ought  to  be  purchased  in  scales,  not  in  a 
powder,  as  in  this  latter  case  it  may  be  mixed  Avith  foreign  substances. 

I  HON. — Filings  and  thin  chips  give  very  brilliant  sparks  and  stars,  the 
effects  of  which  depend  on  the  size  of  the  particles  used;  the  filings  must 
be  made  when  Avanted,  or  be  very  carefully  preserved  from  rust. 

SiiK KT  Ikon. — Select  tlie  softest  and  most  pliable.  When  it  is  substituted 
for  till,  in  strapping  projectiles,  it  should  be  first  annealed,  by  heating  it 
to  a  dull  reii  heat  and  letting  it  cool  gradually  under  warm  ashes,  not 
exposed  to  the  air. 

(.\\ST  luoN. — Pulverized,  it  gives  very  large  white  sparks,  in  fireworks, 
(Cliinese  fire.)  Select  the  white  cast  iron,  or  take  the  pieces  of  utensils 
Avith  thin  sides.  To  pulverize  it  more  easily,  heat  it  to  a  red  heat  and 
throw  it  into  cold  water. 

Stekl. — In  fireworks,  filings  and  small  pieces  give  the  most  brilliant 
pji.irk-. 

pArEH. — Jhi.<<ket  cartrid'je-papcr  should  be  homogeneous  and  without  any 


MATERIALS.  263 

trace  of  stalks,  well  sized,  even,  pliable,  with  a  good  body  without  being 
too  thick,  free  from  folds  or  rents. 

The  sheet,  when  moistened,  ought  to  present  a  uniform  hue,  without 
spots  or  marblings.  Taken  out  of  the  water  and  suspended  a  moment  by 
the  extremities  of  the  short  sides,  it  ought  not  to  tear  from  its  own  weight. 
The  sheet  crumpled  in  the  hand  or  pinched  with  the  nails  ought  not  to 
tear  in  the  folds,  and  when  torn  the  rent  should  be  fibrous. 

A  strip  of  paper  4  inches  wide  ought  not  to  break  under  a  weight  of 
40  pounds,  in  the  direction  of  its  least  strength. 

In  testing  the  strength  of  paper,  the  two  ends  are  held  by  two  vises  of 
hard  wood.  Each  vise  is  composed  of  2  rectangular  jaws,  which  can  be 
brought  against  each  other  and  held  firmly  by  means  of  screws,  or  by 
tenons  on  one  jaw  passing  through  the  other  and  keyed  firmly  to  it.  A 
strip  of  paper  4  inches  wide  is  cut  and  inserted  in  the  vises,  so  that  the 
length  between  them  shall  be  exactly  12  inches.  The  jaws  are  closed 
tightly,  and  one  vise  is  suspended  from  a  fixed  point  by  means  of  a  cord 
or  hook,  and  to  the  other  is  made  fast  the  pan  of  a  balance.  It  is  loaded 
gradually,  with  care,  until  the  paper  gives  way.  The  strips  should  not  be 
taken  from  the  edges  of  the  sheets  only,  but  from  all  parts,  and  from  the 
length  and  breadth  successively,  for  in  these  two  directions  the  strength 
is  very  diflferent. 

Five  sheets  are  generally  taken  from  each  ream,  in  which  only  one  sheet 
can  have  one-tenth  less  strength  than  that  allowed.  If  this  condition  be 
not  fulfilled,  the  ream  is  rejected. 

Paper  may  be  made  by  hand  or  by  machine. 

The  other  papers  are  tested  in  the  same  way,  and  should  possess  the 
same  general  characteristics. 

Size  and  Weight  of  Paper. 
No.  Wt.  ofbimdle.  Proof  \vt. 

1.  For  musket-cartridges 13    X  l^J  i^ 40  lbs. 

2.  "         ''  "       wrappers,18    X  20    "  36  lbs 101 

3.  Blank  cartridges 15    X  20    "  30    "   67J 

4.  Portfires  and  rockets 19    X  28    "  65    "   180 

5.  Fixed  ammunition 23J  X  24    ''  60    "   225 

6.  Cannon-cartridges 19    X  23    "  70    "   315 

7.  Fireworks 13    X  16|  "  20    ''  85 

The  several  kinds  to  be  packed  in  bundles ;  Nos.  1,  2,  3,  in  bundles  of 

1,000  sheets  each,  the  others  in  bundles  of  500  sheets;  all  without  folding. 
The  dimensions  given  above  are  such  as  the  sheets  are  required  to  have 
when  trimmed  for  use. 

Tow  should  be  entirely  of  hemp  or  flax,  clean,  dry,  sound,  free  from 
stalks  and  foreign  substances. 

Merino  or  Serge,  for  cartridge-bags,  should  be  made  entirely  of  wool ;  it 


264  ORDNANCE    MANUAL, 

should  be  strong,  closely  woven,  twilled,  and  not  frayed  ;  the  width  should 
be  even  in  the  same  piece;  that  f  yard  wide  is  convenient  and  the  most 
common.  The  colors  are  to  be  preferred  in  the  following  order,— green, 
gray,  yellow,  blue,  red,  white;  reject  black,  which  is  almost  always  burnt 
and  weak. 

Canvas. — Take  the  strongest  and  closest  woven;  used  for  sacks  for  fire- 
balls. 

Twine  should  be  strong,  smooth,  and  well  twisted, — 0.03  inch  thick  for 
bundling  cartridges,  &c.,  and  for  sewing  fire-balls  ;  from  0.06  inch  to  0.08 
inch  for  fixing  ammunition,  &c. 

Thread. — For  infantry  cartridges,  of  unbleached  flax,  two  strands,  strong 
and  even. 

Rope  should  be  even  and  well  twisted;  that  most  commonly  used  in  the 
laboratory  is  white  hemp  rope  from  1  inch  to  1.5  inch  in  girth. 

Thread  and  rope  ought  to  be  pliant,  without  being  soft,  made  of  hemp 
of  good  quality,  water-rotted,  and  entirely  freed  from  stalks ;  of  a  silvery 
color,  pearl-gray,  green,  or  yellow,  not  too  deep,  too  black,  nor  stained 
with  brown.     Its  size  should  be  uniform  throughout  its  whole  length. 

Gum  Arabic  should  be  transparent,  yellowish-white,  brittle,  insipid, 
inodorous,  soluble  in  water  and  vinegar,  insoluble  in  alcohol.  It  is  used 
in  solution  to  give  body  and  tenacity  to  compositions,  or  to  make  them 
burn  more  slowly.  It  should  be  prepared  as  required,  for  when  in  solution 
it  undergoes  a  decomposition. 

Glue  should  be  hard,  dry,  transparent,  of  a  brownish-red  color,  and 
free  from  smell. 

Whiskey  or  Alcohol  is  used  in  moistening  compositions  into  which 
saltpetre  enters,  as  it  does  not  dissolve  saltpetre.     It  should  be  strong. 

To  prevent  its  being  drunk,  mix  a  little  assafoetida  with  it.  When  whiskey 
cannot  be  had,  vinegar  may  be  used. 

To  prepare  Pastes  and  Glue. 

Flour  Paste. — Sift  the  flour,  and  mix  it  with  8^  times  its  weight  of  water; 
heat  it  gently,  stir  it,  and  let  it  boil  for  three-quarters  of  an  hour;  when  it 
becomes  ropy,  pour  it  into  bowls,  and  pass  it  through  a  sieve  before  it  is 
quite  cold.  The  flour  yields  7  times  its  weight  of  paste.  Time  required  to 
make  it,  one  hour  and  a  half.     It  is  best  made  of  rye  flour, 

Starch  Paste. — Mix  wheat  starch  with  twice  its  weight  of  water ;  pour  it 
gradually  into  6^  times  its  weight  of  boiling  water,  and  let  it  boil  for  10 
minutes,  stirring  it  all  the  time;  then  proceed  as  before.  Starch  yields  8 
times  its  weight  of  paste.     Time  required,  1  hour. 

Panto  for  Pasteboard. — Mix  the  flour  or  starch  with  12  times  its  weight  of 
water;  this  yields  9  times  the  weight  of  flour,  and  11  times  the  weight  of 
starch. 


TRITURATION    OP    MATERIALS.  265 

Paste  mixed  with  Glue. — The  addition  of  y^^th  of  glue  makes  the  paste  fit 
for  pasting  sheets  of  parchment  together,  or  for  pasting  paper  on  wood. 
Dissolve  the  glue  separately,  and  pour  it  into  the  cold  water  with  which  the 
flour  or  starch  is  mixed. 

Cheese  Paste  is  made  of  fresh  white  cheese  and  quicklime.  Pound  the 
cheese  in  a  mortar  with  boiling  water :  let  it  stand,  and  decant  it :  repeat 
this  operation  three  or  four  times.  Pound  together  3  parts  of  this  cheese 
thus  prepared  and  1  part  of  quicklime,  moistening  it  Avith  pure  water  till 
the  paste  ropes  like  honey.  Prepare  only  a  little  at  a  time.  It  is  used  in 
pasting  parchment  and  parchment-paper. 

These  different  kinds  of  paste  should  be  used  cold.  A  supply  for  not 
more  than  2  or  3  days  should  be  made  at  one  time ;  but  it  may  be  preserved 
longer  by  adding  alum  in  the  proportion  of  y\jth  of  the  weight  of  flour. 
The  depredations  of  rats  may  be  prevented  by  dissolving  a  like  proportion 
of  colocynth  in  the  water  with  which  the  paste  is  made. 

Glue  is  dissolved  in  its  own  weight  of  boiling  water.  A  glue-pot  with  a 
water-bath  should  be  used,  to  avoid  burning  the  glue.  Remove  the  pot 
from  the  fire  as  soon  as  the  glue  is  entirely  dissolved. 

Trituration  of  Materials. 

Materials  intended  for  the  preparation  of  fireworks  are  reduced  to  a 
powder  by  rolling  them  in  a  leathern  barrel  with  bronze  balls ;  or,  if  the 
barrel  be  not  on  hand,  leather  sacks,  or  mortars  and  pestles,  may  be  used, 
attaching  the  pestle  to  an  elastic  rod. 

During  the  trituration  with  the  barrel,  strike  the  bars  of  the  barrel  from 
time  to  time  with  a  small  mallet,  to  detach  the  materials  which  may  adhere 
to  the  sides. 

The  materials  taken  from  the  barrel  are  first  passed  through  a  brass 
screen,  to  separate  the  balls,  and  then  through  a  sieve.  For  certain  pur- 
poses, as  for  signal-rockets,  the  charcoal  should  not  be  an  impalpable 
powder.     The  trituration  is  then  made  in  a  leather  sack. 

The  sack  is  filled  and  closed  up  :  one  man  holds  it  by  the  mouth,  lays  it 
on  an  even  block,  and  turns  it  frequently,  whilst  another  strikes  it  with  a 
billet  of  wood.  After  five  minutes,  the  charcoal  is  taken  out  and  passed  over 
a  silk  screen,  to  get  rid  of  the  dust :  what  remains  is  then  separated  into 
three  numbers. 

Tso.  1.   That  which  passes  through  the  screen  No.  1 ; 

No.  2.  That  which  passes  through  the  screen  No.  2  ; 

No.  3.  That  which  passes  through  the  screen  No.  3. 


2GG  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


AMMUNITION  FOR  SMALL  ARMS. 


There  are  two  kinds  of  cartridges  used  in  service, — the  ball-cartridge, 
made  with  a  single  elongated  ball,  and  the  buckshot-cartridge,  made  with 
fifteen  buckshot. 

BaU-Cartrldgcs. 

Making  Balls. — Lead  balls  are  made  by  compression,  by  means  of  ma- 
chines for  that  purpose.  Balls  thus  made  are  more  uniform  in  size  and 
weight,  smoother,  more  solid,  and  give  more  accurate  results,  than  cast 
ball>'. 

The  lead  is  first  cast  into  round  cylindrical  bars,  .58  and  .63  inch  in 
diameter  for  the  calibres  .58  and  .09  inch  respectively,  and  21  inches  long, 
and  tlien  rolled  to  .46  and  .56  inch  in  diameter  for  the  same  calibres  respect- 
ively ;  length,  25  inches.  These  bars  are  fed  to  the  machine,  which  cuts 
off  a  part  suflBcient  for  one  ball  and  transfers  it  to  a  die,  in  which  the  ball  is 
formed,  with  cavity  and  rings,  the  surplus  metal  being  forced  out  in  a  thin 
belt  around  the  ball  in  the  direction  of  its  axis.  The  balls  are  trimmed  by 
liiind,  with  a  knife,  and  are  then  passed  through  a  cylinder-gauge  of  the 
proper  size. 

A  dai/^s  tvorJc. — One  man  can  make  with  the  machine  30,000  balls  in  ten 
hours,  the  bars  of  lead  being  prepared  for  him.  One  man  can  cast  1,500 
bars  in  10  hours,  and  can  trim  and  roll  2,000  bars  in  10  hours.  A  boy  can 
trim  and  gauge  5,000  in  10  hours. 

Bullet-moulds  are  provided  to  cast  balls,  where  the  pressed  balls  cannot 
be  had. 

The  mould  is  so  consti'ucted  as  to  trim  tlie  balls  by  a  single  operation 
before  they  are  taken  from  the  mould. 

Buckshot  are  compressed  by  machines  in  a  similar  manner  to  balls. 
They  are  also  readily  obtained  from  private  shot-works. 

To  Grease  the  Balls. — Place  them  on  their  bases  on  a  tin  frame  capable 
of  holding  about  50  balls,  and  immerse  it  in  a  melted  mixture  of  1  part  of 
tallow  and  8  of  beeswax,  kept  warm,  until  the  cylindrical  part  of  the  ball  is 
covered.     Remove  the  frame,  and  let  it  stand  till  the  grease  hardens. 

Tlirce  frames  are  required  for  each  boy. 
To  Cut  the  Paper. 

"Workman. — 1  cutter. 

Materials. — Paper  and  pencil. 

Imi'Lk.mexts. — 1  cutting-board,  30  inches  square;  1  iron  ruler,  33  inches 
long;  1  kvcr,  1  cord,  1  large  knife,  1  sandstone,  1  trapezoid  of  hard  wood  or 
iron. 

Cut  the  paper  first  into  strips  of  a  Avidth  equal  to  the  length  of  a  trape- 
zoid, and  iheu  into  trapezoids,  using  the  pattern  as  a  guide. 

The  paper  and  ruler  are  kept  from  moving  by  means  of  a  lever,  one  end 


BALL-CARTRIDGES.  267 

of  which  is  fixed  and  the  other  is  moved  by  the  foot  by  means  of  a  cord  and 
treadle. 

The  knife  is  held  in  both  hands. 

From  6  to  8  reams  may  be  cut  at  a  time  in  this  way. 

A  cutting-machine,  like  that  used  by  bookbinders,  facilitates  the  opera- 
tion when  many  hands  are  employed. 

"When  only  a  knife  and  ruler  are  used,  about  12  sheets  are  cut  at  a  time. 
To  Make  the  Cartkidge. 

Workmen. — 1  master,  10  boys. 

Implements  for  each  hoy. — 2  boxes  to  hold  cylinders,  20  inches  long, 
8  inches  wide,  and  4  inches  high,  in  the  clear,  made  of  ^-inch  boards, 
without  a  coyer:  they  are  placed  on  their  sides,  their  backs  inclined 
against  the  partition  in  the  middle  of  the  cartridge-table,  the  front  resting 
on  cleats  nailed  to  the  table ;  1  former,  cylindrical,  of  hard  wood,  of  the 
same  diameter  as  the  ball,  G  to  7  inches  long,  one  end  pointed,  almost  as 
much  as  the  ball,  and  marked  with  a  shallow  groove  4.0  inches  from  the  end ; 
1  sabot  or  frame,  tacked  to  the  table,  to  hold  balls,  placed  at  the  left  hand  of 
the  boy;  1  spool  of  thread,  turning  on  a  vertical  spindle  fixed  in  the  table 
near  the  balls ;  1  choking -string,  made  of  4  or  5  cartridge-threads  twisted 
together,  about  9  inches  long,  with  a  wooden  toggle  at  the  end, — fastened  to 
the  edge  of  the  table  at  the  right  hand  of  the  boy ;  1  knife-blade,  \\  inch  long, 
hooked,  driven  into  the  front  of  the  table  below  and  near  the  choke-string. 

To  Form  the  Cylinder. — Lay  the  trapezoids  on  the  table  with  the  side 
perpendicular  to  the  bases  toward  the  workman,  the  broad  end  to  the  left. 

Take  the  former  in  the  right  hand  and  lay  it  on  a  trapezoid,  the  groove 
in  the  former  against  the  right  edge  of  the  paper,  bringing  the  pointed  end 
\  inch  from  the  broad  end  of  the  paper  ;  envelop  the  former  with  the  paper ; 
then,  with  the  fingers  of  the  left  hand  laid  flat  upon  the  paper,  turn  the 
former  and  roll  all  the  paper  upon  it ;  hold  it  with  the  left  hand,  and,  with 
the  choking-string  in  the  right,  take  one  turn  around  the  cylinder  at  about 
\  inch  from  the  end  ;  hold  the  former  firmly  in  the  left  hand,  and  draw 
gently  upon  the  choking-string,  pressing  at  the  same  time  with  the  left 
forefinger  upon  the  projecting  end  of  the  cylinder,  thus  folding  it  neatly 
down  upon  the  end  of  the  ball.  Having  choked  the  cylinder  close,  cai-ry  it 
to  the  right  side,  and,  with  the  thread  in  the  right  hand,  take  two  half- 
hitches  firmly  around  the  part  that  has  been  choked ;  cut  the  thread  on 
the  knife-blade,  and  press  the  choke  in  a  cavity  in  the  table ;  place  the 
former,  with  a  cylinder  on  it,  on  a  second  trapezoid ;  put  a  ball  over  the 
end  of  the  former;  roll  the  paper  on  the  former  and  the  ball;  hold  the 
cylinder  in  the  left  hand  and  choke  and  tie  it  as  just  described  for  the 
inner  cylinder ;  withdraw  the  former,  pressing  the  cylinder'with  the  left 
hand,  and  place  it  in  the  box. 

A  day's  work. — A  boy  can  make  800  cylinders  in  10  hours. 

23 


208  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

To  Fill  the  Cylindkr. 

Implemknts. — 1  charger,  made  of  a  cylinder  of  wood  or  brass  pierced  with 
two  holes  through  its  length,  holding  the  exact  charge  of  powder ;  a  funnel 
attached  to  one  end  of  the  cylinder,  and  a  discharge-pipe  to  the  other. 
The  holes  in  the  cylinder  are  made  to  communicate  and  shut  off,  alter- 
nately, from  the  funnel  holding  the  powder,  and  the  discharge-pipe  at 
the  lower  end,  by  a  reciprocating  motion  given  to  the  cylinder  by  the 
hands. 

Fill  the  funnel  with  powder ;  insert  the  discharge-pipe  in  a  cartridge, 
holding  the  charger  in  both  hands,  and  turn  the  cylinder;  the  charge  of 
powder  is  deposited  in  the  cartridge :  insert  the  pipe  in  the  next,  and  turn 
the  cylinder  in  the  opposite  direction;  and  continue  in  the  same  way  for  all 
the  rest. 

Cartridges  may  be  filled  with  a  copper  charger  made  to  hold  the  exact 
charge,  pouring  the  powder  by  means  of  a  small  funnel  which  is  inserted 
in  the  cartridge. 

To  Pinch  the  Cartridge. — Take  the  cartridge  in  the  right  hand,  strike 
it  lightly  on  the  table  to  settle  the  powder;  flatten  the  empty  part  of  the 
cylinder,  and  bend  it,  flush  with  the  top  of  the  powder,  at  right  angles 
to  the  cartridge,  the  oblique  side  of  the  trapezoid  on  top,  the  cartridge 
standing  vertical  on  the  table ;  fold  the  flattened  part  in  the  direction  of 
its  length  with  two  folds  from  the  exterior,  meeting  in  the  middle;  bend 
this  folded  end  back  on  itself,  and  strike  it  on  the  table  to  set  the  folds. 
To  Bundle  Cabtridges, 

Utensils. — 1  box  without  ends  or  top:  width  equal  to  5  times  the 
diameter  of  the  ball,  height  equal  to  twice  that  diameter,  and  length 
that  of  the  cartridge.  It  is  tacked  to  the  table,  the  sides  parallel  to  and 
near  the  edge  of  the  table. 

Put  a  wrapper  in  the  box,  the  long  side  perpendicular  to  the  edge  of 
the  table,  the  middle  of  the  paper  in  the  middle  of  the  box  ;  place,  parallel 
to  the  sides  of  the  box,  two  tiers  of  cartridges  of  5  each,  the  balls  alter- 
nating; bring  the  short  ends  of  the  paper  together,  and  fold  them  twice 
close  down  on  the  cartridges  ;  insert  a  package  of  caps  in  the  end  of  the 
bundle  next  to  the  ends  of  the  lower  tier;  fold  the  wrapper  on  the  ends, 
and  tie  the  bundle,  first  in  the  direction  of  the  length,  then  its  breadth, 
with  the  twine  fastened  in  a  single  bow-knot.  The  wrappers  are  of  differ- 
ent colors,  to  distinguish  the  cartridges  for  the  different  arms. 

Cases  for  Percussion-Caps. — These  are  rolled  on  a  former,  .54  inch  in 
diameter,  choked  at  one  end  and  tied.  Twelve  caps  are  put  in,  and  the  case 
is  closed  by  twisting  the  open  end  of  the  case. 

Packing  Cartridges. — Cartridges  arc  packed  in  boxes  containing  1,000 
each.     Five  tiers  of  bundles  are  laid  flat  in  a  single  row  along  one  side 


PACKING    MUSKET-BALLS.  269 

of  the  box  ;  the  rest  are  placed  on  edge,  the  caps  alternately  up  and  down. 
Blank  cartridges  are  packed  in  boxes  containing  2,000  each;  the  bundles 
are  placed  on  end,  the  caps  alternately  up  and  down. 

Packing -boxes. — The  boxes  are  made  of  white  pine  boards,  dovetailed  and 
nailed  together,  and  are  furnished  with  wooden  brackets  or  handles  nailed 
to  the  ends  with  wrought  nails,  clenched  on  the  inside ;  the  lids  fastened 
with  six  1.75  inch  screws.  They  are  painted  different  colors,  to  indicate 
the  kind  of  cartridges.  The  boxes  should  be  lined  with  strong  paper,  and 
the  bundles  of  cartridges  must  be  packed  closely,  so  as  not  to  shake  in 
transportation.  Each  box  should  be  marked,  on  each  end,  with  the  num- 
ber and  kind  of  cartridges,  and  on  the  inside  of  the  cover  with  the  place 
and  date  of  fabrication. 

Blank  Cartridges. 

Materials. — No.  2 paper ;  paste;  powder. 

Cut  the  paper  into  trapezoids  as  for  ball-cartridges ;  roll  the  trapezoid 
on  the  former,  one  turn ;  fold  down  this  much  of  the  paper  on  the  head 
of  the  former  with  the  left  hand ;  roll  the  rest  of  the  paper ;  fold  down  the 
rest  of  the  paper ;  touch  the  fold  with  a  little  paste  on  the  finger ;  press 
the  end  of  the  former  on  a  ball  imbedded  in  the  table  for  the  purpose ; 
remove  the  cylinder  from  the  former;  place  it  in  a  box  to  dry. 

Fill  the  cylinders  as  described  for  ball-cartridges. 

A  dag^s  work. — One  boy  can  make  2,000  cylinders  in  10  hours. 

Packing  Muslcet-Balls. 

Balls  are  packed  in  boxes  with  tow  or  sawdust,  to  prevent  their  bruising. 
The  boxes  are  made  of  1-inch  boards,  and  contain  1,000  balls. 

They  are  marked  on  both  ends  with  the  number  and  kind  of  balls,  and 
on  the  inside  of  the  cover  with  the  place  and  date  of  fabrication.  The 
cover  is  fastened  with  six  2-inch  screws,  and  the  boxes  must  be  hooped  with 
iron  for  transportation.     They  are  not  painted. 


270 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


«   ty 

p^ 

'II 

1/^  O  CO  irt  1-^  S  O  IM        .i: 

u 

d  CO  ri  !N  r-1  -t  00  O  CO  g 

C 

.      .      .      .          1 

c 

^ 

>  >> 

11 

im       01  o  ex  'q  00  Ol  >c  ^ 

•< 
n 

doo<ii-H    "dcooodp5 

1 

K 

H^ 

1 

< 

u 

'/', 

3 

"o  ? 

in        CO  O  :c  rH  CO  iC  >o  .^ 

H 

^-< 

ddo^c4    'co^coodg 

Pi 

c 

51                    :    :    ;    : 

^i 

iC 

S  lO         "O 

^1 

0  0  -H  05  rH 
OC^0^<MrH 

:§  ^j  q  ^;  0 

^■ 

. 

o 

o 

0         vCOO 

-d 

^ 

o 

o 

r-<  >0  OO 

0 

'-  O  O  M  d 

;i: 

d 

co'  co'  i-i  lo  d  d 

^ 

ti 

-t-T 

m 

S(n' 

Jh 

•                            ..... 

o 

s^ 

y. 

^'-' 

i 

<-, 

_• 

8;C-^io£3o^^    _^.^  5 

d  CO  oi  co'  r-!  >c,-i  d  "^  p;  1- 1-  uo 

■^ 

M 

■    ■  ■*  -^  -*  o  c-o       ci  d      j^ 

.    .    .  ^        

w 
y. 

< 

llll 

CO             _  o  o       ^ 

-1       S '-  ^.  "-i  ^ 

lC  0  0< 

t 

3 

S  """ 

CO  ^  C-1 

"S 

15 -jd 

0 

•  •   -c 

:....*               ;         ;     ;     ;    ; 

1-5 

1 

■^■^'o 

S'is?2  =  .cs    ^-.'^t 

>ra 

^iC  "O  ^n 

£|S 

0           10  C5  1-1 

~  (M  01  C-l  0 

1 

■•^Ti;-*^c;d    pi 

d  CO  f>\  oi  i-M 

5c^c^^-d 

1 

s 

b                                               1 

o 

y, 

Ills 

SS|g?^poO     ,,o..~| 

gccooioirH-*oo      o<»ad»oco 

3 
?^ 
-< 

'^         ^tt-lM         »«0         -C 

1^ 

c 

!1< 
y. 

M 

o                                            t- 

C5  ;/o  _       CO                                r 

^^«         _^0                            ^'lOiCiO 

"^•'^•f^^^^^S^'o^;-*;^ 

c  ■^.  0  >c  ^.  -t  q  q  q  ^»  ^  i-r '-:  <><  . 

S  c5 

0        rH                    rHM        ^^                    0 

C 

•s 

i 

7 

)  tt'" 

.= 

=: 

.= 

- 

§§.= 

.= 

•E 

■= 

£ 

■' 

I 

- 

c 

z 

W 

O 

o 

. 

:  o 

i    £ 

1     '^ 

E 
"2 

.j5 

5^ 

t- 

S  - 

1 

i. 

) 

;_ 

inMi.i 

g 

5 

|^f  =  ^=^'|^i^>5c2 

Si 

1  = 

ll 
1 

ii  i  lllii  a 

1 

rt      CS    J        C        o 

^,^           a           N^O.<"T?           ^L. 

c 

p; 

<-» 

E- 

K^ 

'- 

h;: 

a: 

|S 

c 

p. 

^ 

1 

CARTRIDGE-BAGS.  271 

AMMUNITION  FOE  FIELD  AND  MOUNTAIN   SERVICE. 

The  ammunition  for  field  and  mountain  service  consists  of— 

Shot  for  the  6  and  12  pdr.  guns. 

Shells  for  the  12-pdr.  guns,  and  12,  24,  and  32  pdr.  howitzer  and  moun- 
tain howitzer. 

Spherical  case  shot  for  the  6  and  12  pdr.  guns,  and  12,  24,  and  32  pdr. 
howitzer  and  mountain  howitzer. 

Canisters  for  the  6  and  12  pdr.  guns,  and  12,  24,  and  32  pdr.  howitzer 
and  mountain  howitzer. 

The  projectile  is  attached  by  straps  of  tin  to  a  wooden  sabot,  to  which  is 
also  fastened  the  cartridge-bag  containing  the  charge,  for  the  guns,  the  12- 
pdr.  howitzer,  and  the  mountain  howitzer,  making  together  a  round  of  fixed 
ammunition.  The  cartridge  for  the  24  and  32  pdr.  howitzers  is  not  attached 
to  the  sabot,  but  to  a  cartridge-block,  and  is  separate  from  the  projectile. 

Cartridge- Bags. 

The  cartridge-bag  is  a  cylindrical  bag  with  a  circular  bottom,  made  of 
merino  or  serge.  The  material  should  be  composed  entirely  of  wool,  free 
from  any  mixture  of  thread  or  cotton,  and  of  sufficiently  close  texture  to 
prevent  the  powder  from  sifting  through  :  that  which  is  twilled  is  preferred. 
Flannel  is  used  when  the  other  materials  cannot  be  conveniently  obtained. 
To  Cut  the  Cloth. 

Implements. — 2  tables  ;  patterns,  of  hard,  well-seasoned  wood,  or  of  sheet 
iron  or  tin,  for  the  rectangles  and  bottoms  ;  shears  ;  chalk  or  colored  crayons. 

A  marker  and  assistant  spread  out  the  cloth  on  the  table  in  two  thick- 
nesses, and  make  it  fast  at  each  end  of  the  table  on  three  or  four  hooks 
driven  in  the  ends  of  the  table,  or  by  means  of  weights,  drawing  it  sufii- 
ciently  to  take  out  the  folds,  and  no  more. 

They  mark  out  the  rectangles  and  bottoms  with  the  patterns  and  ruler,  so 
disposing  and  combining  them  as  to  cut  the  cloth  to  the  best  advantage. 

The  length  of  the  rectangle  (development  of  the  cylinder)  should  be  taken 
in  the  direction  of  the  length  of  the  stuff,  as  it  does  not  stretch  in  that  di- 
rection. The  selvage,  if  there  be  any,  ought  to  be  at  the  mouth  of  the  bag. 
The  cutter  takes  a  piece  thus  marked  to  another  table  and  cuts  out  the 
rectangles  and  bottoms  with  a  pair  of  shears.  The  bottoms  may  be  cut 
out  with  a  hollow  punch  of  the  proper  size. 

Sewing. — Marks  for  the  seam  are  traced  on  the  rectangles  and  bottoms, 
by  means  of  patterns  of  the  proper  size.  The  seam  should  be  at  least  a 
half-inch  from  the  edge.  The  bag  is  sewed  with  woollen  yarn,  with  a  back- 
stitch, 12  to  the  inch.  The  edges  are  turned  down  on  the  same  side  of  the 
seam  and  basted,  to  prevent  the  powder  from  sifting  through ;  the  edges 
of  the  bottom  are  basted  down  upon  the  sides.    Bags  may  be  sewed  advan- 

23* 


2<2  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

tageously  by  tlie  sewing-machine.  Bags  for  fixed  ammunition  are  sewed 
to  within  3  inches  of  the  mouth  for  12-pdrs. ;  to  within  2.75  inches  for 
(j-])drs.;  all  others,  up  to  the  mouth.    A  bag  is  given  as  a  model  to  sew  by. 

Cartridge-bags,  when  filled,  should  pass  through  the  small  shot-gauge 
of  their  calibre;  those  used  for  patterns  should  be  thus  verified.  The 
empty  bags  should  be  measured  by  laying  the  bag,  flattened  out,  between 
two  marks  on  a  table,  shoAving  the  width  of  the  pattern-bag;  a  variation 
of  0.1  inch,  greater  or  less,  is  allowed.  Pvejcct  those  sewed  with  too  large 
stitches. 

Bags  for  practice  or  for  blank  cartridges  may  be  formed  by  sewing 
together  two  rectangular  pieces  with  semicircular  ends;  the  cloth  is 
marked,  for  cutting  and  sewing,  with  stamps  made  of  1-inch  boards  of  the 
dimensions  of  the  cutting-stamp,  with  a  strip  of  tin  or  copper  fastened  to 
the  edge  of  the  board,  and  projecting  about  |  inch  perpendicular  to  the 
side ;  another  strip  parallel  to  the  first  is  inserted  in  a  groove  -J  inch  from 
it:  the  edges  of  these  strips  are  made  rough,  to  retain  chalk  or  paint  used 
in  marking.  A  handle  is  placed  in  the  middle  of  the  face  opposite  to  the 
marking-strips.  Width  of  cutting-stamp  for  12-pdr.,  7.6  inches  ;  for  G-pdr., 
G  inches.  Length,  including  semicircular  ends,  for  12-pdr.,  10.5  inches; 
for  G-pdr.,  8.5  inches. 

Packing. — Cartridge-bags  are  preserved  from  moths  by  being  packed 
with  pounded  camphor  and  black  pepper,  or  dipped  in  water  with  arsenic 
dissolved  in  it,  or  a  solution  of  sulphate  of  copper,  1  lb.  of  sulphate  to  25 
lbs.  of  water.  Or  they  may  be  sealed  up,  in  bundles  of  50,  in  cases  made 
of  cartridge-paper,  carefully  closed  with  strips  of  thin  paper  pasted  over 
the  seams.     Each  bundle  is  marked  with  the  number  and  kind  of  bags. 

They  may  be  preserved  from  moisture  by  being  enveloped  in  water-proof 
paper. 

Sahots  OMcl  Cartridge-BloclxS. 

Sabots  and cartridye-hlocks  are  made  of  poplar,  bass-wood,  or  other  light, 
close-grained  Avood :  it  must  be  well  seasoned,  and  should  be  clear  of 
knots  and  splits. 

The  assistant  saws  the  scantling  to  the  proper  length  for  a  sabot,  roughs 
it  out,  and  marks  its  centre. 

The  turner  puts  it  in  the  lathe,  and  turns,  first  the  exterior  and  grooves, 
and  then  the  cavity  for  the  projectile. 

The  holes  for  the  handles  are  bored  with  a  bit,  and  countersunk  on  the 
inside  to  receive  the  knot  on  the  end  of  the  cord.  Distance  betAveen  them 
for  shoUs  is  1.5  inch  ;  for  canisters,  2.3  inches.  Length  of  cord  for  handles, 
for  shells,  12  inches;   for  canisters,  20  inches.     Diameter  of  cord,  .15  inch. 

The  cartridge-blocks  and  sabots  for  shot  and  spherical  case  shot  for  guns 
have  one  groove.     Sabots  for  gun-canisters  and  for  the  12-pdr.  howitzer 


STRAPriNG    SHOT   AND    SHELLS.  273 

and  mouutain-howitzer  shells,  spherical  case  shot  and  cauisters,  have 
two  grooves.  All  the  grooves  are  .3  inch  wide  and  .15  inch  deep.  They 
are  .8  inch  apart,  from  centre  to  centre,  for  guns,  and  .5  inch  for  howitzers. 
The  corners  and  bottom  of  the  grooves  are  slightly  rounded. 

The  dimensions  of  finished  sabots  and  blocks  are  verified  with  appro- 
priate gauges.     For  dimensions,  see  page  280. 

A  day's  work. — One  man  can  make  350  sabots  for  6  or  12  pdr.  gun, 
or  300      ''       *'     field-howitzers, 

or  GOO  cartridge-blocks,  small  charge, 

or  700  cartridge-blocks,  large  charge. 

Straj)S. 

Straps  are  made  of  sheet  tin.  For  sJiot  there  are  two  straps  crossing  at 
right  angles,  one  passing  through  a  slit  in  the  middle  of  the  other.  For 
shells  there  are  four  straps  fastened  to  a  ring  of  sheet  tin,  pierced  with  4 
slits,  through  which  the  ends  of  the  straps  are  passed  and  folded  down  on 
the  under  side. 

The  sheet  of  tin  is  first  cut  to  a  length  equal  to  that  of  the  straps,  and 
if  the  straps  are  for  shot,  a  line  is  drawn,  dividing  it  into  two  equal  parts, 
to  mark  the  place  for  the  slit.  The  straps  are  cut  with  circular  shears. 
If  such  be  not  at  hand,  the  width  of  the  strap  is  marked  on  the  sheet,  is 
cut  with  tinner's  shears,  and  straightened  on  a  bench  with  a  mallet. 

The  slits  are  made  with  a  cold  chisel  on  a  block  of  lead,  and  a  strap  not 
slit  is  passed  through,  and  set  flat  by  a  blow  of  the  hammer. 

Rings. 

Rings  are  cut  from  sheet  tin  by  means  of  two  punches,  the  first  having 
the  diameter  of  the  exterior  and  the  other  that  of  the  interior  of  the  ring. 
The  slits  are  made  with  a  cold  chisel,  and  the  required  concavity  to  fit  the 
ball  is  given  by  hammering  on  a  block  of  lead  having  a  concave  surface. 
The  ends  of  the  straps  are  passed  through  the  slits,  folded  down,  and  set 
flat.    Dimensions  of  v'lng^:  exterior  diameter,  3.25;  interior  diameter,  1.75. 

Strapping  Shot  and  Shells. 

Implements. — 1  bench;  2  pans,  containing  nails  0.55  inch  long,  with 
strong,  flat  heads  0.2  inch  diameter;  boxes  and  barrels,  for  straps  and 
sabots;  4  hammers,  for  strapping;  1  common  hammer;  4t  piinches;  shot- 
gauges,  of  each  calibre;  1  gauge  for  each  calibre,  0.04  inch  greater  than  the 
largest  shot-gauge,  through  which  the  shot  should  pass  after  it  is  strapped; 
tow  or  rags,  for  wiping  balls;  1  wheelbarrow;  1  tarpaulin,  if  the  shop  have 
not  a  plank  floor. 

A  helper  knocks  off  the  scales  from  the  balls  with  a  hammer,  cleans  and 


274  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

dries  the  interior  of  the  shells,  if  requisite,  wipes  the  balls,  and  gauges 
theiu  both  before  and  after  they  are  strapped. 

The  workman,  sitting  a^^tride  the  bench,  places  the  shot  or  shell  in  the 
cavity  of  the  sabot,  the  roughest  part  of  the  shot  down,  the  fuze-hole  of 
the  shell  on  top,  in  the  axis  of  the  sabot.  The  ball  should  rest  on  the 
bottom  of  the  cavity,  (it  can  be  told  from  the  sound,  by  striking  on  the 
bottom  of  the  sabot  with  a  hammer;)  if  it  do  not,  the  sabot  is  rejected. 
The  workman  places  the  junction  of  the  straps  in  the  axis  of  the  sabot,  or 
the  ring  concentric  with  the  fuze-hole  of  the  shell;  beginning  with  the 
strap  which  is  not  slit,  he  forces  the  end  of  it  into  the  groove  of  the  sabot 
with  the  back  of  the  hammer,  punches  it,  and  nails  it;  he  then  draws  the 
other  end  tight,  punches  it,  and  nails  it,  in  the  same  manner.  lie  disposes 
the  other  strap  perpendicular  to  the  first,  nails  it  to  the  sabot  as  he  did 
the  first,  cuts  off"  the  superfluous  length,  and  with  the  hammer  and  side  of 
the  cold  chisel  sets  the  straps  in  close  to  the  ball  at  the  top  of  the  sabot. 

The  sabots  for  32  and  24  pounder  field-howitzers  having  no  groove,  each 
strap  is  fastened  by  1  nail  on  the  side  and  2  under  the  bottom  of  the  sabot. 

A  day's  work. — Two  men  can  strap,  in  10  hours,  130  shot,  or  75  shells, 
cutting  the  tin  from  the  sheet. 

The  Boxer  Mode. — Bore  a  hole,  .2  inch  in  diameter,  .15  inch  deep,  in  the 
shot;  enlarge  the  hole  at  bottom.  Take  a  copper  rivet  .2  inch  diameter, 
hollow  out  the  end,  leaving  the  length  of  the  rivet  .25  inch  greater  than  the 
least  thickness  of  tlie  sabot ;  bore  a  hole  in  the  centre  of  the  sabot  for  the 
rivet,  with  a  countersink  for  the  head;  place  the  shot  in  the  sabot,  the 
hole  down;  insert  the  rivet  in  the  sabot,  making  it  enter  the  hole  in  the 
shot;  strike  the  head  of  the  rivet  a  blow  with  a  hammer  to  upset  the  end 
of  the  rivet  and  fasten  the  sabot. 

Anotltcr  mode. — If  tin  or  sheet  iron  cannot  be  procured,  straps  may  be 
made  of  stronr;  canvas,  1  inch  wide,  sewed  at  the  point  of  crossing.  The 
part  of  the  ball  which  is  to  be  inserted  in  the  sabot  is  dipped  in  glue ;  the 
straps  are  also  glued  to  tlie  ball;  the  ends  are  doubled  into  the  groove 
and  secured  by  2  nails  in  each  end.  Another  method  is  to  wrap  round 
the  ]);ill  a  band  of  canvas  1  incli  wide,  one  half  of  which  is  glued  to  the 
ball,  file  other  to  the  sabot ;  or  the  shot  may  be  kept  in  place  by  merely 
tying  the  cartridge-bag  over  the  top  of  it. 

Charging  Shells. 

Matkkials. —  IRifle  or  musket  powder  ;  plugs;  fuzes;  chalk. 

Imi'lemknts. — \  funnel ;  powder-measures,  to  hold  the  required  charges; 
1  wooden  slraight-edge  ;  large  hoivl ;  fuze-wrench. 

The  shells,  having  been  properly  cleaned,  dried,  tapped  to  receive  the 
plug  and  the  fuze,  and  attached  to  the  sabots,  are  placed  in  two  rows. 
The  workman  fills  V\o.  measure   with  powder,   strikes  it  level  with  tlio 


CANISTERS. 


275 


straight-edge,  and  pours  it  in  the  shell ;  the  assistant  holds  the  funnel, 
and  marks  the  shell  with  chalk  when  filled,  to  prevent  mistakes.  The 
assistant  screws  in  the  plug.  The  workman  puts  a  little  white  lead  on  the 
threads  of  the  fuze,  punches  4  or  5  small  holes  in  the  tin  disk,  and  screws 
the  fuze  firmly  into  the  shell,  the  assistant  holding  the  shell  to  prevent  it 
from  turning. 

Spherical  Case  Shot. 

The  shot  having  been  cleaned  and  inspected,  the  upper  part  of  the  fuze- 
hole  is  tapped  to  receive  the  fuze ;  the  small  hole  is  tapped  to  receive  the 
plug. 

To  Fill  the  Shell, 

Matekials. — Spherical,  leaden  balls,  calibre  .69  inch;  sulphur;  linseed-oil. 

Utensils. — 1  kettle;  1  ladle;  1  iron  funnel,  the  neck  chased  with  the 
threads  of  a  screw,  to  fit  the  small  part  of  the  fuze-hole. 

Filling  the  Shell. — Cover  the  lead  balls  with  linseed-oil,  and  fill  the  shell 
with  them,  pushing  the  upper  balls  aside  with  the  fingers  or  a  stick,  to  get 
in  as  many  as  possible.  Warm  the  shell  gently,  and  screw  the  neck  of  the 
funnel  into  the  fuze-hole;  pour  in  the  melted  sulphur,  filling  the  shell. 

To  Make  the  Chamber  for  the  Charge. — Chuck  the  shot  in  a  lathe ; 
screw  the  funnel  into  the  fuze-hole,  to  protect  the  threads  from  being  injured 
by  the  auger,  and  with  a  common  screw-auger  bore  a  hole  in  the  axis  of  the 
shell  to  the  bottom.     Diameter  of  the  auger,  .75  inch. 

Lacker  the  shot  and  strap  it;  paint  the  ring  around  the  fuze-hole  red. 

To  Charge  the  Shot. — Fill  the  chamber  with  musket-powder,  ramming  it 
slightly  with  a  wooden  drift  and  light  mallet;  screw  in  the  iron  plug, 
leaving  its  top  flush  with  the  bottom  of  the  large  portion  of  the  fuze-hole, 
and  lay  over  it  a  thin  leather  washer  with  a  hole  in  the  centre ;  fill  the 
hole  in  the  plug  and  washer  with  rifle-powder;  punch  4  or  5  small  holes 
in  the  tin  disk  in  the  bottom  of  the  fuze;  put  a  little  white  lead  on  the 
threads  of  the  fuze,  and  screw  the  fuze  firmly  into  the  shell. 

Fix  the  spherical  case  shot  the  same  as  round  shot. 

Canisters.     (Plate  31.) 

A  canister  for  field-service  consists  of  a  tin  cylinder  attached  to  a  sabot 
and  filled  with  cast-iron  shot.  For  the  dimensions  of  Canister- Shot,  see 
Chapter  TI. 

Canisters  for  the  mountain-howitzer  are  filled  with  lead  balls. 

Materials. — Sheets  of  tin,  0.02  inch  to  .025  inch  thick,  (double  tin;)  soft 
solder;  rosin;  culots  of  rolled  iron,  .25  inch  thick  ;  covers  of  sheet  iron,  0.07 
inch  thick  for  the  guns  and  12-pdr.  howitzers,  and  .1  inch  thick  for  tho 
24  and  32  pdr.  howitzers;  sabots;  tacks. 


(il!l)\.\\Ci;    MAM'AL. 


In  \  -M  s.--  r.if '-!■;, s  :  fn/'-:>H/'/>n;nf :  slimrs  ,•  cylinder  of  bard  wood;  mallet; 


7-^.-"/'  ;   /' 


j.un 


n,rh. 


'\\,  M  >,  I,  I  im:  ( '^  i.iMii.i;.  -The  wui  l^iiiai!  marks  out  t  lie  reel  aiijile  on  the 
^l;,.,  ■  w'a'a  ill.'  |,aiicr:i:  ciii-  it.  aii'l  iraiax  llic  line  (of  tliclaji;  he  draws 
;i  la,,'  paiaiU'l  I  m  i  he  hin  Lf  >i'le  mi' I  he  reel  a  n  ^Ir.  .1  t  (j  .;")  inch  from  it.  for  the 
Ir:  -ih  -f  ihr  -lit-.  Ii  i^  tli-ai  laaii  round  I  he /o/7//r/',  tlic  edge  brought  to 
Iho  line  -r  tlio  la]!,  olamia'd  and  ^nldrred. 

li'  !iii,i|.-  lit'  -..jdia-  lie  Icli.  lh<'\-  are  lile<l  down.  The  cylinder  is  made 
r.'iiii  1.  and  iiau-aMl  nti  ihc  oxi  erior  with  the  larg(;  sliot-gan.ge  of  I  he  calihre, 
aii'i  ihr  inirrini-  wiilia  (■ylind(n' of  a  diameter  O.Ol^  inch  less  thantliat  given 
ill  lii.-  ia'.'r,  wlil.'li  -h.ail(l  eiitei'  the  canister:  il' it  he  in)t  of  the  right  size, 
it   i-  liii-.ohTiMi  aiii!  snldci'dl  (iver  again. 

The  -lii<  are  maih',  and  t!ie  sahot  inserted  and  nailed  Avith  fi  to  8  nails. 

ilrlMrc  tilling  the  canister,  dip  tlie  (in  cylinder  into  a  lacker  of  heeswax 
di--'ilv(d  in  -j.irii-;  of  turpentine,  to  prevent  it  from  rusting.  Coat  the 
I'ail-  aii'l  :hr  ]ilafes  with  ]iaint  or  coal  tar. 

I'l  1,1.1  m:  ( '.\m>ti;i;s. — The  Avorkman,  sitting  astride  ihehench,  places  the 
r.ini~;i  r  upright  in  front  of  him,  inserts  the  iron  bottom  and  places  it  flat- 
101  liir  ,-alHii.  ]a!t-  in  a  tier  of  IkiHs,  fills  the  interstices  with  dry,  sifted 
sawdu -1.  pack-  it  with  a  ])ointed  stick  so  that  the  balls  will  liold  }»y  them- 
s.'lvo-.  and  ihiows  out  the  loose  sawdust;  he  places  another  tier  of  Ijalls, 
eacli  l^all  lying  in  I  he  interval  between  tAvo  balls  of  the  lower  tier,  and 
pri:i-.M  ,1-  ill  ilic  <ame  manner  until  the  canister  is  filled;  covers  the  i;j)])er 
liorwitli  sawdust:  ])uts  on  the  cover,  ]daces  on  it  one  of  the  iron  bot- 
t'  III-  t'Mriii-hcil  wiih  a  liandl(\  and  strikes  it  Avith  a  small  mallet  in  order 
'"  '■'  !:;prc--  the  ^awdo.si  :  then  renmves  this  ])Ottom,  ami  turns  down  the 
-■ii'  pirci'.  'if  I  ho  (■ani:-ter  over  the  C(.)ver,  Avith  a  hammer.  ^\i  the  canisters 
f 'T  i!.i'  f,  ;i,,.l  ij  |,,lr.  <_£\u\<  ihe  centre  ball  of  the  last  tier  is  omitted.  When 
1  !;i'  .  aiii-ii-r  i-   rini>hcd,  verity  its   diameter  Avilli   tlic  large   sliot-gaugc  of 


('i/liii(l(ri<  ojkJ  Cojh'i. 


"    '  "]' 


\''>y  ihc  grca.icr  -ecuvity  of  field  ammu.nitioii,  the  cartridges  arc  covered 
■il  pa]  cr  cyliiidia's  and  caps.  'J'he  cap  is  draAvn  oif  at  the  nnunent  of 
.  iin-'  ihc  picia',  anil  in  u<ing  solid  shot  it  may  l)e  jilaced  over  the  shot, 
■!ioiiiii:-h    the  wiiciage.       V  cylinder  and   a   cap   are   formed  together  by 

l-i'-!'  ihe  pa  pel'  <ivcr  a  n-n/i/r.  Avhieh  allows  a  lay)  of  ahout  O.T-")  inch  for 
-''';,:i.  Tlo'  )a'.|ui:-iic  length  \'>>r  the  cyliiulei'  is  cut  idf  fi'om  the  smaller 
■I  :  '''.'  re-^  fMrio-:  the  ca]),  Avhich  is  clml.nJ.  at  the  end  iVom  Avhicli  tlie 
!■' ■bv  !-■  I-U-,  nil  ;i  cv///,-//7V'//_/o/-//cv  Avhich  has  a  groove  around  if  nnirking 
'■  !'  ivu'!'  Irniii  ihc  rijiinded  end   fbr  cutting   th(>  cap.      'Idie  former  should 

'"Oe  1  ihrniiMh   ihe  tixis  Avith  a  .5-incli  hole  to  facilitate  draAvino:  off  tlio 


FIXING   AMMUNITION.  277 

The  caps  for  shells  are  stained  black;  for  spherical  case  shot,  red;  for 
Bhot,  not  colored. 

Fixing  Ammunition. 

Implements. — jBarreZ^  for  powder ;  \  funnel ;  1  set  of  powder-measures  ; 
1  straight-edge,  to  strike -the  measures  with  ;  barrels  ;  tubs,  formed  of  barrels 
sawed  in  two,  or  boxes  for  the  cartridge-bags;  2  tarpaulins;  2  benches ;  12 
choking -sticks,  6  with  holes  in  them  and  6  slit ;  6  knives ;  6  hand-barrows, 
with  four  legs  and  a  box,  and  tarpaulins  to  cover  them  ;  calibre-gauges,  for  the 
cartridge-bags  and  for  fixed  ammunition;  (they  may  be  made  of  wood;)  6 
stools  ;  1  wheelbarrow  ;  1  mallet ;  1  copper  chisel ;  1  copper  drift,  or  a  wrench, 
to  open  powder-barrels. 

Fixing  Shot,  or  Spherical  Case,  for  Field-Guns. — The  bags  should  be 
filled  in  the  small  magazine  or  filling-room.  The  assistant  holds  the  pipe  of 
the  funnel  in  the  mouth  of  the  bag  with  both  hands,  the  bag  pressed  close 
against  the  pipe.  The  gauger  heaps  up  the  measure  with  powder,  strikes 
it  level  with  the  straight-edge,  and  pours  it  into  the  funnel.  When  about 
25  bags  are  filled,  the  gauger  takes  a  filled  bag  with  one  hand,  squeezing 
the  bag  upon  the  powder;  he  gives  it  a  blow  with  the  other  hand  on  the 
top  and  bottom  of  the  bag,  twisting  the  mouth  of  the  bag  down  upon  the 
powder  at  the  same  time ;  he  then  tries  it  with  the  small  gauge,  through 
which  it  should  pass  with  not  more  than  0.25  inch  play  ;  should  it  not  do 
this,  the  bag  is  emptied  and  rejected.  These  bags,  filled  and  gauged,  are 
placed  upright  in  a  tub  or  box,  and  carried  by  the  gangers  into  the  finishing- 
room,  where  the  men  are  placed  in  pairs,  sitting  astride  on  a  bench,  facing 
each  other.  One  of  them  opens  a  bag  and  levels  the  powder,  the  other 
inserts  the  sabot  of  a  strapped  shot  square  upon  the  powder  and  draws  up 
the  end  of  the  bag  over  the  shot ;  the  first  man  passes  about  four  feet  of  twine 
through  the  pierced  stick,  and  makes  two  turns  and  a  double  hitch  with 
the  end  at  the  top  of  the  sabot ;  he  makes  a  knot  in  the  end  of  the  twine, 
inserts  it  into  the  slit  in  the  other  choking-stick,  and  tightens  the  double 
hitch  by  rolling  the  twine  on  the  sticks  and  bearing  upon  the  sabot ;  he 
then  takes  out  the  end  of  the  twine  from  the  slit,  ties  it  in  a  hard  knot, 
which  he  tightens  with  the  assistance  of  the  choking-stick,  and  cuts  the 
twine  off  near  the  knot.  The  second  man  turns  down  the  mouth  of  the 
bag  over  the  sabot,  and  the  first  makes  a  similar  tie  in  the  groove  ;  he  makes 
another  tie  below  the  sabot,  the  twine  being  lodged  between  it  and  the 
powder,  to  prevent  the  latter  from  sifting  in  between  the  bag  and  the  sabot ; 
he  then  runs  the  paper  cylinder  over  the  cartridge  and  sabot,  leaving  about 
two  inches  of  the  end  of  the  cartridge  uncovered,  and  he  makes  a  tie,  similar 
to  the  others,  in  the  groove  of  the  sabot.  He  now  holds  the  shot  in  the  left 
hand  and  examines  it,  striking  the  sabot  with  the  right  hand,  if  necessary, 
to  bring  it  straight ;  if  the  shot  be  properly  fixed,  the  sabot  and  the  bag 


278  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

■will  have  the  same  axis  ;  the  seams  should  be  between  two  straps,  and  the 
knots  should  be  neither  on  the  seams  nor  on  the  straps. 

The  assistants  pass  the  cartridges  through  the  large  gauge,  which  is  0.04 
inch  larger  than  the  large  gauge  for  the  shot.  If  the  size  be  correct,  they 
put  on  the  paper  cap,  lay  the  cartridges  on  their  sides  in  the  box  of  the 
hand-barrow,  and  carry  them  to  the  magazine.  Those  which  will  not  pass 
through  the  gauge  are  handed  back  to  the  fixers,  who  cut  the  strings  and 
put  them  up  anew. 

Canisters  for  Field- Guns  are  fixed  in  the  same  manner  as  shot,  except  that 
the  first  tie  is  made  in  the  upper  groove  of  the  sabot ;  the  cylinder  is  tied 
in  the  lower  groove.  The  caps  must  be  cut  somewhat  shorter  than  those 
for  shot-cartridges. 

For  the  \2-pdr.  Field-IIowitzer. — The  shells,  spherical  case,  and  canisters 
are  fixed  in  the  same  manner  as  the  gun-canisters. 

For  the  Mountain- Iloxcitzer. — The  sabots  having  but  one  groove,  the  first 
tie  is  omitted,  and  the  cartridge  is  covered  with  a  cap  only. 

For  the  S2-pdr.  and  1'i-pdr.  Howitzers. — The  cartridge  is  not  attached  to 
the  projectile.  The  cartridge-block  is  inserted  with  the  grooved  end  next 
to  the  powder,  and  a  tie  made  in  the  groove;  the  mouth  of  the  bag  is  then 
turned  down,  and  another  tie  is  made  between  the  cartridge-block  and  the 
powder;  the  superfluous  part  of  the  bag  is  cut  off,  and  the  cartridge  is 
covered  with  its  cylinder  and  cap,  as  in  other  cases. 

"When  the  shot  is  attached  to  the  sabot  by  a  single  band  of  canvas,  or 
when  it  is  placed  in  the  sabot  without  any  strap,  the  cartridge-bag  is  drawn 
over  it  and  tied  on  top ;  for  this  purpose,  the  bag  should  have  an  addi- 
tional length  of  from  2.\  to  3  inches. 

When  sabots  cannot  be  obtained,  place  upon  the  powder  a  layer  of  tow 
about  0.2  inch  thick,  forming  a  bed  for  the  shot ;  tie  the  bag  over  the  shot 
and  around  the  tow  ;  the  bag  requires  to  be  1  inch  longer  than  for  strapped 
shot. 

Pa ch ing  Field- A mmnnition . 

Facking-Bozes  for  field-ammunition  are  made  of  well-seasoned  stuff, 
(generally  white  pine,)  1.2-"3  inch  thick,  dovetailed,  with  the  tenon  on  the 
ends.  The  top  of  the  box  is  fastened  with  six  2-inch  screws  ;  the  box  has 
two  handles  of  l|-inch  rope,  attached  to  brackets  at  the  ends. 

The  boxes  are  painted  on  the  outside  different  colors,  to  indicate  the 
contents  of  the  box.  Those  containing  shot  are  painted  olive;  shells, 
black;  spherical  case  shot,  red;  and  canisters,  a  light  drab.  The  kind  of 
ammunition  is  marked  on  each  end,  in  large  white  letters.  The  place  and 
date  of  fabrication  are  marked  on  the  inside  of  the  cover. 


MANNER    OE    PACKING    AMMUNITION-BOXES.  279 

Planner  of  Paclzing  Ammunition- Boxes. 

For  Guns. — Shot,  Spherical  Case,  and  Canisters,  fixed. — Laid  in  two  tiers 
across  the  box,  the  shot  or  canisters  alternating  with  the  cartridges  at  each 
side.  The  shot  or  canisters  of  the  upper  tier  rest  on  those  of  the  lower, 
and  not  on  the  cartridges. 

For  32-pdr.  and  24-pdr.  Howitzers. — Shells  and  Spherical  Case  Shot. — 
Placed  upright,  the  balls  down,  resting  on  strips  of  wood  about  .25  inch 
thick,  placed  lengthwise  of  the  box  and  nailed  to  the  bottom,  so  as  to  pre- 
vent the  fuzes  from  bearing  on  the  bottom  of  the  box.  The  balls  are 
held  down  by  small  strips  of  wood  tacked  with  sprigs  to  the  sides  of  the 
box,  over  the  sabots.     The  cartridges  are  laid'  on  top  of  the  sabots. 

Canisters  are  packed  in  the  same  manner,  omitting  the  strips  of  wood  in 
the  bottom  of  the  box. 

For  12-pdr.  Field  and  Mountain  Howitzers. — Shells  and  Spherical 
Case  Shot,  fixed. — Placed  upright,  the  balls  down,  resting  on  strips  of  wood, 
as  for  the  other  howitzers. 

Canisters  are  packed  in  the  same  manner,  resting  on  the  bottom  of  the 
box. 

For  Rifled  Guns. — Case  Shot,  fixed. — Placed  upright,  the  balls  down, 
resting  on  strips  of  wood,  as  for  the  howitzers.  The  iron  part  of  the  balls 
resls  against  strips  of  wood  4  inches  wide  and  .25  inch  thick,  nailed  to  the 
side  and  ends  of  the  box  at  the  bottom,  and  similar  strips  placed  between 
the  rows  of  the  balls,  to  prevent  the  soft-metal  cups  from  bearing  against 
the  box  or  against  each  other  and  being  bruised. 

Canisters,  fixed,  are  packed  in  the  same  manner  as  the  case  shot,  omitting 
the  strips  of  wood  on  the  bottom  of  the  box. 

In  all  the  boxes,  the  small  stores  are  placed  in  the  vacant  spaces  on  top 
of  the  ammunition. 

A  layer  of  tow  is  placed  in  the  bottom  of  each  box,  and  the  whole  con- 
tents are  well  packed  in  tow,  filling  the  box  so  as  to  be  pressed  down  by 
the  cover.     About  3  lbs.  of  tow  are  required  for  a  box. 


24 


til'vliN  A  N<1'.     MA  MA  I,. 


li:  pniiii'lcr.  ■      f,-|„,iin(l'T. 


4!    \    ',i    i    I        4.    ;    4 

14.2  ' 


HI  ,   I 
I    . 


-         ■■            .^lilplin 
\  "'-'■■ 


11.4 
4.':i7 


i,„ln,-,.l   ,,:u-t. 
il'.-t 


ill I 

Ir. 11,14. h 


(■U.TI.i;.,!.-;  1;"-K.       I> 


!ts;il..fi. !,.,([■ 


1.5 


I    4.1:. ,  v,:2. 

j  4.47 :; 

I :::;;:  v iy 

!  \\  i.s 

1    0.4    ■!  U.4 


w 


I :::::,    '^ 


.45  \     .45 


-;,!.,.!.  -ti^i]:-.  rin^>.  ii;iiN (>/..' ^  (',.5     |            (',,,-)              ;      v. 5      '             4. 

-!-i  ..r  -h   IL  i.-,n!v  t-i-  lixiiKi.  >V,' ll'S.    I  lii.:;]  ,     W.Wl      l:i.l7     14.^      ,     H.ils  j      , 

I  {  L-ii-Mi.  iii.;u,l;ii::  la;.....    in.    1   ' ' '   14  I'l       

(■yiii,4-r.-'  li.'i-iit ••  :; 

i  lM:i;ii.t-i-  mT  i.-p  ami  I  ..tp.m  plate...     "•    'I 


\Kiiii"r  ..|. 


■I---   -I-' 'I 

W  li  .!■■  li.  i:r)it.  iiaai-li;  -  :-,,hi.r ill.    I 

W.  )_ht.  tii.i-i,..;.      •■  •■       liis.    ! 


4.}."i 

4.1) 

"' 

14.8 

4..-.7 

;;.'.4 

1  1.4 

11..; 

rj.5 

11.5 

h. 

I             -^• 

4. 

,             0.5 

i:.. 

l:i 

('..71 

i                  ft!l7 

(1.15 

!                   0.15 

10. 

10. 

4,:j 

'               :5.:3 

I    W  ];,,!.     (..   i_l,t. 
I|.  ij,!    .a    ,1,;, 


lii.4  '  10,4       1(1.4    ■  VIA          ^.4':       '>.\:\ 

a.  a.       ■      a.            4.             4.            4. 

li-.       i:,.t  1: 

.  Ml,       17,:,  1: 


'  17 

It  7 

].■, 'il 

-  1; 

- 

17..') 
ln.5 

Is.l 
lJ,."i 

•1\. 

'1\. 

1 , 

1  \1. 
V 

\-A. 

■:4 
•  I 

I'j:,. 
U 
•jl 

■  ,,\ 

r,(l 

anil. 

rc.l 

r-r  til.'  -■am  in  li-imtli  nf  rc'tanule  aui' 


AMMUNITION    FOR    FIELD    AND    MOUNTAIN    SERVICE.         281 

Ammunition  for  Field  and  Mountain  Service. — Continued. 


Howitzers. 

S-pdr. 

32-pounder. 

24-pounder. 

12-pounder. 

12-pdr.,  mountain. 

Canis- 

Shell. 

Spher. 

Canis- 

Shell. 

Spher. 

Canis- 

Shell. 

Spher. 

Canis- 

Shell. 

Spher. 

Canis- 

ter. 

ca.se. 

ter. 

ca.se. 

ter. 

case. 

ter. 

case. 

ter. 

1. 

3.25 

3.25 

2.5 

2.5 

2.5 

2.0 

1. 

1.25 

1.0 

0.5 

3.25 

6.25 

6.25 

5.0 

6.0 

5.0 

4.0 

3.25 

4.0 

3.25 

2.25 

14.2 

14.2   ■ 

11.4 

10.42 

10.0 

10.0 

7.25 

6.0 

5.25 

5.25 

4.37 

4.0 

16.      1           1.4 

12.      1            1.2 

1     1- 

7.      I     1. 

22. 

20. 

10.5 

10.5 

245 

175                 1 

82 

82 

2.25 

2.4 

4.75 

2.4 

4.45 

3.2 

4.45 

2.7 

3.75 

2.4 

4. 

2.4 

3.75 

2. 

2.75 

2. 

2.55 

.5 

.75 
6.24 

.7   ! 
5.68! 

.5 

4.52 

.5 

3.58 

5.6 

5.3 

4.27 

4.2 

4.52 

3.2 

4.5 

4.5 

4.6 

4.6 

3.2 

3.2 

2.8 

2.8 

3  53 

6.19 
4.5 

5.63 
4.6 

4.47 
3.6 

4  47 

4.5 

4.6 

3.6 

3.24 

3.24 

1.5 

1.5 

1.3 



1.3 

3.12 

2.84 

2.26 



2.26 

0.4 

0.4 

0.4 

0.55 

0.55 

2.    or    0.75 



1.    or    0.5 

4.15 

4.15 

0.4   or  3.75 

0.4  or  0.25 

10.5 

9.0 

7.5 

7.5 

.6 

.55 

.45 

.45 

3.25 

3.25 

3.25 

3.25 

1.75 

1.75 

1.75 

1.75 

4.5 

10. 

26. 

9.5 

24. 

7. 

12.5 

5.5 

9.5 

7.32 

24.64  1  32.72 

28.5 

18.8    1   24.64 

21.25 

9.35  1  12.2 

10.8 

9.35  1  12.2 

11.2 

11  5 

20. 
7.1 
6.19 

18.3 
6.3 
5.63 

14.4 
5.2 
4.45 

14  4 

5  4 

4 

3.53 

4.47 

3  48 

6.14 
.1 

5.58 
.1 

4.40 
.07 

4.42 

.07 

.07 

12 

48 

12 

48 

12 

48 

37 

27 

1-18 

6  75 

10.5 

28.5 

9.55 
21.25 

8.75 
10  8 

0  So 

7  32 

11  2 

6.31 

5.74 

4.57 

4..57 

14.4 

14.4 

11.6 

10. 

12. 

10. 

8. 

4.55 

5,25 

3.5 

3. 

none. 

5. 

3. 

3. 

none. 

15. 

15. 

13. 

6. 

6.71 

6.71 

5.25 

4.5 

6.6 

6.6 

5.17 

4.45 

0.15 

0.15 

0.15 

0.15 

10. 

10. 

10. 

9. 

4.3 

4.3 

3.3 

2.9 

4. 

6.5 

4.5 

4. 

10.3 



10. 

10.5 

12.3    ! 

8.17 

8.17 

9.4 

3.25 

6.25 

6.25 

5.0 

5.0 

5_ 

4. 

3.25 

4.0 

3.25  i 

2.25 

2.25 

2.25 

8.4 

27.7 

35.S2 

31.6 

21.5 

27. 

2.S.6    1 

10.5 

13.65 

11.85  i 

9.9 

12.6 

11.8 

25.5 

12.75 

12.75 

12.75 

17.25 

17.25 

17.25  1 

22.5 

22.5 

22.5    i 

27.5 

27.5 

27.5 

10.5 

12.75 

12.75 

12.75 

11.5 

11.5 

11.5 

9.25 

9.26 

9.25 

9.25 

9.25 

9.25 

7.75 

12. 

12. 

15.5 

11.5 

11.5 

14.75  i 

10.5 

11. 

12.5 

8.5 

8.5 

9.5 

26. 

23. 

23. 

25. 

25, 

25. 

26. 

27. 

27.5 

28.5 

51. 

31.4 

32. 

L46. 

136. 

108. 

\h%. 

155. 

190. 

170. 

il33. 

165. 

148. 

If4. 

184. 

175. 

14 

4? 

4 

4 

6 

6 

6 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

12 

21 

6 

6 

6 

9 

9 

9 

18 

18 

18 

18 

18 

18 

drab 

black 

red 

drab 

black 

red 

drab 

black 

red 

drab 

black 

red 

dnib 

allowed  for  the  seam  in  height. 

and  half  a  yard  of  slow-match  in  each  box. 


t  Powder  required  to  fill  the  32-pounder  shell  is 
g  Four  small  and  one  large  cartridges. 


282  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

AMMUNITION  FOR  SIEGE  AND   GARRISON  SERVICE. 

Ammunition  for  siege  and  garx'ison  service  consists  of  cartridges,  of  sizes 
varying  according  to  circumstances,  and  the  following  projectiles,  viz.  : 

Shot  for  10  and  8  incli  columbiads,  (model  18G1,)  42,  32,  24,  18,  and  12 
pdr.  guns. 

Shells  for  10  and  8  inch  columbiads,  42,  32,  24,  18,  and  12  pdr.  guns,  13, 
10,  and  8  inch  mortars,  8-inch  siege  and  8  and  10  inch  sea-coast  howitzers. 

Spherical  case  shot  and  canister  for  10  and  8  inch  columbiads,  42,  32,  24, 
18,  and  12  pdr.  guns,  8  and  10  inch  sea-coast  and  8-inch  siege  howitzers. 

The  shells  and  spherical  case  shot  (except  for  the  8-inch  siege-howitzer) 
and  the  8-inch  siege  and  sea-coast  howitzer  canisters  are  attached  to- 
sabots;  the  other  projectiles  are  not  strapped. 

Cartridges. 

The  charge  of  powder  for  siege  and  garrison  guns  is  enclosed  in  a  car- 
tridge-bag made  of  merino,  serge,  cotton,  or  paper,  or  of  paper  with  woollen 
bottoms.  Bags  made  of  woollen  materials  are  preferable,  as  they  are  not 
so  liable  to  leave  fire  in  tlie  guns,  and  are  more  durable  ;  but  they  are  much 
more  costly. 

Merino  or  cotton  bags  arc  cut  in  two  pieces  in  the  form  of  a  rectangle 
with  semicircular  ends,  and  sewed  together  to  form  the  bag,  as  described 
in  making  bags  for  field-service.  See  page  271  for  the  manner  of  making 
and  preserving  them. 

Paper  hags. — The  paper  is  cut  into  rectangles  to  form  the  cylindrical 
part  of  the  bag, — the  length  of  the  rectangle  being  the  development  of 
the  cylinder,  allowing  .5  inch  on  each  side  for  the  lap, — and  into  circles  for 
tlie  bottoms.  The  sides  of  the  rectangle  are  lapped  and  sewed  with  woollen 
yarn;  one  end  of  the  bag  is  slit  with  longitudinal  cuts,  1  inch  long,  0.75 
inch  apart,  and  these  strips  are  pasted  on  the  paper  bottom  over  a  cylin- 
drical former ;  or  a  circular  piece  of  merino  is  sewed  in  the  end  of  the 
paper  bag  forming  the  bottom. 

To  close  a  paper  bag  after  being  filled,  tlie  open  end  is  folded  down  about 
.75  inch  wide,  and  this  fold  is  rolled  on  itself  down  to  the  powder,  and  the 
part  which  projects  beyond  the  cylinder  is  turned  in  on  the  top  of  it. 
Two  turns  are  taken  with  strong  twine  around  the  cartridge  in  the  direc- 
tion of  its  length,  90°  apart,  and  then  tied. 

For  vwr/ars,  cartridge-bags  may  be  made  in  the  same  manner  as  for 
guns,  their  dimensions  corresponding  to  those  of  the  chamber  of  the 
mortar.  ])ut,  as  the  charge  is  generally  poured  loose  into  the  chamber, 
the  bag  being  used  only  for  carrying  it  to  the  mortar,  a  gun-cartridge  bag 
of  any  convenient  size  may  be  used  for  mortar-service. 

Fur  jirnig  hot  shot,  cartridge-bags  are  made  double,  by  putting  one  bag 
witliin  another:  care  must  be  taken  that  the  bags  are  free  from  holes. 


STRAPPING   SHELLS.  283 

For  ricochet  firing,  or  other  occasions  when  very  small  charges  are  re- 
quired, a  cartridge-bag  for  a  piece  of  an  inferior  calibre  may  be  used.  Or 
else,  after  the  charge  is  poured  into  the  bag,  place  on  it  another  bag  filled 
with  hay,  pressing  it  with  the  hands  to  reduce  the  diameter ;  after  having 
shaken  this  bag  down  and  rolled  and  flattened  the  empty  part  of  the  two 
bags,  tie  them  with  woollen  yarn,  like  a  bundle  of  musket-cartridges, 
placing  the  knot  on  top. 

For  proving  ordnance,  cartridge-bags  are  made  of  cotton  cloth.  They 
should  be  of  the  full  diameter  of  the  bore  or  chamber. 

Sahots. 

Sabots  are  required  for  the  8-inch  canisters,  for  siege  and  sea-coast 
howitzers,  and  all  shells  and  spherical  case  shot,  except  for  8-inch  siege- 
howitzers.  For  canisters  and  the  smaller  guns  the  sabots  are  turned  in  a 
lathe;  for  the  larger  calibres  they  are  sawed  from  thick  pine  or  poplar 
planks,  and  the  cavity  cut  in  a  lathe,  or  the  cavity  is  first  cut  by  a  tool 
of  the  proper  curvature  attached  to  the  shaft  of  the  Daniel's  planer,  and 
the  sabot  afterward  sawed  out  with  a  circular  saw. 

A  day^s  work. — One  man  can  make  350  sabots  for  a  42  or  32  pdr.  gun,  or 
10-inch  columbiad,  in  10  hours ;  or  400  sabots  for  a  24  or  18  pdr.  gun  or 
8-inch  columbiad. 

Cartridge-BlocJcs. 

Cartridge-blocks  are  required  for  the  columbiads,  model  1844,  and  the 
sea-coast  howitzers,  when  firing  with  reduced  charges.  They  are  made  as 
prescribed  for  field-service,  (see  page  272,) — their  length  being  such  as 
always  to  make  the  cartridge  fill  the  chamber.  The  length  of  the  block 
for  any  charge  is  easily  deduced  from  the  length  occupied  by  1  lb.  of 
powder,  as  given  in  the  table.     (See  page  287.) 

Strapping  Shells. 

The  straps  are  cut  and  made  as  prescribed  for  sliot  for  field-service, 
changing  their  dimensions.  Two  rings  or  loops  of  tin,  0.38  inch  diameter, 
are  attached  securely  to  the  slit  strap  of  the  howitzer  and  columbiad  shells, 
for  the  purpose  of  attaching  a  handle  made  of  cord  0.15  to  0.25  inch  thick. 
A  slit  is  made  in  the.  strap,  through  which  the  ends  of  the  tin  loop  are  passed 
and  soldered  on  the  under  side  of  the  strap.  For  the  handle,  pass  a  piece 
of  marline  through  both  loops  and  tie  the  two  ends  together,  leaving  such 
length  that  the  hand  can  embrace  both  branches. 

The  shells  are  placed  in  the  sabot,  and  the  straps  put  on  in  such  a 
manner  that  the  fuze-hole  may  fall  in  one  of  the  angles,  between  two 
straps,  and  that  the  axis  of  the  fuze-hole  may  stand  at  an  angle  of  about  45° 
with  that  of  the  sabot.     The  eyes  of  the  shell  should  not  be  covered  by 


284  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

tlie  straps.     The  straps  are  fastened  at  each  end  with  2  nails  in  the  side 
and  2  in  the  bottom  of  the  sabot. 

In  loading  the  piece,  care  must  be  taken  to  place  the  fuze-hole  in  the 
upper  part  of  the  bore. 

Canisters. 

They  are  made  and  filled  like  canisters  for  field-service,  except  their 
dimensions,  and,  instead  of  being  attached  to  a  sabot,  the  lower  end  of  the 
cylinder  is  slit  with  longitudinal  cuts  .5  inch  long  and  from  .25  to  .38 
inch  apart,  according  to  the  calibre;  the  strips  thus  formed  are  turned 
down  over  a  cast-iron  bottom  plate  0.5  inch  thick. 

The  cover  for  these  canisters  is  of  sheet  iron,  .1  inch  thick;  it  has  .a 
handle  3.75  inches  long  by  1.75  inch  wide,  made  of  iron  wire  No.  9,  fastened 
to  the  cover  by  a  strap  of  sheet  iron,  2  inches  long,  1.75  inch  wide,  secured 
by  two  rivets  0.15  inch  thick. 

Canisters  for  S-ifich  siege  and  sea-coast  hoivitzers  are  attached  to  sabots, 
the  former  with  a  hemispherical  bottom  to  fit  the  bottom  of  the  bore. 

G?-a2)e. 

A  stand  of  grape  consists  of  9  shot,  put  together  by  means  of  2  cast-iron 
plates,  2  rings,  and  1  holt  and  nut.     (See  Plate  31.) 

The  square  of  the  nut  is  2  diameters  of  the  bolt ;  its  thickness,  1  dia- 
meter. The  head  of  the  bolt  is  countersunk  flush  with  the  bottom  of  the 
lower  plate,  which  has  a  slot  to  prevent  the  bolt  from  turning  when  the 
nut  is  screwed  on.  Each  plate  has  on  the  inside  3  beds  for  the  shot,  of  a 
depth  equal  to  half  the  thickness  of  the  plate ;  they  are  made  in  the  form 
of  a  spherical  segment,  the  curvature  of  which  is  the  same  as  that  of  the 
shot ;  their  centres  are  on  equidistant  radii,  midway  between  the  edge  of 
the  bolt-hole  and  that  of  the  plate.  In  the  upper  plate  are  2  holes  0.25 
inch  diameter,  placed  opposite  to  each  other  at  0.5  inch  from  the  edge 
of  the  plate,  to  receive  a  rope  handle. 

For  the  S-inch  sea-coast  howitzer  the  stand  of  grape  must  be  attached  to 
a  conical  sabot.  The  sabot  is  4.25  inches  long,  7.85  inches  diameter  at 
the  large  end,  and  G.4  inches  at  the  small  end.  The  sabot  may  be  fastened 
to  the  lower  plate  with  screws,  or  the  bolt  may  be  made  long  enough  to 
pass  through  it,  or  else  the  sabot  may  be  inserted  into  the  piece  sepa- 
rately from  the  stand  of  grape. 

FilUng  Shells. 

■\VoRKMKN'. — 1  man  to  fill ;  1  helper. 

Matkhials. — Foioder;  cylinders  of  rock-fire  ;  loaded  fuzes  ;  fuze-plugs  ;  tow. 

l.Mi'LKMKNTS. — 1  pair  of  shell-hooks ;  1  handspike;  2  hand-hammers;  2 
scrapers,  (pieces  of  sword-blade;)  2  tow-hooks;  2  pairs  of  pincers;  rags; 
1  chisel  and  1  mallet,  to  clean  the  shells  and  break  up  any  hard  substance 


FILLING    SHELLS.  285 

that  may  be  found  in  the  interior ;  2  searchers,  for  sounding  cavities ;  shell- 
gauges;  1  grate,  to  dry  the  shells  on;  1  fuze-saw ;  1  gimlet;  a  ring  of  rope, 
or  a  hollow  block;  \  funnel;  powder-measures ;  1  tub,  or  vessel  for  powder; 
2  baskets,  fox  i\\Q  composition  and  fuzes;  Irasp;  1  fuze-setter ;  1  mallet;  1 
fuze-reamer. 

The  shells  are  cleaned  inside  and  out,  gauged,  and  examined  that  they 
have  no  defects  that  would  cause  their  rejection ;  that  the  fuze-hole  is  not 
defaced :  if  there  be  water  in  the  cavity,  the  shell  is  dried  by  a  gentle  heat 
and  cooled  slowly. 

To  Fill  Shells  for  Guns  or  Howitzers. — The  helper  places  the  shell  on 
the  block  or  ring  of  rope,  the  fuze-hole  uppermost,  inserts  the  fuze-plug  and 
drives  it  in  till  the  top  is  flush  with  the  surface  of  the  shell:  the  principal 
reams  out  the  hole  to  its  proper  size,  the  helper  holding  the  shell  to  pre- 
vent it  from  turning.  The  helper  inserts  the  pipe  of  the  funnel  in  the  fuze- 
plug,  and  the  principal  pours  in  the  powder  and  closes  the  hole  with  a  wad 
of  dry  tow  rammed  in  securely,  leaving  a  portion  of  it  projecting  out. 

When  cylinders  of  rock-tire  or  other  combustibles  are  used,  they  are  in- 
serted before  the  fuze-plug  is  driven. 

To  Fill  Mortar-Shells. — Shells  are  generally  filled  and  the  fuzes  driven 
in  the  battery-magazines,  as  they  are  required. 

The  helper  places  the  shell  on  a  ring  of  rope  and  inserts  the  pipe  of  the 
funnel  in  the  fuze-hole ;  the  principal  pours  in  the  bursting-charge,  intro- 
duces the  cylinders  of  rock-fire,  and  pushes  them  aside  with  a  small  stick, 
that  they  may  not  be  in  the  way  of  the  fuze  when  driven  in.  He  then  in- 
serts the  fuze,  which  should  enter  to  within  half  an  inch  of  the  top,  and 
with  a  mallet  and  fuze-setter  drives  it  so  that  the  end  of  the  fuze  shall 
project  not  more  than  0.2  inch. 

To  Cut  the  Fuze. — The  fuze  is  cut  to  the  proper  length,  according  to  the 
range,  before  it  is  driven  into  the  shell,  by  resting  it  in  a  groove  made  in 
a  block  to  receive  it  and  hold  it  steady,  the  saw  running  in  a  cut  made  for 
it ;  or  the  fuze  may  be  bored  through  to  the  composition  with  a  gimlet,  at 
the  proper  length. 

To  fire  6  or  12  jydr.  Shelh  from  Mortars  of  large  Calibre. 

This  kind  of  fire  is  intended  only  for  short  distances,  as  in  the  defence 
of  a  breach,  and  supersedes  the  use  of  the  stone  mortar. 

Take  a  strong  tub  or  half-barrel,  provided  with  two  strong  rope  handles, 
and  add  a  second  bottom  on  the  outside,  bringing  it  flush  with  the  ends  of 
the  staves  to  which  it  is  nailed. 

To  this  bottom  nail  another,  made  of  a  single  piece  of  wide  2-inch  plank, 
of  sufficient  length  to  support  the  ends  of  the  staves.  A  block  of  light, 
dry  wood,  of  the  diameter  and  length  of  the  bore,  is  attached  to  the  bottom 

24* 


286  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

of  the  barrel  or  tub  by  nails,  and  the  lower  end  of  the  block  which  goes 
next  to  the  charge  is  covered  with  sheet  iron. 

The  fuzes  of  the  shells  are  cut,  driven,  uncapped,  and  the  shells  placed 
in  the  barrel,  the  fuzes  turned  down.  When  the  bottom  tier  is  finished,  a 
second  one  is  laid ;  and  so  on  to  the  last,  which  is  covered  over  with  hay 
Avhich  is  rammed  in  to  keep  the  projectiles  in  place. 

Tlie  charge  of  powder  is  put  in  the  mortar,  the  proper  elevation  and 
direction  are  given,  and  the  barrel  or  tub,  loaded,  is  raised  by  the  handles, 
the  block  Aviped  clean  and  introduced  into  the  bore  and  set  home. 

Wads. 

Wads  are  used  in  firing  hot  shot,  and  to  prevent  the  ball  from  rolling 
out  in  firing  at  a  depression. 

Materials. — Ju7ik  or  ha?/,  marline. 

Implkmkxts. — 1  wad-7nould,  with  two  holes  for  each  calibre,  made  of 
cast-iron  cylinders  set  in  oak,  or  of  two  strong  pieces  of  oak  strapped  with 
iron  and  joined  by  a  hinge  ;   1  drift  for  ditto  ;   1  maul. 

To  iNIake  W^\ds. — The  hay  or  junk,  after  having  been  picked,  is  compressed 
by  being  beaten  in  the  smaller  mould  until  it  assumes  the  requisite  dimen- 
sions ;  it  is  then  taken  out,  by  raising  the  upper  part  of  the  mould,  and 
wrapped  closely  with  rope-yarn  passed  over  it  in  the  direction  of  the  axis 
of  the  cylinder  and  fastened  by  a  few  turns  round  the  middle  of  the  wad ; 
after  which  it  is  placed  in  the  large  mould  and  again  beaten  with  the  maul 
and  drift ;  the  diameter  of  the  wad  when  finished  is  verified  with  a  wooden 
gauge  corresponding  to  the  large  gauge  of  the  shot. 

In  firing  hot  shot,  a  dry  wad  is  put  next  to  the  powder,  and  then  a  wad 
which  has  been  soaked  in  Avater  for  a  quarter  of  an  hour  and  has  been  per- 
mitted to  drip  for  several  minutes,  is  placed  between  the  dry  wad  and  the 
ball;  or  the  wet  wad  may  be  replaced  by  one  of  clay.  It  should  be  made 
one  calibre  in  length,  of  clay  free  from  sand  or  gravel,  slightly  moistened 
and  kneaded. 

Riuii-iLunh  OY  grommetH  are  to  be  preferred  Avhere  the  object  of  a  wad  is 
merely  to  retain  the  ball  in  its  place.  They  consist  of  a  ring  of  rope-yarn, 
about  0.7  inch  thick,  with  two  pieces  of  strong  twine  tied  across  it  at 
right  angles  Avith  each  other.  The  size  of  the  ring  is  the  full  diameter  of 
the  boro,  in  order  that  it  may  fit  tiglit.  These  Avads  may  be  attached  with 
twine  to  tlie  straps,  or  to  the  balls;  or  they  may  be  inserted,  like  other 
Avails,  after  the  ball.  These  wads  may  be  made  of  straw  formed  into  rings 
of  the  proper  size  and  wrapped  Avith  tAviiic  and  tied  to  the  ball. 


SABOTS   OF    SHAVINGS.  287 

JSabofs  of  Shavings. 

In  positions  where  the  pieces  of  sabots  might  prove  dangerous  to  oar 
own  troops,  as  in  firing  over  their  heads  when  making  an  attack,  sabots 
made  of  thick  shavings  of  soft  wood  or  pasteboard  are  used.  For  this 
purpose  select  black  walnut,  pine,  or  fir,  not  too  dry,  and  as  free  as  pos- 
sible from  knots. 

Pieces  of  the  proper  length  and  width  are  dressed  out,  and  by  means  of 
a  coarse  plane  shavings  are  cut  .06  inch  in  thickness.  Each  shaving  is 
rolled  in  a  circle  on  a  cylinder  of  iron  in  which  a  longitudinal  groove  is 
cut.  One  end  is  thinned  down,  moistened,  and  inserted  in  the  groove,  and 
the  shaving  is  rolled  on  the  cylinder,  the  smooth  side  turned  outward : 
one  man  turns  the  cylinder  by  a  crank  making  three  revolutions,  the  other 
holds  the  shaving  so  as  to  roll  it  evenly  on  itself,  pulling  it  tight. 

The  different  turns  are  then  tacked  together,  the  tacks  being  riveted  on 
the  inside  against  the  iron  cylinder:  the  end  is  thinned  down  with  a  rasp, 
and  the  sabot  taken  from  the  cylinder  is  immersed  in  a  warm  bath  of  thin 
glue.  Pasteboard  may  be  used  instead  of  shavings  of  wood.  The  sabot 
is  attached  to  the  shell  by  means  of  four  pieces  of  tape  1  inch  wide. 
Each  piece  is  folded  around  the  sabot,  and  the  ends  sewed  together :  the 
seam  is  turned  on  the  inside  of  the  sabot  and  is  made  fast  to  it  by  tacks, 
the  four  pieces  of  tape  being  attached  to  the  sabot  at  the  extremities  of 
two  diameters  perpendicular  to  each  other.  The  sabot  is  laid  down  on  the 
table  and  the  shell  placed  in  it,  the  fuze-hole  down;  tlie  ends  of  the  tape 
are  then  drawn  together  and  tied  on  top  of  the  shell  with  a  piece  of  strong 
twine. 

Fu7:e-Plugs. 

Fuze-plugs  are  made  of  brass,  or  of  close-grained  wood,  well  seasoned. 
They  are  turned  to  a  size  a  little  larger  than  the  fuze-hole,  but  of  the  same 
taper,  2.5  inches  long;  a  hole  is  bored  through  its  axis  and  reamed  out  to 
receive  the  paper  fuze,  and  the  large  end  is  counterbored  to  receive  the 
water-cap.  The  plug  is  reamed  out  after  it  is  driven,  and  the  recess  for 
the  water-cap  is  tapped  with  12  threads  to  the  inch. 

If  wooden  plugs  be  used,  a  short,  hollow  cylinder  of  brass,  .5  inch  long, 
.15  inch  thick,  is  inserted  in  the  recess  before  the  plug  is  driven,  and  after- 
ward tapped  to  receive  the  water-cap. 

The  water-cap  is  a  brass  plug,  .5  inch  long,  .G  inch  in  diameter,  chased 
with  12  threads  to  the  inch:  one  end  has  a  shallow  recess  cut  in  it,  .1  inch 
deep,  larger  at  bottom  than  at  top:  a  hole,  .1  inch  in  diameter,  is  bored 
through  the  middle  of  the  cap,  and  a  hole  is  bored  from  either  end  into 
this  transverse  hole,  but  meeting  it  at  points  .25  inch  or  more  apart:  these 
and  the  recess  in  the  end  are  filled  with  mealcd-powder  paste. 

Dime7isions. — Diam.  of  hole  at  bottom  of  recess,  .53  in.  ;  at  small  end,  .4  in. 


288 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Ammunition  for  JSiege,  Garrison,  and  Sea- Coast  Service. 


COLUMBIADS. 


10-in. 
1844. 


8-in. 
1844. 


10-in. 
1861. 


Charge  of  powder,  ORDiNAiir  Service..  ■ 


( Weight  lbs. 

(Height.,  in. 

Length  df  1  lb.  in  cartridge in. 

Diameter  of  cartridge in. 

{Ilectangle  Avith  cir- f  Length in. 
cular  ends |  "Width in. 
Diameter  of  cylindrical  former  ...  in. 
Matcrial(1.25yd.\vide)for  100  bags  yds. 

(whole in. 

\  of  cylinder in. 

'Greatest in. 


Sabot . 


Height 


Diameter-!  at  bottom in. 

of  cylinder in. 

cavity  s,rb.ii.{  a;,;:::;::::::;;;:::;:;::;;];;; 

Diameter  of  cylinder  to  roll  on in. 

in. 


STRAPS,  2  for  each...{^Sf;' 


Canisters.  ■{ 


FlLUNQ  SHELLS. 


^Length,  including  cap in. 

Cylinder-^  Height in. 

(interior  diameter in. 

Diameter  of  plates 

rtiers  of  shot 

Number  of^  .shot  in  a  tier 

(^ whole  sliot 

Finished  canister  { ^i^:;:::::::::::;  z: 

[Charge  of  powder  fur  firing 

f  f  to  fill  slieli lbs. 

I  Powder  J  ^^  ^'"^"^^  ^^'''^^ ^^^' 

uwati       j^  ^^j^^^  ^^^^  fiizc-plug*lbs 

[Ordinary  charge lbs, 

Rock-fire,  No.  of  cylinders 

Plates  |I>'anieter in. 

^^^^°^1  Thickness in. 

/Interior diameter in. 

■  I  Diameter  of  iron in. 

Length in. 

Diameter in. 

Height  of.from  outside  of  plates  in. 

Weight  of  plates li)s. 

•'  bolt,  nut,  and  rings  1])S. 

"         stand  complete lbs. 

(Diameter  and  height in. 

W A DS..-^  Weight llis, 

(junk,  for  100 lbs. 

fDiameter,  largo  hole in, 

''         small  hole in, 

Thickness  of  upper  block in. 

"  lower  block in, 

Width  of  block in. 

^  ,.    ,  .    1  ,  .^.^    (Diameter,  in, 
Cylindrical  drift..  I  i^^^gjj^__  in. 


Rino 


Stand  of  grape.. -|  Bolt 


Moulds  for  wads. 


14. 

8.82 
.63 

7.5 
20. 
12.7 

7.5 

36 


8.41 


1. 

4.93 
9.3 
29. 
1 


1.38 
.02 
3. 
C. 


9.7 
16.5 

165. 

9.75 

9.4 
10. 

iV. 


8. 

7.84 
.98 

6.0 
16. 
10.35 

6.0 

23 


6.79 
6.15 


1. 

3.93 
7.3 
23.5 
.75 


1.75 
1. 

.5 
1.8 
6. 
7.85 

.6 
6.55 

.6 
14.7 

.6 
9.85 
13.6 
4.75 
75.5 
7.8 
8.5 
850. 


15. 

6.30 
.42 

9. 
19. 
16.7 

9. 
47 

2. 

2. 


1. 

4.93 
9.3 
29, 
1. 


3.25 
1.38 
.62 
3. 
0. 


16.5 
165.0 
9.75 
9.4 
10. 


24. 


*  When  a  wooden  fiize-plug  is  used. 


AMMUNITION   FOR   SIEGE   AND   GARRISON    SERVICE. 


289 


Ammunition  for  Siege,  Garrison,  and  Sea-Coast  Service. — Continued. 


Guns. 

IIOWITZKRS. 

32-pdr. 

24-rflr. 

18-pdr. 

12-pdr. 

Siego,  8-in. 

Sea-Coast. 

10-iii. 

8-iii. 

9. 

8. 

7. 

5. 

4. 

4. 

12. 

8. 

8.82 

9.28 

10.15 

8.75 

8.0 

6. 

9.96 

7.84 

.98 

1.16 

1.45 

1.75 

2.0 

2. 

0.83 

0.98 

6. 

5.5 

5. 

4.6 

4.2 

4.2 

6.5 

6.0 

16.5 

18. 

16.5 

15.25 

14. 

14. 

18. 

1.5. 

10.35 

9.55 

8.75 

8.15 

7.0 

7.6 

11.15 

10.35 

6. 

5.5 

5. 

4.6 

4.2 

4.2 

6.5 

6.0 

24 

25 

19 

17 

14 

14 

31 

20 

2. 

1.5 

1.5 

1.5 

1.5 

0 

4.6S+ 

2. 

2. 

5.0+ 

2 

1.5 

1.5 

1.5 

1.5 

r 

.75 

7.85 

6.79 

.75 

7.75 

7.85 

6.58 

6.0 

5.43 

4.92 

4.35 

... 

flu'iiii- 
1  spliere 

1  6.75 

6.15 

6.4 

0.75 
3.12 

5.8 

0.75 
2.84 
5.2 

0.75 
2.58 
4.7 

1. 

2.26 
4. 

1 

7.8 

7.8 

1 

i. 

4.93 
9.3 

1. 

8.42 

3.93 

6.4 

7.3 

7.3 

21. 

19. 
.6 

17.5 
.55 

16. 
.5 

14. 

.45 

29. 
1. 

23.5 

.65 

.75 

21.5 

20. 
9. 

6.19 

6.14 

4 

7 

27 

1S.3 

8.25 

5.(^3 

5.58 

4 

7 

27 

16.7 

7.7 

5.12 

5.07 
4 
7 

27 

14.4 
6.75 
4.47 
4.42 

4 

7 
27 

25.1 

8.6 
7.8 
7.75 
4 
12 
48 

25.1 

9.6 

8.0 

6.78 

7.8 

6.73 

4 

4 



12 

27 



48 

8  7 

8.1 
37. 

1..31 

7.35 
29. 

1.0 

6.8 
23. 

.69 

-6. 
15. 

.5 

12.03 
53.5 

2.56t 

12  35 

48. 

54.5 

1.5 

5.1 

2.56t 

.75 

.69 

.5 

.44 

.31 

1. 

2. 

1. 

.38 

.12 

.12 

.09 

.06 

.25 

.31 

.25 

1.25 

1. 

.75 

.62 

.44 

1.75 

3. 

1.75 

6. 

6. 

6. 

6. 

6  83 

6.24 
.5 

5.16 
.5 

8.7 
.5 
8.2 
8. 
2.5 
39.75 
6.2 
4.38 
438. 
6.2 

5.68 
.5 

4.75 
.38 

7.88 
.38 

7.5 

6.75 

1.81 
30.61 

5.65 

300. 
5.65 

5.17 
.4 

4.26 
.38 

7.18 
.38 

6.8 

4.56 

1.12 
22.15 

5.12 

2.38 

238. 

5.12 

4.52 

.4 
3.8 

.32 
6.12 

.32 
5.8 
3.44 

.69 

14.84 

4.48 

1.5 

150. 

4.48 

7  85 

6 

(5 

5.73 

6.55 

.5 

.6 

9  25 

14  7 

5 

6 

8.75 

9.85 

10.2 

13.6 

2  8 

4.75 

51.25 

FOE  &-PDR. 

3.5 

.82 
82. 
3.55 

75.5 

6.8 

7.8 

5.62 

8.5 

562. 

850. 

6.8 

9.75 

7.8 

6.5 

5.9 

5.3 

4.8 

4.1 

3.2 

9.4 

7.5 

7. 

6.4 

5.8 

5.3 

4.6 

3.7 

10. 

8. 

4. 

4, 

4. 

4. 

4. 

4. 

5. 

4. 

13. 

12. 

11.5 

11. 

10. 

9. 

17. 

15. 

6.2 

5.6 

5. 

4.5 

3.8 

2.9 

8.5 

7.3 

24. 

24. 

24. 

24. 

24. 

24, 

24. 

24. 

f  Mortar-sheIl3 ; 
X  For  canisters. 


-13-inch  shell  holds  11  lbs.  powder;  service-charge,  7  lbs.;  to  burst  shell,  6 lbs 


290  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

MATCHES,   FUZES,   AND   PEIMEKS. 

Slow-3Iatch. 

SloAv-match  is  prcparca  rope  which  is  used  to  keep  and  carry  fire :  it 
burns  slowly,  with  a  firm,  hard  coal,  and  is  not  easily  extinguished. 

Mateuials.— //c/?yj  or  flax  rope  of  3  strands,  slightly  twisted,  about  25 
yards  long,  and  of  a  uniform  diameter  of  .G  inch;  acetate  of  lead,  (sugar 
of  lead  ;)  icalcr. 

Utensils. — 1  kettle;  1  tub;  2  wooden  spatulas ;  levers;  iwistinj-icinch ;  mats, 
or  hair-cloth. 

^Ietiiod  with  Acetate  of  Lead. — Boil  the  rope  for  10  minutes  in  water 
holding  in  solution  J^-  of  its  Aveight  of  acetate  of  lead;  remove  it  with 
spatulas  into  the  tub,  or  let  it  remain  in  the  cold  solution  until  it  is 
thoroughly  saturated.  First  twist  it  over  the  kettle,  and  then,  by  attaching 
one  end  to  the  hook  of  a  twisting-winch,  twist  it  hard,  keeping  it  stretched 
by  means  of  a  stick  passed  through  a  loop  at  the  other  end,  at  the  same 
time  rubbing  it  smartly,  always  in  the  same  direction,  from  the  hook, 
with  coarse  mats,  hair-cloth,  or  cuttings  of  buff-leather,  until  the  diameter 
of  the  match  is  reduced  0.1  inch  and  it  has  a  uniform  twist  and  hardness. 
Stretch  it  on  poles  or  on  a  fence  to  dry,  and  put  it  up  in  neat  coils,  well 
secured, 

Match  thus  prepared  burns  4  inches  in  an  hour. 

Method  by  Leaguing. — If  sugar  of  lead  cannot  be  procured,  the  rope 
may  be  simply  leached.  For  this  purpose,  it  is  put  into  a  leach-tub,  and 
steeped  in  pure  water  for  12  hours;  this  water  is  then  drawn  off  and  re- 
placed by  lye  prepared  in  a  boiler,  with  a  quantity  of  ashes  equal  to  half 
the  weight  of  the  rope,  to  which  5  per  cent,  of  quicklime  is  added.  This 
'  lye,  with  the  ashes,  is  put,  after  being  warmed,  into  the  hopper  of  the  tub, 
and  when  it  has  run  through  and  remained  some  time  in  the  tub  it  is  drawn 
off,  heated  again,  and  poured  back  on  the  ashes.  This  operation  is  re- 
peated several  times  in  the  course  of  24  hours,  which  is  the  time  required 
for  the  rope  to  be  well  leached.  After  being  taken  out  and  twisted  with 
sticks,  it  is  steeped  for  5  minutes  in  hot  water,  being  stirred  at  the  same 
time,  and  the  operation  is  finished  as  before.  Match  prepared  in  this 
njanner  burns  5  inches  in  an  hour. 

Cotton  rope,  well  twisted,  forms  a  good  match  without  any  preparation. 

A  slow-match  may  be  made  of  strong  paper  by  immersing  it  in  a  warm 
feolution  of  nitre,  of  about  1  pound  to  2  gallons  of  water.     When  dry,  roll 
each  sheet  separately,  pressing  it  firmly,  and  pasting  the  last  turn. 
A  half-sheet  thus  prepared  will  keep  fire  for  three  hours. 
Slow-match  weighs  from  3  to  5  ounces  to  the  yard. 
Packing. — Slow-match  is  packed  in   tight  casks  or  boxes.     A  cask  40 


QUICK-MATCH.  291 

inches  high,  24  inches  diameter,  (weighing  60  pounds,)  contains  160  pounds 
of  match.  The  casks  and  boxes  should  be  marked  with  the  kind  and 
quantity  of  match,  place  and  date  of  fabrication. 

Dimensions  of  a  box  to  hold  200  pounds  hemp  or  220  pounds  cotton 
match. — 44  inches  long,  28  inches  wide,  18  inches  deep;  weight,  87  pounds. 
It  is  made  of  boards  1  inch  thick,  ends  1^  inch,  and  has  corner-pieces  of 
hard  wood,  2.25  inches  square. 

Quich-Match. 

Quick-match  is  cotton  yarn,  of  several  strands,  saturated  and  covered 
over  with  an  inflammable  composition :  it  is  used  for  communicating  fire 
from  point  to  point  in  fireworks,  etc. 

Materials. — Mealed  poivder ;  cotton  yarn,  wound  in  loose  balls  of  con- 
venient size,  (say  1  pound,  which  will  measure  about  1,000  yards,)  such  as 
is  used  for  candle-wick ;  when  doubled  and  slightly  twisted  in  the  fingers, 
it  should  be  about  .07  inch  in  diameter.  Gummed  brandy  or  whislcey,  in  the 
proportion  of  1  ounce  of  gum  to  ^  gallon  of  spirits:  the  gum  is  first  dis- 
solved in  the  smallest  quantity  of  hot  water  or  vinegar,  and  afterward  mixed 
with  the  whiskey.     Strips  of  paper  ;   thread. 

1,000  yards  of  quick-match  require  1  pound  of  cotton  yarn,  8  pounds 
of  mealed  powder,  1^  gallon  of  spirits,  and  2^  ounces  of  gum  arable. 
Weight,  when  dried,  9  pounds. 

Utensils. —  Wooden  or  copper  howls;  1  quart-measure;  funnel  or  frame; 
reel. 

Preparation. — Steep  the  balls  of  yarn  in  the  gummed  whiskey  until 
they  are  thoroughly  saturated. 

Make  a  paste  of  mealed  powder,  by  mixing  1  quart  of  gummed  whiskey 
to  2  pounds  of  powder,  and  put  a  layer  of  it  about  \  inch  deep  in  the  bowl; 
on  this  spread  a  coil  of  the  cotton  by  unrolling  the  ball  and  distributing 
it  equally  on  the  surface  of  the  paste  until  there  are  6  or  6  yarns  over  one 
another ;  put  another  layer  of  the  paste;  and  proceed  in  this  manner  until 
the  bowl  is  full,  taking  <3are  not  to  entangle  the  strands :  the  last  layer  of 
paste  should  be  a  little  deeper  than  the  others.  After  the  cotton  has  been 
3  or  4  hours  in  the  bowl,  wind  it  on  a  reel,  or  stretch  it  on  nails  40  or  50 
feet  apart,  making  it  pass  through  a  funnel,  or  the  hand,  filled  with  the 
paste,  and  taking  care  that  the  several  turns  of  yarn  do  not  touch  each 
other.  Before  it  is  dry,  dredge  it  with  mealed  powder ;  let  it  dry  slowly, 
then  cut  it  off  from  the  reel  or  nails  and  put  it  in  bundles. 

During  the  winter,  quick-match  should  be  made  in  a  warm  room. 

Match  thus  prepared  should  be  hard  and  stiff,  and  the  composition  should 
hold  firmly  on.     1  yard  burns,  in  the  open  air,  13  seconds. 

By  using  vinegar,  a  match  is  made  which  burns  less  rapidly,  in  the 
proportion  of  4  to  5 ;  and  with  pure  water,  in  the  ratio  of  4  to  6.     Alcohol 


292  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

makes  a  quicker  match ;  but  it  cannot  be  gummed,  and  the  composition 
does  not  stick. 

A  slow  kind  of  match  is  made  by  adding  sulphur  to  the  mealed  powder : 
■with  one-sixth  of  sulphur,  1  yard  of  match  burns  22  seconds ;  with 
one-fifth,  33  seconds;  with  one-third,  53  seconds;  with  one-half,  162 
seconds. 

Quick-match  enclosed  in  tubes  burns  more  rapidly  than  in  the  open  air, 
and  more  so  in  proportion  as  the  tubes  are  smaller.  To  communicate  fire 
very  rapidly,  it  is  enclosed  in  paper  tubes  called  leaders. 

Portfires. 

The  portfire  consists  of  a  cylindrical  paper  case  filled  with  a  composi- 
tion that  burns  slowly.     It  is  used  for  firing  rockets,  etc.,  and,  in  cases  of 
necessity,  for  discharging  cannon. 
To  Make  the  Cases. 

Materials. — No.  4: paper ;  paste. 

Required  for  100  cases, — 50  sheets,  13  pounds  of  paper. 

Utensils. — Formers,  steel,  tui-ned  smooth,  22  inches  long,  0.5  inch  dia- 
meter; a  hole  0.2  inch  diameter  is  made  through  one  end,  to  withdraw  it 
from  the  case;  hand-rolling  board ;  rulers;  knives. 

To  Make  the  Case. — Cut  the  paper  into  rectangles  18  inches  long,  and 
from  10  to  14  inches  wide,  according  to  the  thickness  of  the  paper,  to  make 
the  exterior  diameter  of  the  finished  case  0.65  inch.  Roll  the  rectangle  on 
the  former,  pasting  it  after  the  first  turn  ;  press  the  case  firmly  by  rolling 
it  on  a  table  with  a  hand-rolling  board;  withdraw  the  former,  and  place 
the  cases  in  a  box  to  dry. 

To  Drive  Portfires. 

Materials. — Cases;  composition  for  100  cases,  (13  pounds  nitre,  4.5  pounds 
sulphur,  and  2.5  pounds  mealed  powder;)  scrap  paper. 

Utensils. — Porlfire-moulds,  made  of  brass,  in  two  parts,  which  are  held 
together  by  a  socket  at  bottom,  and  by  4  strong  bands.  The  moulds  are 
18  inches  long,  1  inch  exterior  diameter  at  top,  1]-  inch  at  bottom,  with  a 
bore  of  0.65  inch  diameter.  3  drifts,  steel,  .4  inch  diameter,  22,  15,  and 
10  inches  long,  with  brass  tips,  .5  inch  long,  upon  the  lower  end:  4  spiral 
grooves,  making  one-half  of  a  turn  in  22  inches,  are  cut  upon  the  surface 
of  the  drifts;  the  handles  of  the  drifts  are  6  inches  long,  and  .75  inch 
diameter,  with  a  head  1.25  inch  diameter.  Mallets,  turned,  of  hard  wood, 
weighing  1  pound  ;  funnels  ;   ladles. 

Driving. — Put  the  case  in  the  mould,  and  drive  on  the  rings;  insert  a 
jjiece  of  paper,  and  push  it  to  the  bottom  of  the  case  with  the  long  drift ; 
insert  a  small  funnel  in  the  top  of  the  case ;  pass  the  long  drift  through 
the  funnel  to  the  bottom  of  the  mould ;  fill  the  funnel  with  composition, 


FUZES.  293 

and  strike  the  drift  about  three  blows  every  second,  raising  the  drift  about 
half  an  inch,  with  the  fingers  of  the  left  hand,  between  the  blows.  In  this 
way  the  composition  finds  its  way  around  the  sides  and  through  the  grooves 
of  the  drift  to  the  bottom,  and  is  uniformly  and  compactly  driven.  The 
shorter  drifts  are  used  as  the  case  is  filled. 

Portfires  should  not  be  primed  with  mealed  powder ;  after  they  are 
driven,  the  top  of  the  case  should  be  turned  in  and  beaten  down :  thus 
both  ends  of  the  composition  are  secured. 

Portfires  made  as  above  described  burn  10  minutes  each,  or  If  inch  per 
minute. 

A  dai/s  work. — A  man  can  drive  120  portfires  in  ten  hours. 

Packing. — Portfires  are  packed  in  boxes  containing  100  or  200  portfires. 
The  contents  of  the  box  should  be  marked  in  white  letters  on  each  end,  and 
the  place  and  date  of  fabrication  on  the  inside  of  the  cover. 

Fuzes  for  Mortar- Shells. 

The  hard,  close-grained  woods  are  best  adapted  for  making  fuzes  :  beech 
or  ash  is  generally  used.  It  should  be  dry,  sound,  free  from  sap,  knots, 
worm-holes,  or  shakes. 

To  Turn  the  Fuze. — The  helper  saws  the  plank  into  lengths  equal  to 
that  of  the  fuze,  and  then  into  prisms,  taking  off  the  edges,  and  centring 
it  on  each  end.  The  turner  puts  the  fuze  thus  roughed  out  in  the  lathe, 
turns  its  exterior,  and  graduates  it,  by  means  of  a  steel  gauge,  into  inches 
and  tenths  of  an  inch  commencing  at  the  bottom  of  the  cup.  When  a 
number  have  been  turned,  the  turner  puts  each  fuze  into  a  chuck,  bores  it, 
and  makes  the  cup,  with  a  tool  for  that  purpose. 

The  fuzes  should  be  carefully  inspected,  and  verified  with  gauges,  and 
those  rejected  which  have  splits,  knots,  or  worm-holes,  or  which  have  not 
the  proper  dimensions. 

A  dai/'s  work. — One  turner  can  turn  500  fuzes,  or  turn  and  bore  250,  in 
ten  hours. 

To  Drive  Fuzes. 

Materials. — Umpfy  fuzes ;  fuze-composition,  dry;  7nealed  jwtoder,  dry; 
paste;  paper. 

Utensils. — Driving-blocks  with  holes  of  the  size  of  the  fuze ;  benches  ;  mal~ 
lets, — for  the  13  inch,  10  inch,  and  8  inch  fuzes  weighing  1  lb.,  for  smaller 
fuzes  weighing  J  to  |  pound ;  steel  drifts  shod  with  copper,  tlic  shortest 
with  a  mark  0*2  inch  from  the  end ;  copper  ladles  to  contain  sufficient  com- 
position to  make  a  height,  when  driven,  equal  to  1  diameter  of  the  bore ; 
copper  pans;  brushes. 

Preparation  of  the  Composition. — The  composition  for  8  and  10  inch 
light  mortar-fuzes  is  2  parts  of  nitre,  1  of  sulphur,  and  3  of  mealed  pow- 
der; for  10  and  13  inch  heavy  mortars,  2  of  nitre,  1  of  sulphur,  and  2}  of 


21)4  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

nioulod  powder.  Tlie  composition  must  be  thoroughly  ground  and  mixed 
with  ft  niulU-r,  or  in  a  leathern  barrel  with  brass  balls.  The  time  of  burn- 
ini:  will  vary  according  to  the  quality  of  the  materials  used  (especially  of 
the  nicnlc'l  powilor)  and  the  degree  of  their  admixture.  Trials  should  be 
made  with  each  composition  by  driving  several  fuzes  and  getting  their  time 
of  burning.  There  should  not  be  any  great  variation  in  the  times  of  burning 
of  the  different  fuzes,  of  the  same  composition.  Fuze-composition  should 
1)0  prepared  only  a  short  time  before  being  used,  and  should  be  preserved 
in  close  vessels  in  a  dry  place. 

Dhivint.. — The  workman  is  seated,  his  driving-block  in  front  of  him,  and 
a  bench  to  hoM  a  pan  of  composition  at  his  right  hand.  He  takes  a  fuze, 
cleans  it  of  all  foreign  matter,  inserting  the  drift  to  the  bottom  of  the  bore: 
lie  then  drops  the  fuze  into  the  driving-hole,  takes  a  Lidleful  of  composi- 
I'lon,  passing  the  drift  along  the  edges  of  the  ladle  to  strike  off  the  surplus; 
pnurs  the  composition  into  the  fuze,  strikes  it  two  gentle  blow^s  with  the 
mallet,  inserts  the  drift,  j^ressing  it  down  on  the  composition,  giving  the 
fuze  two  slight  blows  to  settle  the  composition.  The  workman  strikes  the 
drift  21  blows  in  volleys  of  3,  raising  the  mallet  about  1  foot  each  blow,  and 
moving  the  drift,  after  each  volley.  lie  puts  in  another  ladleful  and  con- 
tinues as  for  the  first.  Care  should  be  taken  to  put  in  equal  charges  of 
composition  each  time,  and  to  give  to  each  ladleful  the  same  number  of 
Itlows  and  with  the  same  force. 

Tiizes  may  be  driven  by  pressure  in  a  screw-press. 

Put  M INC. — Fuzes  are  all  driven  to  the  same  height  by  means  of  a  mark  on 
the  short  drift,  or  the  composition  is  bored  out  with  a  gouge  to  the  same 
depth.  Tlu'v  are  primed  with  mealed  powder  for  about  0.2  inch  driven 
with  the  same  force  as  a  ladleful  of  composition.  The  cup  is  filled  with  a 
pa*-ie  of  mealed  powder  and  spirits  of  wine  or  strong  whiskey,  and  laid  aside 
to  dry  :  it  is  then  covered  with  a  small  piece  of  paper,  over  which  is  pasted 
a  cap  of  strong,  water-proof  paper,  marked  with  the  number  of  seconds  the 
fuze  burns  to  the  inch. 

Fiir.es  for  Ilcavi/  Guns. 

The  fuze  consists  of  a  paper  case  charged  with  fuze-composition:    it  is 
inserted,  at  the  time  of  loading  the  gun,  into  a  brass  or  wooden  plug  pre- 
viuu-ly  driven  into  the  fuze-liole  of  the  shell. 
To   Mark  thk  Casks. 

y\v\v.\u\v%.  —  Lofj  paper,  or  thin  draAving-paper  ;  isinglass* 

\  ^y.s-^w.^.—ratirrn  of  wood,  in  the  form  of  a  rectangle  joined  to  a  trape- 
7m;, 1:    ;/ '.,v  _/;,;•„„  r  0.;5.-,  inch  diameter;   knife,  glue-pot,  brushes. 

M  vKiN.;  TiiK  Case.— The  paper  is  cut  to  the  proper  size  by  means  of  the 
patforn.  The  whole  length  of  the  strip  must  be  determined,  by  trial,  for 
each  k:nd  of  paper,  to  give  the  case  the  proper  diameter.     The  strip  is 


FUZES.  295 

rolled  hard  on  the  former,  beginning  with  the  large  end,  and  is  glued  after 
the  first  turn. 

When  the  case  is  dry,  it  is  smoothed  with  a  fine  file  or  sand-paper. 

Preparation  of  the  Composition. — There  are  three  dilFerent  compo- 
sitions used,  one  inch  burning  10  seconds,  14  seconds,  and  20  seconds, 
respectively. 

The  following  are  about  the  proportions  required  to  make  these  compo- 
sitions; but,  as  their  time  of  burning  is  subject  to  considerable  variation, 
according  to  the  quality  of  the  ingredients  and  the  manipulation  in  mixing 
them,  the  exact  proportions  must  be  determined  by  experiment. 

No.  1. — 26  nitre,  9  sulphur,  14  mealed  powder. 
No.  2.— 26     ''      9         "        12 
No.  3.— 26     ''      9         *'        10 

The  composition  is  carefully  mixed,  as  described  on  page  293,  and  seve- 
ral fuzes  are  first  driven  and  their  times  of  burning  determined,  and  the 
proportions  varied,  if  necessary,  to  produce  the  required  result. 
To  Drive  the  Fuze. 

Materials. — Empty  cases;  fuze-composition. 

2  lbs.  of  composition  are  required  for  100  fuzes. 

Utensils. — Brass  moulds  in  two  parts,  which  are  held  together  by  a 
wedge  or  cam:  the  moulds  have  holes  for  4  or  5  fuzes;  steel  drifts,  0.35 
inch  diameter;  knife;  mallet,  weighing  J  lb. 

Driving. — The  mould  is  put  together  and  secured ;  the  empty  cases  are 
inserted  and  driven  gently  in  ;  their  upper  ends  projecting  above  the  mould 
are  slit  with  a  knife  into  4  parts.  The  composition  is  put  in  and  driven  as 
described  on  page  294,  giving  15  blows  to  each  ladleful,  which  will  make 
0.25  inch  in  length  of  the  fuze. 

Cutting. — The  fuze  is  inserted  in  an  iron  gauge,  the  bore  of  which  is  of 
the  same  size  and  taper  as  the  fuze,  and  its  width  is  the  true  length  of  the 
fuze,  2  inches.  The  projecting  ends  of  the  fuze  are  first  sawed  oif  with  a 
fine  saw  and  then  trimmed  with  a  knife. 

The  fuze  is  stained  the  proper  color  according  to  the  composition  used, — 
fuzes  of  No.  1  composition  being  yellow;  No.  2,  green  ;  and  No.  3,  blue, — 
and  the  number  of  seconds  that  one  inch  will  burn  is  marked  on  each 
fuze. 

Packing. — Fuzes  are  put  up  in  bundles  of  10  each ;  fuzes  of  the  same 
color  being  put  in  the  same  bundle,  which  is  labelled  with  the  kind 
of  fuze  and  its  rate  of  buiming. 

F'uzesfor  Field- Guns  and  3lountain-TIowitzers. 
The  fuze  for  shells  and  spherical  case  shot  for  field  and  mountain  service 
is  that  known  as  the  ''Bormann  fuze."     It  consists  of  a  circular  disk  of 

25 


r\Ct  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


5,.ri  nu'tal  containino;  an  annular  space  charged  witli  mealed  poAvder.  The 
outrr  rir.-mufi'rtMK'c  of  the  disk  is  chased  with  the  threads  of  a  screw  to 
s.Miir.'  it  in  the  sliell.  The  annular  space  for  the  composition  is  concentric 
wiiii  ih.«  outer  circumference,  and  connects  at  one  end  by  a  hole  with  a 
small  maj;a/.ine  in  tlie  centre  of  the  disk,  filled  with  rifle-powder  and  closed 
,,M  th.>  under  surface  by  a  thin  disk  of  tin.  The  fuze  is  charged  from  the 
under  side,  by  pressure,  and  a  ring  of  the  same  metal  is  pressed  firmly  on 
the  (•oinpositioii. 

Tiir  coMipi.sition  is  thus  securely  protected  from  accidents,  and  the  fuze 
is  'C'cwcd  into  the  shell  in  the  laboratory;  the  metal  covering  the  compo- 
-iiinn  on  toj),  being  loft  thin,  is  easily  cut  with  a  knife  or  cutter,  at  the 
nionioiit  of  loading,  ami  the  composition  exposed  at  the  required  point  to 
tho  arti iPti  of  the  tlaine.  The  graduations  into  seconds  and  quarter-seconds 
are  marked  on  the  upper  surface  of  the  disk.  The  time  of  burning  of  the 
whole  length  of  fuze  is  5  seconds. 
To  Cast  tiik   Fuzk. 

'Matkuiai.s.— 7/>i  and  lead  in  equal  parts;  rosin;  talloiv. 

riK.Nsii.s. — MnvUU  for  the  fuze,  moulds  for  the  ring,  hacksaw,  nippers, 
viiU.t,  h'.'il.',  ladle. 

('astin(;. — Melt  the  lead  and  tin  together:  heat  the  moulds  so  as  not  to 
chill  the  nu'tal  in  casting.  Fill  the  mould  with  the  melted  metal,  and  tap  it 
gently  with  the  mallet  to  make  the  metal  fill  the  small  parts.  Cut  off"  the 
g:ite  with  the  saw,  and  the  ends  of  the  ring  with  the  nippers. 

It  ha'*  lieen  found  convenient  in  opening  and  closing  the  moulds  to  attach 
the  two  jiavts  of  the  mould  for  the  fuze  and  also  for  the  ring  to  the  jaws  of  a 
bench-vise,  so  that  both  moulds  are  opened  and  closed  by  the  same  move- 
jiient  of  the  screw.  The  fuze-mould  is  kept  hot  by  means  of  iron  disks 
which  are  heated  and  hung  on  the  arbor  Avhich  supports  the  moulds. 

A  mould  of  more  approved  pattern  has  been  devised,  by  which  the  cast- 
ing is  expedited. 

To  Cmauck  tiik   Fi/.k. 

M\TKUiAi.s.  —  M,  iihd  juncdcr ;  vutsket-poicder ;  rifle-powder;  disks  of  tin. 

\  iKNsii.s.  —  A  Strong  srrrw-prrss,  annular  charger  the  size  of  the  ring, 
a  •miliar  drifl,  jlat  drift,  round  drift. 

Take  the  mould  in  which  tlic  fuze  was  cast ;  place  the  fuze  in  the  parts 
of  the  mould  containing  the  screw  and  the  upper  or  graduated  side,  and 
secure  the  mould  liy  a  ring  driven  on  it. 

Draw  up  the  ].istnn,  and  fill  tlie  charger  by  pressing  it  into  the  mealed 
p  .W'l.T  ,-M,it;ii„,.  1  in  .,  shallow  pan.  Place  the  charger  over  the  groove,  and 
t.fe  >iown  the  ].i<ton,  transferring  the  ]»owdor  into  the  fuze.  Insert  the 
buiton  in  til,,  magazine  and  the  pin  in  the  i)riming-hole,  to  preserve  their 
hh.ij.es;  pluce  the  ring  on  the  powder,  and  with  the  annular  drift  force  it 
down  by  means  of  a  strong  screw-press,  bringing  the  ring  flush  with  the 


FUZES. 


297 


surface  of  the  fuze :  rivet  the  ring  in  its  place  with  another  drift.  With- 
draw the  button  and  pin ;  charge  the  priming-hole  with  rifle-powder  and 
fill  the  magazine  with  musket-powder ;  cover  the  magazine  with  a  disk  of 
tin,  and  rivet  it  in  place  by  means  of  first  a  flat  drift  and  then  a  round  one 
which  turn  down  a  part  of  the  metal  of  the  fuze  over  the  disk. 

Remove  the  fuze  from  the  mould,  place  it  in  a  screw-chuck  made  to  fit  it, 
and  turn  off  in  a  lathe  the  lower  surface  smooth  and  to  the  proper  thickness. 

The  powder  of  the  fuze  is  now  perfectly  sealed  up  from  the  air.     The 
fuze  may  be  varnished. 

Fuzes. 


Dimensions  and  Weights. 


{Whole  length in. 
fat  top in. 
Diameter^  at  bottom in. 
(  of  bore in. 

First  cone,  i  ta-        ^ V*i "i" •    ' 

1  Diameter  at  lower  end in. 


Cup... 


r  Depth.... 
1  Diameter 


m. 

at  top in. 

^^  (_  at  bottom in. 

Thickness  of  wood  at  bottom  of  fuze in. 

Length  of  composition in, 

{Diam  eter in . 
Length,  exclusive            j  1st in. 
of  handle,                     t  2d in. 

Wei   lt/°^  composition  for  100  fuzes. ..lbs. 

^     \  of  100  fuzes  complete lbs. 

f  Whole  length in. 

Paper  for  the  case,  i  l^^J^f^'  f  rectangle..in. 

^  Width  of  rectangle  ..m. 

I  Width  of  small  end..in. 


Wooden  Fuzes. 

13in. 

lO-in. 

8-in. 

10.8 

9.4 

6.3 

1.85 

1.7 

1.25 

1.25 

1.0 

0.9 

.4 

.3 

.3 

2.8 

2.25 

1.25 

1.05 

1.55 

1.15 

.6 

0.5 

0.4 

1.25 

1.0 

0.75 

0.9 

0.8 

0.6 

1.2 

0.9 

0.9 

9.0 

8.0 

5.0 

.36 

.27 

.27 

9. 

8. 

8. 

4.5 

4. 

4. 

8. 

4. 

2.5 

54. 

33. 

16. 

Bormann  Faze. 

Diameter  of  fuze,  including  threads 1.65  in. 

Thickness 45  in. 

No.  of  threads  to  the  inch 12 

Diameter  of  plug,  including  threads 1.07  in. 

Thickness  for  field-guns 3    in. 

Number  of  threads  to  the  inch 12 


Paper 
Fuzes. 


.53 

A 

.35 


2.0 
.3 


2. 


19. 
6. 

2.25 
0.4 


PacJcing-Boxes  for  Portfires. 

Length.     Width. 

For  100  portfires 18  9.1 

"    200       "        18  9.1       10.1 


Depth. 

5.1 


Weight. 
38 


'2[)S  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Fn'rtion-Pn'mcrs  for  Cannon. 

77m  f,  ;rf;,,ii-priinrr  for  (•;i)iii()ii  is  a  siiiiill  brass  tube  filled  with  gun- 
jm.w.Km-.  whicli  is  ijriiiteil  liy  drawing  a  rougli  Avire  briskly  through  friction- 
oiiiiiiM.-iiitiii.  coiitaiutMl  in  a  smaller  tube  inserted  into  the  first  near  the 
top  Mild  .-oldcrod  at  right  angles  to  it.  A  lanyard,  with  a  hook  attached,  is 
used  to  ignite  the  primer. 

Th-  fri'-tion-priiiK'r  is  composed  of  1  large  tube;  1  short  tube;  1  wire  rubber ; 
J'rirfi  .n-rnnip'isifion  ;  vinsket-})oivder  ;  wax. 

Tl.r  /"//.'/  tithe  is  made  from  a  circular  disk  of  No.  19  sheet  brass,  0.62  inch 
in  diainoier,  by  means  of  a  series  of  5  punches  and  dies,  gradually  dimi- 
nishing in  size  to  the  last,  which  is  of  the  required  size  of  the  tube.  The 
brass  must  be  annealed  before  each  punching. 

The  tu])o  is  cut  to  tlie  prescribed  length,  measuring  from  the  closed  end, 
by  means  of  a  circular  saw,  and  the  holes  for  the  short  tube  and  wire 
rubber  are  drilled,  and  the  burrs  removed.  Length  of  the  long  tube,  1.75 
inch:  exterior  diameter,  .19  inch ;  interior  diameter,  .175  inch  ;  diameter 
of  lioles,  .15  inch  and  .00  inch. 

The  shnrt  tube  is  formed  from  the  long  one  by  using  two  additional 
punches  and  dies,  reducing  the  size  each  time.  It  is  cut  to  the  proper  length 
\>\-  circular  saws  placed  at  the  required  distance  apart,  and  the  burr  re- 
moved by  rolling  in  a  barrel.  Length  of  the  short  tube,  0.44  inch;  ex- 
terior diameter,  0.15  inch;  interior  diameter,  .133  inch. 

One  end  of  the  short  tube  is  dipped  into  a  solution  of  chloride  of  zinc, 
ius.rted  in  ilie  hole  drilled  in  the  long  tube,  heated  to  redness  in  the  flame 
of  a  -pirit-lamp,  and  soldered  with  soft  solder  ;  it  is  then  washed  and  dried. 

Thr  irirr  rubber  is  made  of  No.  10  brass  wire,  annealed,  cut  to  the  proper 
biigili.  aii.l  pressed  tlat  at  one  end  by  a  machine  for  that  purpose.  The  flat 
end  is  trimmed  by  a  punch  and  die  with  dentated  edges,  and  the  tip  is 
annealed  in  the  flame  of  a  spirit-lamp.  Length  of  Avire,  3.4  inches;  length 
of  tlaltened  end,  0.05  inch. 

7/ir  j'rictinn-romp(,siiion  is  made  of  2  parts  of  the  sulphuret  of  antimony 
and  1  jnirt  of  the  chlorate  of  potassa,  moistened  with  gummed  tvater,—50 
grains  of  gum  arabic  in  2  ounces  of  water  to  1  pound  of  composition. 

The  materials  are  first  pulverized  separately,  mixed  together  dry, 
moi~tene<l  with  the  gum-water,  and  ground  in  an  iron  mill,  such  as  is  used 
i'"V  griiMliii;:  paint. 

<  iim:.;in.;  am.  V.\itNisHi.\(j.— The  small  tube  is  charged  by  pressing  the 
"I""  <'nd  in  the  friction-composition  spread  on  a  flat  piece  of  iron  and 
^"'"''-';'  '"  ''"'  t'onsistency  of  soft  putty,  the  long  tube  being  closed  its 
wlo-«'  1.  li-ih  with  a  woollen  or  metal   plug. 

A  c,,ni<:.l  hule  is  made  in  the  composition,  while  yet  moist,  with  a  conical 
dr,n,  aiKl  the  surplus  composition  removed;  the  wire  rubber  is  passed 
through  the  short  tube  and  through  the  small  hole  in  the  long  tube,  the 


PERCUSSION-CAPS    FOR    SMALL    ARMS.  299 

round  end  first,  leaving  the  annealed  tip  projecting  out  of  the  open  end, 
which  is  then  closed  by  pressing  the  top  and  bottom  together  firmly  with 
pincers,  and  bending  the  tip  against  the  bottom. 

The  end  of  the  wire  rubber  is  doubled  on  itself  and  twisted,  leaving  a 
loop  0.2  inch  diameter,  and  then  bent  alongside  the  long  tube  for  packing. 

The  head  of  the  long  tube,  including  the  short  tube  and  the  joint,  is 
dipped  into  shellac  varnish  colored  with  lampblack. 

When  dry,  the  long  tube  is  filled  with  musket-powder  and  closed  with 
beeswax  mixed  with  ^  its  weight  of  pitch. 

Both  ends  are  touched  with  varnish  and  the  tube  thoroughly  dried. 

Packing. — The  tubes  are  first  put  up  in  bundles  of  10  each,  wrapped  in 
water-proof  paper;  10  bundles  are  packed  in  a  tin  box  painted  or  japanned: 
100  tin  boxes  are  packed  in  a  box  made  of  1-inch  white  pine  boards,  dove- 
tailed. 

The  contents  of  the  tin  box,  place  and  year  of  fabrication,  are  stamped 
on  the  lid,  and  the  number  of  the  box  marked  on  the  front  side.  The  con- 
tents of  the  wooden  box  are  marked  on  each  end. 

Dimensions  of  the  tin  box: — Length, 4.5  in. ;  width,  2.35  in. ;  depth,  2.35  in. 
"     (interior)  wooden  box :   "    20.5'*  "12.0    "  "      9.5    '' 

Weight  of  tin  box  containing 100  primers,       .8347  lb. 

Weight  of  wooden  box    "  10,000       "       105. 


9.  1 

.  '  >  About  36J  lbs.  are  returned  in  scraps. 


MATERIALS    REQUIRED    FOR    10,000   FRICTION-PRIMERS. 

66  lbs.  sheet  brass  No.  19. 
20  "  brass  wire  No.  16, 

1.25  lbs.  solder, 

2.33   "     chlorate  of  potassa. 

2.66    "     sulphuret  of  antimony. 
.65   "     beeswax  and  pitch. 
11.0     "     musket-powder. 

1.25  quart  varnish  (0.75  lb.  shellac,  1  qt.  alcohol,  0.25  oz.  lampblack.) 
44  sheets  of  common  tin  are  required  for  100  tin  boxes. 

Percussion-  Caps  for  Small  Arms. 

The  cap  for  small  arms  is  made  of  copper.  It  is  very  slightly  conical, 
with  a  rim  or  flanch  at  the  open  end ;  it  has  four  slits,  extending  about 
half  the  height  of  the  cap. 

The  cap  is  charged  ^iih  fidminafe  of  mercury,  mixed  with  half  its  weight 
of  nitre;  the  object  of  the  nitre  being  to  render  the  fulminate  less  ex- 
plosive and  to  give  body  to  the  flame.  To  protect  the  percussion-powder 
from  moisture,  and  also  to  secure  it  from  falling  out,  it  is  covered  over,  in 
each  cap,  with  a  drop  of  pure  shellac  varnish. 

25* 


;]ll(J  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Tl.r  r.  pprr  hT  vKikivj  the  cips  is  obtained  in  sliccts  48  inches  long  and  14 
iii.hrs  widi'.  wfijrliii)};  -5  H'^-  :  ii  variiitiou  of  4  ounces,  more  or  less,  is 
:iHu\vcil.  Till"  cnpinT  sli'Mild  ])e  jtiiro,  free  from  seams,  holes,  or  blisters, 
wo'.l  aiimalod,  and  as  evenly  rolled  as  possible,  with  straight  and  smooth 
ed^res. 

The  copper  is  cleaned  by  immersion  in  a  pickle  made  of  1  part  (by 
nuMMire)  of  sulidiuric  acid  and  40  parts  of  water;  it  is  scoured  with 
i\w  sand  and  a  hand-brush,  and  waslicd  clean  in  running  water, — after 
which  it  is  well  dried  in  clean  sawdust  and  rubbed  over  with  a  cloth 
sli.Lrhily  oiled:   it  is  then  ready  for  the  machine. 

']'«»  rr.Ki'AitK  riiH  FiLMiNATE  OF  Mekcury. — Dissolvc,  in  a  glass  retort 
caj'alile  of  holding  about  a  lialf-gallon,  10  oz.  of  pure  mercury  in  5  lbs.  of 
nitric  acid  of  the  specific  gravity  of  1.40.  The  solution  is  made  by  placing 
the  returt  in  a  water  or  sand  bath  of  about  120°,  or  exposed  to  the  sun's 
rays  on  a  warm  day.  The  vapors  which  come  over  are  very  deleterious, 
and  should  not  be  inhaled. 

^\  hen  the  solution  is  complete,  pour  the  liquor  into  a  wide-mouthed  glass 
vessel  capable  of  holding  8  to  10  gallons,  into  which  5.075  lbs.  of  alcohol 
(aliout  i',.l  pints)  of  the  specific  gravity  of  0.85  have  been  previously  poured. 
C.-ire  must  be  taken  \o  jiourt/ic  nitrate  cf  mercury  on  the  alcohol,  as  the  reverse 
mode  of  mixing  is  dangerous.  Great  heat  is  evolved  during  the  etfer- 
vcsrence  which  ensues  from  the  mixture,  and  the  glass  vessels  used  should  be 
well  annealed  and  of  a  form  to  bear  a  high  heat  without  breaking.  Carboys 
of  thin  tlini-glass,  Avithout  mouth-rings  or  any  abrupt  change  in  thickness, 
are  best.  The  operation  should  be  performed  at  a  safe  distance  from  the 
\\\\\  as  the  vapors  of  ether  disengaged  arc  highly  inflammable.  When  red- 
dish fumes  hv'/m  to  appear,  they  must  be  reduced  by  adding  alcohol  iu 
Kiiiall  iiuaniilifs. 

The  jiioj  onion  of  alcohol  used  in  the  Avhole  operation  varies  according 
to  the  sireiigih  of  the  acid  and  alcohol,  and  also  with  the  state  of  the 
weather.  Tiie  jn-oper  4u;intity  is  that  Avhich  is  just  sufficient  to  keep  down 
the  reddish  fumes,  and  is  determined  l)y  trial  with  the  materials  used. 

When  the  ell'erveseencc  has  ceased,  the  fulminate  of  mercury  is  found  at 
the  b.,itoni  of  the  vessel  as  a  brownish  precipitate.  A  small  quantity  of 
Water  i<  poured  in,  and  the  contents  transferred  to  the  washing-tub,  where 
it  is  repeatedly  washed  in  soft  Avater,  until  the  Avater  no  longer  reddens 
l:t!;,u-^-pa]icr. 

T!ie  lulminate  is  in  the  form  of  very  small  crystals,  of  a  light-gray  color 
ni;d  brilliant  surface.  If  the  operation  be  Avell  performed,  no  metallic  mer- 
rury  will  be  reproduced.  The  Aveight  of  the  fulminate  Avhen  dried  is  about 
14  per  cent,  ii-reater  than  that  of  the  mercury  used. 

If  the  pr..pcr  prop(jrti(.ns  be  not  used,  (or  if  the  materials  be  not  of 
gou'i  quality. )  the  product  will  be,  instead  of  fulminate,  an  impalpable, 


PERCUSSION-CAPS    FOR    SMALL    ARMS.  301 

yellow  powder,  wliich  is  incombustible.  When  this  is  observed,  the  result 
may  generally  be  corrected  by  varying  the  proporfion  of  alcohol  in  the 
mixture. 

The  fulminate  of  mercury  is  kept  under  water,  in  stone  jars,  which  should 
be  preserved  from  frost. 

A  day^s  work. — In  a  warm,  clear  day,  1  master  and  2  assistants  can  make, 
and  partially  wash,  100  lbs.  of  fulminate  in  10  hours. 

To  Prepare  the  Percussion-Powder. — Take  about  2  lbs.  of  the  wet  ful- 
minate in  an  earthen  dish  ;  drain  the  water  from  it,  and  spread  it  on  sheets 
of  blotting-paper  until  it  is  sufficiently  dry  to  assume  the  granular  form  and 
retains  only  20  per  cent,  of  moisture.  In  this  state  add  to  it  GO  per  cent, 
of  its  weight  of  refined  pulverized  nitre,  and  thoroughly  mix  the  ingre- 
dients, on  a  wooden  table,  with  the  hand  and  a  wooden  spatula,  and  pass 
it  several  times  through  an  iron  sieve  No.  3 ;  spread  it  on  sheets  of  paper 
in  quantities  of  J  lb.  each,  and  dry  it  in  the  sun  or  in  a  room  warmed  by 
flues.  When  quite  dry,  pass  the  J-lb.  parcels  through  a  fine  hair  sieve,  by 
rubbing  it  with  the  hand,  and  put  each  parcel  in  a  separate  box,  made  of 
paper,  varnished  on  the  inside  and  outside  with  shellac  varnish  and  having 
a  loosely-fitting  cover.  The  boxes  should  be  kept  in  a  small  magazine 
standing  apart  from  other  buildings,  upon  shelves  covered  with  cloth,  to 
prevent  friction  in  moving,  and  be  issued  one  at  a  time  to  the  person  having 
charge  of  the  cap-machine. 

Making  and  Filling  the  Caps. — Both  of  these  operations  are  performed 
by  the  same  machine.  The  sheet  of  copper  is  adjusted  on  the  table  of  the 
machine.  The  hopper  is  filled  with  the  percussion-powder,  and  the  machine 
put  in  motion.  The  star  or  blank  is  cut  by  a  punch  and  transferred  to  a 
die,  where  it  is  formed  into  a  cap  by  a  second  punch.  The  cap  is  caught 
in  the  notches  of  the  revolving  horizontal  plate,  and  carried,  first  under 
the  hopper  containing  the  percussion-powder,  where  it  receives  its  charge 
of  ^  grain,  and  then  under  a  punch,  which  presses  the  charge  firmly  into 
the  cap,  and  lastly  to  the  drop-hole,  where  it  falls  into  the  receiving-drawer. 

The  hopper  is  supplied  from  time  to  time  from  the  2-ll>-  box,  while  the 
machine  is  at  rest,  using  a  small  copper  scoop  for  the  purpose,  and  the  box 
returned  to  its  special  closet,  at  least  one  yard  from  the  machine  and  above 
its  level,  before  the  machine  is  put  in  motion. 

As  a  cap  is  occasionally  exploded  under  the  punch  in  charging,  all  dust 
of  percussion-powder  should  be  frequently  removed,  and  only  a  small 
quantity  of  percussion-powder  kept  in  the  hopper.  The  receiving-drawer 
should  be  emptied  after  each  sheet  of  copper  is  completed:  2,314  caps  are 
made  from  each  sheet  48  inches  long  and  14  wide. 

A  daifs  ivork. — The  average  work  of  ten  hours,  including  all  necessai'y 
stoppages,  is  31,000  caps  for  each  machine. 

To  Prepare  the  Varnish. — Dissolve  1  lb,  of  the  best  gum  shellac  in  1  qt. 


;;ill.'  UU  DNANCK    INlANUxVL. 

of  rociitiol  alcohol  containing  O-j  per  cent,  of  pure  spirit.  The  solution 
is  male  umA  rcvulily  at  a  temperature  of  about  120°.  It  must  be  stirred 
fn-'iurntly  until  all  the  gum  is  dissolved.  It  is  made  and  fit  for  use  in  4 
hnms. 

Tlio  varnish  is  best  made  and  kept  in  glass  vessels.     1  qt.  of  alcohol  and 

1  II).  of  shellac  make  1.40  qt.  of  varnish.  A  small  quantity  of  alcohol  is 
occasionally  added  to  tliin  the  varnish  when  it  is  used. 

Kighteeu  quarts  of  varnish  are  required  for  1,000,000  caps.  Two  quarts 
of  alcohol  are  required  for  thinning  the  varnish. 

To  V.uiMsn  THE  Caps. — The  caps  are  put  into  holes  in  counting-plates 
made  of  sheet  brass,  15  inches  by  12  inches,  .05  inch  thick,  held  in  a  frame 
of  brass  rods  .35  inch  square.  This  is  quickly  done  by  taking  a  parcel 
of  caps  on  the  plate  and  shaking  it  sideways:  the  caps  settle  themselves 
in  the  holes.  Wiien  the  plate  is  filled,  the  defective  caps  and  those  which 
have  lost  their  charge  are  easily  detected  by  the  eye,  and  are  replaced  by 
perfect  ones.  The  plate  is  placed  in  its  bed  in  the  varnishing-machine, 
which  is  worked  by  hand,  and  each  row  of  caps  is  brought  in  turn  under 
a  row  of  wires,  which  are  alternately  dipped  into  a  pan  of  varnish  and 
then  into  the  caps,  leaving  in  each  a  drop  of  varnish. 

The  quantity  of  varnish  placed  in  each  cap  can  be  regulated  by  the  size 
of  the  wires,  or  by  the  depth  to  which  they  enter  the  varnish.  The  caps 
remain  in  the  i)late  30  to  40  minutes,  when  the  varnish  is  sufficiently  set  to 
allow  of  their  being  turned  into  a  tray  for  drying.  These  trays  are  of  wood, 
IS  inches  long,  12  inches  wide,  and  1  inch  deep,  and  contain  2,500  caps. 
The  caps  remain  in  the  trays  for  3  days  in  a  room  heated  to  about  100°. 
They  are  then  put  into  bags,  and  kept  at  the  same  temperature  for  10  days 
longer,  before  they  are  packed  in  boxes. 

A  'l(ii/\s  work. — Due  boy  can  count  and  varnish  7,000  caps  per  hour. 

Pacicinc— The  caps  are  put  into  bags  of  strong  cotton  duck,  10,000  in  a 
bag.  and  ten  bags  are  packed  in  a  wooden  box.  The  box  is  lined  with 
thick  paper,  the  bags  are  packed  in  tow,  and  the  cover  is  fastened  with  six 

2  inch  wood-screws. 

Bacs  and  Packint.-Boxks.— The  bags  are  6  inches  in  diameter  and  13.5 
inches  deep.  They  are  made  with  circular  bottoms,  like  cartridge-bags  for 
field-service. 

They  are  marked  with  the  number  of  the  bag,  the  contents,  the  place 
and  date  of  fabrication. 

nr  parlhvj-hnxcs  arc  made  of  1-inch  white  pine,  dovetailed;  they  have 
brackets  for  rope  handles  on  the  ends,  are  painted  olive  color,  and  marked 
on  the  en.l<  with  the  number  and  kind  of  contents,  and  on  the  inside  of  the 
cover  with  the  place  and  date  of  fabrication. 

Jnt.ru.r  Dimnmons.—l.cixgai,  28.75  inches;  width,  12  inches;  depth,  8.5 
inclics. 


ROCK-FIRE.  803 

Weir/hts.—Of  1,000,000  caps,  944  lbs. 

Of  bag  with  10,000  caps,  9.625  lbs. 

Of  packing-box,  25  lbs. 

Of  box  packed  with  100,000  caps,  127  lbs. 

Materials  kequired  for  1,000,000  Caps. 
For  the  Caps. — 1,300   lbs.  sheet   copper,  of  which   about   one-third  is 
returned  in  scraps. 

For  the  Powder. — 42  lbs.  mercury. 
336  lbs.  nitric  acid. 
382  lbs.  alcohol. 
24  lbs.  nitre. 
For  the  Varnish. — 10  lbs.  gum  shellac. 

12  qts.  alcohol. 
For  Bags. — 31  yards  of  cotton  duck,  .75  yard  wide. 
For  Boxes. — 150  feet  white  pine  boards. 

Note, — Experience  has  shown  that  it  is  not  safe  to  try  to  wash  the  per- 
cussion-powder from  partly-filled  caps.  A  lot  of  unvarnished  caps,  im- 
perfectly filled,  being  soaked  in  water  for  several  days,  became  coated  with 
a  substance  much  more  explosive  than  the  original  fulminate. 

The  percussion-powder  must  be  burned  out,  and  the  cap  polished  by 
rolling  in  a  dust-barrel. 

INCENDIARY  COMPOSITIONS,  LIGHTS,  AND  SIGNALS. 
Rock-Fire. 

Rock-fire  is  a  composition  which  burns  slowly,  is  difficult  to  extinguish, 
and  is  used  to  set  fire  to  buildings,  ships,  etc.  That  which  is  put  into 
shells  is  cast  in  cylindrical  cases  of  paper  having  a  priming  in  their  axes. 

Materials. — Rosin,  3  parts;  sulphur,  4:;  nitre,  10;  regulus  of  antimony, 
1;  mutton-tallow,  1;   turpentine,  1. 

Utensils. — A  furnace  of  second  kind,  (page  200,)  or  large  kettle  in  the 
open  air;  spatulas;  Zac?^e  with  long  handle ;  balance  smd  weights ;  sieves. 

Preparation  of  the  Composition. — Pulverize  the  sulphur,  nitre,  and 
antimony  separately ;  mix  them  with  the  hands,  and  pass  them  through 
sieve  No.  2 ;  melt  the  tallow  first,  then  the  rosin,  stirring  the  mixture  with 
spatulas ;  add  the  turpentine,  and  next  the  other  materials,  in  small  quan- 
tities at  a  time,  stirring  the  whole  constantly  with  large  spatulas. 

Let  one  portion  of  the  composition  be  melted  before  more  is  added,  and 
work  with  great  precaution  to  prevent  it  from  taking  fire.  When  the  com- 
position becomes  of  a  brown  color,  and  white  vapors  are  disengaged,  the 
fire  is  permitted  to  go  down;  and  when  the  composition  is  sufficiently  fluid, 
the  cases  are  filled  with  the  ladle  not  more  than  three-fourths  full. 


:]{)[  ORDNAXCK    MANUATi. 

l'\i'KK(".\sr.s  .\Ni»  rniMiNfi-TuiJKS.— The  cases  are  made  of  rocket-paper, 

ill  ilic  luiiniicr  <lc<ciil't''l  I'^'i'  ixni  iiro-rascs.  The  priming-tubes  are  made 
lit'  cirtriiUrc  paiKT.  i-asinl  al'tcr  tlio  first  turn,  and  rolled  hard. 

i'n.i.iM.  TiiK  Casks. The  cases  are  an-anged  in  a  frame,  the  lower  end  of 

oa.-ii  iiiM'rto-l  in  a  socket,  in  the  centre  of  which  is  a  spindle  to  support 
tiif  priming-tube. 

Tlie  upper  ends  uf  the  cases  are  held  in  place  by  short  cylindrical  spouts 
aiiaehcd  to  the  lower  side  of  a  reservoir  which  rests  on  the  top  of  the 
Iraiiic.  Tiic  composition  is  poured  into  the  reservoir,  and  the  frame  is 
gcuily  shaken  to  settle  the  composition  in  the  cases  until  they  are  filled. 

Wlicn  the  composition  has  become  solid,  the  cylinders  are  taken  out  of 
the  frame  and  trimmed:  the  priming-tubes  are  charged  with  composition 
N(i.  1  tor  mortar-fuzes,  driven  the  same  as  mortar-fuzes;  the  ends  of  the 
c\liii'lors  are  last  dipped  in  mealed  powder. 

Wlicn  rock-tire  cannot  be  had  to  put  into  shells,  the  paper  cases  may  be 
tilled  with  portfire-composition,  driven  as  usual;  or  pieces  of  portfire  may 
be  inserted  in  the  shells. 

Pitched  Fascines. 

riiched  fascines  are  fagots  of  dry  twigs  covered  over  with  an  incendiary 
composition,  and  used  to  set  fire  to  buildings  or  to  light  up  a  work. 
To  Mark  Pitched  Fascines. 

MvTKUiAi.s. — />;■?/  branrJics,  about  0.5  inch  diameter,  or  other  light, 
comii!i<!ilile  wood;   iron  wire,  about  0.5  inch  diameter. 

rn.Nsii.s. — i  /'icL-rls,  40  inches  long  and  1]  inch  diameter;  cylindrical 
stick.-:,  lid  inches  long.  1]  inch  diameter;  2  trace-ropes ;  1  rope  for  a  cap- 
stan:  li  l>i->rs;   1  .'</)uill  cord;   ]  J/at  punch;   1  saw  or  bill-liook ;   1  block. 

'I'o  M AKi:  THE  Fascine. — Formtwo  crotches,  1  foot  apart,  with  the  40-inch 
jiickcts  :  cut  tlie  branches  20  inches  long,  and  tie  them  in  the  middle  of  their 
length,  and  al)out  2  inches  from  their  ends,  with  annealed  wire,  and  place 
in  the  axis  a  cylindrical  stick,  intended  to  preserve  a  vacant  space:  draw 
Ihf  blanches  tightly  together,  that  they  may  hold  the  composition  better, 
and  cut  otf  the  ends  S(piare. 

To  FiTCM  THE  Fascines. 

M  \TKr.iAi.s. — Pitch;  lar  ;  multon-laUow ;  linseed-oil,  in  Sl  hov;!;  sawdust, 
in  a  barrel  :   r"rlc-jirr  for  pi'iming. 

I  I  r.Nsii.s. — 2  j'Ots  in  a  furnace  of  the  first  kind;  2  spatulas  ;  1  ladle  with 
a  lMii:_r  inni'lle;  1  small  iron /•irk.  with  a  long  wooden  handle  ;  2  tubs  ;  planks. 

'I'hr  t;i-<-ines  receive  two  coats  of  composition. 

/',  .'  ,-.„//._M,,it  Ui I  parts  of  pitch  and  1  of  tallow  in  the  pots,  filling  them 
n..t  niui-..  than  half  full.  Having  first  well  oiled  the  cylindrical  stick, 
I'lun-e  ili<.  la^cine  into  the  FKiuid  with  the  fork,  first  one  end,  then  the 
oiiier.  each   lime  pouring  on  the  upper  end  two  ladlefuls  of  the  composi- 


TORCHES. TARRED    LINKS.  305 

tion.  Let  the  composition  harden,  holding  the  fascine  over  the  pot,  turn- 
ing it  slowly,  and  then  immerse  it  in  the  tub  of  water. 

The  assistant,  with  his  hands  covered  with  oil,  fashions  the  fascine, 
rolling  it  on  the  bottom  of  the  tub,  and  places  it  on  the  planks. 

Second  coat  is  put  on  24  hours  after  the  first ;  it  is  composed  of  equal 
parts  of  pitch  and  rosin,  melted  and  mixed  together  in  the  pot.  The 
cylindrical  stick  is  taken  out,  and  the  fascine  immersed  in  the  composition, 
as  with  the  first  coat :  it  is  permitted  to  drip,  and  is  then  laid  in  saAvdust 
and  powdered  all  over  with  it.  A  fascine  requires  about  1.1  lb.  of  each 
composition.  Fascines  should  be  primed  only  a  short  time  before  being 
used.  For  this  purpose  dip  each  end,  for  a  distance  of  a  half-inch,  into  a 
kettle  holding  melted  rock-fire. 

When  used  for  incendiary  purposes,  fascines  are  placed  in  piles,  and 
pieces  of  quick-match  and  portfire  scattered  over  them  to  make  the  whole 
mass  take  fire  at  once. 

Torches. 

Torches  are  made  of  a  number  of  strands  of  twine  slightly  twisted,  or 
old  rope,  covered  with  a  composition  to  give  light. 

Materials. — Hemp  twine,  slightly  twisted,  about  0.08  inch  diameter ; 
cartridge-thread;  miitton-tallow  ;  yellow  to  ax ;  rosin;  glue;  quicklime. 

Utensils. — 1  pot ;  2  spatulas;  1  ladle;  glue-pot  and  bath;  knife;  1  mould. 

Preparation. — Melt  in  the  pot  1  part  of  tallow,  2  of  yellow  wax,  and  8 
of  rosin,  stirring  it  with  spatulas.  The  twine  is  formed  in  hanks  of  about 
40  threads,  3  feet  long,  cut  at  one  end,  and  tied  with  twine,  forming  a 
handle,  at  the  other. 

The  hanks  are  immersed  for  ten  minutes  in  tlic  composition,  and  then 
drawn  through  a  mould  of  the  proper  size.  They  are  suspended  by  the 
handle  in  a  shady  place  to  harden ;  24  hours  after,  they  are  painted  over 
with  a  warm  solution  of  a  half-pound  of  quicklime  and  ^  of  an  ounce  of 
glue  to  a  quart  of  water. 

With  old  rope. — Boil  the  rope,  well  beaten  and  untwisted,  in  a  solution 
of  equal  parts  of  nitre  and  Avater  ;  when  dry,  cut  it  in  pieces  4  feet  long  ;  tie 

3  or  4  of  these  pieces  around  a  piece  of  pine  wood,  2  inches  in  diameter  and 

4  feet  long;  cover  the  whole  with  a  mixture  of  equal  parts  of  sulphur  and 
mealed  powder,  moistened  with  brandy  ;  fill  the  intervals  between  the 
cords  with  a  paste  of  3  parts  of  sulphur  and  1  of  quicklime.  When  it  is 
dry,  cover  the  whole  torch  with  the  following  compositicn  : 

Pitch,  3  parts;  Venice  turpentine,  3  parts;  turpentine,  l  part. 

TarrcAl  Llnhs. 
Tarred  links  are  made  of  old  rope,  covered  over  with  a  composition  to 
give  light. 


•;il,;  OIIDNANCK    MANUAL. 

M  MKUiAi.s.  — ^>/'/  sloir-mittrh  or  rope;  cartridfje-thrcad ;  ends  of  rope. 
(inr  Ink  rciuiro-^  .]  lb.  of  tow  und  1  to  1]  lb.  of  composition. 

In  >,,ii.s.  — J/,/////;   kitijc. 

To  MvKi.  TiiK  Links.— The  old  rope  is  well  beaten  with  mallets;  the  short 
oiid<  arc  tied  together  with  cartridge-thread.  The  links  are  formed  by 
('..iliiig  the  soft  rope  around  the  hand,  in  coils  of  3  inches  interior  and  6 
iiirhrs  exteviur  diameter,  loosely  tied  with  thread. 

To  T  \it  I  iiK  Links. — The  links  are  covered  with  composition  as  described 
f..r  faseiiies. 

Tarred  links  burn  one  hour  in  calm  weather,  half  an  hour  in  a  high 
wind,  an.l  are  not  extinguislied  in  the  rain.  Two  of  them  are  put  in  a 
ram i>art -grate  on  a  bed  of  shavings.  The  grates  are  placed  about  250  feet 
apart. 

F!re-Balh. 

Fire-balls  are  projectiles  of  an  oval  shape,  formed  of  sacks  of  canvas 
filled  with  combustible  composition.  They  are  used  to  light  up  the  enemy's 
Works,  and  are  loaded  with  shells,  to  prevent  them  from  being  approached, 

MviKitiALS. — Strong,  dose  ca7ivas,  (sail-cloth;)  rope;  cartridge-thread; 
rd  rl^iilk;  slnw-inaich ;  loaded  shells;  pitch.  A  composition  of  8  parts 
of  saltjH'tre  as  it  comes  from  the  refinery,  2  of  pulverized  sulphur,  and  1 
of  .intimony,  passed  through  sieve  No.  2,  These  materials  are  mixed  in 
the  hands,  jtassed  through  sieve  No.  4,  moistened  with  gL  their  weight  of 
water,  and  pas.-ed  again  through  the  same  sieve. 

r  ir.Nsii.s. — Tlie  necessary  utensils  for  grinding  and  preparing  the  com- 
jiisiiidu:  ]V'-o'l'))  pattern,  red  clutlk,  1  jniir  shears,  collar-needles,  mallet, 
K!U'ill  gauge  of  the  calibre  of  the  fire-balls,  scoop,  tarred  links,  1  wooden 
inn>ild,  '1  imndnt  drifts  20  inches  long,  one  of  them  1]-  inch  and  the  other 
2.\  to  \  inches  in  diameter;  2  icooden  pins  4}  inches  long,  the  small  end 
the  si/.e  of  a  jtaper  fuze. 

Tn  .Maki;  tuf.  Sack. — -^Nlark  out  the  pieces  by  means  of  the  pattern,  and 
cut  them  with  the  shears;  baste  two  or  three  thicknesses  together,  accord- 
ing to  the  strength  of  the  canvas;  sew  tliree  or  more  together,  enough  to 
make  the  sack;  leave  one  end  open,  forming  a  mouth  for  charging;  turn 
the  bag  to  bring  tlic  scams  on  the  inside.  The  mouth  may  be  made  fast 
to  an  irnn  hoop,  large  enough  to  admit  the  shell,  with  which  the  fire-ballis 

Ini.de.j. 

Tm  ri:i.i'AKK  Tin:  Siir.i.r.. — Charge  the  shell  with  powder,  and  put  in  a 
sb.w  fu/e.  Dip  the  tarred  link  into  the  melted  rosin,  pitch,  and  tallow,  and 
fa-t.  I,  it  Willi  twine  to  the  shell,  around  the  fuze-hole. 

'l'"''!!  \i;<;iTur.SA<'K.— Place  the  sack  in  the  mould,  and  secure  the  mouth 
t')  ii.  Tut  the  shell  Willi  the  tarred  link  in  the  bottom  of  the  sack,  the  fuze- 
liole  dnwiiward,  and  fasten  the  shell  down  with  twine  passed  through  the 


LIGHT-BALLS. — BLUE-LIGHTS.  807 

sides  of  the  sack,  or  -with  a  piece  of  canvas  secured  to  the  sides ;  put  in 
the  composition  with  a  scoop,  and  ram  it,  first  with  the  small  drift,  and, 
when  it  is  half  the  height  of  the  projectile,  with  the  large  drift,  driving  it 
with  the  mallet.  Continue  in  this  way  till  the  sack  is  filled  to  the  top. 
Close  the  mouth  of  the  sack,  sewing  the  pieces  together. 

The  Iron  Bottom. — The  ball  is  furnished  with  an  iron  bottom,  to  prevent 
it  from  being  broken  by  the  force  of  the  charge  in  the  mortar.  To  make 
the  bottom,  the  iron,  .2  inch  thick,  is  cut  in  a  circular  form,  heated  and 
partly  shaped  with  a  set  hammer,  in  a  concave  wooden  former;  it  is  again 
heated,  and  finished  in  an  iron  former.  It  is  then  put  into  a  lathe,  where 
the  outer  edge  is  trimmed  and  chamfered  to  the  thickness  of  ^  inch. 

The  iron  bottom  is  attached  to  the  ball  with  the  cement,  page  175 ;  the 
bottom  is  filled  about  one-third  full  with  the  cement,  and  the  loaded  end 
of  the  fire-ball  is  inserted  in  it  and  left  to  cool. 

The  ball  is  next  covered  and  strengthened  with  a  net-work  made  of  spun 
yarn  or  cord,  from  0.25  to  0,5  inch  thick,  according  to  the  size  of  the  ball. 
This  net-Avork  is  commenced  at  the  bottom  of  the  sack,  and  terminates  at 
the  top  in  a  strong  loop,  which  forms  a  handle  for  carrying  the  ball.  Fire- 
balls are  dipped  in  a  composition  of  equal  parts  of  pitch  and  rosin,  made 
warm.    The  ball,  when  finished,  should  pass  through  the  large  shell-gaurro. 

To  Prime  the  Balls. — Make  4  holes,  about  3  inches  below  the  top,  by 
driving  in  the  greased  wooden  pins  2  inches  deep.  When  the  ball  is  to  be 
primed,  take  out  these  pins  and  fill  the  holes  with  fuzes,  and  with  two 
strands  of  quick-match,  held  fast  by  the  composition ;  leave  room  in  the 
priming-hole  for  coiling  the  quick-match,  and  cover  it  with  a  piece  of 
canvas  fastened  with  4  nails. 

The  balls  are  not  primed  until  they  are  to  be  fired, 

Light-Balls. 
Light-balls  are  made  in  the  same  manner  as  fire-balls,  except  that  there 
is  no  shell  in  them,  as  they  are  used  for  lighting  up  our  own  works. 

Blue-Lights. 

Materials. — T^or  100  lights. — Saltpetre,  9  lbs.  10  oz,;  sulphur,  2  lbs.  fij  oz.  ; 
red  orpiment,  11  oz.  The  materials  should  be  pure,  well  pulverized,  and 
thoroughly  incorporated,  rubbing  them  in  the  hands  and  passing  them 
several  times  through  a  fine  hair  sieve.  Hemispherical  nips  of  well- 
seasoned  wood,  (beech,  linden,  etc.,)  with  a  handle  10  inches  long,  If  inch 
diameter ;   quick-match,  paper,  paste. 

Utensils. — The  necessary  utensils  for  pulverizing  and  mixing  the  com- 
position. 

Preparation. — Fill  the  cup  with  composition  and  press  it  firmly  in; 

26 


;;()v(  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

prime  <!.o  cup  with  quick-match,  and  cover  the  whole  with  cartridge-paper 
p-i-.tr<l  to  tlie  bottom  of  the  cup. 

The  l.rilliancy  of  the  liglit  depends  on  the  purity  and  thorough  incorpo- 
ration uf  tlie  nuiterials. 

SigiufJ-Rochcts. 

llockots  for  signals  are  composed  of  a  paper  case  charged  with  composi- 
tion, a  y.o/  filled  Willi  ornaments,  and  a  light  stick  to  give  direction. 

Uoi.-kots  are  denominated  by  the  interior  diameter  of  the  case.     The  most 
common  sizes  are  the  .75  inch,  1  inch,  and  1.5  inch. 
To  Maki;  tiik  Case. 

Matkiuai.s. — Xo.  A  paper;  pasfe  ;  strong  ticine. 

l.Mi'i.K.Mr.NTs. — Airl;  riih'r ;  knife;  sandstone;  rolling-hcnch ;  press  and 
crank  ;  chaking-iniichinc  ;  gauge  for  tlie  case;  paste-brush. 

To  Ci  T  THE  I'ArKi!. — Lay  off  the  paper  into  rectangles,  their  width  equal 
to  the  length  of  the  case,  pricking  wuth  the  aAvl  the  four  corners  on  several 
sheet <  at  once  ;   cut  them  with  the  knife. 

A  sheet  of  No.  4  paper  makes  two  rectangles  for  a  .75  inch  or  for  an  inch 
roeket,  by  cutting  it  parallel  to  the  short  or  the  long  side,  respectively. 

To  lloi.L  THE  Case. — Roll  the  rectangle  smoothly  on  the  former,  pasting 
the  ]Kiper  after  the  first  turn;  put  the  case  and  former  in  one  of  the  grooves 
of  the  press,  and,  by  means  of  the  crank  slipped  on  the  square  end  of  the 
former,  turn  it  ;  tlie  top  of  the  press  bearing  on  it  slightly  at  first.  Paste 
the  second  reet.ingle,  introduce  one  end  under  the  last  rectangle,  and  roll 
it  as  at  first.     (Jaugc  the  case,  to  see  that  it  is  the  size  of  the  mould. 

If  there  be  no  roeket-press  at  hand,  a  long  hand-rolling  board  may  be 
n^e'l  in<tea<l. 

To  CiioKi;  THE  Case. — Wrap  a  piece  of  strong  paper  around  the  end  of  the 
cast>  to  ]»e  choketl.  to  prevent  the  cord  from  chafing  it ;  take  a  turn  around 
it  with  the  choking-cord,  and  press  on  the  treadle,  turning  the  case  at  the 
same  time,  and  drawing  out  the  small  part  of  the  former  as  the  paper  con- 
tracts ;  make  the  choke  fast  1)y  wrapping  it  several  times  with  strong  twine, 
drawing  it  firmly,  and  tic  it  in  a  hard  knot;  place  the  cases  away  to  dry  in 
the  shade. 

To    DlllVK    TIIK    KOCKET. 

MvTKitiAi.s.  —  Kiiiptg  cast's;  composition;  dag  or  plaster  of  Paris. 

The  comjiosition  is  composed  of  2G  parts  of  nitre,  5^  of  sulphur,  and  19 
nf  charcoiil,  Avhich  are  mixed  by  rubbing  them  in  the  hand,  and  passing 
them  thr.'e  times  through  the  sieve  No.  2 ;  the  charcoal  is  added,  and 
niixrd  viih  tlie  hands.  If  antimony  or  steel-filings  be  used,  they  should 
be  .'I'M,..!  after  the  eliarcoal. 

AN  hen  beginning  with  a  new  composition  or  ncAV  materials,  it  is  necessary 


ROCKETS. 


309 


to  try  the  composition  by  firing  two  or  three  rockets  made  of  it,  and  regu- 
late the  height  of  the  solid.  If  the  rockets  do  not  ascend  sufficiently  high, 
increase  the  quantity  of  nitre,  and  diminish  it  if  the  rockets  burst  or  blow 
out  the  head. 

When  rockets  are  well  made,  they  ascend  rapidly  to  a  great  height,  and 
throw  out  their  ornaments  at  the  highest  point  of  the  curve,  after  all  the 
composition  has  burned  out. 

Utensils. — 1  mould  and  spindle;  1  block  of  wood,  settled  in  the  ground; 
3  hollow  drifts,  bored  to  admit  the  spindle;  1  solid  drift ;  mallets;  knives; 
sandstones ;  1  charging -ladle  of  such  size  that  its  contents,  when  driven  in 
the  case,  shall  be  a  diameter  in  height. 

To  Put  the  Case  in  the  Mould. — In  the  first  place,  cut  off  the  choked  end 
of  the  case  square,  and  to  such  a  length  that  when  the  case  is  settled  down 
on  the  spindle  the  choke  should  fit  closely  over  the  nipple,  and  the  end  of 
the  case  rest  on  the  base  of  the  spindle. 

Place  the  case  on  the  spindle,  the  choked  end  down ;  settle  it  with  two 
or  three  blows  of  the  mallet ;  set  the  mould  over  the  case  and  key  it  down. 

Driving  the  Rocket. — Take  a  ladleful  of  composition,  strike  off  the  sur- 
plus and  pour  it  into  the  case.  Use  first  the  longest  hollow  drift,  and  give 
each  ladleful  25  or  30  blows  with  the  mallet,  keeping  the  drift  down  on 
the  composition.  As  the  case  fills,  use  the  shorter  drifts  until  the  com- 
position reaches  the  top  of  the  spindle  ;  then  drive  1  diameter  in  height  with 
the  solid  drift,  cover  this  with  a  patch  of  stiff  paper  cut  to  fit  the  case,  and 
over  this  patch  drive  a  wad  \  diameter  high,  of  clay,  or  of  plaster  of  Paris 
slightly  moistened  with  water. 

Rockets  are  sometimes  driven  solid  throughout,  and  afterward  bored 
and  reamed  out  with  a  reamer  of  the  form  of  the  spindle. 

The  moulds  for  driving  are  not  indispensable.  Rockets  are  often  driven 
without  them.  For  this  purpose,  screw  the  spindle  vertically  into  the  top 
of  a  block  of  wood  firmly  imbedded  in  the  ground.  To  the  opposite  sides 
of  this  block  attach  two  upright  strips  of  plank,  and  fasten  to  them  a  cross- 
piece  which  has  near  its  centre  a  hole  to  fit  the  rocket-case  and  keep  it  steady 
on  the  spindle  in  driving. 

To  guard  agaitist  accidents,  drive  rockets  in  an  empty  room ;  particularly, 
let  no  powder  be  in  the  room,  or  composition,  except  that  iised  at  the  time, 
and  let  no  filled  rocket-cases  be  lying  about.  In  fair  weather  use  a  tent 
for  a  driving-room. 

To  Prime  the  Rocket. — Insert  in  the  bore  of  the  rocket  one  end  of  a  piece 
of  quick-match,  2  feet  long,  a  small  piece  of  paper  attached,  and  push  it 
in  securely  ;  coil  the  rest  of  the  matcli  in  the  bore  and  bottom  of  the  case. 
To  secure  it  from  dampness,  paste  over  the  end  of  the  case  a  circular  cap 
of  strong  paper. 


;;10  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

To  Makk  the  Pots. 

Maikki  M.S.  — .\'".  4  pnpcr,  j>astc. 

I'TKNSiLS.— yw//7V.  formrr,  roUin<j-board,  howl  for  paste,  brushes. 
M\Ki.N(;   TiiK  Pot.— Cut  the  rectangle  and  roll  it  on  the  former  as  de- 
srri))od  lor  p()rttire-ca.ses. 

To  Attach  the  Pot.— Paste  the  pot  on  the  inside  the  distance  of  one-half 
of  a  .lianictcr,  and  also  the  outside  of  the  case,  at  the  end  containing  the 
clay,  for  the  same  length  ;  slip  the  pot  on  the  pasted  end,  leaving  the  length 
of  the  put  al)ove  the  to})  of  the  case  one  and  a  half  diameter. 

To  secure  tlie  i)t)t  in  place  and  give  a  neat  finish,  cover  the  rocket-case 
and  pot,  wlien  dry,  with  thin  paper  pasted  on. 
To  Make  the  Cones. 
Matkimals. — Xu.  4  paper,  jmste,  thin  paper. 

Utensils. — Compasses,  IniiJ'e,  scissors,  conical  former,  howl  for  paste, 
bruslu-.s. 

Making  Cones. — Mark  out  the  No.  4  paper  by  describing  with  the  com- 
jiasses  circles  Avith  a  radius  equal  to  the  length  of  the  cone  required.  Cut 
ilioin  out  with  tlie  scissors,  and  cut  each  circle  into  semicircles.  Paste 
each  semicircle  and  I'oU  it  separately  on  the  former;  press  it  firmly,  and 
juit  it  away  to  dry.  Cut  the  cones  to  such  length  that  their  bases  shall  be 
of  the  same  diameter  as  the  pot.  Make  in  the  same  way  a  similar  cone  of 
thin  ]>apcr  one  inch  longer,  and  paste  it  on  the  first;  cut  the  part  of  the 
cone  furmod  of  one  thickness  of  paper  into  longitudinal  slips  \  inch  wide. 
To  Load  the  Pot  and  Pin  the  Cone. — Putin  the  bursting-charge  of  150 
to  .'51  Ml  grains  of  powder  in  the  bottom  of  the  pot,  and  fill  it  with  the  decora- 
tions, placing  the  serpents  and  streamers  on  end,  the  primed  ends  doAvn. 
Fill  the  coiie  with  tow,  and  paste  tlie  strips  of  the  cone  ;  place  the  cone  on 
the  jxtt.  and  press  the  strijjs  on  the  side  of  the  pot;  paste  a  narrow  band 
of  p'lper  ar.)iiiid  tlie  rocket  close  to  the  base  of  the  cone. 

The  .axes  of  the  rocket-case,  of  the  pot,  and  of  the  cone,  sliould  be  in 
tlie  same  line. 

To  Attach  the  Stick.- Tie  the  stick  to  the  rocket,  wdth  strong  twine  or 
annealed  iron  wire  from  .04  to  .08  inch  in  diameter,  at  two  places  :  first  at 
tlie  ciioke  of  the  case  and  the  second  notch  in  the  stick,  crossing  the  ends 
of  the  twine  und(>r  the  stick  to  prevent  its  moving  to  the  right  or  left;  the 
second,  in  the  notch  at  the  end  of  the  stick  and  near  the  pot;  tie  the 
twine  in  a  hard  knot,  .and  cut  the  ends  close. 

if  wire  lie  n-c(l,  twist  the  ends  together  with  pliers,  and  flatten  the  ends 
into  ilic  notrh. 

.\t'.r  the  Mick  is  attache<l,  the  centre  of  gravity  of  the  rocket  should 
be  !rn;u  .,s  mcli  lu  li  inches  from  the  end  of  the  case,  according  to  the  kind 
ct  do.-orations  used.  Por  this  purpose,  if  necessary,  reduce  the  size  of 
tiie  stick  ill  ihe  end. 


DECORATIONS    FOR   ROCKETS.  311 

^  DECORATIONS   FOR   ROCKETS. 

Stars. 

Materials. — See  table,  page  327. 

Utensils. — Tlie  necessary  utensils  for  weighing  and  grinding  the  mate- 
rials ;  a  cylindrical  viould  with  a  pin  in  the  axis,  and  a  piston  for  push- 
ing out  the  stars. 

To  Prkpare  the  Composition. — Reduce  the  materials  to  the  finest 
powder;  mix  them  with  the  hands;  pass  them  three  times  through  the 
sieve,  mixing  them  each  time  with  the  hand. 

Moisten  the  composition  with  whiskey  in  Avhich  gum  has  been  dissolved,- 
so  that  the  composition  shall  retain  its  form  when  pressed  in  the  hand. 

To  Mould  the  Stars. — Fill  the  mould  by  pressing  it  in  the  composition 
Bpread  out  in  a  wooden  bowl ;  push  out  the  star  with  the  piston,  letting  it 
fall  lightly  on  a  sheet  of  paper  dusted  over  with  mealed  powder. 

Colored  stars  are  made  in  the  same  manner  as  white  ones,  using  the 
compositions  indicated  in  the  table,  page  327. 

Serpents. 

Serpents  are  very  small  rocket-cases  charged  with  composition. 

Materials. — JVo.  4  paper,  thread,  paste,  clay. 

Utensils. — Knife;  former,  0.4  inch  in  diameter;  boicl  for  paste,  brushes, 
wooden  mould,  nipple,  drift,  mallet,  charger,  hand-rolling  board. 

To  Make  the  Case. — The  case  is  made  by  rolling  a  rectangle  of  paper  No. 
4  with  a  hand-rolling  board,  and  choking  it  at  one  end. 

The  cases  are  driven  |  their  length,  giving  each  ladleful  of  composition 
3  blows  with  the  mallet. 

The  case  is  choked  over  the  composition,  and  the  remainder  of  it  is 
nearly  filled  with  mealed  powder,  upon  which  a  small  paper  wad  is  placed; 
a  clay  head  is  then  driven  on  it,  and  the  end  of  the  case  turned  down,  to 
secure  it ;  the  other  end  is  primed  with  priming-paste,  or  a  small  strand 
of  quick-match. 

Streamers. 

Streamers  are  small  paper  cases  from  .2  to  .4  inch  diameter  and  from 
2  to  4  inches  long,  made  of  four  turns  of  No.  7  paper.  One  end  is  closed, 
and  the  case  is  charged  and  primed  like  that  of  a  lance. 

A  number  of  streamers  produce  the  effect  known  as  rain  of  fire. 

Gold  Rain. 

Gold  rain  is  made  of  small  stars,  all  of  the  same  size.  The  stars  are 
cubes,  the  length  of  whose  sides  is  .5  inch. 

*  The  use  of  the  gum  is  to  give  consistency  to  the  stars,  so  that  the  explosion  of  the  pot  may 
not  break  them  to  pieces  and  thereby  destroy  tlie  effect. 

26* 


;U2  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Mar  WHS. 

Marroii.s  are  siiuill  cubic  boxes,  made  of  pasteboard,  filled  -witli  powder, 
and  wrapped  with  strong  twine.  Tliey  are  used  to  give  a  loud  report,  or 
the  etlVct  of  cannonading. 

.Matkhiai.s. — Pasteboard,  cartridge-paper,  strong  twine  or  marline,  paste, 
quick-match,  ponder. 

Utknsils. — Knife,  ruler,  pencil,  pu?ich. 

To  Makk  thk  Makhons. — Cut  tlie  pasteboard  into  rectangles  whose  sides 
shall  ])o  ?>  and  5  times,  respectively,  the  length  of  the  side  of  the  marron  re- 
quired. Divide  tlie  rectangle  into  15  equal  squares;  cut  out  the  squares 
forming  the  four  corners  of  the  rectangle,  and  divide  the  three  remaining 
squares  on  tlie  long  side  from  each  other  by  a  cut  the  length  of  their  side 
and  perpendicular  to  the  long  side  of  the  rectangle. 

Form  a  small  cubic  box  with  the  pasteboard  thus  cut  out ;  paste  the 
squares  together  which  cover  each  other,  and  paste  a  band  of  paper  around 
the  box,  leaving  the  cover  open.  When  dry,  fill  the  box  with  powder,  paste 
down  the  cover,  and  envelope  it  Avith  two  or  three  layers  of  strong  twine. 
Cover  tlie  marron  with  glue  or  kit,  and  prime  it  with  quick-match  inserted 
in  a  hole  punched  into  the  powder  at  the  middle  of  one  of  the  faces. 


DIMENSIONS    AND    WEIGHTS    OF    ROCKETS.  313 

Dimensions  and  Weights  of  Rockets  and  their  Ornaments. 


Interior  diam'r  of  Rockets. 


.io  in. 


lin. 


Height  of  rectangle  for  cases inches 

Length  of  the  finished  case* " 

Interior  diameter  of  the  choke ,..  " 

Exterior  diameter  of  the  case " 

r  Height " 

Spindle.-^  Diameter  at  base " 

I     .       "  top " 

/  Diameter " 

"t  Height " 

Diameter  of  cylinder  and  part  of  nipple " 

Diameter  " 


Nipple. 


Dripts  ... - 


Length    of   cylindrical 
part 


Conical 
cavity. 


1st  drift.. 
2d  " 
3d  " 
4th  " 
1st  drift.. 
2d  " 
3d      " 


''  Diameter  at 

bottom  or-^ 

base... 

Common  diameter  at  top     " 

r  1st  drift..     " 

Length  of....  4  2d       "  " 

Ud       " 

Driving-  /  "Weight pounds 

Mallet.  \  Length  of  handle inches 


(  Diameterf 

\  Length  of  cylinder 


Charger 

(  Whole  length 

Height  of  the  solid " 

Composition  for  100  rockets pounds 

Clay  in  head ounces 

Length inches 


Pot. 


Rectangle..  I  jj^jg^^ 


Former,  diameter " 

Weight    offg^^'''-; °"",f^ 

pot ^erpents 

^  (^Goldram <' 

Bursting-charge " 

{^     •     -,  r,  f  Height inches 

Conical  former..  ^  ,..   *=   ,        ,, 

(^  Diameter  at  base  " 

Length  of  finished  cone " 

{Length " 

Thickness  of  large  end " 

"  small  end " 


Cone. 


10. 

9.25 
.25 

1.35 

6.25 
.25 
.13 
.75 
.65 
.75 
.72 

9.65 

7.25 

4.5 

2.5 
.27 
.24 
.21 
.14 

6.75 

4.25 

3. 

1.25 

8. 

2.25 

2.5 

7. 

1.5 
30. 

.75 
12.5 

3.10 

1.35 

1. 

1. 

1. 
.5 

3.25 

1.5 

1.75 
80. 
.6 
.35 


11. 
10.60 
.42 
1.60 
6.75 
.42 
.21 
1.0 
.7 
1.0 
.97 
10. 
9. 

5.25 
3.0 
.44 
.36 
.33 
.23 
7.5 
5.0 
3. 
1.5 
8. 

2.75 
2.20 
7.75 
2.0 
50. 
1. 


1.60 
5 

5 
75 


*  "VVitliout  the  pot. 

t  Its  contents,  when  driven,  should  bo  half  a  diameter  in  height. 


:>U 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


8iars 

G.)l  I  ruin. 
Stroanicrs 
Serpents.. 


1-in.  ]{<>cket. 


1.5-in.  T\Ocket. 


Xuiiibcr.l  Woiyht.  i  iXuiubcr.i  Weight     Number. 


• 

i 

t 

' 

10 

1 
Grains. 

4'JU 

15 

Grains. 
700 

10 

490 

15 

700 

i       8 

085 

12 

1025 

1       3 

525 

!       4 

850 

20 
18 


Grains. 

890 

870 

1575 

1350 


WAR-ROCKETS. 

The  war-rocket  used  in  the  military  service  is  made  after  Hale's  patent. 
It  consists,  1st.  Of  a  sheet-iron  case  lined  with  paper  and  charged  with 
ri»cket-co!nposition.  2d.  Of  a  cast-iron  cylindro-conoidal  head,  with  a  small 
cavity  coniinunicating  with  the  bore  of  the  rocket,  and  pierced  with  three 
lioles,  ohli(iue  to  the  surface,  for  the  escape  of  gas.  3d.  Of  a  wrought-iron 
]>\yi'i.  welded  into  the  rear  end  of  the  case,  and  having  a  hole  in  its  axis  for 
the  escape  of  gas. 

Tlie  rocket  is  driven  forward  by  the  escape  of  gas  through  the  hole  in 
the  rear  en<l,  and  a  motion  of  rotation  around  its  axis  is  given  to  it  by  tlie 
escape  of  gas  througli  tlie  holes  in  the  head,  whereby  its  direction  is  pre- 
served without  tlie  iise  of  a  directing-stick. 

TIio  composition  is  pressed  solid  in  the  case  by  means  of  a  powerful  press, 
and  the  bore  of  tlie  rocket  is  drilled  and  reamed  out  to  the  proper  size. 

The  sizes  of  rockets  are  indicated  by  the  interior  diameter  of  the  cases. 

The  two  sizes  used  are  the  two-inch  and  three-inch. 

To  Makk  tiik  3-ixcii  Case. — Select  tlie  best  lap-welded  sheet-iron  tubing. 
Cut  it  into  lengths  of  14.4  inches,  and  weld  into  one  end  a  ring  made  of  bar 
iron  (».t.25  inch  by  .25  inch,  leaving  a  hole  in  the  centre  of  .75  inch  diameter. 
Swage  the  ring  into  a  conical  shape,  the  small  end  l.G  inch  diameter;  cut 
(.ff  the  ends  of  the  ca'^e  s(iiiare.  and  ream  out  tlie  hole  to  .95  inch  diameter. 

II. 'am  out  tlie  hole  in  the  base  of  the  head  to  .875  inch,  turn  and  fit  the 
head  into  the  case,  and  l)ore  three  holes,  equidistant  from  each  other,  ,45 
inch  diameter,  through  the  lap  of  tlie  case  and  head  into  the  cavity  of  the 
laiicr,  the  holes  in  a  plane  perpendicular  to  the  axis,  but  the  holes  not 
l>a-<iiig  tlirough  the  axis.  P.ore  nine  holes  .18  inch  in  diameter  through 
the  ca<e  into  the  head,  for  riveting  on  th(i  head. 
Til  Dhivk  Tin;  IIOCKKT. 
<:.in/.  ,,;f>,,>i.—\i-/rp,  10  parts;  .v/Iphur,  2;  charcoal,^.  Place  the  case  in 
ill'-  iio.iiM.  jiut  in  the  case  about  3]  oz.  of  composition,  and  press  it  with  a 
pr(-<in<'  of  ab(,u!  20  tons:  continue  in  the  same  way  until  the  composition 
is  abinit  \:i  iricli  from  the  top:  put  in  a  layer  of  potter's  clay  .25  inch  thick 


WAR-ROCKETS.  315 

•when  pressed :  a  space  of  .95  inch  is  left  vacant  for  a  pasteboard  washer 
and  the  cast-iron  head. 

To  Bore  the  Rocket. — Remove  the  rocket  to  the  boring-room ;  drill  a 
hole  .75  inch  diameter  through  its  entire  length  ;  ream  out  the  hole  to  .95 
inch  at  the  tail  and  .75  inch  at  the  head  ;  bore  the  hole  in  the  clay  .875 
inch  diameter. 

To  Fasten  on  the  Head. — Put  a  washer  of  pasteboard  on  the  clay,  insert 
the  head  and  rivet  it  on,  cork  up  the  holes,  and  cover  the  rocket  with  a  coat 
of  paint. 

Dimensions. — Whole  length  of  the  rocket 16.9  inches. 

Length  of  the  finished  case 14.2       " 

Exterior  diameter  of  case 3.25     " 

Interior  diameter  of  case 3.00     '* 

Weight  of  rocket,  complete 14.00  pounds. 

Rockets  are  carefully  packed  in  tow,  in  boxes  containing  8  rockets  each. 
The  contents  of  boxes  to  be  marked  on  each  end. 

Dimensions  of  Packing-Boxes. — Length,  interior 17.    inches. 

AVidth,  interior 12.5      " 

Depth G.5      '' 

Weight  of  box",  empty 20.    pounds. 

Weight  of  box,  packed 136.5      " 

These  rockets  are  fired  from  open  tubes  formed  of  rods  of  iron  bent 
spirally  and  mounted  on  a  portable  stand. 

Petard. 

The  petard  is  a  box  of  wood  filled  with  powder,  used  to  blow  down  doors, 
gates,  barriers,  etc. 

The  box  should  be  made  of  dry  wood,  and  have  paper  pasted  over  the 
joints  to  prevent  the  powder  from  sifting  out.  A  fuze,  by  which  the  petard 
is  fired,  is  screwed  into  the  box,  reaching  to  the  powder. 

The  box  should  contain  at  least  20  lbs.  of  powder. 

The  eflfects  of  petards  are  nearly  proportioned  to  the  square  of  the 
charges  of  powder  they  contain,  and  their  efi'ects  are  considerably  increased 
if  loaded  with  sand-bags. 

A  10  or  8  inch  shell  filled  with  powder,  and  provided  with  a  long  fuze, 
may  be  used  for  a  petard. 

STORAGE  AND  PRESERVATION  OF  AMMUNITION  AND  FIREWORKS. 
Store-houses  and  magazines  should  be  kept  in  the  neatest  possible  order, 
the  stores  arranged  as  much  as  possible  by  classes,  kinds,  and  calibres, 
and  labelled.  They  should  be  ventilated  from  time  to  time,  in  the  middle  of 
the  day,  in  fine  weather, — particularly  those  which  contain  ammunition  and 
fireworks  which  are  injured  by  moisture. 


310  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Pruvi'le  clotli  ])lin(ls  for  all  windows  exposed  to  the  sun. 

I.,  i>hu  r.'ilh  'AW  f,a'iHM';ilIy  kej)t  in  cellars,  on  account  of  their  weight; 
the  ))<>xfs  -hould  be  kept  as  dry  as  possible,  and  so  piled  as  to  admit  the 
cirfiilation  of  air  about  them. 

('•irtrxlijrs  for  small  arms  are  kept  in  magazines,  the  barrels  or  boxes 
bein^  i>iled  o  or  4  tiers  high  at  most. 

fijrd  Ammunlduii  for  Cannon. — If  not  in  boxes,  it  should  be  placed  in 
piles  fornie<l  of  two  parallel  rows  of  cartridges,  with  the  sabots  together, — 
in  t  tiers  for  12-pdr.,  and  5  for  G-pdr.  ;  chock  the  lower  tier  with  strips 
of  wood  fastened  with  small  nails  ;  put  a  layer  of  tow  2  inches  thick  between 
(he  shot ;  let  the  piles  rest  on  planks,  if  there  be  no  floor,  and  cover  them 
with  tarpaulins;  have  the  place  swept,  and  the  cartridge-bags  brushed  off. 
Leave  a  passage  of  18  inches  between  the  double  rows,  and  keep  them  2 
feet  from  tlie  walls. 

Fixed  ammunition  should  not  be  put  into  powder-magazines,  if  it  can  be 
avoided  ;  it  should  be  kept  in  a  dry  place,  above  the  ground-floor  if  prac- 
ticable; the  store-rooms  should  be  always  aired  in  fine  weather;  the  piles 
should  be  taken  down  and  made  up  again  every  six  months  at  most,  the  bags 
examined  and  repaired,  and  the  damaged  cartridges  broken  up.  A  ticket 
on  each  pile  should  show  the  number  and  kind  of  cartridges,  the  additions 
to  the  pile,  and  the  issues. 

Canistrrs. — Piled  up  like  fixed  ammunition,  in  4  tiers  for  24's  and  18's; 
and  ■'»  f.)r  12's  and  G"s.  Empty  canisters  in  10  or  12  tiers ;  the  bottoms  and 
covers  separately. 

('artriily>-r„nj>i  filled.— l^ikft  fixed  ammunition;  or  packed  in  boxes  or 
barrels. 

Cirtrid'ji^-Iiaij.H  cmpiy.—\n  bundles  of  50,  sealed  up  in  paper  cases,  care- 
fully closed  with  strips  of  thin  paper  pasted  over  the  seams. 

I',tprr  Ciir/ri(/;/e-Ba[/s.— In  bundles,  packed  in  boxes  or  on  shelves,  in  a 
dry  place,  with  pounded  camphor  and  black  pepper,  or  tobacco  :  the  flannel 
bottom  dii)].e.l  in  a  solution  of  the  sulphate  of  copper. 

Loadftl  S/icll.s  should  never  be  put  into  magazines,  except  from  absolute 
lU'cessity  ;  powder  is  not  well  preserved  in  them.  They  should  be  piled  on 
the  ,<rround-Hoor  of  a  secure  building,— on  planks,  if  the  floor  be  not  boarded  ; 
in  •;  tiers  at  most;  tlie  fuzes  of  the  lower  tier  in  the  vacant  spaces  between 
tlic  shells;  those  of  the  other  tiers  turned  downward,  like  the  fuze-holes 
of  .Miii)ty  shells;   the  pile  should  be  covered  with  a  tarpaulin. 

I  -e  the  same  precautions  against  moisture  and  accidents  as  in  a  powder- 
in:". L'a/ine. 

Shut. K(>(>11      tliom        fl.r.      /i;tV^,.^.,+       1,;.,.1^      x ii    ._.        •  i    ■ 

ms    or 


'/'-r-Shni.~Ki_^iy-^^    them,    the    ditferent    kinds    together,    in   bii 


Slo,r.^fafrh.—ln  a  dry  place,  such  as  a  garret,  in  boxes  or  barrels,  or 
piled  on  the  floor. 


BREAKING    UP    UNSERVICEABLE    STORES.  317 

Quick- 3£atch. — If  not  in  boxes,  it  m.ay  be  hung  up  in  bundles,  on  ropes 
or  pins,  and  covered  with  paper. 

Friction- Primers. — In  tin  boxes. 

Portfires. — Bundles  of  10  are  placed  in  boxes  or  in  barrels,  on  end,  in 
safe  and  dry  situations. 

Fuzes. — Packed  in  boxes, — fuzes  of  the  same  kind,  as  much  as  possible, 
in  the  same  box, — in  very  dry  and  well-ventilated  stores. 

Cylinders  of  Rock-Fire. — In  boxes  or  barrels,  like  fuzes. 

Fire-Balls. — In  cool  but  dry  and  airy  places,  suspended  by  the  handle, 
the  bottom  resting  on  a  board  or  floor,  that  they  may  not  become  deformed. 
Each  ball  should  be  labelled,  stating  its  calibre,  weight,  and  year  of  fabri- 
cation, 

Signal-Rockets. — Packed  in  boxes,  the  sticks  tied  together.  Each  box 
should  contain  rockets  of  but  one  calibre,  and  should  be  marked  with  the 
size  and  the  kind  of  decoration.  If  the  sticks  be  attached,  they  are  tied 
in  bundles  of  5,  according  to  the  kind  of  decoration, 

War-Rockets. — Preserved  in  dry  places,  with  the  same  precautions  as 
loaded  shells. 

Tarred  Links. — Strung  on  a  rope  and  hung  up.  For  transportation  they 
are  packed  in  barrels,  with  straw  between  the  tiers. 

Fascines  and  Torches. — Packed  like  the  preceding. 

BREAKING  UP  UNSERVICEABLE  STORES. 
Cartbidges  for  Small  Arms. — 1  box;  1  rectangular  screen,  of  brass  wire, 
which  fits  in  the  box  ;  1  board,  with  4  copper  hooks,  placed  across  the  middle 
of  the  screen;  6oa;<?5  for  balls  and  caps  ;   iarr(?Z5  for  powder;   1  paper-press ; 

1  sieve;  stools. 

Put  the  bundles  of  cartridges  on  the  screen,  as  they  are  requii-ed,  and 
open  them  there  near  the  wire  gauze ;  put  the  pieces  of  twine  on  the  hooks, 
the  papers  on  the  board,  and  the  bundles  of  caps  in  the  boxes;  the  pow- 
der, passing  through  the  screen,  falls  in  the  box,  and  the  balls,  remaining 
on  the  screen,  are  washed,  if  necessary,  and  boxed.  The  unserviceable 
papers  are  thrown  into  water,  or  burned;  the  others  are  put  under  the 
press  for  12  hours,  and  then  placed  in  barrels  or  boxes.  The  bundles  of 
caps  are  put  in  boxes  without  being  broken  up,  unless  the  caps  are 
damaged;  the  caps  are  then  put  in  bags  by  themselves.  The  powder  is 
dried  and  sifted,  to  separate  the  dust  and  the  caked  powder,  which  are 
laid  by  to  be  reworked,  or  to  be  melted  for  the  saltpetre. 

Fixed  Ammunition  for  Cannon. — 1  tarpaulin;  1  box;  2  barrels;  1  knife; 

2  brushes;  1  punch;  1   hammer;  1  scraper,   (piece  of  sicord-blade ;)  tow;  a 
tub  half- full  of  water,  to  clean  the  balls  ;  stools. 

One  man  holds  the  cartridge  over  the  box,  whilst  another  cuts  the  twine 
near  the  knot,  takes  ofl"  the  strapped  shot,  brushes  it,  and  stands  it  on  the 


318  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

tarpaulin,  on  its  sabot;  the  first  man  pours  the  good  powder  into  a  barrel, 
tlie  caked  powder  into  another,  turns  the  bag  wrong  side  out,  and  cleans 
it.  The  strapped  shot  are  taken  to  the  door  of  the  laboratory,  where  the 
shot  which  still  require  cleaning  are  separated  from  their  sabots  and  im- 
mersed in  the  tub  of  water;  after  standing  some  time,  they  are  washed  and 
cleaned.  The  others  remain  strapped.  The  serviceable,  reparable,  and 
unserviceable  cartridge-bags  are  separated  from  each  other;  the  last  are 
immersed  in  water,  and  used  for  rags.  The  pieces  of  twine  are  tied  up  in 
bundles.  The  shells  are  put  aside  to  be  unloaded  and  cleaned  in  like 
manner. 

The  breaking  up  of  fixed  ammunition  requires  many  precautions,  and 
should  never  be  done  in  the  magazine,  but  as  much  as  possible  in  the  open 
air.  Never  have  but  little  powder  and  a  few  cartridges  in  the  shop  at  one 
time. 

Canistees. — Turn  up  the  slit  ends  of  the  canisters,  by  means  of  a  small 
chisel ;  take  ofi"  the  cover,  and  pull  out  the  balls  and  sawdust  into  a  box 
by  means  of  a  hook ;  take  out  the  bottom  plate,  and  straighten  the  cylinder 
with  a  mallet  on  an  anvil. 

Portfires. — Split  the  paper;  take  out  the  composition,  and  pulverize  it 
by  rolling  for  two  hours.  It  may  be  made  to  burn  more  or  less  quickly  by 
adding  mealed  powder  or  sulphur. 

Unloading  Shells. 

This  is  necessary  in  order  to  save  room  in  the  store-houses,  and  to  pre- 
vent accidents  and  the  deterioration  of  the  powder.  It  should  be  performed 
with  great  care,  and  at  a  distance  from  the  magazines,  store-houses,  or 
dwelling-houses,  employing  no  more  men  than  are  absolutely  necessary. 

Separate  the  workmen  from  each  other  ;  place  them  near  a  ditch  or  deep 
hole,  into  which  they  may  throw  a  shell,  should  it  take  fire,  and  thus 
shelter  the  men  from  the  fragments. 

Remove  the  powder  frequently  as  it  is  taken  from  the  projectiles. 

Workmen. — 1  artificer;  1  helper. 

Implements. — \  fuze- wrench ;  awls;  a  coil  of  rope,  or  a  hloch,  to  place  the 
shell  on ;  1  brace,  with  bits  of  the  size  of  the  bore  of  the  fuzes  ;  1  copper 
chisel;  1  wooden  drift;  1  mallet;  1  copper  hook,  and  rags,  to  get  out  the 
powder  and  clean  the  interior  of  the  shell ;  1  hiife;  a  tub  and  a  basket  for 
the  powder  and  fuzes;  a  tarpaulin;  a  bucket  of  icater. 

For  large  shells,  in  addition  to  the  above  :  1  fuze-extractor,  for  mortar- 
shells;  a  pair  of  shell-hooks  and  a  handspike  ;  2  trestles  and  a  frame,  to  rest 
the  shells  on  after  extracting  the  fuze,  for  the  purpose  of  emptying  the 
shells  over  the  tub. 

The  helper  places  the  shell  on  the  coil  of  rope,  and  holds  it  firmly  in 
both  hands:   the  artificer  unscrews  the  fuze  with  the  fuze-wrertch.     If  the 


ORNAMENTAL  FIREWORKS.  319 

shell  have  a  paper  fuze,  the  artificer  thrusts  the  sharp  point  of  the  awl  be- 
tween the  fuze  and  the  plugs,  and  pries  the  fuze  out;  a  second  awl  may  be 
used  opposite  the  first;  or  cut  out  the  composition  ,3  or  .4  inch  with  a 
knife,  and  screw  into  the  paper  case  a  screw  fitting  it  closely ;  draw  out 
the  fuze  by  means  of  the  screw. 

If  it  be  a  mortar-shell,  bore  out  the  composition  with  a  brace  and  bit, 
keeping  the  composition  constantly  wet  with  water ;  drive  in  the  bore  of 
the  fuze  a  plug  of  hard  wood;  screw  in  the  fuze-extractor  and  draw  the 
fuze. 


■    ORNAMENTAL  FIREWORKS. 

Lances. 

Lances  are  small  paper  cases,  .2  to  .4  inch  diameter,  filled  with  one  or 
more  compositions,  each  burning  with  a  flame  of  a  particular  color.  They 
are  used  to  mark  the  outlines  of  figures,  and  arc  attached  to  light  frames 
of  wood,  or  sticks  of  bamboo. 

To  Make  the  Cases.— Cut  the  paper  into  rectangles,  of  a  length  equal 
to  the  required  length  of  the  case,  and  of  such  width  as  to  make  the  case 
three  thicknesses  of  No.  7  paper.  The  length  of  the  case  is  generally 
about  ten  times  its  exterior  diameter,  depending  on  the  composition  with 
which  it  is  to  be  filled,  and  the  time  it  is  required  to  burn. 

Paste  the  rectangle,  and  roll  it  on  an  iron  former  with  the  hand.  When 
the  cases  are  dry,  cut  them  to  their  proper  length. 

To  Drive  the  Lance. — Place  the  cases  in  holes  bored  in  a  block  of  hard 
wood,  the  holes  .02  inch  larger  than  the  case,  and  their  depth  .25  inch  less 
than  the  length  of  the  case. 

Drive  in  the  bottom  of  each  case  a  ladleful  of  clay.  Insert  in  the  top 
of  the  case  a  small  funnel;  pass  the  drift  through  the  funnel  into  the  case: 
fill  the  funnel  with  composition ;  raise  the  drift  1  inch  above  the  top  of  the 
case ;  press  it  to  the  bottom,  and  give  it  three  light  blows  with  a  rocket- 
drift  ;  continue  in  the  same  way,  raising  the  drift  above  the  top  of  the  case 
between  each  volley,  until  the  case  is  filled  to  .25  inch  of  the  top. 

Prime  the  lance  with  mealed  powder  moistened  with  gummed  water,  and 
dip  the  end  while  moist  in  rifle-powder. 

When  the  case  is  to  be  filled  with  two  diiferent  compositions,  drive  the 
case  with  the  first  composition  till  it  is  about  .2  inch  above  the  required 
height ;  remove  the  surplus  to  the  exact  height  with  a  gauge,  and  proceed 
with  the  second  composition  as  with  the  first. 

To  Fasten  the  Lances  to  the  Frame. — Bore  holes  .02  inch  larger  than 
the  lances,  and. 5  inch  deep,  from  2  to  4  inches  apart,  according  to  the  size 
of  lance.  The  holes  should  be  bored  so  that  the  lance  shall  be  horizontal 
when  the  frame  is  in  position.     Dip  the  end  of  the  lance  in  glue,  and  press 


;]2()  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

it  firmlv  in  ilie  hole,  arranging  the  lances  parallel  to  each  other.  Or  they  may 
1„.  i;i>ifii(Ml  to  the  IVanio  by  means  of  sharp  nails  or  tacks  driven  into  the 
iVaiii;'  and  projecting  about  .4  inch.  The  end  of  the  lance  is  pierced  with  an 
awl.  dipped  in  gliu;  and  thrust  on  the  point  of  the  nail,  arranging  them 
pi'i  jHiidicular  to  tlie  frame. 

^S  an- Cases. 

Sim-cnsos  are  strong  cases  made  like  those  for  rockets,  and  filled  with  a 
(■(.lup'Kiiinu  \viii(.di  burns  mure  slowly  than  rocket-composition.  They  are 
ati:icho(l  to  wooden  frames,  to  give  long  rays  of  sparkling  light.  The  choke 
is  scinotinies  made  by  driving  clay  in  the  end  of  the  case,  and  boring  a  hole 
thrniigii  it  fur  the  escai>e  of  the  flame;  or  the  clay  is  driven  on  a  short 
nipple,  formii'.g  the  choke. 

Siiii-cases  are  generally  made  from  -75  inch  to  1.5  inch  interior  diameter; 
their  exttrior  diameter  about  double  that  of  the  interior.  The  length  of 
tiie  case  m.iy  vary  according  to  the  time  they  are  required  to  burn. 

Tlie  diameter  of  the  choke  is  about  }  the  interior  diameter. 

To  .Maick  the  Cases. — The  cases  are  made  like  rocket-cases. 

To  Dki\  E  THE  Case. — Set  the  case  on  the  nipple  and  place  it  in  a  wooden 
mould;  ])(iur  in  a  ladleful  of  composition,  and  give  it  ten  blows  with  the 
mallet;  continue  in  the  same  way  till  the  case  is  filled  to  the  required 
height  :  put  in  a  charge  of  rifle-powder,  and  over  it  drive  a  ladleful  of 
cla3-. 

When  the  cases  are  filled,  prime  them  by  inserting  in  the  choke  a  strand 
of  (luick-match,  doubled  in  the  middle  and  secured  by  driving  a  little  com- 
pDsiiioii  on  it  with  a  lance-drift. 

Taste  (ii!  each  end  of  the  case  a  strip  of  paper  5  inches  wide,  projecting 
'.]  inches  over  the  end  of  the  case  and  forming  an  envelope  to  enclose 
the  leaders. 

Sun-cases  are  fastened  to  the  frames  in  the  plane  of  the  frame,  by 
means  of  iron  wire,  or  with  strong  twine. 

Jji(j/tfs. 

Lights  are  made  by  pressing  lance  or  similar  composition  in  shallow 
\<--cl<.  or  in  cases  of  large  diameter.  The  burning-surface  being  large, 
the  TiL'-lit  attains  a  great  intensity. 

Sli:ill-)w.  earihen.  wooden,  or  metal  vases,  or  paper  cases,  are  used.  The 
va-e  or  ca^e  is  filled  with  dry  composition,  slightly  pressed  in;  or  compo- 
siiion  moistened  with  gummed  water  may  be  used  and  pressed  in  the  case 
more  eoinpaetly.  It  is  primed  by  powdering  the  surface  first  with  a  mix- 
ture of  e.,ual  parts  of  (he  composition  and  mealed  powder,  and  then  with 
]...v,d.T  ahiiM'.  Cover  the  to])  over  with  paper,  pasted  on  the  sides  of  the 
ci-^e.     Tl»ro»igh  the  centre  of  the  cover  pass  several  strands  of  quick-match, 


SHELLS.  321 

spreading  them  over  the  surface  and  uniting  them  on  the  extei'ior  in  a 
single  strand. 

When  the  light  is  made  with  dry  composition,  the  case  must  be  placed 
in  a  vertical  position.  It  may  be  placed  horizontally  if  moistened  com- 
position be  used  and  firmly  packed. 

Torch-lights  for  funeral  ceremonies  are  made  by  impregnating  large 
strands  of  cotton  with  a  thin  alcoholic  pap,  the  whole  arranged  in  vases 
like  an  oil-lamp,  the  pap  replacing  the  oil. 

Petards. 
Petards  are  small  paper  cases  filled  with  powder.     One  end  is  entirely 
closed,  and  the  other  has  only  a  small  hole  left  for  a  piece  of  quick-match, 
to  communicate  fire  to  the  powder.     Petards  are  placed  at  the  bottom  of 
lances ;  they  are  also  used  to  imitate  the  fire  of  musketry. 

Rockets. 

Rockets  are  made  and  driven  as  described  for  signal-rockets,  (see  page 
308,) — except  that  diflFerent  compositions  are  used,  giving  a  more  brilliant 
train  of  fire. 

Rockets  may  be  made  of  all  sizes  :  their  general  dimensions  may  be  de- 
duced from  those  given. 

Generally,  in  proportion  as  the  size  of  the  rocket  is  increased,  the  thick- 
ness of  the  case  must  be  increased,  and  the  bore  of  the  rocket  diminished, 
or  the  quickness  of  the  composition,  or  both  of  them. 

The  stick  should  be  from  eight  to  nine  times  the  length  of  the  case,  and 
of  such  thickness  as  to  throw  the  centre  of  gravity  about  1.25  inch  from 
the  end  of  the  case. 

Tourhillon. 

The  tourbillon  is  a  paper  case  filled  with  composition,  with  the  holes 
for  the  escape  of  the  gas  so  disposed  as  to  cause  the  case  to  rise  vertically 
in  the  air  at  the  same  time  that  it  revolves  horizontally  around  its  middle 
point.     It  has  light  wings  attached  to  it,  to  direct  its  motion. 

Shells. 

Shells  are  made  of  light  wood  or  paper,  and  filled  with  ornaments  of 
different  kinds.  They  are  thrown  nearly  vertically  from  a  mortar,  and, 
when  at  their  highest  point,  explode  and  throw  out  their  ornaments,  set 
on  fire  by  the  bursting-charge. 

To  Make  the  Shell. — Turn  in  a  lathe,  from  well-seasoned  poplar  or 
pine,  two  hemispheres  of  the  size  and  thickness  required,  leaving  a  rabet 
to  unite  the  two.  Cover  the  shell  thus  formed  Avith  lens-shaped  pieces  of 
No.  2  paper,  pasted  on  smoothly,  two  or  three  thicknesses;    or  form  the 


;;2i>  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

sholl  on  fi  hall  (lio  size  of  the  cavity  of  the  shell,  by  pasting  on  it  strips  of 
iKiiKM-  of  l(Mis-.>-hape  until  it  is  .-  incli  thick.  Cut  the  shell  into  two 
tM|w;il  parts  and  take  out  the  core;  place  the  two  halves  together,  and  con- 
tinuo  to  paste  on  pieces  of  paper,  permitting  them  to  dry  perfectly,  until 
111.-  slioll  is  i.f  the  required  thickness.  This  mode  requires  much  time,  as 
tlie  siii'lls  dry  slowly,  and  each  successive  layer  must  be  thoroughly  dry 
before  other  jiieces  are  pasted  on. 

To  CuAiK.K  TiiK  SuKi.L. — Introduce  the  stars,  serpents,  etc.  through  the 
fuzo-lode.  and  then  the  bursting-charge  ;  cover  the  fuze  where  it  comes  in 
contact  with  the  shell  with  glue,  and  drive  it  in  place. 

To  insure  ilic  fuze  taking  fire,  tie  around  the  shell  two  pieces  of  quick- 
matcli.  crossing  over  the  fuze. 

Cover  the  fuze  with  several  strips  of  paper  pasted  to  the  shell  at  their 
ends.      These  :ire  ren)ov('(l  before  the  shell  is  fired. 

Stars. 
The  stars  for  shells  are  nuide  as  described  page  311.     Those  made  of 
composition   wliich  burn  with  difiiculty  must  have  a  hole  in  their  axes, 
like  tho-e  used  iov  Ivonian  candles. 

W/ucf-Cos.s. 
\Vh(H-l-cases  are  made  and  driven  like  sun -cases.  They  are  used  to  give 
u  rotary  motion  to  pieces  mounted  on  an  axis,  and  to  produce  at  the  same 
time  a  loilliant  live.  They  are  attached  to  the  end  of  the  spoke  of  the 
AvluM'l  which  they  are  to  turn  by  means  of  iron  wire,  or  strong  twine,  and 
tht'y  ar.'  iudiiicil  to  the  spoke  front  •10°  to  oO°  to  give  a  larger  circle  of  fire. 

iiHiiKni   (\fji(Ues. 

'\'\ir  I'oman  candle  is  a  long  and  strong  tube  charged  with  stars  which 
are  thrown  out  successively  by  a  charge  of  powder  placed  under  each  star. 

The  ends  of  gun-barrels,  l!0  inches  long,  are  used  for  cases.  When 
]ia]HT  elites  arc  used,  make  them  about  .ti")  to  .7  interior  diameter  and  1 
iiirli  fxici'ioi-  iliaiiK-tcr:   roll  them  like  portfire-cases. 

Three  //////.v.  of  different  lengths,  are  used;  they  are  made  of  hickory  or 
o;her  lia.rd  wood,  with  lirass  tips  on  the  lower  ends. 

To  ("n  \i;(;i:  •!  ur.  Cask.  —  I'ut  in  the  case  a  ladleful  of  clay  and  drive  it  with 
ten  lihiws  of  tlie  mallet  ;  ilien  a  ladleful  of  composition,  which  is  driven  in 
the  value  way:  next  a  chai-ger  of  powder  and  a  star,  which  is  gently 
I'l  '--ed  down  :  ili.'U  another  ladleful  oi'  composition,  a  second  charger  of 
l"W.iri-.  and  another  star. — driving  the  composition  and  pressing  down  the 
star-ently;    eontinuo  until  the  ten  stars  are  in,  and  add  a  half-ladleful 

of   coiniioviiion. 

I'rime  the  candle  witli  a  strand  of  quick-match   G  inches  long,  held  in 


COLORED    FIRES.  o23 

place  against  the  side  of  the  case  by  a  little  composition  driven  in  on  its 
ends.     Cover  the  end  of  the  candle  with  a  strip  of  paper  pasted  on. 

Roman  candles  are  inserted  in  holes  bored  in  frames,  or  tied  with  wire 
or  twine  in  the  direction  in  which  they  are  to  throw  their  stars.  The 
stars  used  for  Roman  candles  have  a  hole  through  their  axes,  communi- 
cating the  fire  to  the  charge  below,  which  throws  it  out. 

Leaders. 

Leaders  are  long  paper  tubes  of  small  diameter,  enclosing  a  strand  of 
quick-match.  They  are  used  to  communicate  fire  rapidly  from  one  point 
to  another. 

The  velocity  of  combustion  is  from  1  to  2  yards  per  second,  depending 
upon  the  size  of  the  tube,  being  more  rapid  as  the  tube  is  smaller. 

Leaders  are  made  by  rolling  a  strip  of  thin  paper,  2.5  inches  wide,  as 
obliquely  as  possible,  on  a  ramrod ;  or  cut  the  paper  into  trapezoids, 
4  inches  Avide  at  one  base  and  2^  at  the  other;  paste  the  edges  of  the 
strips  .25  inch,  and  roll  them  on  a  ramrod  so  that  one  end  shall  be 
enlarged,  funnel-shape.  When  dry,  pass  a  strand  of  quick-match  through, 
and  let  it  project  about  an  inch  at  each  end. 

To  unite  them  into  a  long  line,  insert  the  end  of  one  into  another  a 
distance  of  .75  inch,  and  tie  them  with  a  thread. 

If  the  line  be  long,  first  stretch  a  piece  of  twine,  and  attach  the  leader 
to  it  every  few  feet. 

Freparation  of  Colored  Fires. 

The  materials  for  colored  fires  should  be  as  pure  as  can  be  obtained : 
those  which  crystallize  should  be  procured  in  the  crystalline  state.  They 
should  be  generally  first  dried,  ground  fine,  weighed  out,  and  mixed.  The 
composition  is  then  moistened  and  pressed  into  shape.  Some  of  the  mate- 
rials, such  as  the  flowers  of  sulphur  and  lampblack,  ought  to  be  first  well 
washed  in  warm  water.  Antimony,  glass,  and  copper-filings  ought,  as  well 
as  other  materials,  to  be  passed  through  sieve  No.  1. 

Drying. — All  materials  should  be  perfectly  dry.  Those  which  contain 
water  of  crystallization,  as  the  nitrate  of  baryta,  nitrate  of  strontia,  and 
sulphate  of  copper,  should  have  it  driven  oflp.  For  this  purpose,  place  the 
salt  in  a  broad,  shallow  vessel  in  a  water-bath  or  on  a  moderate  fire  and 
stir  it  till  it  be  perfectly  dry,  taking  it  off"  the  fire  some  minutes  before. 

As  the  sulphate  of  copper  is  easily  decomposed  in  this  operation,  and  as 
the  sulphuric  acid  set  free  might  occasion  a  spontaneous  explosion  when 
the  sulphate  of  copper  was  brovight  in  contact  with  the  chlorates,  two  parts 
of  liquid  ammonia  are  poured  by  degrees  on  the  sulphate  of  copper  pow- 
dered and  yet  hot.  (The  ammonia  neutralizes  the  acid,  and,  instead  of 
injuring  the  color,  it  heightens  it.     The  same  process  shoulul  be  adopted 

27* 


;;_||  (.IJI>\AN<'H    MANFAI,. 

with  oiluT  (l(.'(.-t.]iii'us:ililc  metallic  salts.)  A  thick  licjuid  of  an  indigo-blue 
color  is  ul>iaiiic«l:  i>lace  it  uu  the  lire,  aiul  warm  it  gently  until  it  becorae 
a  thick  ]iaste  :  then,  leaving  only  a  lew  coals  undci"  it,  stir  it  with  a  spatula 
and  crush  it  into  a  powder. 

(Juindinm;. — The  materials  are  ground  in  a  mortar  with  a  pestle,  or  on 
a  sieve  with  copper  balls  0.4  inch  in  diameter  of  equal  weight  with  the 
coiiiposition  to  be  ground.  All  the  utensils  should  be  kept  perfectly 
clean. 

To  pulverize  antimony,  melt  it  and  pour  it  into  a  cast-iron  mortar  pre- 
viou-lv  warmed:  Avhen  the  metal  is  on  the  point  of  congealing,  stir  it 
bri-kly  with  the  pestle:  it  is  thus  reduced  to  fine  grains,  which  are  then 
pidveri/.ed  with  a  pestle.  Zinc  and  other  similar  metals  are  treated  in  the 
same  way. 

T(»  obtain  shellac  in  the  state  of  a  fine  powder,  it  is  first  broken  into 
pieces  and  melted  with  its  weight  of  saltpetre.  The  mass  is  then  ground  as 
usual,  and  the  powder  thus  obtained  is  washed  in  pure  water  till  all  the 
.saltpetre  is  removed. 

The  resins  and  other  substances  insoluble  in  water  and  difficult  to  pul- 
verize in  their  pure  state  are  treated  in  the  same  manner. 

All  materials  when  pulverized  should  be  passed  through  hair  sieve  No.  1. 
They  ouL'ht,  if  possible,  to  be  sifted  when  warm,  and  placed  away  imme- 
•liaiely  in  well-stopped  bottles  to  preserve  them  from  moisture. 

Tin-  i-hloratos  should  be  pulverized  in  a  marble  mortar  with  a  hard-wood 
pe-tlc.  The  mortar,  pestle,  aiul  sieve  shoiild  be  used  only  for  a  single 
chlnrate.  and  the  whole  operation  be  performed  in  a  place  apart,  to  avoid 
acridents.  'J'he  chlorate  can  be  ground  and  manipulated  by  itself  without 
danger  ;  but  when  it  is  mixed  with  sulphur,  charcoal,  etc.,  it  explodes  very 
readily. 

Wr.icuiNii.  — Each  material  should  be  weighed  accurately  by  itself, 
ac'-ordiuLi-  to  the  proportions  laid  down  in  the  table. 

Mixim;. — Tlie  materials  after  being  weighed  out  are  poured  on  a  sheet 
of  jiasteboard  and  mixed  as  well  as  possible  with  the  hand:  they  are  then 
]ia<^ed  thi-ee  times  through  sieve  No.  2,  keeping  the  sieve  stationary,  and 
stirring  the  materials  with  the  hand. 

if  a  chlorate  enter  into  the  ccunposition,  begin  by  mixing  all  the  mate- 
rial-, on  a  ]>asteboard,  excej^t  tlie  sulidiur,  charcoal,  lampblack,  sugar, 
talhiw,  and  shellac.  When  they  are  well  mixed,  add  the  combustible  mate- 
ria!»  >eparately.  mix  them  thoroughly,  and  then  add  the  chlorate. 

I'a-s  the  eompusiiion  three  times  through  sieve  No.  2,  using  a  feather  for 
thr  i.,.riM,.o. 

All  these  manipulations  with  compositions  into  which  a  chlorate  enters 
-hnuM  he  i.erformed    in  a  j.lace    aside,   and  with  a  small   quantity  at   a 


SIEVES.  325 

Compositions  tlms  prepared  should  be  preserved  in  well-stopped  bottles, 
carefully  labelled.  Those  containing  chlorates  should  be  placed  away 
from  the  rest  and  apart  from  each  other. 

Dampening. — Compositions  are  dampened  by  pouring  the  pure  or  gummed 
liquid  on  them,  a. little  at  a  time,  and  mixing  it  well  with  the  hand  or  a 
wooden  knife.  Compositions  should  not  be  dampened  until  just  before  they 
are  to  be  moulded. 

Moulding. — All  compositions  may  be  firmly  compressed,  provided  care 
be  taken  to  avoid  friction  and  blows  with  those  containing  chlorates. 

However  great  the  care  taken  in  the  choice  of  materials,  their  propor- 
tions and  manipulations,  it  is  difficult  always  to  get  uniform  results.  It 
is  necessary,  therefore,  to  try  the  mixtures  and  modify  the  proportions  as 
may  be  required. 

In  every  composition  there  are  certain  substances  which  are  used  to 
furnish  oxygen  for  the  consumption  of  the  rest :  the  nitrates  and  chlorates 
are  such.  There  are  other  substances,  as  sulphur,  charcoal,  and  vegetable 
matters,  which  are  burned ;  and  others  which  are  only  used  to  give  color 
to  the  flame,  as  antimony,  lead,  copper,  strontia,  etc. 

The  same  substance  may  furnish  oxygen  and  color  the  flame  at  the 
same  time.  Certain  materials  are  used  only  to  heighten  the  color, — as  the 
protochloride  of  mercury  and  the  hydrochlorate  of  ammonia:  the  action 
of  the  latter  is  weaker  than  that  of  the  former. 

When  a  composition  burns  too  slowly,  there  is  an  excess  of  coloring- 
matter  or  of  that  which  is  to  be  burned,  or  some  other  substance,  (as  water, 
for  example, ) — very  rarely  of  that  which  furnishes  oxygen.  When  the  com- 
position burns  too  fast,  it  is  necessary  to  add  coloring-matter,  or  such  sub- 
stances as  sugar,  rosin,  or  tallow,  which  operate  by  separating  the  sub- 
stances supplying  the  oxygen  from  those  Avhich  are  burned,  and  at  the 
same  time  keeping  up  the  combustion. 

Generally,  the  quicker  the  combustion  the  more  will  the  flame  approach 
to  whiteness,  whatever  may  be  the  coloring-principle,  and  the  slower  the 
combustion  the  more  certainty  there  will  be  of  obtaining  the  desired  color. 

Sieves. 
Sieves  are  made  of  brass  ware,  hair,  or  silk,  and  may  be  square  or  round 

in  shape. 

f  50  meshes  in  1  inch,  or  2,500  in  a  square 
No.  1.   }       inch,  a  single  hair  in  one  direction,  2 
(      in  the  other. 

(25  meshes  in  1  inch,  or  625  in  a  square 
inch,  2  hairs  side  by  side  in  each  di- 
rection. 
il2.5  meshes  in  1  inch,  or  156  in  1  square 
inch,  3  hairs  side  by  side  in  each  di- 
rection. 
No.  4.       180  meshes  in  a  square  inch,  brass  wire. 


Hair  sieves 
for 
mixing  compositions 


;]2G 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


The  silk  sieve  is  made  like  No.  1,  and  often  replaces  it.     Brass  sieves 
ought  to  be  used  only  for  dry  materials. 

Dimensions  and  Weights  of  Paper  or  Poplar  Shells. 


Ornaments. 

Thick- 

Weight 
of 

Weight  of 

Charge. 

• 

ness  of 

o 

1 

i 

Weight  of         1 

Number  of 

II 

i    o 

i    c 

2 

1 

1 

1 

i 

1 

>> 

s 

g 

u 

o 

1 

1 

o    . 
a  £ 

1 

5 

.s 

j 

Q 

•jj 

n 

« 

H 

m 

o 

m 

m 

o 

«i 

In. 

i„^ 

In. 

lbs.  07,. 

Ibs.oz. 

Oz. 

Oz. 

In. 

Sec. 

Oz. 

Gr. 

Gr. 

.').S 

.5 

.62 

.10  5 

2.10 

3.5 

.5 

1.4 

3. 

.5 

40 

210 

60 

170 

32 

14 

8. 

.5 

.62 

1.10 

7.8 

5. 

.5 

1.4 

3. 

.5 

40 

210 

!40 

600 

40 

60 

10. 

.75 

.1 

3.25 

11.14 

1  5.          1. 

1.4 

3. 

.5 

40 

210 

270 

950 

230 

130 

15. 

1.25 

" 

14.14 

i 

35. 

112.          2. 

1.4 

3. 

.5 

40 

210 

900 

3400 

760 

460 

Dimensions  for  Sun  and  Wheel  Cases. 


Sun-Cases. 

Wheel-Cases. 

Interior 

diameter... 

.in. 

0.75 

1.0 

1.5 

0.75 

1.0 

1.5 

Case 

r  Exterior 
*  \  Length . 

diameter... 

.in. 

1.2 

l.G 

2.0 

1.20 

1.6 

2.0 

.in. 

11. 

10.60 

12.5 

8.75 

8.75 

8.75 

J  Diametei 

r  at  bottom 
\  at  top.... 

.in. 

.28 

.55 

.05 

.28 

.55 

.65 

Spindle 

.in. 

.18 

.38 

.40 

.18 

.38 

.40 

(Length.. 

.m. 

.35 

.75 

.80 

.35 

.75 

.80 

Pate  of  Burning  of  Compositions. 


Wheel-Fires.             1           Standing  Fires. 

li 

Dimensions. 

Com- 
mon. 

White. 

ij 

Chinese.  1 1     Sun. 

IJ 

star. 

Koman 
Candles. 

8.7e5 

.75 
3.5 
17. 

8.75 

3'.  5' 
17. 

8.75      11. 
.75    1      .75 

4.       Il     5. 
21.          22. 

8. 

.75 
4. 
20. 

19. 

Interior  diameter in. 

Weight  of  composition,. ..oz. 
Time  of  burning,  per  in. .sec. 

.75 

5. 
46. 

COMPOSITIONS    FOR    FIREWORKS. 


327 


Rate  of  Burning  of  Compositions. — Continued. 


Length  of  case in. 

Interior  diameter in. 

Weight  of  composition gr. 

Time  of  burning sec. 


Lances.                j 

1 
Pot-Fires. 

7 

-o 

1 

6 

1 

d 

s 

3 

6 

1 

rt 

i 

t 

rt 

^ 

« 

>* 

o 

M 

^ 

M 

!>' 

O 

hj 

: 

4. 

4. 

5. 

4. 

4. 

3. 

3. 

3. 

3. 

3. 

3. 

.32 

.32 

.32 

.32 

.32 

1. 

1. 

1. 

1. 

1. 

1. 

141 

140 

1,50 

ISO 

100 

547 

560 

546 

545 

560 

550 

90 

90 

00 

90 

00 

60 

65 

45 

65 

65 

45 

Compositions  for  Fireworks. 
The 2-) arts  are,  by  weight: 

White. — IG  nitre;   8  sulphur;    4  mealed  powder. 
Yellow. — 1  charcoal;   1  sulphur;   6  nitrate  of  soda. 
Jied. — 5  chlor.  of  potassa  ;   20  nit.  of  strontia ;  4  gum  dammar. 
Stars...-}  Blue. — 8  chlor.  of  potassa;  4  sulph.  of  copper;  4  gum  dammar. 
Green. — 9G  chlorate  of  potassa;    192  nitrate  of  baryta;   64   sul- 
phur ;  8  lampblack. 
Five-pointed. — 7  sulphur  ;   10  mealed  powder. 
'  White. — 26  nitre  ;  1)  sulphur ;   5  mealed  powder. 
Yelloiv. — 16  nit.  of  soda;  4  sulph.;  4  mealed  powder;  2  lampblack. 
Red. — 30  nit.  of  strontia;  16  nitre;  10  sulph.;  11  mealed  powder. 
Blue. — 8  nitre;  2  sulphur;   4  sulphate  of  copper. 
Green. — 96  nitre  ;   t')4  sulp.  ;   8  lampblack  ;   V.rl  nitrate  of  baryta. 
White. — 16  nitre ;  8  sulphur  :   4  mealed  powder. 
Yellow. — 2  nitre;  4  sulphur;  20  nitrate  of  soda;  1  lampblack. 
Red. — 5  nitre  ;   6  sulphur  ;   20  nitrate  of  strontia  ;   1  lampblack. 
Blue. — 8  nitre ;   2  sulphur  ;   4  sulphate  of  copper. 
Green. — 24  nitre;   16  sulph.  ;  48  nitrate  of  bai-yta ;  1  lampblack. 
Bengal. — 2  antimony;  4  sulph.;  4  mealed  powder;  16  nit.  of  soda. 

{Common. — 6  nitre  ;   1  sulphur  ;    16  mealed  powder  ;   6   charcoal. 
Brilliant. — 1  nitre;  1  sulphur;  16  mealed  powder;  7  steel-filings. 
Chinese. — 1  nitre  ;  1  sulph.;  16  mealed  powder  ;  7  cast-iron  filings. 
White. — 6  nitre  ;  7  sulphur  ;   16  mealed  powder. 
Sun-Fires— CAmese. — 1  nitre  ;   1  sulphur;   16  mealed  powder  ;  7  cast-iron 

filings. 
Streamers. — 2  nitre  ;   1  sulphur;   16  mealed  powder  ;   4  charcoal. 
Serpents. — 2  charcoal;   16  mealed  powder. 

Roman  Candles. — 6  nitre  ;  2  sulphur  ;   16  mealed  powder ;   6  charcoal. 
GoLT)  Rain. — 16  nitre;   10  sulphur;   4  mealed  powder;    o   lampblack;    1 
flowers  of  zinc  ;   1  gum  arable. 

The  nitrate  of  soda  may  be  replaced  by  the  bicarbonate  of  soda  or  the 
oxalate  of  soda.     The  sulphate  of  copper  is  ammoniated. 


Lances. 


Lights. 


OHDNANCF,    MANUAL. 


7\joU  and  Implements. 
The  following  list  of  laboratory  tools  and  implements  shows  the  kinds 
a.i.l  proportions  which  may  be  required  for  a  large  laboratory  and  for  a 
j.ark  of  artillery  : 


IJlock? 


r,owis. 


Awls,  brad 

Adz-',  copper,  weighing  5  lbs 

i'.ench.  for  drawing  the  loads  of  shells  

Bonch-stake 

Bick-iron 

IJill-hooks 

{for  driving  fuzes  of  different  calibres 
for  driving  signal-rockets  and  portfires  .. 
for  punches 
for  cutting  on 

Bottles,  with  ground-glass  stoppers 

l>oxeP,  for  12  workmen  making  cartridges — 3  to  each. 

wooden,  various  sizes 

earthen,  glazed, large 

Ih-uces  and  bits 

Brushes,  of  various  kinds 

lUickets 

Callipers,  various  sizes 

C  f  o  r  f  u  z  e  s 

Cliarpcrs,     J  for  portfires , 

copper I  for  signal-rockets 

[  for  cartridges  for  small  arms  (revolving) 

r  brass,  for  unloading  shells 

Chisels }  cold 

(joiner's 

f,  (  cominnn 

(  ompasses.  / 

^  l^I'i-mg 

Cooper's  drivers,  copper  ami  wood 

Oowliar 

<'ul  ting-boards 

Cylinders  for  gauging  balls 

1  Uppers 

Dre'lging-boxes , 

fof   iron,    pointed    with   copper  or   brass 

I       driving  portfires 

for  ilriving  fuzes  for  13-inch  and  10-inch  shells  ; 

I       long  and  short  

foi-  driving  fuzes  for  8-inch  shells  and  howit- 
zers:   long  and  sliort 

fnv  driving  signal-rockets,  sets  for  1-inch 

"                   "                       "          .7-")-inch.. 
for  driving  serpents,  iron 


Quantity. 


Labora- 
tory. 


for 


Drift; 


20 
4 
2 
1 
4 

36 

12 
G 
2 

18 
C) 
3 

10 
2 

6 
4 
6 
3 
3 
3 
2 
2 
1 
G 
3 
G 
6 


24 

24 
1 

2 

C 


TOOLS   AND   IMPLEMENTS. 


329 


Tools  and  Implements. — Continued. 


Kind. 


Drills,  assorted 

half-round . 


Files 


saw 

rat-tail 

large 

of  iron  or  wood,  for  portfire-cases 

for  rocket-cases — sets  for  each  calibre 

for  serpents 

for  leaders 

for  small-arm  cartridges,  of  each  calibre,  1  to 

Formers -|       each  workman 

for  cylinders  and  caps,  for  each  calibre 

for  pot  for  rockets,  "  "         

for  cutting  pots  on,  "  "  

for  cones  for  rockets,        "  *'         

for  wads,  "  "         

Fork,  iron,  for  dipping  pitched  fascines 

Funnels,  of  copper  and  tin,  various  kinds 

Fuze-cutters 

Fuze-setters 

Fuze-extractors 

steel,  for  shot  and  shells  ;  for  each  calibre.... 

double,  for  grape  and  canister ;   "  "     

"         for  cartridge-formers ;      "  "     .... 

of  sheet  iron,  for  sabots;  "  "     .... 

"         for  canister-bottoms ;   "  "     .... 

"         for  canisters ;  "  "     .... 

[of  copper  or  wood,  for  cannon-cartridges 

Gimlets 

Gimlets,  for  priming  rockets 

Glue-pot  and  brush 

Gunner's  callipers 

Gunner's  pincers 

Hammers     /  ^^o'^'  ^^^*^'  ^*^^'  strapping  shot,  &c 

"■  \  copper 

Hand-barrows,  with  rope  bottoms,  for  powder-barrels 

Hatchet 

Hooks  for  unpacking  ammunition-boxes 

Implements  for  making  paper  fuzes — sets 

f  iron,  for  melting  lead 

J  iron,  for  rock-fire,  &c 

I  iron,  for  pitch 

[  copper,  for  paste 

Knives  I  ^*^^  cutting  paper,  large  and  small 

(block 


Gauges. 


Kettles. 


QUANTITT. 


Labora- 
tory. 


3 
13 
2 
2 
1 
6 
4 
2 

1 

2 

12 

1 


330 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Tools  and  Imjylements. — Continued. 


Quantity. 


tory. 


iron,  for  lead,  pitch,  &c. 
copper,  for  saltpetre,  &c. 


Ladles .... 

Lanterns. 

Letter-punches  (stencils) — set 

{for  driving  fuzes  and  portfires..., 
for  driving  rockets 
carpenter's 

,j-  f  for  powder,  from  8  pounds  to  4  ounces. 

"(gallon,  quart,  pint,  half-pint,  and  gill.. 

Mortar  and  pestle,  bronze 


Mortar,  marble,  with  pestle  of  hardwood 

ffor  balls  and  buckshot — sets 

J  for  incendiary-balls,  different  calibres 

■"■  1  brass,  for  portfires 

[  for  rockets,  of  each  calibre 

wooden 

of  various  kinds 

/  for  cutting  wire 

■■"  \  for  trimming  balls 

Palms,  for  sewing  canvas 

Paste-brushes 

r  for  cartridge-papers  for  small  arms 

-p   . ,  tin,  of  each  kind  and  calibre,  for  paper  cartridges 

X  atterns.  -{  ,/  /,  ^ ,        i^     a  i        ^  •  i 

"  "  "        for  flannel  cartridges 


Moulds.. 

Mullers, 
Needles, 

Nippers. 


for  canisters. 


Pans,  copper,  various  sizes. 

Pitchers,  stone 

Planes 


Pliers,  flat,  for  twisting  wire 

Plugs,  pointed,  for  loading  spherical  case 

Press,  for  paper  and  pasteboard 

Profiles,  of  sheet  iron,  for  sabots — for  each  calibre 

Punches 

{for  piercing  shot-straps 
centre 
for  fuze-caps,  for  18,  10,  and  8-inch — 2  each... 

Rasps,  for  wood 

Reels,  or  frames,  for  quick-match 

Rocket-stand 

Rolling-boards,  for  portfire-cases,  &c 

Rules  ("carpenter's 

^^   \iron,  for  cutting  by 

Sandstones,  for  sharpening  knives 

Saws 

Scale,  of  1  foot,  (diagonal,)  divided  into  inches  and  lOOths 


1 
5 
1 

20 
C 
2 

22 
5 
1 
1 

"■4 

2 

2 

4 

150 

2 

'"4 

12 
4 
1 
1 
1 

18 
6 
1 


TOOLS   AND   IMPLEMENTS. 


331 


Tools  and  Implements. — Continued. 


Kind. 


Scales,  copper,  large,  small,  and  medium 

Scissors  and  shears,  of  different  sizes 

Scoops,  copper,  for  taking  up  materials 

Screw-drivers 

Scribers  

Shell-hooks 

Shell-plug  screws 

Q-  f  hair,  Nos.  1,  2,  3,  and  4,  with  frames 

'^^^^^^ t  loolting-cloth 

Screens,  for  demolition  of  cartridges  for  small  arms 

Shovels 

Skimmer,  copper,  for  saltpetre 

Soldering  furnaces  and  irons 

Socks — pairs 

{steel,  for  saltpetre,  &c 
for  rock-fire 
for  packing  ammunition-boxes 

Spoke-shave 

Sponges 

Spools,  for  twine 

c,  f  wooden 

^^^^^«« (iron 

Stamps  for  flannel  cartridges — for  each  calibre 

Tarpaulins 

Thimbles 

Tinner's  creaser 

Tinner's  shears 

Trestles — pairs 

Trivets,  iron 

["for  the  demolition  of  cartridges  for  small  arms 

™  ,  J  common 

1  for  making  slow-match,  &c.  (casks  sawed  in 

[      two) 

Twisting-machine,  for  slow-match,  &c 

Watering-pots 

Weights — sets  for  each  balance  or  pair  of  scales 

Whetstones 

,-,r         ,  f  screw 

Wrenches..  I  ^^^^ 

Yard-stick 


Quantity. 


Labora- 
tory. 


28 


332  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


CHAPTER   ELEVENTH. 

EQUIPMENT   OF   BATTERIES  FOR  FIELD,  SIEGE,  AND   GARRISON 
SERVICE. 

EQUIl'MENT    OF    FIELD-BATTERIES. 

Jitfrriur  Arrangdnoit  of  Aminumt  ion- Chests  for  Field  Guns  and 
Howitzers.     (Plate  18.) 

Thk  principal  divisions  of  a  chest  are  designated  as  the  right  half 'm\(\. 
the  /';/';■  half,  to  a  person  facing  the  front  of  the  chest. 

Tlie  siualler  divisions  in  each  half,  perpendicvilar  to  the  sides,  are 
(U'signaied  as  frst,  second,  third,  <fcc.,  from  the  principal  partition,  each 
Aviiy  :  the  divisions  parallel  to  the  sides  are  designated  as  iliQ  front,  middle, 
and  V'  iir  divisions. 

The  kind  of  aniniunition  contained  in  the  small  divisions  is  marked  on 
tlii>  inside  of  the  cover,  over  each  division. 

AnutuDi  it  ion- Chest  for  the  ij-pou)ider  Gun. 

Ei'jtit  partitions.,  (poplar.)  four  in  each  half,  perpendicular  to  the  sides 
of  the  chest.  The  ])artiti()ns  are  supported  by  two  strips  of  wood  at  each 
i-nd,  forniinLT  a  trvfiovc  in  whicli  the  partition  slides;  each  strip  is  fastened 
to  the  >id('  (d'  the  chest  witli  _/'o^//-  copper  nails,  o-penny,  IJo-inch. 

In  the  first  four  ili visions  of  tlie  right  Iialf  are  tivo  bolsters,  to  each  divi- 
sion, for  spluM-ical  case  shot,— one  fastened  to  the  principal  partition  by  3 
s'-reu-.s  Nu.  11.  the  otliers  fastened  ti)  tlie  movable  partitions  eacli  by  3  scretvs. 

(>},e  tra;/.  for  liolding  cipiipnients,  rests  on  the  partitions  in  the  left  half 
of  the  chest.  The  Iray  has  ttvo  sides,  two  ends,  and  one  bottom,  (poplar  or 
white  ]iin('.)  Tln'  -ides  and  ends  are  dovetailed  togetlier  and  fastened  by 
\'l!,ads:  tho  hottoni  is  f:i.-t(Mic(l  to  tlie  ends  and  sides  hy  \\  brass  screws 
No.  \-l.  Three  tinger-lioles  are  bored  in  the  inside  of  the  ends,  to  lift  the 
tray  liy  :  and  a  Inde  is  l.oi-ed  through  the  middle  of  the  bottom,  to  let  the 
uii-  eiuer    when    the  tray  is  lifted  out. 

AiiLinunitin)i-(']ust  for  the  Vl-poiuider  Gun. 

Sif  /f'ir!itiniis,  three  in  each  lialf,  perpendicular  to  the  sides  of  the  chest, 
siippiut.Ml  :i<  in  ti,,.  C-pouiider  chest. 

/■.'//■  l,<ds:'.rs,  fni-  spherical  case  sliot,— one  of  them  fastened  to  the  prin- 
cijKil  i-artitioii  with  ■]  srretcs  No.  14.  two  fastened  to  the  first  partition  iu 


AMMUNITION-CHESTS.  ooo 

the  right  half  with  3  screios  No.  14,  and  one  to  the  left  side  of  the  second 
partition,  right  half,  with  3  screivs  No.  14. 

The  second  and  third  partitions  in  the  right  half  are  made  higher  than 
the  others,  to  suit  the  height  of  the  canisters  fixed. 

One  tray,  for  equipments,  in  the  left  half;  made  like  that  for  the  6-pdr. 
chest. 

For  the  gun  of  model  1857,  there  are  8  bolsters  for  shells  and  spherical 
case  shot,  fastened  as  above. 

Ammunition- Chest  for  the  11-pounder  Howitzer. 

Six  partitions,  three  in  each  half,  supported  like  those  of  the  G-pdr.  chests. 

Twenty -one  bolsters,  for  the  lower  tier  of  shells  and  spherical  case  shot, 
They  are  cupped  out  to  receive  the  balls,  and  have  holes  bored  through 
the  bottom  for  the  fuzes  to  lie  in.  They  are  placed  in  the  bottom  of  the 
chest,  three  in  each  division,  except  the  first  division  in  the  right  half; 
they  are  fastened  to  the  bottom  each  by  4  sprigs. 

Twenty-eight  props,  for  the  upper  tier  of  shells  and  spherical  case.  Four 
of  the  props  are  placed  in  each  division,  except  the  first  one  in  the  right 
half.  Two  of  them  are  fastened  to  each  end  of  the  chest,  two  to  the  left 
side  of  the  principal  partition,  and  two  to  the  riglit  side  of  the  first  par- 
tition in  the  right  h;ilf,  each  by  6  copper  nails,  o-penny. 

The  rest  of  the  props  are  fastened  in  pairs  to  the  movable  partitions 
each  by  6  copper  nails,  3-penny. 

Six  props  for  canisters,  (oak,)  in  the  first  division  of  the  right  half; 
three  fastened  to  the  principal  partition,  three  to  the  movable  partition, 
each  with  3  screivs  No.  14. 

Ammunition- Chest  for  the  24:-pounder  Howitzer. 

Eight  linings,  two  in  each  of  the  front  and  rear  divisions,  fastened  to  the 
ends  of  the  chest  and  to  the  principal  partition  each  by  6  copper  nails, 
3-penny, 

Four  long  partitions,  two  in  each  half,  parallel  to  the  sides  of  the  chest ; 
they  are  supported  by  the  end  linings  and  by  two  upright  strips,  fastened  to 
the  ends  and  principal  partition  each  by  4  copper  nails,  3-penny. 

Two  short  partitions  for  canisters,  in  the  rear  division  of  the  right  half; 
each  of  them  is  supported  by  4  strips,  fastened  to  the  back  of  the  chest 
and  to  the  long  partition  each  by  3  copper  nails,  3-penny. 

Seven  short  partitions,  for  shells  and  spherical  case  shot;  two  in  each  of 
the  front  divisions,  two  in  the  rear  division  of  the  left  half,  and  one  in 
the  middle  division  of  the  left  half.  These  partitions  slide  into  grooves 
made  each  by  two  upright  strips,  which  are  fastened  to  the  sides  and  to  the 
long  partitions  each  by  4  copper  nails,  S-penn}^;  each  partition  is  formed 
of  two  pieces,  which  slip  into  the  grooves,  one  over  the  other. 


.••;>4  OKDNANCK    MANUAL. 

Thirt>i-1hrce  bolsters  for  shells  and  spherical  case.  Seven  of  them  are 
fasii'iu^l.  at  the  ))()ttom  of  the  chest,  to  the  end  linings  of  the  two  front 
divisions  all. I  the  left  rear  division,  and  to  the  principal  partition  in  the 
riirlii  iiu.hlle  division,  each  by  2  screws  No.  14.  Twenty-four  of  the 
Itulstcrs  are  fastened  in  pairs  on  each  side  of  the  short  partitions  of  the 
two  front  divi.-ions  and  the  left  rear  divisions;  twelve  to  the  lower  half 
and  twelve  to  the  upper  half  of  the  partitions;  each  pair  fastened  by  3 
.cr.n-H  No.  14.  which  pass  through  the  bolsters  and  the  partition.  Two 
l.ol>ters  are  fastened  to  the  left  side  of  the  middle  partition  in  the  right 
half,  one  to  the  lower  and  one  to  the  upper  part  of  the  partition,  each  by 
1!  semes  No.  14. 

Ammunition- Chest  for  the  ^'2-pounder  Howitzer. 

Six  long  partitions,  three  in  each  half, — one  parallel  to  the  ends  and  two 
parallel  to  the  sides  of  the  chest ;  each  partition  is  supported  by  4  strips 
fastened  to  the  sides  and  ends  of  the  chest,  or  to  the  other  partitions,  each 
by  ")  copper  nails,  3-penny. 

/■'oar  .short  partitions,  one  in  the  front  and  rear  division  of  each  half, 
made  in  two  jtieces,  and  fastened  in  the  same  manner  as  those  of  the  24- 
]>oiinder  liowitzer  chest. 

Twntii-onp  holKtcrs  for  shells  and  spherical  case.  Seven  of  them  are 
fasleneil.  at  tlie  l)t)ttom  of  the  chest,  to  the  ends  and  cross  partitions  each 
l)y  2  sentes  No.  14.  Twelve  bolsters  are  fastened  in  pairs,  as  in  the  24- 
jiounder  howitzer  chest,  to  the  short  partitions  in  the  left  half,  and  in  the 
rear  division  of  the  right  half.  Two  bolsters  are  fastened,  in  like  manner, 
on  the  right  side  of  the  short  partition  in  the  right  front  division. 

Ammnnitiou-  Chest  for  the  Mounfaiu-IIowitzer. 
Ki'/ht  l(>n<j  chats,  for  supporting  the  ammunition:  they  are  glued  to  the 
si<les,   opposite  to  each  other,  and  fastened  by  32  copper  nails,   3-penny. 
F.tiihl  siiort  etrats,  fastened  to  the  sides  by  8  screws  No,  14,  and  16  copper 
71  a  lis,  3- penny. 

Am  m  u  n  it  ion-  ( 'hcst  for  the  Prairie-  Carriage. 
Tiie  same  as  for  the  tnountain-ho-witzer. 


AMMUNITION-CHESTS.  335 

Ammunition  carried  in  each  Chest. 


Kl.ND. 

No. 

25 
20 

5 

75 
2 
2 

50 

Weight. 

Place. 

FOR    6-POUNUER    GUN. 

Shot,  fixed 

Spherical  case,  fixed 

Canisters,  fixed 

Spare  cartridges,  1^  lb 

Friction-primers 

Lbs. 
190. 

140. 

42. 

2.6 
.97 
.38 
.57 

376.52 

In  the  left  half. 

In  the  1st   four  divisions    of 
right  half. 

In  5th  division,  right  half. 

On  the  spherical  case. 

In  a  tin  box,  in  the  tray. 
\0n  the  ammunition  in  right 
/      half. 

Slow-match yard 

Portfires 

Total  number  of  rounds... 

FOR    12-POUNDER    GUN. 

Shot,  fixed 

Spherical  case,  fixed 

Canisters,  fixed 

Spare  cartridges,  2 J  lbs... 

20 

8 

4 
2 

48 

1.5 

2 

32 

308. 

117.6 

67.64 
5.12 

.62 
.28 

.57 

499.83 

In  left  half,  and  in  4tli  division 

of  right  half. 
In  1st  and  2d  divisions,  right 

half. 
In  3d  division,  right  half. 
On  the  spherical  case. 
In  a  tin  box,  in  the  tray. 
1  On  the  ammunition  in  right 
/      half. 

Slow-match yard 

Portfires 

Total  number  of  rounds... 

FOR    12-PDR.  GUN,   (1857.) 

Shot,  fixed 

12 

12 

4 
4 

2 

48 

1.5 

3 

32 

15 

20 
4 

58 

9 

2 
39 

184.8 

176.4 

48.68 

67.64 

5.12 

.62 

.28 

.57 

484.11 

In  1st,  2d,   and  3d  divisions, 

left  half. 
In    1st,   2d.  and  3d  divisions. 

Shells 

Canisters 

Spare  cartridges,  2.5  lbs... 

right  half. 
In  4th  division,  right  half. 
In  4th  division,  left  half. 
On  the  shells. 
In  a  tin  box,  in  tlie  tray. 

Slow-match yard 

Portfires 

Total  number  of  rounds... 

1  On  the  ammunition  in  right 
1      half. 

FOR    12-PDR.    HOWITZER. 

Shells,  fixed 

Spherical  case,  fixed 

Canisters,  fixed 

157.5 

273. 
47.4 

.75 
.38 
.57 

In   2d,   3d,  and  4th  divisions, 

right  half. 
In  left  half. 

In  1st  division,  right  half. 
In  a  tin  box  on  the  canisters. 

Slow-match yards 

I  On  the  canisters. 

Total  number  of  rounds... 

479.6 

336  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Ammunition  carried  in  each  Chest. — Continued. 


Kind. 

No. 

Weight. 

Place. 

FOR  24-PDR,   HOWITZER. 

Shells,  strapped 

Spherical  case,  strapped.. 

12 

8 

3 

23 

2 

34 
1 
2 

23 

Lbs. 
225.60 
214.92 

63.75 

53.82 

5.40 
.44 

.19 
.57 

564.69 

In  left  half. 

In  front  and  middle  divisions 
of  right  half. 

In  rear  divisions  of  right  half. 

12  in  middle  division,  left  half; 
9  in  middle  division,  right 
half;  2  on  the  canisters. 

On  canisters. 

Small  charge 
Cartridges  - 

Large  charge 

Slow-match yard 

Portfires  

I  On  the  canisters. 

Total  number  of  rounds... 

FOR  32-rDR.   HOWITZER. 

Shells,  strapped 

Spherical  case,  strapped... 
Canister 

8 

6 

1 

15 

1 

22 

.5 

1 

15 

196.80 

216.00 

28.50 

46.50 

3.88 

.28 

.09 

.28 

Front  and  rear  divisions  of  left 

half. 
Rear  divisions  and  right  front 

division  of  right  half. 
Left  front  division,  right  half. 

list  division  in  each  half. 

In    a   tin    box    in    the    middle 
division. 

I  In  the  middle  division. 

^     ,   .  ■,         f  Small  charge. 
Cartridges!  Large  charie. 
Friction-primers 

Slow-match y  ard 

Portfires 

Total  number  of  rounds... 

492.33 

FOR  MOUNTAIN-HOWITZER. 

Shells,  fixed 

Spherical  case,  fixed 

Canisters,  fixed 

1 

6 

1 

12 

i 

8 

9.9 
75.6 
11.8 
.15 

.09 
.28 

97.82 

In  left  end. 

In  middle. 

In  right  end. 

In  water-proof  paper. 

Slow-match yard 

Total  number  of  rounds... 

Fob  Prairie-IIowitzer. — The  same  as  for  the  mountain-howitzer. 


EQUIPMENTS    FOR   FIELD-CARRIAGES. 


337 


Implements  and  Equipments  for  Field- Carriages. 


Kind. 

No. 

Weight. 

Place. 

FOR  A  GUN  OB  HOWITZER 
CARRIAGE. 

Sponges  and  rammers 

Sponge-covers  

2 
2 

2 
1 
1 
1 

1 
2 
2 
2 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 
1 

2 
1 
1 

1 

Lbs. 

1 

0.24 
3.6 

14.5 

10. 

12.5 
0.2 
7. 

16. 
3.72 
1.80 
0.08 
0.85 
0.60 
0.65 
0.01 
0.08 

0.20 

0.08 

0.2 

37.75 

1 

Worm  and  staff 

\-  On  the  gun-carriage. 

Handspikes 

Sponge-bucket 

Prolonge 

Vent-cover 

On  the  gun. 
1  On  the  limber. 

In  the  implement-trays,  or  in 

Tar-bucket 

Water-bucket  (leather) 

Gunner's  haversacks 

Tube-pouch 

V      other  vacant  spaces  in  the 

Tow-hook  

ammunition-chest. 

1 

Thumb-stalls 

Priming-wire 

^ 

Lanyard   for   friction-pri- 

V  In  the  tube-pouch. 

Gunner's  gimlet 

y  in  the  tube-pouch. 

Strapped    on  the  ammunition- 
chest. 

Tarpaulin,  large 

FOR  A  CAISSON. 

Felling-axe 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 

1 

9 
1 

6. 

4.75 
6.5 
7.25 
25.30 
180. 
1.2 

i6:_ 

37.75 

Shovel,  long  handle 

Pick-axe 

Spare  handspike 

In   the   places    provided    for 
them  on  the  caisson-body. 

One   in   the  limber-chest,   and 
one  in  a  caisson-chest. 

I  On  the  limber. 

Strapped  on  the  limbei'-chest. 

Spare  pole 

Spare  wheel 

Tow-hooks 

Tar-bucket 

Watering-bucket  (leather). 
Tarpaulin,  large 

HIDN'ANCE    MANUAL. 


/nip/i  innifs  (iikI  £quij>uu'n(.</(yr  rrairle- Carriages. 


Kin  P. 


No. 


Sponprs  :uul  rainmers  . .. 

S  |M  111  <rt'-('i>  vers 

Il.indsi.iko 

VtMii-rovrr 

ll:iViT<ark j 

'riiiH'-iHiiK'ii I 

,,..'■  1 

rniniii^-wirr 

Tliui.iI.-siuUs : 

(luiiiior's  Lriiiilet [ 

I.jiiiViird    tor    tVielion-pri- 


I'n/c'-ciittfr 

(iunnor'.s  j)incer.s. ... 
Tarpaulin,  (3XlOft 

W:itor-l>uckot  

I'roloiipi'  

Tar-bucket 


Weiffht. 


5. 

.18 
1.8G 
1.80 
0.08 

.01 
0.08 

0.2 

0.2 

0.85 

12.25 


VOn  the  carriage. 

On  the  gun. 

V  In  ammunition-chestj 


In  the  tube-pouch. 


In  tool-chest  A. 

On  the  ammunition-chest. 

On  the  limber. 

On  the  gun-carriage. 

On  the  limber. 


JinpJi  m<i,t.<  and  Kqu!pment)i  for  tlu-  Moantain-ITowitzer  Carriage, 


KlNP. 

No. 

Weight. 

Place. 

Ilalnl^pikc 

1 
1 
1 

1 
1 

- 
1 
1 

2 
1 
1 
1 

5.0 

O.O 

.11 
0.18 
1.80 
1.80 

0.08 
0.08 

0.2 
0.2 

0.85 
5.25 

-  On  the  carriage. 

On  the  sponge. 

On  tlie  gun. 

)   On  tlie  pack  with  the  ammu- 

j        nition-chests. 

Vnit-c.ivrr 

IlaviT^ack 

Tulif-jxaH-li 

I'ri  III  ill};- wire 

(luiiiicr's  LMiiilct 

I.aiivaid     tor    tViclioii-pri- 

-  In  the  tube-pouch. 

In  ammunition-chest. 
In  tool-chest  A. 

On  the  pack  Avith  the  ammuni- 
tion-chest. 

*  in  iiiici-'s   pincers  ...     . 

Tarpaulin.  5  ;.;  5lt 



EQUIPMENT   OF   FORGES. 


339 


EQUIPMENT   OF   TRAVELLING-FORGES   AND   BATTERY-WAGONS. 
One  forge  and  one  battery-wagon  accompany  each  field-battery.     They 
are  furnished  with  the  tools  and  materials  required  for  shoeing  horses  and 
for  ordinary  repairs  and  preservation  of  carriages  and  harness. 

Other  forges  and  battery-wagons,  equipped  for  the  general  service  of  the 
army,  accompany  the  field-park  which  contains  the  general  supplies  of 
ordnance  stores. 

The  forge  for  the  field-hattery  is  designated  by  the  letter  A. 

The  forge  for  the  field-park  "  "         "      B. 

The  battery -wag  on  for  the  field-hatterrj    "  "         '<       C. 

The  battery -10 agon  for  the  field-park        '*  "  "      D. 

EQUIPMENT   OF  A  FORGE   FOR  A  FIELD-BATTERY. 
Limber-  Chest. 

The  chest  is  marked  Forge  A.  The  stores  and  tools  are  carried  in 
6  boxes  and  1  oil-can. 

Interior  Arrangement. — 2  copper  clamps  for  iron  square,  fastened  on 
the  inside  of  the  cover  by  11  screws. 

Boxes  for  Tools  and  Stores,  (white  pine,  .75  inch  thick.)  The  sides 
and  ends  are  dovetailed  together  and  fastened  by  8-penny  nails :  the  covers 
are  made  with  clamps  on  the  ends,  and  ai-e  loose :  they  have  three  f-in. 
holes  bored  in  each  end,  to  lift  them  by.  Two  handles  of  leather,  doubled, 
are  nailed  on  the  inside  of  the  ends  of  the  boxes,  so  as  not  to  interfere 
with  the  covers. 

The  boxes  are  marked,  respectively,  A  Nos.  1,  2,  3,  4,  5. 

Exterior  Diraensions  of  the  Boxes. 


Dimensions. 

A  Nos.  1,3,6. 

A  No.  2. 

A  No.  4. 

A  No.  5. 

Shocing-Box. 

Length in. 

Width in. 

Depth in. 

AVeight lbs. 

17.8 
13.25 
7.5 
8.25 

17.8 
13.25 
7.5 
9.75 

23.5 

8. 

6.5 

8. 

39.8 
9.8 
6.5 

14.5 

16.5 
8. 
6.5 
4.7 

Nos.  2  and  4  have  each  a  partition;  No.  2  at  4.5  inches  from  one  end, 
and  No.  4  at  5.25  inches. 

One  oil-can,  made  of  tin,  to  hold  one  quart :  it  has  a  neck  for  a  cork  near 
one  corner.     It  is  marked  A,  Sperm-Oil. 

Dimensions  of  call. — Length,  5  inches  ;  width,  5  inches;  height,  4  inches: 
diameter  of  neck,  1  inch  ;  height  of  neck,  0.5  inch  ;    weight  of  can,  0.91b. 


;{-10 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 
Contents  of  the  Limlcr- Chest  of  Forge  A. 


itirs  Tools  aiitl  Stores. 


No. 


]{ox  A  1,  containing  : 
Jlorseshoes  Nos.  2  undo.. 

15ox  A  2,  containing: 

IIor.scshoe-nails  Nos.  2 
and  3 

"Washers  and  nuts  No.  2. 

>Vasliers  and  nuts  No.  3. 

"NVashors  and  nuts  No.  4. 

Nails  No.  IC 

Nails  No.  2  C 

Tire-bolts 

Keys  for  ammunition- 
chests 

Linch-washers 

Linch-pins  

(Chains  Nos.  1  and  2. ..ft. 

CoUlshut  ,S'-links,  No.  3.. 

CoMshut  .S-links,  No.  5.. 

Q'otal  contained  in  Box 
A  2 

Box  A  3,  containing : 
Horseshoes  Nos.  2  and  3.. 

1><)X  A  4,  containing : 

Hand  cold-chisels 

llardie 

Files.       assorted,       with 

handles 

Bullress  

H  and  itunclu's, round  and 

sijuare 

Screw-wrench 

Hand  screw-driver 

Hand-vise 

Smith's  callipers pair. 

Taj)s )  Nos.  ],  2,  3, 

Hies,  pairs  j'     and  4 

W(M.d-screws,  ) 

]  i„.  No.  14(  -P^-"^'^- 
<>"u:irt  can  (if  sperm-oil... 
'I'otal    coiit;iin('(l    in    Box 

A  4 


90 


20 


90 


1 
1 
1 
1 
4 
4 

1 

1 


Weight. 


100. 

9.<o 

50. 
5.25 
3.20 
2.15 
1.00 
1.00 
5.00 

1.80 
7.30 
8.37 
1.54 
2.50 
2.00 

91.11; 

8.25 
100. 


Smith's  Tools  aud  Stores. 


2.42 

0.:;2: 
l.Od' 
0.4n: 
1.5()! 

1.83; 

2.10| 
2.70 


Box  A  5,  containing:.. 

Fire-shovel 

Poker 

Split  broom  

Hand-hammer 

Riveting-hammer 

Nailing-hammer 

Sledge-hammer 

Chisels  for  hot  iron 

Chisels  for  cold  iron 

Smith's  tongs 

Fore-punch 

Creaser 

Fuller 

Nail-claw 

Round-punch 

Tap-wrench 

Die-stock 

Nave-bands,  developed  ., 

Tire-bands,  developed... 

Total  contained  in   Box 

A5 


8.0 

2.00 
0.75 

10.00 
1.50 

2.00 

18.51 


Shoeing-box,  containing: 

Shoeing-hammer 

Pincers pair. 

Rasps  (12  inches) 

Shoeing-knife 

Toe-knife 

Pritchel 

N  ail-punch 

Clinching-iron 

Oil-stone 

Leather  aprons  

Total      contained       in 
shoeing-box 

Iron    square,    in   clamps 
on  the  inside  of  cover.. 

I  Padlock,  on  cliest 

:  Tow,  used  in  packing  ... 
;  Tar-bucket,  on  its  hook. 

Total 


Weight. 


CONTENTS    OF    FORGE-BODY    A. 


341 


Boxes  Nos.  1,  2,  and  3  are  placed  in  the  bottom  of  the  chest:  No.  1 
against  the  left  hand ;  No.  2  in  the  middle. 

No.  4  is  placed  on  top  of  Nos.  1  and  2,  against  the  left  end  and  the  back 
of  the  chest;  the  division  for  the  oil-can  on  the  left  hand. 

No.  5  is  placed  on  top  of  Nos.  1,  2,  and  3,  against  the  front  of  the  chest. 

The  shoeing-box  is  placed  on  No.  3,  against  the  right  end  and  the  back 
of  the  chest. 

The  tools  and  stores  in  all  the  boxes,  and  in  the  forges  and  battery- 
wagons,  are  securely  packed  with  tow. 

Contents  of  Forge-Body  A. 


Tools  and  Stores. 


Square  iron,  \  in.  and  \  in 

Flat  iron,  \\  in.  X  f  i"-'  ^  i'^-  X  ii^^-j 
and  \\  in.  X  \  in 


Cast  steel,  f  m.  square.... 

English  blister-steel 

Box  A  G,  containing 

Horseshoes 

Water-bucket,  wood 

Anvil < 

Vise 


Watering-bucket,  leather. 

Bituminous  coal 

Coal-shovel 

Padlock 

Tow 


Total,  exclusive  of  vise. 


No. 

Weight. 

Lbs. 

100.00 

50.00 

50.00 

5.00 

5.00 

8.25 

100 

108.25 

1 

10.00 

1 

100.00 

1 

29.00 

1 

8.00 

250.00 

1 

4.75 

1 

0.50 

... 

2.00 

693.50 

Place. 


In  the  iron-room. 
The  bars  not  more 
than  3  feet  long ; 
the  square  iron  in 
2  bundles. 


In  the  iron-room. 
On  its  hook. 
On  the  fireplace. 
Fixed  on  the  stock  of 

the  carriage. 
On  the  vise. 

I  In  the  coal-box. 

On  coal-box. 


To  put  the  box  in  the  iron-room  or  take  it  out,  loosen  the  thumb-nuts 
and  raise  the  rear  of  the  bellows  an  inch. 

EQUIPMENT   OF  A  BATTERY-WAGON   FOR  A  FIELD-BATTERY. 

The  battery-wagon  for  a  field-battery  is  designated  by  the  letter  C. 

Limber-  Chest. 

The  chest  is  marked  on  the  front  side  Battkry-Wagon  C. 

The  tools  and  stores  are  carried  in  4  boxes  and  1  oil-can. 

Interior  Arrangement. — 4  brackets,  fastened  to  the  inside  of  the  cover 
by  10  screws. 

Boxes  for  Tools  and  Stores,  (white  pine,  0.75  inch  thick.) — The  sides 
and  ends  are  dovetailed  together  and  fastened  by  8-penny  nails  ;  the  covers 
are  loose,  like  those  of  the  limber-chest  of  Forge  A,  as  are  also  the  handles. 

The  boxes  are  marked,  respectively,  C,  Nos.  1,  2,  3,  and  4. 


34: 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

KAerior  Dimensions  of  the  Boxes. 


C  No.  1. 


Loupfh in.  |  17.8 

Wi.lth in.  i  13.25 

Depth in.  I  7.5 

WiMjrht lbs.  8.25 


CNo.2. 

CNo.3. 

C  No.  4. 

2(5.5 

39.8 

3!».8 

17.8 

i).8 

8.0 

7.5 

G.25 

G.25 

17.5 

12.5 

11.0 

Remarks. 


The  covers  of  Nos.  1  and  2 
are  .75  inch  thick,  and 
those  of  3  and  4  are  .5 
inch  thick. 


No.  3  has  !i  partition,  at  5.25  inches  from  one  end,  for  the  oil-can. 
No.  4  has  two  partitions  perpendicular  to  the  sides,  making  three  divi- 
sions, respectively  15.8  inches,  10  inches,  and  11  inches  long. 

The  oil-can  is  like  that  for  the  limber-chest  of  Forge  A,  and  is  marked 

C,   Si'KK.M-OlL. 

Contents  of  Liinher- Chest  for  Battery- Wagon  C. 


Tools  !ind  Stores. 


C.VIIRIACK-MAKKR  S 

TOOLS. 

Hand-saws,  )         •     •  i     T 
,,,  on  inside 

,  ,  •     ,         of  cover.  1 

I'xix  C  1,  containing  :.. 

.lack-jilane 

Sniii()thing-j)lane 

I5raf<\  with  2t  bits 

Spdke-sliavo 

(iaujre 

lMan.'-ir..iis 

Saw-sot 

Kulc  (2  feet) 

(linilets 

Compasses pair 

Chalk-line 

lira. 1  awls 

S.-iibiT 

Saw -tiles  (  t.l-iii.  ) 

Won.l-tiles  flM-iii.) 

Wnnd-ra<p  (  Kt-in.) 

'I'r_viiijr-S(iuare  ( !^-in.).... 
llaiid  seiew-iiriver 


I>'i\  C  2.  eoniainiiig  :.. 
Oil-<toiie v.... 


No. 


Weight. 


Lbs. 

4.00 

1.50 

8.25 
4.15 
1.80 
4.35 
0.30 
0.30 
1.05 
0.25 
0.14 
0.95 
0.18 
(1.10 
0.17 
0.15 
0.87 
1.12 
0.40 
o.on 

0..32 


Tools  and  Stores. 


CARRIAGE-MAKER  S 
TOOLS. 

Box  C  2 — continued. 

Broad-axe 

Iland-axe 

Claw-haichet 

Claw-hammer 

Pincers  (small) pair 

Table-vise 

Framing-chisels     (1-in. 

and  2-in,) 

Firmer-chisels       (f-in. 

and  l|-in  ) 

Framing-gouges    (1-in. 

and  lo-in.) 

Augers  and  handles  (-^- 

in.,  y-in.,  and  ;|-in.).. 
Screw-wrench 


Box  C  3,  containing:.. 
Felling-axe  |  with  han- 

Adze j       dies 

Frame-saw 

Quart  can  of  sperm-oil.. 


17.20       saddler's  tools  and 
1]  stores. 

17.5        Mallet 

1.50   i  Clamp 


No. 


Weight. 


Lbs. 

6.00 
5.00 
2.00 
1.50 
1.06 
3.80 

3.00 

1.00 

2.60 

2.35 
2.42 


32.23 

12.5 

6.00 
3.30 

4.50 
2.70 


1.75 
5.00 

23.25 


DIMENSIONS    OP    THE    BOXES.  343 

Contents  of  Llmher- Chest  for  Battery-Wagon  C — Continued. 


Tools  and  Stores. 


Box  C  4,  containing:.. 

Hammer 

Shoe-knife 

Half-round  knife 

Shears pair 

Sandstone 

Rule  (2  feet) 

Needles 

Awls  and  handles 

Punches 

Pincers pair 

Pliers pair 

Claw-tool 

Greaser 

Thimbles 

Strap-awl 

Beeswax lbs. 


No. 

Weight. 

Lbs. 

... 

11.00 

1 

0.65 

1 

0.09 

1 

0.28 

1 

0.47 

1 

1.54 

1 

0.14 

100 

0.08 

12 

0.75 

2 

0.22 

1 

0.75 

1 

0.22 

1 

0.12 

1 

0.15 

4 

0.06 

1 

0.01 

o 

2.00 

Tools  and  Stores. 


Black  wax lbs. 

Bristles oz. 

Shoe-thread lbs. 

Patent  thread lbs. 

Buckles  (assorted,  .75- 

in.  to  1.5-in.) doz. 

Tacks M. 

Gunner's  callipers 

Shoe-knives 

Scissors pairs 

Padlock,  on  the  chest.. 
Tar-bucket,  on  its  hook 
Tow,  for  packing 

Total 


No. 


Weight. 


Lbs. 
3.00 
0.50 
5.00 
2.00 

1.00 
0.75 
0.50 
0.18 
0.20 


20.66 
0.50 
7.00 
7.00 

162.59 


Boxes  Nos.  1  and  2  occupy  the  bottom  of  the  chest;  No.  1  against  the 
left  end. 

Nos.  3  and  4  are  placed  on  top  of  Nos.  1  and  2 ;  No.  3  against  the  rear 
of  the  chest. 

Wagon-Body  C. 

The  large  stores  are  piled  loosely  in  the  body  and  in  the  till;  the  small 
stores  and  tools  are  packed  in  five  boxes. 

Interior  Arrangement. — A  till,  9  inches  wide  and  9.5  inches  deep,  as 
described  page  51. 

An  axe-rack  extends  along  the  whole  length  of  the  body,  on  the  left 
side,  11  inches  from  the  bottom;  it  is  2  inches  deep  and  1.5  inch  wide,  and 
is  fastened  to  the  aide  by  the  middle  rivets  of  the  side  studs,  and  by  5  icood- 
screws.  The  rack  has  notches,  to  hold  3  axes,  3  hatchets,  and  3  bill- 
hooks. 

Exterior  Dimensions  of  the  Boxes. 


Dimensions. 

C  Nos.  5  &  6. 

C  No.  7. 

C  No.  8. 

Candle-Box. 

Length 

Width 

in. 

in. 

23. 
18.5 

23.5 
20.25 

13. 
13. 

11. 

6.5 

Depth 

Weight 

in. 

lbs. 

11.25 
^    17.5 

14. 

28. 

5. 
6. 

5.5 
2.85 

29 


341 


ORDNANCE    3IANUAL. 


Nos.  1  and  G  have  no  cover;  No.  7  has  a  loose  cover;  No.  8  is  divided 
into  1  eciual  parts;  No.  8  and  caudle-box  are  of  white  pine,  0.625  inch 
thick,  with  cover-hinges  and  locks;  Nos.  5  and  6  are  of  hard  wood,  0.75 
inch  thick. 

The  boxes  are  marked,  respectively,  C,  Nos.  5,  6,  7,  8,  and  candle-box  C. 

Dimensions  of  Cans  and  Kegs. 


Dimensions. 

Neafs-foot 
Oil. 

'fiirpcntinc 
&Lin.seed-Oil. 

Olive 
Paint. 

Black  Taint. 

2  Kegs. 

('ai)acity 

..in. 
..in. 
..in. 
lbs. 

2  gal. 

8. 

li'.ri" 

1  gal. 
6. 

10." 
1.37 

25  lbs. 

9.75 

10.25 
3. 

5  lbs. 

7. 

'8.5" 
1.5 

50  lbs. 
9.75 

Diameter  of  the  bilge 
]Ioi<Tht 

10.5 
12.5 

Woigiit 

5. 

The  first  two  cans  have  rounded  tops  and  necks  for  corks;  the  other  two 
have  flat  tops,  and  the  opening  covered  by  a  piece  of  tin  soldered  on. 

There  are  feven  cans, — two  marked  C,  Neat's-Foot  Oil;  one  marked 
C,  Linsi'ed-Oil;  07ie  marked  C,  Turpentine;  !:wo  marked  C,  Olive  Paint; 
one  marked  C,  Black  Paint. 


Contents  of  Wagon-Bodij  C. 


TiXiU  and  Sd 


Box  C  5,  containing  in 

5  cans: 

Linseed-oil gal. 

Spirits  turpentine  ....gal. 

Olive  paint lbs. 

Black  paint lbs. 

Total  in  Box  C  5 

r.ox  (y  7,  containing  in 
2  cans  and  2  kegs... 

Neat's- foot   oil gals. 

(irease lbs. 


Box  C  8,  containing:.. 
Nails    (4,  6,  8,    and    10 

penny) lbs. 

Felling-axes,  in  axe-ruck 


No.    Weight.!  Tools  and  Stores.  No.    Weight, 


80. 


4 

32.80 

50 

CO. 

92.80 

G. 

20 

20. 

0 

12. 

Claw-hatchet, 
Hand-bills, 


{' 


m    axe' 
rack 


Box  C  6,  containing:.. 

Pai  nt-brushes 

Sperm  or  wax  candles,  lbs 

Rammer-heads 

Sponge-heads 

Sponges 

Priming- wires 

Gunner's  gimlets 

Lanyards    for    friction- 
primers 

Cannon-spikes 

Dark  lanterns 

Common  lanterns 

Total  in  BoxCG... 


Lbs. 
2. 
4. 


17.5 
3.00 
7.85 
2.90 
3.20 
3.00 
0.24 
0.24 

0.40 
0.30 
3.00 
4.60 


CONTENTS   OF   WAGON-BODY   C. 
Contents  of  Wagon-Bodi/  C. — Continued. 


845 


Tools  and  Stores. 


No. 

Weight. 

Lbs. 

1 

35. 

1 

15. 

3 

13.5 

40 

72. 

24 

160. 

1 

50. 

1 

6.5 

3 

75. 

10 

47.5 

10 

57.5 

6 

27.5 

16 

11. 

16 

8. 

6 

18. 

6 

21. 

12 

15.5 

25 

4.5 

12 

13.5 

6 

10. 

2 

0.25 

1 

15.75 

1 

12.25 

1 

25. 

0 

22. 

1 

12.5 

4 

9. 

4 

6. 

6 

30. 

2 

13. 

24 

20. 

2 

18. 

4 

3.85 

4 

12. 

1 

90. 

1 

0.5 

1 

8. 

4 

69." 

24.5 

1292.57 

Caisson-stock 

Splinter-bar 

Rammers  and  sponges... 

Spokes 

Fellies 

Grindstone,  14  in.  X  4  in. 
Arbor  and  crank  for  do.. 
Screw-jacks 

Wheel-traces 

Leading-traces 

Collars 

Girths 

Whips 

Bridles 

Halters 

Halter-chains 

Hame-straps 

Spare  nose-bags 

Sash-cord pieces 

Slow-match yards 

Elevating-screw 

Pole-yoke 

Harness-leather side 

Bridle-leather sides 

Prolonge 

Scythes 

Scythe-stones 

Spades 

Pick-axes  and  handles... 

Corn-sacks 

Tarpaulins,  5  feet  square 
Reaping-hooks 

Scythe-snaths 

Spare  stock  for  battery- 
wagon  

Padlock 

Watering-bucket 

F  orage 

Boxes 

Tow 

Total 


Under  the  till,  against  the  side  and 
rear  of  the  wagon. 

On  the  caisson-stock,  against  rear 

end. 
On  the   bottom ;    piled  lengthwise 

against  the  front  end. 
On  the  spokes,  crosswise. 
"I  On   the   fellies,    against  the  left 
/      side  of  the  wagon. 
On  the  fellies,  against  ihe  front  and 

the  till. 

In  a  pile  occupying  30  inches  at 
the  rear  end  of  the  wagon,  be- 
tween the  left  side  and  the 
caisson-stock,  and  up  to  the 
top  of  the  till ;  the  collars 
piled  on  each  other,  from  the 
bottom. 

\  On  the  harness. 

On  Box  No.  7,  to  the  left  of  No.  8. 

On  the  pile  of  harness. 

■)  Under  the  till, in  front  of  the  pile  of 
J  harness,against  the  caisson-stock. 
On  Box  No.  7,  in  front  of  No.  8. 
In  the  till,  against  the  front  end. 
In  the  curve  of  the  scythes.- 
In  the  till ;  the  bits  against  rear  end. 
Between  the  spade-handles. 
On  the  scythes. 

On  the  corn-sacks,  against  front  end. 
Fastened  to  the   ridge-pole  with  a 

wooden  clamp  and  a  leather  strap. 
Fastened  to  the  ridge-pole  with  two 

leather  straps  and  buckles. 
In  the  spare  stock-stirrup. 

Tied  to  the  forage-rack. 
In  the  forage-rack. 


Exclusive  of  forage. 


;46 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Box  C  No.  5  is  placed  on  the  bottom  of  the  wagon,  next  to  the  pile  of 
harness  which  occupies  the  rear  part  of  the  body.  Box  No.  6  is  on  top  of 
No.  5 ;  No.  7  on  the  bottom  of  the  wagon,  in  front  of  No.  5 ;  No.  8  on  top 
of  No.  7.     The  candle-box  in  No.  6. 


EQUIPMENT   OF   A   FORGE   FOR   THE   FIELD-PARK. 

Limber-  Chest. 
The  chest  is  marked  Forge  B. 

The  stores  and  tools  are  packed  in  5  boxes  and  1  oil-can. 
Interior  Arrangement. — 3  copper  clamps  for  iron  square,  fastened  on 
the  inside  of  the  cover  by  11  screws. 

Boxes  for  Tools  and  Stores. — Made  like  those  for  Forge  A. 

Exterior  Dimensions. 


DIMENSIONS. 

BoxBNos.l, 
5,  6. 

Box  B  No.  2. 

Box  B  No.  3. 

Box  B  No.  4. 

Shoeing-Box  B. 

Length in. 

Width in. 

17.8 

13.25 

7.5 
8.25 

26.5 

7.5 
17.5 

23.5 
8. 
6.5 
8. 

39.8 
9.8 
6.5 

14.5 

16.5 

8. 

Depth in. 

Weight lbs. 

6.5 
4.7 

No.  3  has  a  partition  for  oil-can,  5.25  inches  from  one  end. 
The  boxes  are  marked,  respectively,  B,  Nos.  1,  2,  3,  and  4. 
The  oil-can  is  like  that  for  Forge  A. 


Contents  of  Limber- Chest  of  Forge  B. 


Tools  and  Stores. 


Box  B  1,  containing: .. 
Nuts  and  washers  No.  5.. 
Nuts  and  washers  No.  4.. 
Nuts  and  washers  No.  3.. 
Nuts  and  washers  No.  2.. 
Nails,  Nos.  land 2,  C.lbs. 

Tire-bolts 

Rivets  for  aram.  chests. .lb 

AVashers  Nos.  3  and  4 

Keys  for  ammun.  chests.. 
Pole-prop  socket  &  ferrule 

Li  nch- washers 

Shoulder-washers 


No. 

Wciglit. 

Lbs. 

8.25 

4 

5.00 

6 

3.22 

10 

3.20 

45 

7.88 

2 

2.00 

20 

5.00 

1 

1.00 

20 

2.50 

5 

1.80 

1 

1.30 

8 

7.00 

4 

7.00 

Tools  and  Stores. 


Box  B  1 — continued. 

Linch-pins 

Chain  No.  2 feet 

Pintle-hook 

Cap-square 

Tire-bands  (clips)  devel. 

Total  in  Box  B  1.... 

Box  B  2,  containing:.. 
ITeading-tools,  for  bolts.. 
Heading-tool,  for  nails... 
Tire-punches,  w.  handles 


No. 


Weight. 


Lbs. 
8.00 

0.75 

20.00 
5.00 


83.40 

17.5 
12.00 
4.00 
3.00 


CONTENTS   OF   LIMBER-CHEST,  FORGE   B.  347 

Contents  of  Limher- Chest  of  Forge  B. — Continued. 

Weight.  Tools  and  Stores.  No.    Weight. 


Tools  and  Stores. 


Box  B  2 — continued. 
Round  punch,  w.  handles 
Square  punch,  " 

Square  hand-punch 

Bound  hand-punch 

Centre-punch 

Key-punch 

Set-hammer,  flat 

Set-hammer,  half-round. 

Chisels  for  hot  iron 

Chisels  for  cold  iron 

Hand  cold-chisels 

Smith's  tongs 

Nail-claw 

Tire-circle  

Bevel- vise 

Hardie 

Fuller 

Hand-axe 

TotalinBox  B  2.... 

Box  B  3,  containing:.. 
Screws,  1-in., No.  14,  groce 

Small  hand-vise 

Hand  screw-driver 

Gimlets,  assorted 

Small  punches 

Spring  compasses.... pair 
Files,  assort.,  w.  handles 

Iron  wire-gauge 

Scribing-awl 

Callipers pair 

Bevel 

Trying-square 

Scriber 

Buttress 

Quart  can  of  sperm-oil... 

Total  in  Box  B  8.... 


Lbs. 

2.10 
2.10 
1.00 
1.00 
0.50 
1.00 
2.85 
3.00 
4.50 
3.00 
2.00 
15.00 
5.00 
1.35 
1.75 
0.75 
2.40 
5.00 


73.30 


2.10 
1.00 
0.32 
2.85 
2.75 
0.95 
0.75 
0.15 
10.00 
0.25 
0.15 
0.40 
0.35 
0.60 
0.15 
1.50 
2.70 


26.97 


Box  B  4,  containing:.. 
Nave-bands,  developed... 

Hand-hammer 

Riveting-hammer 

Nailing-hammer 

Sledge 

Fore-punch 

Creaser 

Screw-wrench 

Smith's  shovel 

Smith's  poker 

Split  broom 

Tap-wrench,  with  4  holes 

Die-stock  

Tracing-point 

Augers,  |-in.  and  1-in.... 

Framing-chisel 

Felling-axe 

Total  in  Box  B  4..., 

Shoeing-box,  cont'g:,. 

Shoeing-hammer 

Shoeing-pincers 

Shoeing-rasps 

Pritchel 

Nail-punch 

Toe-knife 

Clinching-iron 

Shoeing-knife 

Leather  aprons 

Oil-stone 

Total  in  Shoeing-Box, 

Iron    square,    on    inside 

cover 

Padlock,  on  chest 

Tar-bucket,  on  its  hook.. 
Tow 

Total 


Lbs. 
14.5 
11.75 
3.50 
1.05 
1.80 
10.50 
1.00 
1.00 
2.42 
3.05 
1.90 
1.25 
3.75 
6.25 
0.15 
2.50 
1.50 
6,00 


59,37 

4,7 

0.82 
2.00 
2.15 
0,85 
0.80 
0.30 
1,00 
0,33 
3.00 
1,50 


12. 


2,00 

0.5 

7,00 

14,00 


.24 


Boxes  Nos,  1  and  2  occupy  the  bottom  of  the  limber-chest ;  No.  1  against 

the  left  end. 

No.  3  is  placed  on  top  of  Nos.  1  and  2,  against  the  left  end  and  the  back 

of  the  chest. 

29* 


:;js 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


No.   1  on  t(.])  of  Nos.  1  and  2,  against  the  front  of  the  chest. 

Tlio  ^luHMiig-lH'x,  on  No.  1',  against  the  right  end  and  the  back  of  the 

Cox  tents  of  Forge-Bocly  B. 


Tools  ami  stores. 


S.iuavc  iron  {I  to  1  in.) 

Flat  iron  OlX^,  ^X^-  UXi^, 

n      1   in.) 

PvoimkI  iron  (^-in.)  

('.•i-t  <ICl'l 

Engli.-h  lilistored  steel 

l?oxes  B-">  and  B  G,  containing:.. 

Horseshoes  Nos.  2  &  o 

IIorsoshoe-nailsNos.  2  &  3 

'Water-bucket 

Watering-l)ucket  (leather) 

Anvil.... 

Vise 

Bitun)inous  coal 

roal-shovel 

Tadluck  

Tow 


Total, 


No.    I    "Weight. 


Lbs. 
100. 

50. 

50. 

10. 

5. 

16.5 
200. 

20. 

10. 

8. 

100. 

250!'"' 
4.75 
0.50 
8. 


Place. 


In  the  iron-room.  Bars 
not  more  than  3  feet 
long.  Square  iron  in 
two  bundles. 


I  In  the  ir 


on-room. 

On  its  hook. 

On  the  vise. 

On  the  fireplace. 

On  the  stock  of  the  forge. 

I  In  the  coal-box. 

On  coal-box. 

Exclusive  of  vise. 


To  put  the  boxes  5  and  6  in  place,  loosen  the  thumb-nuts  and  raise  the 
roar  of  the  bellows  one  inch. 


KQUll'MH-NT    OF  A   BATTFRY-WAGON    FOR    THE    FIELD-PARK. 

Jjimber-Chcat. 

The  chest  is  marked  liATTKiiY-AVAnoN  D. 

The  stores  are  packed  witli  tow  in  the  bottom  of  the  chest,  and  in  2 
hnx''.'<  and  1  oil-ciiii. 

iNTKitiuK  AiiKANcjKMKNT.— 2  clcdts  of  oak  for  the  boxes,  .175  inch  wide 
and  (1.7.')  inrh  thick,  arc  fastened  to  the  ends  of  the  chest  by  8  screws 
Nn.  1  }.  I.-")  inch  :  the  upper  edges  of  the  cleats  7.5  inches  from  the  bottom 
of  the  chest. 

5  u-u.„l,„  rhimps  for  saws,  fastened  to  the  inside  of  the  chest-cover  by  12 

2  hr,iss  r'awp.^  for  webs  of  frame-saw,  fastened  to  the  inside  of  the  cover 
by  12  naiN. 


LIMBER-CHEST    FOR   BATTERY- WAGON    D.  349 

Exterior  Dimensions  of  Boxes. 


D  No.  1. 

D  No.  2. 

Kemarks. 

Length 

Width 

in. 

39.8 
8.0 
6.25 

11.0 

39.8 
9.8 
6.25 

13.0 

No.  1  has  2  partitions,  5.25  inches  from  one 
end  and  7.5  inches  from  the  other. 

Depth 

Weight 

in. 

lbs. 

No.  2  has  2  partition!?,  14  inclies  from  one 

end  and  11.8  inches  from  the  other. 
Made  like  the  boxes  for  Forge  A. 

The  boxes  are  marked,  respectively,  D,  Nos.  1  and  2. 
One    oil-can,  like    that   for  the   limber-chest   of  Forge   A,  marked    D, 
Sperm-Oil. 

Contents  of  Limber- Chest  for  Battery-Wagon  D. 


Tools  and  Stores. 


CAKRIAGE-MAKER  S 
TOOLS. 

(Packed  in  the  bottom  of  the 
chest  with  tow.) 

Bench-planes 

Wood-clamps 

Oil-stones 

Broad-axe 

Hand-axe 

Felling-axe 

Hand-hammer 

Claw-hatchet 

Adze 

Table-vise 

Holdfast , 

Framing-chisels 

Firmer-  chisels 

Gouges 

Frame-saw 

Screw-wrenches 

Augers  and  handles 

Claw-hammers 

Saddler's  mallet 

Saddler's  clam 


Box  D  1,  containing:.. 

Brace  and  24  bits 

Pincers,  small pair 

Callipers pair 


No. 

Weight. 

Lbs. 

4 

16.00 

2 

12. 

2 

3. 

1 

6. 

1 

5.35 

1 

6. 

1 

1.50 

1 

2. 

1 

3.30 

1 

3.80 

1 

10.5 

4 

6. 

4 

2, 

4 

5. 

1 

4.50 

2 

4.84 

6 

4.70 

3.00 

1 

1.75 

1 

5.00 

106.24 

11.09 

1 

4.35 

1 

1. 

1 

0.40 

Tools  and  Stores. 


Box  D  1 — continued. 

Spoke-shaves 

Gauges 

Plane-irons 

Saw-set 

Trying-square 

Bevel 

Rule  (2  feet) 

Gimlets 

Compasses pair 

Chalk-line 

Brad-awls 

Scriber 

Taper-files  (4J-in.) 

Wood-files 

Wood-rasps 

Compass-saw 

Harness-buckles...  groce 

Tacks M. 

Quart  can  sperm-oil 

Total  in  Box  D  1.. 


SADDLER  S  TOOLS  AND 
STORES. 

Box  D  2,  containing  : .. 

Hammer 

Shoe-knives 

Half-round  knife 

Shears pair 

Sandstones 


No. 


Weight. 


Lbs. 

0.60 

0.60 

3.15 

0.25 

0.60 

0.35 

0.14 

0.95 

0.18 

0.10 

0.17 

0.15 

0.87 

3.36 

0.80 

0.30 

4. 

2.50 

2.70 


13. 
0.65 
0.54 

0.28 
0.47 
4.62 


350  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Contents  of  Limber- Chest  for  Batteri/- Wagon  D. — Continued. 


Tools  and  Stores. 


Box  D  2 — continued. 

Rule  (2  feet) 

Needles,  assorted 

Collar-needles 

Awls 

Awl-handles 

Punches,  assorted 

Pincers pairs 

Pliers pairs 

Claw-tools 

Greasers  

Strap-awls 

Gauge-knife 

Compasses pair 

Thimbles 

Bristles 


No. 

Weight. 

Lbs. 

1 

0.14 

600 

0.50 

6 

0.05 

36 

2.25 

6 

0.60 

6 

0.66 

3 

2.25 

6 

1.32 

3 

0.36 

3 

0.45 

3 

0.03! 

1 

0.80  1 

1 

0.18  1 

6 

0.09 

1. 

i 

Tools  and  Ston 


Box  D  2 — continued. 

Beeswax 

Black  wax 

Patent  thread 

Total  in  Box  D  2- 

Hand-saws,  ^^in  wooden  f 
Tenon-saws,  j  clamp  ( 
Webs  or  blades  for  frame- 
saw, in  brass  clamps- 
Padlock,  on  chest 

Tar-bucket,  on  its  hook.. 
Tow 

Total 


No. 


Weight. 


Lbs. 

3. 

5. 

5. 

30.24 

2 

4. 

2 

3. 

2 

0.75 

1 

0.50 

1 

7. 

5.25 

208.50 


Boxes  Nos.  1  and  2  rest  on  the  cleats  ;    No.  1  against  the  back  of  the 
chest. 

Wagon-Bodi/  D. 

The  large  stores  are  packed  loosely  in  the  body  and  in  the  till :    the 
small  stores  and  tools  are  packed  in  9  boxes,  8  tin  cans,  and  2  kegs. 

Interior  Arrangement. — A  till  and  axe-rack  as  in  Battery-Wagon  C. 
2  wooden  buttons  for  rammer-staves,  fastened  to  the  ridge-pole  by  2  scrcivs. 

1  wooden  clamp  for  reaping-hook,  fastened  to  the  ridge-pole. 

2  wooden  clamps  for  saws. 

1  iron  staple  and   leather  strap  for  reaping-hooks,  passing   through  the 
ridge-pole. 

Exterior  Dimensions  of  tlie  Boxes. 


Dimensions. 

D  Nos.  3 
and  5. 

D  No.  4. 

D  No.  6. 

DNo.7. 

D  No.  8. 

D  No.  9. 

DNo.lO. 

Shoeing- 
Box. 

Length in. 

Width in. 

Depth in. 

Weight lbs. 

23.5 

20.25 
14. 

28. 

27.5 
23.5 
14. 
34. 

19.5 
19.5 
10.5 
21. 

31.5 

19.5 

8. 

26. 

12.5 

8.5 
7.5 
4. 

13. 
13. 

5. 
6. 

14.5 

6. 

5.5 

3.5 

16.5 
8. 
6.5 
4.7 

Nos.  3,  4,  5,  6,  and  7  are  of  hard  wood,  .075  inch  thick,  with  hinged 
covers  and  hooks. 

Nos.  8,  9,  and  10  are  of  white  pine,  .625  inch  thick,  with  hinges  and 
hooks.     No.  9  is  divided  into  4  parts. 


CONTENTS   OF   BATTERY  WAGON    D. 


351 


The  boxes  are  marked,  respectively,  B,  Nos.  3,  4,  5,  6,  7,  8,  9,  10. 

The  shoeing-box  is  marked  D. 

Eight  tin  cans:  two,  of  the  capacity  of  two  gallons,  for  neat's-foot  oil 
and  LINSEED-OIL ;  three,  of  one  gallon,  for^the  same  oils  and  for  turpen- 
tine ;  two,  for  twenty-five  pounds  each  of  olive  paint  ;  and  one,  for  five 
pounds  of  BLACK  PAINT.  They  are  made  like  those  of  the  same  capacity 
for  Battery-Wagon  C. 

Two  kegs,  for  grease  ;  like  those  in  Battery-Wagon  C. 


Contents  of  Wagon-Body  D. 


Tools  and  Stores. 


Gun-carriage  stock  (ironed). 


Caisson-stocks  (not  ironed). 


Splinter-bars . 


Tire-bolts,  nuts,  and  washers- 
Axle-trees,  6-pdrs 

Half-tires 

Bar-iron 

Steel  

Pole-yokes 

Wheel-traces 

Leading-traces 

Trace-chains,  staples,  and  rivets 

Collars 

Girths 

Whips ; 

Hame-straps 

Bridles 

Halters 

Halter-chains 


No. 


Weight. 


Lbs, 
165.00 


70.00 

30.00 

11.75 
234.00 

140.00 


200.00 
50.00 

37.00 

47.5 

57.5 
26.00 
27.50 
11.00 
8.00 
4.50 

18.00: 

21.00' 
15.50; 


On  the  bottom  of  the  wagon, 
against  the  right  side,  rest- 
ing on  two  blocks,  to  clear 
the  rammer-stop ;  the  lu- 
nette to  the  rear. 

Against  the  left  side  and  rear 
of  the  wagon ;  one  on  the 
other,  the  lunette-ends  in 
front. 

On  the  bottom,  lying  on  each 
other  against  the  caisson- 
stocks  and  the  rear  of  the 
wagon. 

On  the  bottom,  against  the 
front  and  right  side. 

On  the  bottom,  against  the 
gun-carriage  stock  and  the 
front  end. 

Between  the  axle-trees  and 
the  splinter-bars. 

r  In  5  bundles,  not  more  than 

J       3  feet  long;   on  the  lialf- 

I       tires,  against  the  front  of 

[      the  wagon. 

On  the  bar-iron,  toward  the 
front. 

Piled  on  the  bottom  of  the 
wagon,  against  the  gun- 
carriage  stock  and  the 
till,  and  on  the  caisson- 
stocks  and  splinter-bars; 
occupying  about  31  inches 
in  length  of  the  rear  part 
of  the  wagon. 


(iRDXANCK    MANUAL. 

Con  (nits  of  Wayoii-Bodij  D. — Continued. 


Tools  iiiul  stored. 


II)\riies.>Ji-leatlier sides 

iiridle-leatber '• 


Hope,  -|-ii 


Nose-bugs 

8Io\v-in;itcli yards 

Screw-jacks 

Klevating-screws 

Drag-ropes 

(iriiidstunc  and  arbor 

Felling-axes 

Hand-bills 

'I'arpaulins,  5  feet  square 


Marline 

Sheep-skins. 
Spades 


I'ick-axes,  -without  liandles 

Jlandle-i  for  do 

Sash -Cord pieces 

l)rill-l)ow 

IJarrel-wiper  and  scra[)er 

Slioe-t  bread 


l)ark  lanterns 

(.'oininon  lanterns. 


llainnier-hoads 
Si.on<res 


J'aint-bruslies 

Itaninier-staves,  12-pdr. 


lU-aping-hooks. 


12 


No. 

Wei-ht. 

1 

1 
Lbs. 

3 

75.00 

2 

22.00 

Place. 


Trimmed     and    rolled     up 

tight;    on  the  axle-trees 

and  tires,  in  front  of  the 

pile  of  harness. 

30.00j    Between  the  front  ends  of  the 

I      caisson-stocks  and  the  bar- 

!      iron. 


13.50 
O.GO; 
75.00' 
31.50 
33.00 
50. 50 
18.00 
6.00 
18. 
18. 

10. 
12. 

30. 


14.50 

5.     j 

40.     I 

0.45 

:5:1 


4.00 
4.40 


|-  On  the  pile  of  harness. 

I  On  the  slow-match. 

Coiled  on  the  screw-jacks. 
On  the  drag-ropes. 

V  In  the  axe-rack. 

On  the  gun-carriage  stock. 
Between  the  till  and    boxes 

Nos.  3,  4,  and  5. 
On  box  No.  3. 
On  boxes  Nos.  4  and  5. 
In  the  till,  on  each  other;  the 

bits  against  the  back  of  the 

wagon. 

)In  the  till,  between  the 
spade-handles. 

I  In   the    till,    lying    on    the 
/      bottom. 

In  the   till,   in  front  of  box 
No.  10. 

In  the  left  side  of  the  till, 
between  the  shoe-throad 
and  the  front  end. 

{In  the  till,  between  the  lan- 
terns and  the  side  of  the 
wagon. 
On   box   No.  10,   and  by  the 

side  of  it. 
In  the  wagon-cover  ;  three  on 
each  side  of  the  ridge-pole, 
secured  by  two  wooden  but- 
tons. 
Fastened  to  the  ridge-pole 
by  a  wooden  clamp  and 
leather  strap. 


CONTENTS    OF    BATTERY-WAGON    D.  353 

Contents  of  Wagon-Body  D. — Continued. 


Tools  and  Stores. 

No. 

Weight. 

Place. 

Cross-cut  s<aw /without 

1 
1 

4 

1 
1 
1 

Lbs. 

0.     1 
15. 

3. 
90. 

0.5 

8. 
26.50 

'In the  wagon-cover,  laid  on 
each  other,  and  fastened 
by  two  wooden    clamps; 

Pit-saw \  handles 

saw  against  the  right 
cover-rail ;  the  handle  end 
of  the  pit-saw  against  the 
rear  board  of  the  cover. 

On  the  spade-handles. 

On  its  hook. 

Handles  for  do 

Spare  stock  for  battery-wagon. 
Padlock 

Watering-bucket 

Tow 

Contents  of  Wagon-Body  D. — Continued. 


Tools  and  Stores. 


Box  D  3,  containing  3 

cans  and  2  kegs 

Neat's-foot  oil gals. 

Grease  

Spirits  turpentine... gals. 

Box  D  4,  containing:.. 


LABORATORY  TOOLS. 

Copper  adze,  with  handle 

Wooden  bowls 

Bench-brushes 

Callipers pair 

Dredging-box 

Rocket-mould,  \    for     1- 
Set  of  formers,  l      inch 
Set  of  drifts,      j    rockets 
Formers  for  cylinders  and 
caps,  each  calibre. ..set 

Copper  funnels 

Shot  and  shell  gauges,  set 

Gimlets 

Copper  hammer 

Paste-kettle 


No. 


Weight. 


Lbs. 

28. 

25.00 

60.00 

8.77 

34. 


3.00 
6.00 
0.90 
0.40 
1.00 
25.00 
1.60 
1.75 

7.50 

4.00 

15.00 

0.25 
1.80 
9.00 


Tools  and  Stores. 


Box  D  4 — continued. 

Lead-ladle 

Stencil-cutters,for  letters 
and  figures set 

Box  for  do 

Mallets 

Powder-measures,  4  oz.. 
8  oz.,  1  lb.,  and  2  lbs. 

Brass  mortar  and  pestle. 

Moulds  for  musket  and 
rifle  balls  and  buck- 
shot  set 

Wooden  mullers 

Needles 

Paste-brushes 

Copper  pans,  10  or  12  in. 

Rule,  (2  feet,)  not  folded 

Sandstones 

Spring  balance,  30  lbs... 

Scissors 

Copper  scoop,  large 

"  small 

Hair  sieve 

Hand  screw-drivers,  I'ge 

Spatula 


No. 


Weight. 


2.00 


1 

18.00 

1 

5.00 

4 

4.00 

4 

2.00 

1 

G.OO 

1 

23.00 

2 

4.00 

50 

0.04 

3 

1.25 

3 

5.00 

1 

0.15 

2 

3.00 

1 

5.00 

12 

1.50 

1 

2.00 

3 

1.50 

1 

0.80 

2 

2.00 

1 

0.30 

354  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Contents  of  Wagon-Body  D. — Continued. 


Tools  and  Stores. 


Box  D  4 — continued. 

Thimbles 

Gunner's  callipers 

Priming-wires 

Gunner's  gimlets 

Gunner's  pincers 

Tinner's  furnace 

Total  in  box  D  4 

Box  D  7,  containing:.. 

Haversacks 

Tube-pouches 

Thumb-stalls 

Linen  canvas yards 

Box  D  8,  containing:.. 
Sperm  or  wax  candles 

Box  D  9,  containing:,... 
Nails,  4d.  to  lOd 

Shoeing-box,  cont'g:... 
Shoeing-tools set 

Box  D  5,  with  5  cans :. 

Linseed-oil gals. 

Olive  paint 

Black  paint 


Box  D  6,  containing:.,. 

armorer's  tools. 

Wire  awls 

Band-set 

Drill-brace 

Hand-brace 

Centre-bits 

Hand-brushes 

Bench-brush 

Callipers pair 

Centre-punch 

Cold-chisels 

Stocker's  chisels 

Stocker's  gouges 

Compasses pair 


Lbs. 

0.09 
0.50 
0.50 
0.50 
2.55 
9.00 


Tools  and  Stores. 


17G.83 

26.0 

22.32 

7.G0 

0.04 

7.50 

4. 

10. 

6. 
20. 

4.7 

12.75 


26.5 

50. 

5. 

21. 


0,251 
0,50 
2.60 
2.50 
0.40 
0.60' 
0.50 
0.30 
0,50 
6.75 
2.00' 
1.60 
0.18 


Box  D  6 — continued. 

Spring-clamps 

Wood-clamps 

Drill-stock 

Drills,  assorted 

Die-stock 

Dies set 

Files,  assorted 

File-handles 

Glue-pot 

Spring-hooks 

Bench-hammers 

Drawing-knife 

Nippers pairs 

Pliers " 

Reamers,  assorted 

Spring-compasses  ...pair 

Rifler  

Bench-stake 

Hack-saw  frame 

Hack-saw  blades 

Armorer's  punches 

Screw-drivers,  brace 

Rule,  2  feet 

Armorer's  tongs 

Screw-taps set 

Breeching-vise 

Hand-vises 

Bevel-vise 

Breeching-wrench 

Tap- wrench 

Straight-edge 

Bayonet-mandrel 

Soldering-irons 

Screw-wrench 

Oil-cans,   small 

Tinner's  shears pair 

Brass  scale,  1  foot 


Box  D  10,  containing; 
Quick-match  


Total  weight. 


Boxes  D  3  and  4  are  placed  on  the  caisson-stocks  and  the  rolls  of  leather. 
No.  3  against  the  front  of  the  pile  of  harness. 


FORGE    FOR    MOUNTAIN-HOWITZER.  355 

Box  D  5  is  placed  on  the  pole-yokes  and  rope,  between  No.  4  and  the 
front  of  the  wagon. 

Box  D  6  is  placed  on  top  of  No.  5,  against  the  front  of  the  wagon. 

Box  D  7  is  placed  on  top  of  No.  4,  and  against  No.  6. 

Box  D  8  on  top  of  No.  3;  box  D  9  on  No.  3  and  on  the  till;  the  shoeing- 
box  on  No.  3 ;  box  D  10  in  the  left  side  of  the  till,  in  front  of  the  spade- 
handles. 

The  boxes  are  put  in  after  the  grindstone  and  tarpaulins. 

FORGE  FOR  THE  MOUNTAIN-HOWITZER.. 

Two  chests,  designated  the  forge-chest  and  the  smith's  tool-chest,  contain 
the  forge  and  the  necessary  tools  for  shoeing  horses  and  making  repairs. 

The  chests  are  carried  on  the  sides  of  the  pack-saddles,  fastened  by 
means  of  the  lashing-chain. 

The  coal-sack,  containing  the  charcoal,  is  fastened  to  the  arc  by  the 
handles. 

Forge-  Chest. 

The  different  articles  are  packed  in  this  chest  in  racks,  or  held  fast  by 
cleats.  The  legs  of  the  frame  are  first  folded  up  close  to  the  frame,  and 
the  back  of  the  fireplace  is  turned  down  on  the  hearth  and  fastened  by  its 
catch.  The  handle  is  detached  from  the  bellows,  which  is  closed  and  fast- 
ened by  the  connecting-rod. 

Interior  Arrangement. — Wood. — 1  corner-piece,  fastened  to  the  left  end, 
at  the  back,  by  4  copper  tacks ;  1  cleat  for  bellows,  fastened  to  the  bottom 
by  2  screws  No.  14,  1^-  inch;  it  has  a  hole  in  its  top  surface  to  receive  the 
journal;  1  support  for  nozzle  of  belloios,  framed  and  fastened  to  the  bottom 
of  the  chest  by  2  screws  No.  14,  1^-  inch;  1  cleat  for  bellows-handle,  fastened 
to  the  front  side,  toward  the  right,  by  2  screws  No.  14,  1^-  inch ;  1  clamp 
for  bellows  has  a  hole  for  upper  journal  of  bellows,  goes  over  and  across 
the  bellows,  and  is  held  by  the  staple-plates ;   1  clamp  for  frame. 

Iron. — 1  strap-staple,  driven  through  the  nozzle-support  for  the  right  side 
and  clenched ;  1  bracket  for  wrench,  fastened  to  the  right  end  by  2  screivs 
No.  9,  .62  inch  ;  2  staple-plates,  fastened  opposite  each  other,  one  on  the  front 
side  and  the  other  on  the  back,  by  4  screws  No.  9,  .625  inch  ;  1  sfaph-j^late, 
fastened  to  the  back  by  2  screws  No.  9,  .625  inch;  2  clamp-plates,  fastened 
to  the  clamps  by  4  screws  No.  9,  .625  inch. 

Leather. — 1  nozzle-strap  16  inches  long;  1  buckle  No,  6;  2  straps  40 
inches  long  ;  2  buckles  No.  8, 

30 


,)G 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Contents  of  Forge- Chest. 


TihjIh  and  Stores. 


Firoplace  and  frame,  folded  up 
JU'llows,  closed 

lU'llows-handlc 

■Wrench  for  nutsNos.  1  and  4. 
1  hand-lianuuer  Avith  handle.. 
1  i-iveting    "  "  " 

1   lore-punch  and  creaser  on 

same  handle 

Y>\\z^  of  luirseshoe-nails 


No. 


Weight. 


Lba 
31.5 


18.25 


1 
1 
1 
1 

1.875 
1.0 
2.375 
1.562 

1 

9 

1.844 
10.0 

"Where  placed. 


On  its  side,  the  bottom  against 
the  back  of  the  chest. 

The  right  journal  in  the  hole 
in  the  cleat  on  the  bottom, 
the  left  in  that  in  the  clamp ; 
the  nozzle  fastened  to  its 
support  by  the  strap. 

On  its  cleat. 

In  its  bracket. 

Placed  ujiright  near  the  wrench 


Packed  with  tow  in  the  space 
to  the  right  of  the  bellows. 


Weight  of  forge-chest  with  cleats  and  clamps.    45.     lbs. 

"  tools  and  stores  68.4    " 

"        "  forge-chest  packed 113.40  " 


Smith's  Tool- Chest. 

Tlie  stores  are  secured  by  cleats  or  brackets. 

Intkrior  AiiRAXGEMKNT. — WooD. — 1  anvil-rcst,  with  a  mortise  for  the 
head  of  tlio  anvil,  fastened  to  tlie  bottom  of  the  chest  by  2  screws  No.  14, 
1.7")  incli;  ]  iriaugnlar  cleat,  fastened  in  the  left  front  corner  by  2  scre^os 
No.  14.  1.25  inch  ;  1  rise-cleat,  fastened  to  the  front  side  by  2  serenes  No.  14, 
1.7')  inch  :  2  n/r/.-.v  ^ov  poker  and  shovel,  1  button  on  upper  cleat,  fastened  to 
the  back  by  4  screws  No  14,  1.5  inch  ;  2  racks  for  rasp,  fastened  to  the  back 
by  4  srror.'!  No.  14,  1.25  incli ;  2  cleats  for  toe-knife,  fastened  to  the  back 
by  4  srreirs  No.  9,  .625  indi ;  1  cleat  for  tongs,  fastened  to  the  left  end  by 
2  srrrws  No.  14,  1.25  inch;  2  cleats  for  files,  and  1  button  on  right  cleat, 
la^t.Micd  on  the  inside  of  cover  by  4  screws  No.  14,  1  inch  ;  1  movable  cleat, 
hull,, wed  out  to  tit  the  anvil-block  and  bucket;   1  stud. 

li-.oN.  — 1  strap-staple,  fastened  to  the  bottom  by  2  rivets,  .25  inch;  3 
hrarhrtif,  fastened  to  the  front  side  by  6  screws  No.  8,  .5  inch;  2  hooks 
driven  into  tlie  upper  cleat  for  poker. 

I.KATiir.it.— 1  xtrap  28  inches  long;    1  buckle  No.  5. 


CONTENTS    OF   SMITH  S   TOOL-CHEST. 


357 


Contents  of  Smith's  Tool-  Chest. 


Tools  and  Stores. 


Weight. 


Where  placed. 


Anvil  and  block 

Water-bucket  (iron) 

Pair  shoeing-pincers 

Vise 

Nailing-hammer 

Shoeing       "        

Splitting-chisel 

Tongs pair 

Pritchel 

Hardie  

Clenching-iron 

Shoeing-knife 

Poker 

Shovel 

Rake 

Nail-punch 

Buttress 

Toe-knife 

Rasp 

Square  file 

Flat  file  

Half-round 

Bags  horseshoe-nails 


Lbs. 
38.5 


4.6875 
1.875 

2.656 

1.5 
.875 
.8125 

1.6875 
.718 
.406 
.9375 
.406 
.5 

.6875 
.531 
.064 

1.469 

.50 

1.5 

.719 
1.031 

.8125 
10. 


The  head  in  the  mortise  of   the 

rest,  the  block  secured  by  the 

strap  and  buckle. 
On  the  movable  cleat  resting  on 

the  anvil-block. 
In  its  cleat  on  the  front  with  the 

vise. 
In  its  cleat. 
In  brackets  on  front. 


In  triangular  cleat  in  the  corner. 

In  rack  on  the  left  end. 

In  rack  on  the  left  end. 

!  In   two    wooden   racks    on   the 
I      back  of  the  chest. 

On  two  hooks  in  the  poker-rack, 

held  by  a  button. 
In  its  cleats  on  the  back  of  the 

chest. 
)  In   two   racks  on  the   back   of 
J       chest,  near  the  left  end. 
^In  two  cleats  on  the  inside   of 
J      cover,  held  by  a  button. 
One  on  the  bottom  at  the  left  end, 

the  other  in  the  bucket. 


Weight  of  the  chest  with  cleats  and  racks     44.         lbs. 

<'      "    "    tools  and  stores 72.875  " 

«'      "    «'    chest  packed 116.875  " 


Carria ge- Maker' s  Tools  and  Stores. 

The  tools  and  stores  for  the  use  of  carriage-makers,  in  repairing  the 
carriages  and  equipments,  are  packed  in  two  chests,  which  are  like  those 
for  the  ammunition,  but  without  the  interior  divisions. 

The  hasp  and  hasp-staples  are  like  those  of  the  forge-chest. 

The  two  chests  are  designated  by  the  letters  A  and  B. 


358 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Contents  of  Carriage-Maker^ s  Tool- Chests. 


Chest  A. 


Claw-hatcliet 

Nailing-hatchet 

Firmer-chisels,  h  &  f  in, 

Trying-square 

r.evel 

Augers,   \  and  -|  inch, 

and  one  handle 

Riveting-hammer 

Hand-saw 

Jack-plane 

Screw-driver 

Rule  (two  feet) 

Gimlets 

Hand-saw  files 


No. 

Weight. 

Lbs. 

1 

2.125 

1 

1.75 

2 

.594 

1 

.422 

1 

.375 

o 

1.875     1 

1 

1.5 

1 

2.0 

1 

4.25 

1 

.375 

1 

.156 

3 

.1875 

2 

.125 

Chest  A. 


Wood-files,  12-inch.... 

Sickles 

Gunner's  gimlet 

Priming-wire 

Gunner's  pincers 

Fuze-cutter 

Papers  of  sprigs,  1  in. 

and  l^^inch 

Papers  of  tacks,  8  oz. 

and  12  oz 

AVood-screws,|  in.No.9 

Lbs.  sash-cord 

Lbs.  twine 


Weight  of  chest 21        lbs. 

"      *'  tools  and  stores,  24.9G    " 
"      "  chest  packed  ....  46.96     "■ 


Chest  B. 

No. 

Weight. 

Chest  B. 

No. 

Weight. 

Hand-axe... 

Lbs. 
3.25 
2.125 
1.75 
0.594 
0.25 
0.25 
0.422 
0.125 
1.5 
2.25 
0.1875 
0.375 
0.5 
1.812 

Rmd-nwls 

6 
2 
1 
1 
2 

i 

25 

36 

12 

12 
12 

Lbs. 
5 

Claw-hatchet 

Sickles 

2.125 

Nailing-hatchet 

Firmer-chisels 

Gunner's  gimlet 

0.083 
0.08 

Papers  tacks,  8  &  12  oz. 

Lb.  twine 

Leather  thongs 

Wood-screws,  1^  and  1 

inch,  No.  14 

Wood-screws,  l|-and2 

inch,  No.  16 

Nuts  No.  1;    2,  No.  2; 

6,  No.  4 

Washers  No.  1 

1  125 

Pair  compasses 

Trying-square,  G  inches 
Scriber             .         

0.5 
0.344 

Riveting-hammer 

Mallet 

Gimlets 

0.562 
0  312 

Wood-rasp    

0  6*^5 

Oil-stone  

0  437 

Weight  of  chest 21        lbs. 

"      ''  tools 22.083  " 

"      "  chest  packed ....  45.         " 


WEIGHTS    OF    GUN-CARRIAGES   AND   CAISSONS. 


359 


The  sickles  are  fastened  to  the  front  and  back  of  the  chests  (inside) 
by  small  cleats  at  the  necks  and  points.  The  other  articles  are  securely 
packed  in  tow,  the  edges  of  the  cutting-tools  being  carefully  wrapped  up, 
to  prevent  injury. 


WEIGHTS  OF  GUN-CARRIAGES  AND  CAISSONS,  EQUIPPED  FOR 
FIELD-SERVICE. 


FOR  GUNS. 

FOR   HOWITZERS. 

Designation. 

6-pdr. 

12-pdr. 

12-pdr. 

24-pdr. 

32-pdr. 

GUN-CAKRIAGB. 

Gun 

Gun-carriage, without  wheels 

Two  wheels 

Limber-body,without  wheels 
Two  wheels 

Ammunition-chest,  with  in- 

Lbs. 

884 
540 
360 
335 
360 

185 

395 

36 

83 

Lbs. 
1,757   . 
783 
392 
335 
360 

182 

497 

36 

86 

Lbs. 
788 
540 
360 
335 
360 

206 

465 

36 

83 

Lbs. 
1,318 
736 
392 
335 
360 

198 
541 

36 

86 

Lbs. 
1,890 
783 
392 
335 
360 

192 

Ammunition,  packed 

Large  tarpaulin 

Other  implements  and  equip- 

470 

36 

86 

Total  weight 

3,178 

4,428 

3,173 

4,002 

4,544 

Number  of  rounds  of  am- 
munition on  each  limber 

50 

32 

39 

23 

15 

CAISSOX. 

Body,  without  wheels 

Two  wheels        

Lbs. 
432 
360 
370 
790 
335 
360 
185 
395 
36 

246 

Lbs. 
432 
360 
364 
994 
335 
360 
182 
497 
36 

246 

Lbs. 

432 

360 
412 
930 
335 
360 
206 
465 
36 

246 

Lbs. 
432 
360 
396 
1,082 
335 
360 
198 
541 
36 

246 

Lbs. 
432 
360 

Two  ammunition-chests 

Ammunition,  packed  in  do. 
Limber-body  ,without  wheels 

884 
940 
335 
360 

Ammunition-chest 

192 

Ammunition,  packed  in  do. 

470 

36 

Other  implements  and  spare 
parts 

246 

Total  weio-ht    

3,509 

3,806 

3,782 

3,986 

3,755 

Number  of  rounds  of  am- 
munition on  each  caisson 
and  its  limber 

150 

96 

117 

69 

45 

;]{){)  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

]V,i<//ifs  of  Forges  and  Batterij-Wa(jons  aiiupptd  for  Fidd- 


DK^HiNATIOX. 


Ilu.ly  (•(iiii)ilete,  witliout  Avheel? 

T \v. .  w lu'cls 

Anvil  .■md  Avater-buckets 

Stores  in  iron-room 

Stores  in  (.'oaI-l)OX 

I,iiiil>ei*-l)(i(ly,  ■\vitliout  wheels.., 

T wo  w heels 

Liiiilier-ehest,  empty 

Stores  and  tools  on  the  limber. 


Total  Aveiirht. 


15  ATT  K  R  Y- W  AG  ON. 

]?0(ly  com})lcte,  Avithout  Avhecls 

Tavo  wheels 

Stores  in  A\'agon-body 

J<imber-body,  Avithout  AA'heels 

Tavo  Avhecls 

Limber-chest,  eni})ty  

Stores  and  tools  on  the  limber 


Total  Aveight  (exelusiA-e  of  forage). 


Fur  the 
Battery. 


3,574 


For  tlie 
Park. 


Lbs. 

Lbs. 

997 

997 

360 

360 

118 

118 

320 

455 

255 

255 

335 

335 

360 

360 

158 

158 

480 

332 

3,383 

3,370 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

910 

910 

360 

360 

1,289 

2,583 

335 

335 

360 

360 

158 

158 

162 

200 

4,915 


Bill  of  Boards  for  Interior  of  Ammunition- Chests. 


Part  it 
Trav. 


ions.. . 
|bo,t< 

ends 


Partition^ 


I  bottom 

Trav.  <  sides 

(ends 

P.artitions 

I'xdsters  for  loAver  tier 
Props  for  njiper  tier  ... 
bolsters  for  canisters.. 


Parti! 

i/niiii< 
Part  it 


y,  '2.    Length. 


^-'    I    \ 


In. 

168 


!l     22 


20 
84 
42 


20 
120 
54 
90 
8 
96 
13 
96 
54 

108 
60 


NSioxs,  (rough.) 

Width. 

Thick- 

In. 

In. 

Feet. 

11. 

0.625 

8.02 

20. 

0.75 

2.29 

10. 

0.75 

1.15 

11. 

1. 

1.53 

12. 

0.75 

5.25 

14. 

0.75 

13.06 

20. 

0.75 

J2.29 

7.5 

0.75 

[  0.86 

9. 

1. 

il.25 

15.5 

0.75 

|9.69 

10. 

2. 

7.50 

i  12. 

1. 

17.5 

i  10. 

1.5 

il.87 

15.5 

0.75 

!  7.75 

10.5 

jO.94 

1     8.25 

1. 

15.5 

15.5 

1. 

,5.81 

16. 

1. 

il2.     i 

8.5 

3.54  i 

Kind. 


Poplar. 

i  Poplar, 
or  white 
pine. 
Poplar. 

)  Poplar, 
or  AA'hite 
pine. 
Poplar. 


Oak. 
Poplar. 


Poplar. 


FIELD-TRAIN.  361 

FIELD- TRAIN. 

Ordnance. 

The  proportion  of  artillery  to  other  troops  varies  generally  between  the 
limits  of  1  and  3  pieces  to  1,000  men,  according  to  the  force  of  the  army, 
the  character  of  the  troops  of  which  it  is  composed,  the  force  and  character 
of  the  enemy,  the  nature  of  the  country  which  is  to  be  the  theatre  of  war, 
and  the  character  and  objects  of  the  war. 

Similar  considerations  must  regulate  the  selection  of  the  kinds  of  ord- 
nance and  the  proportions  of  the  different  kinds  in  the  train. 

The  following  principles  may  be  observed  in  ordinary  cases : — 

f  \  are  12-pdrs. 
rfguns,  of  which  1^    ,,      g_p^^.^_ 

2  pieces  to  1,000  men.  \  ,     .•  .  f  i    "    24-pdrs.  or  32-pdrs. 

I  +  howitzers,  of  which  ^  *  ^  ^ 


J  howitzers,  of  which  i 


12-pdrs. 

Distributed  as  follows  : — ■ 

For  the  Infantry. — 1  piece  to  1,000  men  ;  6-pdr.  guns  and  12-pdr.  how- 
itzers, in  batteries  of  foot  artillery. 

For  the  Cavalry. — 2  pieces  to  1,000  men  ;  6-pdr.  guns  and  12-pdr.  how- 
itzers, in  batteries  of  horse  artillery. 

For  the  special  and  general  parks  of  reserve : — • 

{I  in  12-pdr.  batteries  i 
,   ,,     P      T  .,  >  of  foot  artillery. 

J  "     6-pdr.        "J  "^ 

\  "     6-pdr.  batteries  of  horse  artillery. 

Ammunition  for  Cannon. 
200  rounds  to  each  piece,  both  of  the  reserves  and  of  the  active  batteries. 
The  ammunition  which  cannot  be  carried  in  the  caissons  attached  to  the 
pieces  will  be  kept  in  boxes  with  the  reserves. 

Additional  supplies  of  ordnance  and  ordnance  stores  are  placed  in  con- 
venient depots,  according  to  circumstances. 

Ammunition  for  Small  Arms. 

100  rounds  to  each  man ;  of  which,  for  the  musket,  40  rounds  are  in  the 
cartridge-box,  60  in  the  parks  of  reserve.  In  the  same  proportion  for  other 
small  arms. 

Percussion-caps  in  the  proportion  of  12  caps  to  10  cartridges. 

31 


oG2  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Comjiosition  of  a  Baltery  on  the  War  Establishment. 


Kind  of  Battery, 


12-pdr. 


6-pdr. 


^  f  12-pounders,  mounted. 

(iLNS \      I'  1 

(    (j-pounders,  " 

,r  f  24-pounders,  " 

Howitzers...  s  d  i 

(  l-i-pounders,  " 

Total  number  of  pieces 


Caissons |  J!^^  f  "^.V 

I  tor  howitzers. 


Travelling-Forge  , 
Battery-Wagon  .... 


Wliole  number  of  carriages  witli  a  battery 


Ammunition..  - 


rShot 

For  4  guns \  Spherical  case 

I  Canisters 


(Shells 

For  2  howitzers...  \  Spherical  case. 
(  Canisters 


Total  number  of  rounds  with  a  battery 


DuAUGiiT-IIoRSES...  /  ^  ^^  ^^^^'  Carriage 

i  Spare  horses,  one-twelfth. 


Total 


20 


448 

358 

90 


896 


168 

112 

42 


322 


14 


400 
320 

80 


800 


120 

160 

82 


312 


1,218 


1,112 


120 
10 


130 


84 

7 


91 


Note.— For  two  32-pdr.  howitzer-carriages  and  4  f 


Shells 112 

caissons,  the  number  of  rounds  of  ammunition  is  j  ^P^^^"^^^  ^^^^ ^^ 

V  Canisters 14 

Total ...210 


Harness,  corresponding  to  the  number  of  horses  to  th 


e  carriages. 


FIELD-TRAIN.  363 

Battery  of  3Iouritain-IIoivitzers. 

Howitzers 6 

Gun-carriages 7 

Ammunition-chests 36  (48  rounds  for  eacli  howitzer.) 

Forge  and  tools,  in  2  chests 1 

Set  of  carriage-maker's  tools,  in  2  chests..    1 

Pack  saddles  and  harness 33 

Horses  or  mules 33 

Such  additional  supplies  of  the  above  kinds  as  may  be  thought  necessary 
will  be  carried  with  the  park  of  reserve,  together  with  the  necessary  am- 
munition for  infantry,  in  packs. 

A  mountain-howitzer  ammunition-chest  will  carry  about  700  musket  ball- 
cartridges. 

Rocket-Battery. 

No  regular  organization  of  a  rocket-battery  has  been  arranged. 

The  nature  and  number  of  rockets,  and  of  carriages  or  conductors,  will  be 
determined  by  the  character  of  the  service  for  which  they  may  be  required. 

The  Field-Park. 

The  spare  carriages,  reserved  supplies  of  ammunition,  tools  and  materials 
for  extensive  repairs,  and  for  making  up  ammunition,  for  the  service  of  an 
army  in  the  field,  form  the  Field-Park,  to  which  should  be  attached  also  the 
batteries  of  reserve. 

The  quantities  of  these  supplies  must  depend  in  a  great  measure  on  the 
particular  circumstances  of  the  campaign. 

The  ammunition  required  for  artillery  and  small  arms,  (according  to  the 
proportions  above  stated,)  in  addition  to  what  can  be  carried  by  the  batteries 
and  the  troops,  will  be  carried  with  the  park,  in  caissons,  or  in  store-wagons. 

The  following  carriages  and  stores,  in  due  proportion,  according  to  cir- 
cumstances, will  also  form  parts  of  the  field-park,  viz.  : — 

Spare  gun-carriages,  1  to  each  field-battery. 


Travelling-Forges,  B.  )  ^        , 

,.    y  One  or  more  of  each. 


Battery-  Wagons 

Spare  spokes,  50  to  each  battery. 

Spare  fellies,  20  to  each  battery. 

Spare  harness "> 

Horseshoes  and  nails....  J 

Gunpowder. 

Saltpetre. 

Sulphur, 

Charcoal. 

Laboi-atory-paper. 

Percussion-caps  for  small  arms. 


In  siore-wagons. 

Friction-primers  for  cannon. 
Stuif  for  cartridge-bags. 
Woollen  yarn. 
Cotton  yarn. 
Glue. 


5(5.4  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


SIEGE-TRAIN. 

Tho  number  and  kind  of  cannon  for  a  siege-train  must  be  determined  by 
the  oircuinstanccs  of  each  case;  but  the  following  general  principles  may 
!>(>  observed  in  assigning  the  proportion  of  different  kinds  and  calibres, 
and  the  relative  quantity  of  other  supplies,  for  a  train  of  100  pieces  of 
ordnance. 

Cdnnon. 

(  24-pdr about  one-half  of  the  whole  number 50 

^' '"■'""''••  \  18-pdr.  or  12-pdr "      one-tenth               "                      30 

IIowiTZKUs,  8-in.  siege "      one-fourth             "                      25 

flO-in.  siege "      one-eighth             "                      12 

M,.KTAUS...-^    gj^^^j^g^ ,,      3 

CoKiioKN  MouTAKS,  In  addition  to  the  100  pieces 6 

Wall  Pieces 40 

Gun- Carriages. 

For  24-pdr.  guns  and  8-in.  howitzers,  one-fifth  spare 90 

For  18-pdr.  and  12-pdr.  guns one-fifth  spare 12 

For  10-in.  mortars one-sixth  spare 21 

Fur  8-in.  mortars 4 

Other  Carriages. 
Mortar-  War/orig. — 1  for  each  10-in.  mortar  and  bed,  and  for  three  8-in. 

mortars  and  beds 13 

Wd'/ona,  for  transporting  implements,  intrenching  and  miner's  tools, 
laboratory  tools  and  utensils,  and  other  stores, — each  loaded  with 

about  2,700  lbs.,  say 140 

Curts  (carrying  balls,  &c.  on  the  march) 50 

J'lirk  Battfry-Woijons,  fully  equipped 28 

7 ''/ rk- Fari/r^i.  fully  equi }>ped . .. . , 8 

Siiii^/-  Carta,  large 5 

Sliitij-  Cartfi,  hand 4 

Dra  iigJi  t-llorscs. 

I'or  each  Gun  and  howitzer,  with  its  carriage 8 

"  Spare  pun-carriage 0 

"  Mortar- wagon 8 

"  r>attcMv-wagon 6 

"  ^-rgel G 

"         Carl o 


SIEGE-TRAIN.  365 

For  each  Sling-cart,  large 2 

Spare  horses 1-lOth 

Total,  about 1,900  horses. 

Projectiles  and  Ammunition. 

rRound  r800  to  each  24-pdr 40,000 

For  Guns       J    shot.    1 1,000  to  each  18  and  12  pdr 10,000 

1  Grape  andcanistersstrapped,20rounds  to  each  piece       1,200 

[  Spherical  case  strapped,  20  rounds  to  each  piece...       1,200 

/■Shells,  800  to  each  8-inch  howitzer 20,000 

^^  \  Canisters  strapped,  6  to  each 125 

Howitzers....  (gpj^g^j^^^  case  strapped,  20  to  each 500 

/-600  shells  to  each  10-inch 7,200 

^^^  J  800      ''  "         8-inch 2,400 

Mortars.      (20O      "  ''       Coehorn 1,200 

Gunpowder,  in  barrels lbs.  500,000 

Computing  for  each  24-pounder  round  shot,  one-third  the  weight  of  shot. 
"  "        18  &  12  pdr.  "  one-fourth         "  " 

<«  <<        grape,    canister,    and    spherical    case,    one-sixth   the 

weight  of  shot. 

«<  <'        round  of  howitzer  ammunition  5  lbs.  -v 

-in  •     1          i  1  cc     \  including  charge 

"  <<  '<  lO-inch  mortar 7  "     >■  &          & 

8-inch  mortar 3"    J      ^f  shell. 

"  '<  "■  Coehorn ^  '* 

Cartridge-hags,  1  for  each  round. 

Cartridge-paper,  bundles 200 

Wads, — hay  wads,  made  in  the  field. 

Slow-match lbs.         500 

Portfires 200 

Fuzes,  ^  more  than  the  number  of  shells 35,000 

Wooden  bottoms  and  tubs,  for  firing  small  shells 1,200 

Friction-primers,  for  guns  and  howitzers,  1^  to  each  round. 

Cartridges  for  wall  pieces,  500  rounds  to  each. 

Cartridges,  powder,  percussion-caps,  and  lead,  for  small  arms,  according  to 

the  force  of  the  army. 

Most  of  the  ammunition  is  transported  by  hired  wagons. 

31« 


iUJG 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Implements  and  Equipments. 


•J  Spoiijros — 1  sjiiirc. 

1'  r»:iimii(M-s — 1  (\o. 

1   Worm  to  1  jiioccs. 

1   I, a. 11.' 

S  ll.indspikes — li  spare. 

]   I'ass-lM.x. 

'1  TuIk>-]»()Uc1ios. 

1  <Iuiuier's  |ierpemlicular  to  IG  pieces 

1  Vcnf-iinnch  to  '.\  pieces. 

'1  Tliuii.l)  stalls. 

'1  Priiiiinfr-wire^ — 1  spare. 

1  (juiiiu'r's  triuilet. 


FOR    EACH    GUxV. 

1  Breech-sight. 
1  Vent-cover. 
1  Water-bucket. 
1  Broom. 

1  Tompion. 

2  Chocks. 

2  Lanyards  for  friction-primer: 
1  Piece  of  chalk. 
1  Wrench  to  6  pieces. 
1  Short  roller. 
1  Trace-rope. 


FOR    EACH    HOWITZER    AXD    MOKTAE. 


Implements. 

Howitzer. 

Mortar. 

o_ 

7- 
1 

9 
1 

2- 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2_ 

2- 

1 

2 

-1 

-2 

-1 

-1 
-1 

spare 
spare 

spare 

spare 
spare 

2—1 

6—2 

1 

2 

2-1 

1 

1 

1 

1 

2—1 

2—1 

1 

1 

1 
1 
1 
1 

2 
1 

2 

1 
2 

2—1 
1 

1 

1 

spare 
spare 

llaiiilsj>ikes  (2  shod    for  mortar) 

Haver.-acks 

Tubc-]i('uches  

Thumb-stall 

I'riming-Aviros 

spare 

(Juiiner's  gimlet 

(iuiuuM"'s  perpendicular — to  tj  pieces  

t^iad rants  

ru/.c-sett'-rs 

spare 
spare 

]'u/('-nialU'ts  

r.a-kels  

Clincks  lor  wheels 

Maul 

l.oadiii<'--toii('-s 

1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
2 

T.uniiions 

A'ciit-fover 

W;iier-I)ucket 

r.lnnln   

r.reccli-sitrht 

l.aiivards  for  frictiou-primers  

I'bi linnets  

iN'iiiiiiig-stakes  

l''.iniiiig-(;oi-d  

'Iliuius 

Sl...ll-h....ks  

spare 

Sfrapcrs 

Spatubivi 

•  iunner's  sleeves  (pair) 

(in.iimiet  wad 

1 

Wipers  (d"  tow  linen 

Chalk  

1 
1 

Hamiuer-wvcnch— lu  0  i)ieccs 

SIEGE-TRAIN.  367 

Scales  and  weights,  or  a  spring  balance,  funnel,  set  of  powder-measures 
of  3  sizes,  and  fuze-extractor,  to  each  battery-magazine. 

The  number  of  implements  must  be  proportioned  to  the  whole  number 
of  gun-carriages,  including  the  spare  carriages. 

One  tar-bucket  to  each  travelling  carriage. 

Platforms. 

For  guns  and  howitzers 1-lOth  spare. 

For  mortars l-8th      do. 

Embrasure-  Shutters. 
For  half  the  number  of  guns  and  howitzers. 

Spare  Parts  of  Carriages.  %. 

Proportion  to  the  number  of  parts  in  the  carriages: — 

Pintles  for  siege-carriages l-30th. 

Nuts  and  washers,  assorted 1-lOth. 

Linch-pins l-5th. 

Axle-trees l-20th. 

Wheels l-15th. 

(Shoulder l-20th. 

Axle-washers  |  ^.^^^ ^_^^^^^ 

Cap-squares l-15th. 

Poles,  one-half  ironed l-4th. 

Elevating-screws l-8th. 

Leading-bars,  one-half  ironed l-8th. 

Spare  parts  of  field-carriages,  as  for  field-batteries. 

Timher  and  other  Materials  for  Repairs. 

Proportion  to  the  number  of  parts  that  enter  into  the  construction  of 
the  carriages : — 

Axle-bodies  for  siege-carriages,  l-50th ;  Breech-bolsters,  l-20th  ;  Cheeks, 
l-30th;  Fellies,  l-50th ;  Spokes,  l-30th;  Fork-saddles,  l-30th;  Poles, 
l-20th;  Hounds,  l-20th ;  Splinter-bars,  l-20th ;  Leading-bars,  1-lOth ; 
Square  timber  of  various  scantling — Plank — Wooden  parts  of  mortar- 
wagons;  of  each  l-20th. 

Bar-iron,  assorted,  80  lbs.  to  a  piece,  8,000  lbs.  ;  Steel,  5  lbs.  to  a  piece, 
500  lbs. ;  Sheet  iron,  50  sheets ;  Iron  wire,  400  lbs.  ;  Tin,  225  sheets ; 
Nails,  assorted,  300  lbs. ;  Screws,  assorted,  5  groce. 

Machines  and  Ropes. 
7  Gins,  with  tackle,  complete ;  10  Lever-Jacks ;  14  Screw-Jacks  ;  5  Lift- 
ing-Jacks;  20  Wheelbarrows,  l-5th  for  shells;  7  Iland-barrows ;  Balances, 

31 


;C)S 


(,)  lU )  N  A  N  C  E    M  A  N  UAL. 


for  wripliing;  10  Spare  gin-falls;  7.')  Double  prolonges ;  75  Single  pro- 
lonpos;  DraV-ropcs,  lidO;  2:{-inch  rope,  500  fathoms;  Men's  harness,  50; 
Small  ropes,  1200  lbs.  ;   Twine,  of  various  sizes,  50  lbs. 

Tools. 

Sets  of  carriage-maker's  and  blacksmith's  tools: — Pioneer's  tools,  for  the 
jirtillory  alone,  40  to  a  piece,  say  4,000  ;  of  which  1,600  spades,  270  shovels, 
2,000  mattocks,  loO  picks— Spare  tool-handles,  one-half. 

Axes,  5  to  a  piece,  500;  Bill-hooks,  2  to  a  piece,  200;  Saws,  various 
kin<ls,  100;  10-foot  rods,  2-foot  rules,  mason's  levels,  50  of  each;  Mauls, 
200;  Scythes,  8  ;   Miner's  tools ;  Baskets. 

Lahoraton/  Tools  and  Materials. 

2  Sets  of  Laboratory  tools.    (See  page  335.) 

Nitre,  pulverized 1,500  lbs. 

Sulphur,  pulverized 100    " 

Charcoal,  pulverized 100    " 

Sulphur,  roll 100    " 

Pitch 150    " 

Ivosin 150    " 

]5eeswax 50    " 

Camphor 20    " 

Spirits  turpentine 10  gals. 

Sperm-oil 30    " 

Linseed-oil 2    "         Torches 100 

Tow — Tarred  links — Rock-fire,  etc.    i  Coal-tar 1  barrel. 


Twine 50  lbs. 

Tarred  rope-yarn 200    " 

Copper  wire 10    " 

Brass  wire 10    "• 

Cotton  yarn 25    " 

Glue 10    " 

Wrapping-paper 10  reams. 

Tar 2  barrels. 

Mealed  powder 300  lbs. 

Quick-match 150    " 


Imphmcnts  for  Jiruig  Hot  Shot. 
4  Sets.    (See  Chapter  XIIL) 

Jiistrumenfs  and  Boolcs. 

2  Theodolites,  or  other  instruments  for  measuring  angles;  2  Levels 
and  staves:  2  Compasses  ;  4  Surveying-chains  ;  Diagonal  scales  ;  Cases  of 
mathematical  instruments;   Spy-glasses;   Thermometer;   Barometer. 

/>',„;Ax._Ordnance  Manual;  Artillery  for  the  land  service;  Tables  of 
tiring;    Logarithmic  tables;    Drawing-paper. 

MisrclJan co us  Supj^lic)^- 
Smith's  coal,  20  tons;  Grease,  2,000  lbs.,  in  50-lb.  kegs;  Sand-bags, 
5IMI  to  each  piece  of  ordnance;  Chevaux-de-frise ;  Scaling-ladders; 
llamj.art-gratos,  .')();  Tarpaulins,  various  sizes,  100;  2  Grindstones; 
Lanterns,  100;  Sperm  candles,  150  lbs.  ;  Lamplighter's  torches  ;  Canras ; 
Friction-matches,  in  small  tin  cases. 


ARMAMENT    OF    FORTIFICATIONS. 


369 


ARMAMENT  OF  FORTIFICATIONS. 

The  kind  and  number  of  pieces  of  ordnance  required  for  the  armament 
of  each  of  the  fortifications  are  prescribed  by  the  War  Department,  accord- 
ing to  the  character  and  extent  of  each  work. 

The  carriages,  ammunition,  implements,  equipments,  and  other  supplies, 
for  a  fort  placed  on  the  war  establishment,  may  be  proportioned  to  the 
number  of  pieces  on  the  following  general  principles,  the  application  of 
which  must,  however,  be  regulated  by  the  importance  of  the  position  and 
by  the  peculiar  circumstances  of  each  case. 


For  other  land 

Carriages. 

For  a  front  of  attack. 

fronts  and  for 

sea-coast    bat- 
teries. 

r  Casemate 

l-6th  

1-lOth 

^ 

^                    Barbette 

Gun-car-  Ig.        

l-3d 

l-20th 

more  than  the 

l-3d 

1-lOth     .. 

RIAGES.     ^   ^.J^ 

l-3d 

pieces. 

[  Mortar-beds 

l-4th 

1-lOth 

Trench-carts,      for     ad- 

vanced works 

1  to  20  pieces. 

Sling-carts 

1  to  25  pieces. 

1  to  25  pieces. 

Tumbrils  or  hand-carts.. 

1  to  20  pieces. 

1  to  20  pieces. 

Caissons 

1  to  each  field- 
piece. 

Forges,   travelling     (be- 

sides permanent  forges) 

1  to  30  pieces  of 
all  kinds. 

AMMUNITION. 

For  each  10-in.  columb. 

400  rounds. 

For   each  gun  and  sea- 

coast  howitzer  and  8-in. 

columbiad 

800       ''    

250  rounds. 

l-20th)  Grape 

For  each  24-pdr.  howitzer 

100       "    

100      '' 

l-2d      I    and 

For  each  siege-howitzer 

600       «'    

200      " 

l-20th     canister. 

For  each  10-in,  mortar... 

400       " 

For  each  mortar 

200      '' 

For   each    8-in.   mortar. 

and  Coehorn 

600       " 

Rampart  grenades,  300  to  a  front  of  attack. 

For  each  piece  of  artillery  of  a  field-battery  for  sorties,  200  rounds. 
Gunpowder. — The  quantity  of  cannon-powder  may  be  calculated  on  the 
following  principles : 

For  each  charge  of  a  gun — |  of  the  weight  of  the  shot. 
"  "  10-inch  columbiad,         15  lbs. 


'0 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


10  lbs. 
2    " 
4    '' 

12    " 


15 

o 

80 


"J 


including  the  charge 
of  the  shell. 


For  each  cliargc  of  :ui  8-inch  columbiiid, 

.»  '•  24-pdr.  hoAvitzer, 

.4  "  8-inch  siege-howitzer 

»'  "  10-inch  sea-coast  " 

<(  <(  8-inch  "         " 

«*  "  10-inch  mortar,  light, 

««  "  10-inch       "         heavy, 

"  "  8-inch      " 

"  "  18-inch      " 

"  "  Coehorn     " 

To  spare:  for  mining,  fireworks,  and  waste,  j\-  of  the  whole,  including  a 
proportiun  of  mealed  powder  and  its  components,  pulverized. 
Fii:rs,  }.  more  than  the  number  of  shells. 
Slinr-i!iat''/i,  4  lbs.  to  a  piece. 
Cannon  cdrlridf/e-pajjcr,  1  sheet  to  a  round. 
Sabols. 

Wooden  bottoms  for  mortars  firing  grenades. 
Portfires,  1  to  200  rounds. 
Frill iun-jrrimers,  1^  the  number  of  rounds. 

Small  Arms. 


•]     more  than  the  number  of  troops  of 

^'  J-      the  several  kinds  supposed  to  be 

fully  armed  and  equipped. 


Muskets 

Vistols 

Artill'jry  ;ind  infantry  swords 
Cavalry  sabres i 

Wall  pieces — 50  to  a  front  of  attack,  or  a  front  exposed  to  escalade. 

Aininunition. — Musket  cartridges,  for  each  man 400 

^Nlusketoon,  pistol,  and  rifle  cartridges 100 

Cartriilges  for  each  Avail  piece 400 

S]iare  j.owder  lor  small  arms,  .,V  of  the  Avhole  quantity  required  for  the 
cartiidgi-.-.      Cartri'lge-paper  in  proportion. 

rcrcus>iou-cai»s,  in  addition  to  those  packed  with  the  cartridges,  ^  the 
mimbor  of  rounds. 

Implements  and  Equipments. 

FOR    KACII    GUN. 

1  Gunner's  gimlet. 


-1  spare, 
1     " 


2  Rammers 
2  Spongc.- 

1   l,a.ll..    (    '^^''P'^'ces. 

1  (iiiiuicr's  pei-pendicular,  to  G  pes. 

1  l'a<>-!M.x. 

i    r.ud-.--},arrel. 

2  Tiil.c  iH,ucli(.s. 

2  'riiuiiil. -stalls— 1  spare. 
2  Priming-wires — 1  " 


1  Vent-pouch,  to  3  pieces. 

1  lireech-sight. 
J  Vent-cover. 

2  lianyards  for  friction-primers. 
1  Water-bucket. 

1  Tom]iion. 

1  Chalk-line  and  chalk 

1  Broom. 

1  AVreuch  to  G  pieces. 


SMALL   ARMS. 


371 


FOR    EACH    HOWITZER. 

The  same  as  for  a  gun,  omitting 

pass-box,  and  adding : 
1  Haversack. 
1  Fuze-setter. 
1  Fuze-mallet. 

1  Fuze-extractor,  to  6  pieces. 
1  Quadrant. 


FOR   EACH    COLUMBIAD. 

The  same  as  for  a  howitzer,  adding, 
for  those  of  model  1844, 

1  Woollen  sponge,  of  the  diameter 
of  the  bore,  to  3  guns. 


FOR    EACH    MORTAR. 


1  Sponge  and  rammer. 
6  Handspikes — 4  shod. 
1  Haversack. 

1  Tube-pouch. 

2  Priming-wires. 

1  Vent-punch,  to  3  pieces. 
1  Gunner's  gimlet. 
1  Quadrant. 

1  Plummet. 

2  Pointing-stakes. 
2  Quoins. 

1  Tompion. 

2  Lanyards  for  friction-primers. 


1  Pair  shell-hooks. 

1  Scraper. 

1  Spatula. 

1  Pair  gunner's  sleeves. 

1  Wiper. 

1  Fuze-setter. 

1  Mallet. 

1  Fuze-saw. 

1  Fuze-extraclor,  to  6  mortars. 

1  Basket. 

1  Broom, 

1  Tarpaulin. 


FOR   EACH    24-PDR.   HOWITZER    FOR    FLANK    DEFENCE. 


2  Rammers  and  sponges — 1  spare. 
2  Sponge-covers —  1     " 

1  Roller-bar. 

2  Manoeuvring-handspikes. 
]  Gunner's  haversack. 

1  Budge-barrel. 

2  Tube-pouches. 

2  Thumb-stalls — 1  spare. 
2  Priming-wires — 1  spare. 


1  Gunner's  gimlet. 

1  Breech-sight. 

2  Lanyards  for  friction-primers. 
1  Water-bucket. 

1  Fuze-cutter. 

1  Vent-punch. 

1  Vent-cover. 

1  Tompion  and  strap. 

1  Broom. 


For  EACH  CASEMATE-CARRIAGE,  (woodcn,  including  the  spare  carriages,) 
2  truck-bars ;  2  chocks  ;   1  broom. 

For  EACH  BARBETTE -CARRIAGE,  (woodcu,)  2  manoeuvriug-liandspikes ; 
1  tarpaulin,  or  other  cover;  1  platform  and  1  maul;  if  the  platform  be  not 
permanent. 

For  EACH  IRON  CARRIAGE,  2  manocuvring-bars ;  2  pinch-bars ;  1  man- 
ceuvring-handspike :  2  wrenches  ;   1  elevating-bar  for  columbiads. 

For  each  siege-carriage,  4  handspikes ;   1  maul ;  1  platform. 

For  each  columbiad  barbette-carriage,  (wooden,)  4  truck-bars;  2 
manoeuvring-bars ;  1  elevating-bar, 

.81* 


,•^72  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

S^mre  Parts  fur  Repair  of  Carriages. 
Proportion  of  the  number  of  spare  parts  to  that  of  similar  parts  which 
belong  to  the  carriages: — 

Forks  for  traversing  wheels  of  barbette-carriages l-20th. 

Pintles  for  siege-carriage  limbers l-30th. 

Pintles  for  casemate-carriages l-20th. 

Linch-pins l-5th. 

{for  siege-carriages l-20th. 
for  barbette-carriages l-40th. 
for  casemate-carriages l-40th. 

Rollers  for  casemate-carriages l-40th. 

Bolster-plates,  for  pintles  not  permanently  fixed l-40th. 

for  siege-carriages l-15th, 

for  barbette  upper  carriages  (including  rollers) l-20th. 

"Wheels -I  for  casemate  "  l-40th. 

for  barbette-chassis l-40th. 

for  casemate-chassis l-40th. 

,    ,  ,  f  shoulder l-20th. 

Axle-washers,  i 

llinch 1-lOth. 

Poles,  for  siege-can-iage  limbers,  one-half  ironed l-4th. 

Elevating-screws l-8th. 

Tongues  (iron)  for  casemate-carriages 1-lOth. 

Nuts,  assorted 1-lOth. 

Timher  and  other  Materials  for  Repairs. 
Cheeks,  stocks,  naves,  spokes,  fellies,  for  siege-carriages,  of  each  l-20th  ; 
cheeks  of  mortar-beds,  l-12th.  Handspikes,  4  to  a  piece  ;  tool-handles,  ^  ; 
sets  of  timber  for  barbette-carriages,  l-20th  ;  ditto,  casemate,  l-40th ; 
iron,  assorted,  50  lbs.  to  each  piece  ;  nails  and  screws,  assorted,  100  to  each 
piece ;  steel,  1  lb.  to  each  piece  ;  sheet  iron,  G  square  feet  to  each  piece ; 
tin,  5  sheets  to  each  piece ;  spare  parts  for  small  arms,  see  Chapter  VIII. 

3fa chines,  Ropes,  etc. 
Gins,  casemate  and  rampart,  as  may  be  required,  according  to  the  extent 
of  the  fort;  screw-jacks,  capstans,  lever-jacks,  wheelbarrows,  1  to  each 
piece;  hand-barrow,  for  shells,  1  to  each  mortar;  sling  hand-barrow,  or 
frame  hand-barrow  with  legs,  1  to  G  guns  and  howitzers  ;  platform  balance, 
or  scales  and  weights;  gin-falls,  l-6th  spare  ;  double  prolonges,  2  to  each 
gin;  drag-ropes,  2]-inch  rope,  small  rope,  5  lbs.  to  a  piece;  handspikes, 
7  feet  long;   skids,  blocks,  rollers. 

Tools. 
Sots  of  carriage-maker's,  smith's,  and  armorer's  tools;  intrenching  and 


MISCELLANEOUS  SUPPLIES.  373 

miner's  tools,  saws,  levels,  pavior's  rammers ;  10-foot  rods ;  2-foot  rules ; 
the  number  of  each  kind  to  be  regulated  by  the  particular  circumstances 
of  each  case. 

Tools  and  Materials  for  Fireworhs. 
(See  Chapter  X.) 
Laboratory  tools  and  materials,  according  to  the  extent  and  resources  of 
the  fort.     See  the  proportion  of  those  for  a  siege-train. 

For  each  night  of  a  siege,  or  for  each  night  on  which  the  guns  will  pro- 
bably be  served,  have  G  tarred  links  to  each  piece  mounted  on  the  ram- 
parts of  a  front  of  attack,  or  of  a  sea-coast  battery,  and  5  fire-balls  for  a 
front  of  attack. 

Signal-rockets,  torches,  rock-fire,  &c.,  according  to  circumstances. 

Instruments,  Boohs,  and  Stationery. 
According  to  the  character  and  extent  of  the  fort. — See  Siege-Train. 

3Iisccllaneous  JSupplies. 

Timber,  plank,  and  boards ;  wood  for  sabots,  fascines,  gabions,  etc. 
Pickets ;  coal,  5  tons  to  a  forge ;  grease,  grindstones,  rampart-grates,  2  to 
each  piece  on  the  ramparts ;  sand-bags,  for  the  batteries  of  the  front  of 
attack;  lantern,  1  to  each  piece;  candles,  oil,  fire-engine  and  buckets. 

Field-pieces  forming  a  part  of  the  armament  of  a  fortification  should 
be  provided  with  their  caissons,  ammunition,  etc.,  as  for  service  in  the 
field. 


;I74  OHDXANrK    MANUAL, 


CHAPTER  TWELFTH. 

MECHANICAL    MANGE TJVRES. 

TiiK  introduction  liere  of  a  few  of  the  most  common  mechanical  manoeu- 
vres with  heavy  guns,  for  mounting  and  dismounting,  etc.,  it  is  believed, 
will  i>rove  convenient.  For  full  directions  for  the  manoeuvres  of  heavy 
ordnance,  see  "  Heavy  Artillery." 

Knots,  and  the  Manner  of  Tying  them.   (Plate  33.) 

Loop. — Bend  the  rope  so  as  to  bring  the  branches  near  to  each  other, 
without  crossing  them. 

IIalf-hitch. — Bend  the  rope,  crossing  one  branch  over  the  other. 

Simple  Knot. — Form  ahalf-hitch;  turn  one  end  around  the  other,  pass- 
ing it  through  the  half-hitch  ;  close  it  by  drawing  the  two  ends. 

Simple  Draw-kkot,  or  Bow-kxot. — Form  a  half-hitch;  make  a  loop 
with  one  end  ;  turn  this  loop  around  the  other  part,  so  as  to  pass  it  in  the 
half-hitcli  ;   close  it. 

Galley  Knot. — Form  a  simple  draw-knot;  pass  a  lever  in  the  loop,  and 
close  it. 

Sqx'are  Knot. — l.f^  Method:  Cross  the  ends  of  the  rope,  say,  the  right 
end  over  the  left;  turn  the  left  end  around  the  right  branch  from  above 
downward,  and  from  within  outward;  bend  the  left  end,  forming  a  loop 
with  it  ;  turn  the  right  end  around  the  left,  and  pass  it  in  the  loop  from 
below  upward;   close  it. 

'Id  Method:  Make  a  loop  witli  one  end;  pass  the  other  end  through  tlie 
h)op,  and  take  a  turn  around  tlie  two  branches  that  form  the  loop,  begin- 
ning with  the  long  one;  pai?s  it  again  through  the  loop,  and  close  it. 

That  the  knot  may  not  slip,  the  two  ends  of  the  rope  should  separate, 
one  to  the  right,  the  other  to  the  left,  but  both  in  front  or  both  behind. 

Draw  Square-knot.— Make  an  ordinary  square-knot,  but  with  the  end 
passed  in  tiie  loop  to  complete  the  knot  ;  form  a  second  loop,  and  pass  it 
through  the  lirst  ;    close  it. 

Wk.avkks  Knot.— Form  a  loop  with  one  end;  pass  the  other  end 
through  tlie  loop,  and  take  a  turn  around  the  two  branches  forming  the 
loop.— first  around  the  long  one,— and  pass  it  between  the  loop  and  that 
jiart   alroady  parsed  through  the  loop  ;   close  it. 

C.k.uman  Kn(.t.— Form  a  half-hitch  ;  turn  the  free  end  around  the  stand- 
intr  part  ;   (■n,>.s  the  froo  end  on  itself,  and  pass  it  through  the  half-hitch. 


MECHANICAL   MANOEUVRES.  375 

Ahtificer's  Knot,  or  two  Half-hitciies. — 1st  Method:  Make  two  half- 
hitches  near  to  each  other,  but  in  contrary  directions ;  that  is,  if  the  free 
end  of  one  half-hitch  cross  above  that  •part  of  the  rope  which  is  between 
the  half-hitches,  the  free  part  of  the  other  half-hitch  must  cross  under; 
place  these  two  half-hitches  one  on  the  other,  so  that  the  ends  shall  be 
on  the  inside ;  put  the  half-hitches  over  the  end  of  the  object  to  which  the 
rope  is  to  be  fastened,  and  close  it. 

26?  3Iethod:  To  fasten  a  rope  to  a  picket,  keeping  it  stretched,  take  a  turn 
around  the  picket  with  the  free  end,  and  bring  it  back  under  the  standing 
part ;  take  a  second  turn  above  the  first  with  the  same  end,  passing  the 
free  end  between  the  last  turn  and  the  fixed  part ;  close  it  by  drawing  on 
the  free  end. 

Sd  3Iethod:  Form  a  half-hitch,  with  the  free  end  beneath  ;  place  it  over 
the  head  of  the  picket;  form  a  second  half-hitch,  the  free  end  beneath; 
place  it  over  the  picket,  above  the  first ;  close  it. 

Magnus  Hitch. — Take  a  turn  around  the  picket  with  the  free  end, 
and  bring  it  back  above  the  standing  part ;  take  a  second  turn  with  the 
same  end,  and  bring  it  back  under  the  standing  part;  make  with  this 
end  a  half-hitch,  the  free  end  being  underneath ;  place  this  half-hitch  over 
the  picket ;  close  it  by  drawing  on  the  free  end. 

This  knot  differs  from  the  artificer's  knot,  by  having  three  turns  around 
the  picket,  instead  of  two. 

Mooring  Knot,  with  Half-hitches. — To  fasten  a  rope  to  a  picket  by 
half-hitches,  take  two  turns  around  the  picket,  and  bring  the  free  end 
back  along  the  standing  part ;  take  a  turn  with  the  free  end  around  tne 
standing  part,  and  pass  it  through  the  half-hitch  thus  formed ;  make  a 
second  half-hitch  by  crossing  the  free  end  again  over  the  standing  part, 
and  passing  the  free  end  through  the  half-hitch ;  tie  the  end  to  the  stand- 
ing part  with  lashing-cord,  if  necessary. 

Rolling  Hitch. — To  tie  a  rope  to  another  which  is  stretched,  cross  the 
end  of  the  free  rope  on  the  stretched  one,  and  take  a  turn  around  it  from 
above  downward,  and  bring  back  this  end  in  the  acute  angle  formed  by  the 
two  ropes ;  take  a  second  turn  in  the  same  manner ;  make  a  half-hitch 
with  the  free  end  around  the  stretched  rope,  and  then  a  second  half-hitch 
above  the  turns  already  formed;  tie  the  end  to  the  rope  with  lashing- 
cord. 

Anchor  Knot. — To  fasten  a  rope  to  a  ring,  pass  the  rope  through  the 
ring  twice ;  make  a  half-hitch  around  the  standing  part  and  the  part  form- 
ing the  second  turn;  make  a  second  half-hitch  below  the  first;  tie  the 
short  end  to  the  standing  part,  if  necessary. 

Capstan  Knot. — To  fasten  the  gin-fall,  for  instance,  to  the  handles  of  a 
gun,  make  a  half-hitch  by  crossing  the  free  end  on  the  part  coming  from 
the  head  of  the  gin ;  pass  the  free  end  through  the  handles  and  through 


;;7i;  (lithNANCK     ■NIAMAl,. 

ih,.  I,  I't  iiiirli  \'y.<]\\  licncnili  ii|i^v;iri]  :  pa^s  the  cud  around  the  standing 
j-ii',  I'.MiMii:  it  lu'iwiM'u  the  <iaiplinu^  part  and  the  part  leading  to  the 
li  ,.   I'r;    pa^-  ii  ill  tlu'  Idup  iVoiii  aliMV(>  downward;   draw  it  close. 

(•■..WN.  Talsc  ilu>  r(ip(>  and  form  a,  coil  of  the  si/e  required,  and  with 
I'l.'  ii.'c  end  \w:\\'  the  sevci-al  strands  forming  tlie  coil,  and  fasten  tlic  two 
t!.  i~  hv  .-i  -.jiiai-e  knot. 

Mi>i:  1  SiM.K  K.  —  I'lilay  a1)out  one  foot  of  tlie  ends  of  the  two  ropes,  A  and 
I".,  ih.ii  aic  to  lie  splii.HMl:  lii'ing  the  ends  together,  so  that  the  strandsof  one 
\^<]^|^  -l.all  he  lie:  ween  iho-e  of  ilie  otlier.  Holding  the  rope  A  in  the  left 
hi!:  1.  l-i'  in-;aiMT,  cro.-s  eacli  sti'and  of  tliis  rope  over  tlie  strand  of  tlie  otlier 
liiai  i~  1^1  it-  left,  and  ]ia<s  each  strand  of  the  rojie  A,  by  means  of  a  niar- 
l:ii.'  -piki'.  under  the  strand  15  to  the  left  of  that  Avliich  it  crossed;  draw 
hai  1  -II  each  siiainl  llius  .■o^rvnl ;  do  the  same  tiling  with  the  strands  of 
lii''  i'"|"'  I'>-  To  give  greater  strength  to  the  splice,  pass  again  each  strand 
over  that  to  its  I,.fi  and  under  the  one  to  the  left  of  this  last:  cut  off  the 
j'l'MJ.'criii^r  ends.  Tiiis  sj.lice  will  not  pass  through  the  throat  of  the 
J'ulicy. 

\."\i:  Sfi.ii  i;.  —  I'nlay  about  LlO  inches  of  each  rope;  bring  them  toge- 
ther i^  in  the  ^lioi't  splice:  unlay  one  oi  the  strands  of  A,  and  replace  it 
by  ih.'  r,,)'re^],on.iing  strand  of  !> ;  o'oss  the  end  of  this  last  sti-and  over 
'!'<■  replai-cd  -ii'anil.  ami  pass  them,  each  on  its  own  side,  under  the  adjoin- 
ing- -iiaiid-:  replace,  in  the  same  way,  each  strand  of  one  rope  by  one  of 
■''*■  "'l'''!"-  and  secui-e  tliem  two  and  two,  as  has  just  been  explained,  at 
ditbr.'Mt  ].;ae,-  in  tlie  splice:  cut  off  the  projecting  ends.  The  long  splice 
wiii  pa-  thr..u^h  the  throat  of  the  pulley. 


To  Sh,r  a  Gun. 

'  'i'"'^-^    ''"'   r'n'!  «'"  the  side  to  which  it  is  to  be  turned;  pass  a  trunnion- 
"!'  '""■'■  "'"■  "''  'li<'   trunnions,  run  a  handspike  through  it,  and  turn  the 


i.^ph 


7'>  Mnrr  a   Cra  hjf  Rolling  it. 

I'biee  ;i  .kid  under  the  middle  of  ihe  reinforce,  and  another  under  the 
i.^i'l'i'-  -f  III"  <dia^e.  and  I'-ll  the  oiin  over. 

i'.-.   i!;e:inin-  the  vkhj^   aiid   cuiting  the  muzzle,  it  may  be  moved  in  dif- 

bi  )•  l.ni-  h>  :,v_\  o-uu^,  ii  is  mo.<t  convenient  to  use  two  collars  of  Avood 
' ''  '  ';'  ■■'■""■  "'  *''l'i-'l  diameters,  (one  on  the  breech,  the  other  on  the 
'"'■'"'■•     '■"■-''   "i"iigh  to  allow   the   trunnions  to  turn  wdthout  strikino;  the 

L'i'-iilei. 


MECHANICAL    MANOEUVRES.  377 

To  I'ranspoi't  a  Field-Piece  hy  means  of  a  Limber. 

Detach  the  prolonge ;  place  the  limber  over  the  piece,  so  that  the  pintle- 
hook  shall  be  over  the  handles,  (or  over  the  rear  of  the  trunnions,)  with 
the  breech  toward  the  pole :  run  a  handspike  into  the  bore  and  raise  the 
chase;  lash  the  piece  to  the  pintle-hook  with  the  prolonge,  by  passing  the 
ring  of  the  prolonge  twice  through  the  handles  (or  around  the  piece  in  rear 
of  the  trunnions)  and  over  the  pintle-hook. 

With  the  loose  end  of  the  prolonge,  lash  the  cascable  to  the  fork  of  the 
limber. 

The  gun  may  be  placed  on  blocks  at  the  proper  height,  and  then  lashed 
to  the  limber  as  before. 

To  Shift  a  Gun  from  the  Trunriion- Holes  to  its  Travelling-Bed. 

Limber  up ;  remove  the  cap-squares  and  chock  the  wheels  front  and 
rear;  place  the  short  roller  under  the  reinforce;  attach  the  trace-rope  at 
its  middle  to  the  cascable  by  two  half-hitches  ;  cross  two  handspikes  under 
the  one  in  the  bore  ;  lift  and  push  at  the  muzzle  and  haul  on  the  rope  until 
the  trunnions  are  over  their  travelling-position ;  raise  the  chase,  bring  for- 
ward the  roller  to  the  head  of  the  stock,  and  lower  the  chase  upon  it ;  raise 
the  chase  again  ;  remove  the  roller,  and  lower  the  chase  upon  the  stock ; 
take  off  the  rope  ;  replace  the  cap-squares  ;  insert  the  elevating-screw  from 
below,  and  lash  it. 

With  the  Lifting -Jack. — Place  the  jack  under  the  swell  of  the  muzzle; 
raise  the  chase  ;  place  a  half-block  on  the  head  of  the  stock  ;  take  a  second 
lift,  and  place  two  rollers  on  the  stock,  one  just  in  rear  of  the  trunnion, 
the  other  under  the  reinforce ;  chock  the  latter  toward  the  muzzle,  and 
remove  the  half-blocks;  haul  on  the  rope  attached  to  the  cascable,  and 
bring  the  breech  over  the  bolster ;  chock  the  rear  roller ;  place  the  jack 
under  the  muzzle,  and  remove  the  rollers. 


To  Shift  a  Gun  from  its  Travelling-Bed  to  the  Trunnion-Holes. 

Chock  the  wheels  front  and  rear ;  remove  the  cap-squares ;  raise  the 
chase  and  insert  the  short  roller  under  the  trunnions ;  attach  the  rope  by 
its  middle  to  the  cascable ;  bear  down  the  muzzle,  and,  as  the  piece  rolls 
forward,  guide  the  trunnions  into  their  holes  by  means  of  the  rope  ;  remove 
the  short  roller. 

A  howitzer  is  shifted  to  and  from  its  travelling-bed  by  the  same  means, 
except  that  the  handspike  in  the  bore  is  chocked  above  and  below  for  raising 
the  chase,  the  lower  chock  being  placed  about  18  inches  in  the  bore.  The 
vertical  diameter  of  the  short  roller  should  be  just  forward  of  the  rimbases. 


378  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

MANCEUVRES  WITH  GINS. 
lyiri.^yiESTS.—2!/in-Iunuhj^ikcs;  1  gin-fall  for  siege-gin,  4-inch  rope,  90  feet 
long;   \  gin-fdl  for  casemate  or  garrison  gin,  5-incli  rope,  120  feet  long;  1 
(ran'-roj>c,  U.25  iiiclics  round,  30  feet  long;  2  lashing-ropes,  12  feet  long;   1 
ham/ncr. 

To  Put  the  Field  or  Siege  Gin  together. 

Lay  the  legs  on  the  ground,  outer  sides  down,  in  position  to  receive  the 
sheaves,  braces,  windlass,  and  pry-pole.  Put  these  in  place,  and  key  the 
braces. 

To  Reeve  the  Fall 

Raise  the  pry-pole ;  run  one  end  of  the  fall  through  the  left  sheave  from 
below  ;  pass  it  through  the  pulley  which  is  hooked  to  the  middle  brace, 
and  thence  through  the  right  sheave,  securing  it  to  the  pulley  or  to  the 
middle  brace. 

To  Raise  the  Field- Gin. 

One  man  places  his  foot  on  the  lower  brace,  holds  the  feet  of  the  gin  in 
place,  and  steadies  the  pry-pole.    Six  men  seize  the  legs  and  raise  the  gin. 

To  More  the  Field- Gin  when  Raised. 
Place  four  men  at  tlie  ends  of  two  handspikes  run  under  the  windlass, 
and  two  men  at  the  handles  of  the  pry-pole,  and  move  the  gin.     The  gin 
is  lowered  in  a  manner  similar  to  that  prescribed  for  raising  it. 

To  Pat  a  Casemate  or  Garrison  Gin  together. 
The  legs  or  pry-pole  are  laid  on  the  ground  or  across  the  gun-carriage, 
inner  sides  down  and  upper  ends  together,  to  receive  the  clevis  and  bolt. 
The  windlass,  braces,  and  clevis  and  bolt  are  then  put  in  their  proper  places 
and  secured.  The  gin  is  then  raised  by  moving  up  the  legs  and  pry-pole 
toward  each  other. 

To  Rrccr  iJic  Fall  of  a  Casemate  or  Garrison  Gin. 
Fasten  one  end  of  the  trace-rope  to  the  upper  block,  pass  the  other  end 
through  the  clevis,  and  tlience  round  the  windlass.     Heave  upon  the  wind- 
lass, raise  the  block,  and  hook  it  in  the  clevis.    Reeve  the  fall  as  described 
fur  the  fieM-gin. 

To  Loiver  the  Casemate  or  Garrison  Gin. 
l>raw  out  gradually  the  legs  and  pry-pole  until  the  men  can  get  near 
cnoujrh  to  tlio  head  to  support  it.     Lower  it  upon  the  piece  or  upon  the 
grotiud. 


MAN(EUVRES   WITH    GINS.  379 

To  Move  the  Casemate  or  Garrison  Gin. 
Lash  the  pry-pole  to  the  upper  brace  to  keep  the  gin  from  spreading. 
Four  men  lay  hold  of  each  leg  and  move  them;  then  move  the  pry-pole. 

To  Mount  a  Piece  hy  Means  of  a  Gin. 

Place  the  gin  with  its  pulleys  directly  over  the  trunnions,  and  the  foot 
of  the  pry-pole  about  thirteen  feet  from  the  lower  brace.  Remove  the  cap- 
squares,  run  a  handspike  into  the  bore,  fasten  the  sling  to  it  and  over 
the  cascable,  and  hook  the  pulley  to  it,  just  in  rear  of  the  trunnions. 
Steady  the  gun  with  the  handspike  in  the  bore,  pass  the  running  end 
of  the  fall  from  the  outside  under  the  windlass,  and  take  three  turns 
with  it  from  the  right  to  the  left  around  the  left  of  the  windlass,  and  hold 
fast  to  the  end  of  the  rope.  Work  the  windlass  and  raise  the  gun  to  the 
required  height.  Bring  up  the  carriage  until  the  trunnion-holes  are 
directly  under  the  trunnions.  Slack  off  the  fall  slowly,  and  let  the  trun- 
nions descend  into  their  holes.     Put  on  the  cap-squares. 

Remakk. — The  piece  may  be  slung  with  a  short  piece  of  rope  passed  around 
each  trunnion,  and  the  ends  fastened  together  on  the  top  of  the  piece ;  or  the 
trunnion-rings  may  be  put  on.  Hook  the  pulley  to  this  sling,  or  to  the 
trunnion-rings,  bear  down  with  one  or  two  men  on  the  handspikes  in  the 
bore  to  balance  the  piece,  and  raise  it  to  the  proper  height.  Place  a  hand- 
spike in  the  trunnion-holes,  and  a  block  on  the  stock  to  receive  the  breech. 
Lower  the  gun,  the  trunnions  directly  over  the  trunnion-holes,  until  it  resis 
upon  the  handspike.  Remove  the  sling  from  the  trunnions,  and  run  the 
carriage,  with  the  gun  on  it,  back  until  the  heads  of  the  cheeks  are  in  rear 
of  a  perpendicular  let  fall  from  the  head  of  the  gin.  Pass  the  sling  around 
the  chase,  hook  the  pulley  to  it,  and  work  the  gin  to  relieve  the  weight  on 
the  handspike.  Remove  it,  and  lower  the  trunnions  into  their  places.  Bear 
down  the  muzzle,  and  remove  the  block  from  under  the  breech. 

To  Dismount  a  Piece  hy  Means  of  a  Gin. 
Place  the  gin  as  for  mounting  the  gun,  remove  the  cap-squares,  put  on 
the  sling,  raise  the  gun  out  of  the  trunnion-holes,  run  out  the  carriage,  and 
slack  off  gradually  to  lower  the  gun  to  the  ground. 

To  Shift  the  Fall. 

Overhaul  the  loose  end  of  the  fall,  and  make  a  double  hitch  with  it 
around  the  leg  of  the  gin  below  the  lower  cross-bar,  passing  the  end  inside 
of  the  windlass  and  braces  to  a  man  mounted  on  the  windlass,  who  makes 
with  it  a  rolling  hitch  on  the  standing  part  of  the  fall  near  the  upper 
brace.  Slack  off  until  the  weight  bears  on  the  end  of  the  fall,  and  slip 
the  rope  to  the  other  end  of  the  windlass ;  or  the  standing  part  of  the  fall 
may  be  lashed  to  the  leg  above  the  windlass  with  a  small  rope. 

32 


;;s()  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

To  Moiinf  a  Gun  on  a  Casemate- Carriagr. 

Ti-iviMse  the  carriage  to  one  side;  place  the  gun  on  blocks,  or  on  the 
truck.  lu'ir  tlie  middle  of  the  casemate,  the  muzzle  toward  the  embrasure, 
and  the  gin  over  the  gun  and  carriage;  the  latter  on  the  side  of  the  pry- 
I>(.].\  Sling  the  gun,  and  work  the  gin  until  the  gun  is  raised  sufficiently 
liigh  to  traverse  the  chassis  under  it;  place  the  carriage  so  that  the 
trunnion-holes  come  exactly  under  the  trunnions;  lower  the  gun  into  its 
j)la('e  ;  remove  the  sling,  and  take  away  the  gin. 

To  prevent  the  pavement  from  being  injured  by  the  points,  a  truck- 
wheel,  or  a  piece  of  3-inch  plank,  with  a  hole  to  receive  the  point,  is  placed 
under  each  foot. 

To  dismount  a  piece,  proceed  in  the  inverse  manner. 

To  Loiccr  a  Barhettc- Carriage  from  its  Chassis,  the  Piece  heing 
Mounted. 

Place  the  piece  in  battery,  the  limber  accurately  in  the  prolongation 
of  its  axis,  about  six  yards  to  the  rear.  Chock  the  rollers;  place  wheel- 
chocks  upon  the  rails,  near  the  manoeuvring-staples,  to  serve  as  fulcrums  ; 
emV)ar  under  the  staples.  Insert  a  handspike  in  the  bore  to  bear  down 
witli.  liaise  the  trail  and  put  blocks  on  the  tongue  under  and  perpen- 
dicular to  the  transom  and  axle-tie.  Raise  the  rear  of  the  chassis  ;  remove 
tlie  traverse-wheels,  and  lower  the  chassis  upon  the  traverse-circle.  Form 
scaffolds  one  block  and  a  half  high  on  each  side  of  the  carriage,  under  and 
perpendicular  to  the  chassis,  about  four  inches  in  rear  of  the  middle  tran- 
som, and  place  the  planks  on  them,  their  inner  edges  against  the  rails  of 
the  chassis,  and  their  front  ends  about  eight  inches  in  front  of  the  scaf- 
folds, bevelled  sides  up.  Back  the  limber  upon  the  planks  ;  raise  the 
pole  to  engage  the  pintle  in  the  lunette,  and  then  bear  down  the  pole  ;  re- 
move the  blocks  from  under  the  trail,  and  key  the  pintle.  Unchock  the 
wheels,  and  run  the  piece  carefully  down  the  planks  to  the  terre-plein. 

To  Mount  the  Barbette- Carriage  iq^on  its  Chassis. 
Lower  the  rear  of  the  chassis  upon  the  traverse-circle,  and  place  the 
I'ioce,  limbered,  accurately  in  the  prolongation  of  the  tongue,  about  six 
yanis  to  the  rear.  Place  the  planks  in  position.  Embar  with  two  hand- 
spikes through  the  wheels  near  the  tire  under  the  front  manoeuvring- 
]«n\^;  cmbar  with  two  handspikes,  in  a  similar  way,  over  the  rear  manoeu- 
vniig-liolts,  and  with  two  more  under  the  wheels;  guide  the  pole;  heave 
upon  the  handspikes  and  at  the  limber-Avheels,  and  back  the  carriage  up 
tlie  planks  into  battery;  chock  the  wheels;  raise  the  trail  and  place  a 
block  under  and  perpendicular  to  the  transom  and  axle-tie;  raise  the  pole 
to  disengage  the  pintle  from  the  lunette;  remove  the  limber  and  planks ; 


MANCEUVRES    WITH    GINS.  381 

raise  the  rear  of  the  chassis ;  replace  the  traverse-wheels  and  prop,  and 
remove  the  block  from  under  the  ti'ansom  and  axle-tie. 

To  Grease   the  Rollers  of  a  Barbette- Carriage,   the    Piece    heing 

Mounted. 

Run  the  piece  from  battery ;  place  a  half-block  lengthwise  on  the 
chassis-rail  in  front,  and  another  in  rear  of  the  roller  to  be  greased,  with 
a  wheel-chock  upon  each  to  serve  as  a  fulcrum.  Embar  on  them  and  under 
the  front  and  rear  manoeuvring-bolts  ;  raise  the  roller  from  the  rail ;  move 
it  about  six  inches ;  grease  the  spindle,  and  return  the  roller  to  its  place. 
Unbar,  and  put  on  the  wheel. 

To  Grease  the  Forks  of  the  Ti-averse-  Wheels. 

Raise  the  rear  of  the  chassis ;  remove  the  nuts  of  the  fork-bolts  with  a 
wrench  ;   take  out  the  bolts  and  grease  them. 

Remark. — The  iron  gun-carriages  have  holes  for  oiling  the  truck-wheel, 
traverse-wheels,  and  axle-boxes. 

To  Sling  a  Gun,  Howitzer,  or  Mortar  on  the  Cart. 
Back  the  cart  over  the  piece,  the  pole  toward  the  breech,  and  the  axle- 
tree  directly  over  the  trunnions  ;  chock  the  wheels.  Fasten  the  middle  of 
the  prolonge  to  the  end  of  the  pole,  and  carry  one  end  of  it  to  the  rear  of 
the  cart ;  raise  the  pole  by  hand  and  by  means  of  the  prolonge  until  it  is 
nearly  vertical,  and  steady  it.  Lay  the  middle  of  the  sling-chain  over 
the  piece;  carry  each  end  around  the  trunnions,  from  the  rear  to  the 
front,  and  hook  them  to  the  axle-hooks,  being  careful  to  take  up  all  the 
slack.  Haul  upon  the  prolonge  until  the  end  of  the  pole  can  be  reached 
by  hand ;  seize  and  bear  it  to  the  ground ;  hook  the  cascable-chain  around 
the  cascable  in  such  a  manner  that  the  piece  will  swing  level  when  the 
pole  is  horizontal.  Raise  the  pole  until  it  rests  on  the  pole-prop.  By 
putting  blocks  under  the  piece,  and  repeating  the  operation,  the  piece  may 
be  raised  higher. 

To  Lower  the  Piece. 
Bear  the  end  of  the  pole  to  the  ground;  unhook  the  cascable-chain,  and 
allow  the  pole  to  rise  gently  until  it  is  nearly  vertical.  If  the  piece  do 
not  rest  upon  the  ground,  it  must  be  blocked  up  and  unslung.  The  ope- 
ration is  repeated  and  the  piece  is  lowered  to  the  ground.  Ease  the  pole 
down  carefully. 

To  Sling  a  Mortar  mounted  on  its  Bed. 
Back  the  sling-cart  over  the  mortar,  the  pole  toward  the  breech,  and 
the  axle-tree  directly  over  the  trunnions ;  raise  the  pole  vertically ;  pass 


3<<2  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

the  sling-chain  avouna  the  front  mauoeuvring-boUs  ;  hook  it  over  the  axle- 
hook.>*,  and  haul  clown  the  pule.  Block  up  the  front  of  the  bed ;  take  off 
the  sling-chain,  and  pass  if  under  the  bed  just  in  front  of  the  cap-square 
bolts  ;  bear  the  pole  down  to  the  ground  ;  remove  the  blocks  ;  pass  another 
sling-chain  around  the  rear  manocuvring-bolts  and  over  the  pole,  and  hook 
it  in  such  a  manner  that  the  bed  will  be  level  when  the  pole  rests  on  the 
j)ole-prop. 

Sea-coast  mortars  and  their  beds  must  be  slung  separately.  The  sling- 
chain  is  passed  through  the  clevis  of  the  mortar  and  over  the  axle-tree, 
and  hooked  around  the  pole  at  its  junction  with  the  axle,  the  pole  having 
been  raised  vertically. 

To  Sling  a  Piece  on  Two  Limhcrs  so  that  it  may  he  transported 
with  Horses. 
Place  blocks  under  the  chase  and  reinforce;  remove  the  pole  of  one  of 
the  limbers,  and  run  it  over  the  piece  until  the  pintle  is  over  the  knob  of 
the  cascable ;  raise  the  muzzle  and  slip  the  front  block  under  the  trun- 
nions ;  bear  down  the  muzzle,  and  fasten  the  pintle  to  the  cascable  with 
the  chain  or  lashing-rope ;  bear  down  the  foi^k  to  the  piece  and  lash  it 
around  the  reinforce.  Back  the  other  limber  over  the  neck  of  the  piece  ; 
raise  the  pole,  and  attach  the  neck  to  the  limber  by  taking  two  turns  with 
the  prolonge  around  the  pintle,  and  two  turns  over  the  fork  in  front  of 
the  axle-tree,     liaise  the  piece  by  bearing  on  the  pole. 

To  Mount  a  Gun  on  an  Iron  Carriage. 

A  simple  and  expeditious  method  of  mounting  a  gun  upon  an  iron  case- 
niate-carriage  consists  in  raising  the  gun  upon  two  scaffolds,  and  assem- 
bling the  chassis  and  top  carriage  in  position  under  the  gun. 

To  do  this,  place  the  gun  with  its  muzzle  toward  the  embrasure  and  its 
axis  perpendicular  to  the  middle  of  tlie  face  of  the  wall;  raise  the  muzzle 
and  the  brcecli  alternately  by  means  of  the  lifting-jack,  supporting  the 
gun  un  two  scaflolds  of  blocks,  placed  in  front  and  in  rear  of  the  trun- 
nions; assemble  the  chassis  in  position;  place  one  cheek  of  the  top-car- 
riage on  the  chassis-rail,  with  the  trunnion-hole  directly  under  the  trun- 
ni.ni,  and  bolt  the  transoms  to  it;  place  the  other  cheek  in  position  and 
bolt  it  to  the  transoms.  Lower  the  trunnions  into  their  holes,  and  remove 
thf  hlocks. 

TIh'  t>locks  for  the  scaffolds  should  be  aboutthrce  inches  shorter  than  the 
dixiancc  bet  ween  the  rimbases  of  the  gun,  and  not  less  than  fifteen  inches 
widi".  Tliey  should  be  two  inches,  four  inches,  and  eight  inches  thick. 
Neither  the  muzzle  nor  the  breech  should  be  raised  more  than  four 
inches  by  a  single  lift.     As  soon  as  the  gun  has  been  raised  high  enough 


DISMOUNTING    GUNS.  383 

to  allow  it,  the  chassis  should  be  put  in  place  and  assembled.  Care  must 
be  taken  to  build  the  scaifolds  so  as  not  to  let  them  interfere  with  the 
transoms  in  assembling  the  carriage. 

To  Dismount  the  Gun, 
Raise  the  breech  and  build  a  scaffold  under  it,  as  in  mounting  the  gun ; 
raise  the  muzzle  with  a  jack,  and  build  a  scaifold  under  the  chase ;  take 
the  cheeks  apart  and  remove  them ;  lower  the  gun  until  its  under-surface 
is  nearly  down  to  the  chassis ;  take  the  chassis  apart,  remove  it,  and  lower 
the  gun  upon  two  blocks. 

To  3Iount  or  Dismount  a  \b-inch  Gun. 

Place  the  chassis  on  the  platform,  and  roll  the  gun  on  skids  upon  it, 
placing  the  axis  of  the  gun  in  the  vertical  plane  of  the  axis  of  the  chassis. 
Place  a  gin  over  the  muzzle  and  another  over  the  cascable,  and,  by  means 
of  them  and  the  lifting-jack,  raise  the  muzzle  and  the  breech,  alternately, 
supporting  them  upon  scaifolds.  When  the  gun  has  been  raised  to  the 
proper  height,  place  the  cheeks  of  the  top-carriage  upon  the  chassis-rails, 
and  proceed  as  in  mounting  a  smaller  gun. 

To  dismount  a  gun,  proceed  in  the  inverse  manner. 


32* 


384 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


CHAPTER   THIRTEENTH. 


ARTILLERY   PRACTICE. 


The  plan  of  this  work  docs  not  include  the  details  relative  to  the  service 
of  artillery ;  but,  in  the  absence  of  more  full  and  accurate  tables  of  firing,  it 
is  thought  useful  to  give  here  the  mean  results  of  such  trials  of  the  ranges 
of  our  ordnance  as  have  been  made  fi'om  time  to  time  by  the  Ordnance 
Department,  together  with  some  other  practical  information  derived  from 
authentic  sources. 

Ranges. 

The  range  of  a  shot  or  shell  is  the  first  graze  of  the  ball  on  horizontal 
ground,  the  piece  being  mounted  on  its  appropriate  carriage. 

The  range  of  a  spherical  case  shot  is  the  distance  at  "which  the  shot 
bursts  near  the  ground,  in  the  time  given ;  thus  showing  the  elevation  and 
the  length  of  fuze  required  for  certain  distances. 


Kind  of  Ordxaxce. 

Powder. 

Ball. 

Eleva- 
tion. 

Iviinge. 

Remarks. 

Lbs. 

o    / 

Yards. 

6-PDR,  FIELD-GUN. 

1.25 

Shot. 

0 

1 

2 
8 
4 
5 

318 

674 

867 

1188 

1256 

1523 

1.25 

Sph. case 

1  0 

600 

Time  2  seconds. 

shot. 

1   45 

700 

u     2f  " 

" 

2  0 

800 

u      3     i, 

" 

2  45 

900 

-      31-  - 

" 

8  0 

1000 

"      3|  " 

'< 

8  15 

1100 

"      4     *' 

" 

4 

1200 

''      5     " 

12-PDR. FIELD-GUN, 

2.5 

Shot. 

0 

347 

Model  1841. 

" 

1 

062 

<< 

1  30 

785 

RANGES. 
Ranges. — Continued. 


385 


Kind  of  Ordnance. 

Powder. 

Ball. 

Eleva- 
tion. 

Range. 

Remarks. 

Lbs. 

o    / 

Yards. 

12-PDR.FIELD-GUN, 

2.5 

Shot. 

2 

909 

Model  1841.— 

«' 

3 

12G9 

Continued. 

<( 
<< 

4 

5 

1455 

1663 

2.5 

Sph.  case. 

1 

600 

Time,  If  seconds. 

u 

1  45 

700 

"     2A-       " 

'< 

2 

800 

'*     2f       " 

11 

2  15 

900 

''      3 

a 

2  30 

1000 

"      3^       " 

a 

3 

1100 

"     4         " 

a 

3  30 

1200 

u       4J         u 

12-PDK.FIELD-GUN, 

2.5 

Shot. 

0 

325 

Model  1857. 

1 
2 
3 
4 
5 

620 

875 

1200 

1320 

1680 

2.5 

Sph.  case 

0  30 

300 

Time,  1  second. 

shot. 

]   0 

575 

"      If  seconds. 

(( 

1  30 

633 

"     2^       " 

li 

2  0 

730 

u     3 

(( 

3  0 

960 

<(      4         <( 

a 

3  30 

1080 

"     4f       - 

'* 

3  45 

1135 

"      5         - 

2.0 

Shell. 

0 

300 

a       Of         " 

<' 

0  30 

425 

"        1^         " 

u 

1 

616 

"        If         '' 

n 

1  30 

700 

"      2|-       ** 

a 

2  0 

787 

"     2f       " 

(C 

2  30 

925 

"      3^       " 

(i 

3  0 

1080 

..      4-        .. 

11 

3  45 

1300 

w     5 

12-PDR.       FIELD- 

1. 

Shell. 

0 

195 

HOWITZER. 

(I 

1 

2 

3 
4 
5 

539 
640 
847 
975 
1072 

0.75 

Sph.  case. 

2  15 

485 

Time,  2  seconds. 

38G 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Rftnqrs. — Continued. 


Kivn  OF  OnrNANCE. 

i 
I'owdcr 

Ball. 

El(3va- 
tion. 

Ivaiige. 

Remarks. 

12-ri)K.       FIKLD- 

Lb.s. 

1 

o     / 

Yards. 

KOWITZKU. 

1     0.75 

Spli.  case. 

3  15 

715 

Time,  3  seconds. 

Continued. 

1 

" 

3  45 

1050 

11     4 

12-ri)R.  MOr.NTAIN- 

0.5 

Shell. 

0 

170 

IIOWITZKII. 

li 

1 

2 

300 

392 

i( 

2  30 

500 

Time,  2  seconds. 

a 

3 

637 

'< 

4 

785 

'<      3         " 

(( 

5 

1005 

0.5 

Sph.case. 

0 

150 

a 

2  30 

450 

Time,  2  seconds. 

a 

3 

500 

u 

4 

700 

"      2|  seconds. 

" 

4  30 

800 

-      3           - 

24-lM)R.       FIELD- 

2. 

Shell. 

0 

295 

HOWITZER. 

ii 

1 

2 

516 

793 

a 

3 
4 

976 
1272 

" 

■J 

1322 

2.5 

Spli.case. 

1  30 

600 

Time,  2  seconds. 

" 

2  0 

700 

"      2J      " 

" 

2  30 

800 

*'     H     " 

" 

2  45 

900 

"    H     " 

" 

3  15 

1000 

u      4 

<( 

8  45 

1100 

"  ^   " 

" 

8  50 

1200 

''      4f      " 

82-Pl)R.       KIELD- 

2.5 

Shell. 

0 

290 

IIOWITZEB. 

"' 

1 

4 

5 

581 

779 
1029  1 
1208 
1504 

3.25 

Sph.  case. 

1  80 

600  i 

Time,  2  seconds. 

a 

2  0  i 

700 

"      2J       " 

" 

2  15j 

800 

"      3         ** 

" 

2  45j 

900 

"   ^    '' 

(( 

3  0 

1000 

"      3|       «« 
"      4|       " 

u        41         u 

" 

3  35 1 

1100 

. 

li 

3  45 

1200     : 

RANGES. 

Ranges. — Continued. 


387 


Kind  of  Ordnance. 

Powder. 

Ball. 

Eleva- 
tion. 

Range. 

Remarks. 

Lbs. 

o      / 

Yards. 

18-PDE.  SIEGE  AND 

4.5 

Shot. 

1 

641 

GARRISON  GUN. 

" 

2 

950 

On  barbette-car- 

<< 

3 

1256 

riage. 

" 

4 

1450 

a 

5 

1592 

24-PDR.  SIEGE  AND 

6. 

Shot. 

0 

412 

GARRISON  GUN. 

" 

1 

842 

On  siege-carriage. 

u 

1  30 

2 

3 
4 
5 

953 
1147 
1417 
1666 
1901 

32-PDR.  SEA-COAST 

6. 

Shot. 

1  45 

900 

GUN. 

8. 

(( 

1 

713 

On  barbette-car- 

<' 

1  30 

800 

riage. 

a 

1  35 

2 

3 

4 

5 

900 
1100 
1433 
1684 
1922 

1 

42-PDR.  SEA-COAST 

10.5 

Shot. 

1 

775 

GUN. 

" 

2 

1010 

On  barbette-car- 

(( 

3 

1300 

riage. 

" 

4 
5 

1600 
1955 

8-INCH  SIEGE-HOW- 

4. 

Shell, 

0 

251 

ITZER. 

45  lbs. 

1 

435 

On  siege-carriage. 

;: 

o 

-' 
3 
4 

618 
720 
992 

5 
12  30 

1241 

2280 

1 

8-INCH  SEA-COAST 

4. 

Shell, 

1 

405 

HOWITZER. 

45  lbs. 

2 

652 

On  barbette-car- 

" 

3 

875 

1 

nage. 

(( 

4 

5 

1110 
1300 

6. 

a 

1       1     572 

n 

2 

1     828 

ORDNANCE   MANUAL. 

Ranges. — Continued. 


Kind  or  Ord.naxce. 

Powder. 

Bull. 

Eleva- 
tion, 

llange. 

Remarks, 

Lbs. 

o      / 

Yards. 

8-INCH    SEA-COAST 

6. 

Shell, 

3 

947 

HOWITZER. 

45  lbs. 

4 

1168 

• 

On    barbctte-car- 

'* 

5 

1463 

ringe — Cont'd. 

8. 

1 
2 
3 
4 
5 

646 

909 

1190 

1532 

1800 

10-INCII  SEA-COAST 

12. 

Shell, 

1 

580 

HOWITZER. 

90  lbs. 

2 

891      T 

ime,  3  seconds. 

On  barbette-car- 

n 

3 

1185 

"       4       " 

riage. 

11 

3  30 

1300 

(I 

4 

1426 

"      5|-      " 

" 

5 

1650 

U           Q            « 

8-IN.  COLUMBIAD.* 

10. 

Shell, 

1 

681      Ti 

me,  1.88  seconds. 

50  lbs. 

a 

a 

<( 
(< 

(I 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

10 

11 

12 

13 

14 

15 

20 

25 

30 

1108 
1400 
1649 
1733 
1994 
2061 
2250 
2454 
2664 
2718 
2908 
3060 
3123 
3138 
3330 
3474 
3873 

'       3.58 
'      4.30 
'       5.41 
'       6.25 
'       7.56 
'       7.96 
'       9.12 
'     10.16 
'     10.91 
'     11.3 
'     13. 
'     14.08 
'     14.25 
'     16. 
'     18.40 
*     20. 
'     25. 

Shot. 

5 

1697 

'       6.20 

" 

15 

3224 

'     14.19       «« 

10-IN.COLUMBIAD.* 

15. 

Shell, 

3 

1068      Ti 

me,  3.20  seconds. 

100  lbs. 

5 

1525 

'       5.64       " 

<( 

8 

2238 

'       8.10       " 

<' 

10 

2720 

'     10.98       '' 

(( 

12 

2847 

'     11.73       «' 

(( 

20 

3842 

«     18,92       - 

*  Axis  of  gun  6  feet  above  the  horizontal  plane. 


RANGES. 

Ra7iges. — Continued . 


389 


Kind  of  Ordnance. 

Powder 

Ball. 

Eleva- 
tion. 

Range. 

Remarks. 

Lbs. 

Shell, 

o     / 

Yards. 

10-IN.  COLUMBIAD. 

15. 

100  lbs. 

30 

4836 

Time,  27.50  seconds. 

— Continued. 

Shot, 

15 

3281 

''       14.32  " 

125  lbs. 

30 

5163 

'*      27.08  " 

18. 

<' 

0 

394 

Axis  of  gun   16   feet 

1 
2 

752 
1002 

above  the  water. 

(( 

3 

1230 

<< 

4 

1570 

(( 

5 

1814 

<( 

6 

2037 

Shot   ceased   to  rico- 

(< 

8 

2519 

chet  on  water. 

<< 

10 

2777 

15 
20 

3525 
4020 

25 

4304 

it 
n 

30 

35 

47G1 
5433 

20. 

«< 

3915 

5654 

12. 

Shell, 

1 

800 

100  lbs. 

2 
3 
4 

1012 
1184 
1443 

(< 

5 

1604 

18. 

n 

0 

1 
2 

448 

747 

1100 

It 

3 
4 
5 

1239 
1611 

1865 

a 

6 

2209 

8 
10 
15 

20 

2489 
2848 
3200 
3885 

'« 

25 

4150 

(( 

30 

4651 

ii 

35 

4828 

Time  of  flight  35  sec. 

15-IN.  COLUMBIAD. 

40. 

Shell, 

0 

273 

302  lbs. 

1 

2 
3 

484 

812 

1136 

<< 

4 

5 
6 

7 

1310 
1518 
1760 
1948 

315  lbs. 

8 

2194 

3tm 


OIIDN  ANCE    3IAN  LA  L. 

Rantjes. — CoDtiimed, 


Kind  of  Ordnance. 

Powder 

Ball. 

Eleva- 
tion. 

Kange. 

Remarks. 

Lbs. 

Shell, 

0 

Yards. 

lO-IX.   COr.T'MBIAP. 

40. 

1  315  lbs. 

9 

2236 

Time,    8.87  seconds. 

— Continued. 

!            " 

10 

2425 

"      10.00 

" 

12 

2831 

«'      12.07 

ii 

15 

3078 

"      13.72        " 

" 

20 

3838 

''      17.82 

'< 

25 

4528 

''      22.03 

<« 

28 

4821 

*'      24.18 

(( 

30 

5018 

"      26.71 

45. 

" 

25 

4595 

"      23.20 

50. 

" 

25 

4680 

"      23.29 

18-I\riI  SKA-COAST 

Shell, 

MOKTAU. 

20. 

200  lbs. 

45 

4325 

10-INCU  SKA-COAST 

Shell, 

3I0KTA11. 

10. 

98  lbs. 

45 

4250 

Time,  36  seconds. 

10-IXCH    SIKGK- 

1. 

Shell, 

45 

300 

Time,  6.5  seconds. 

MORTAR. 

1.5 

90  lbs. 

45 

700 

«'     12 

2_ 

" 

45 

1000 

*'     14 

2!  5 

(( 

45 

1300 

u     iG 

3. 

'< 

45 

1600 

<'     18 

8.5 

a 

45 

1800 

"     19 

4. 

" 

45 

2100 

<i     21 

Lbs.  oz. 

8-INCH    SIK(iK- 

0  10 

Shell, 

45 

500 

Time,  10  seconds. 

MORTAR. 

13 

40  lbs. 

45 

600 

"       11 

1 

" 

45 

750 

"       12^      " 

1     2 

(( 

45 

900 

"       13 

1     3 

" 

45 

1000 

-       13o^       " 

1     4 

" 

45 

1100 

"       14 

1     (] 

" 

45 

1200 

"       14^      " 

07,. 

0 

Yards. 

24-r(»i;.Ni)KR  coK- 

0.5 

Sliell, 

45 

25 

IIORN    MORTAR. 

1. 

17  lbs. 

45 

68 

1.5 

t< 

45 

104 

1.75 

" 

45 

143 

'> 

(< 

45 

165 

2!  75 

" 

45 

260 

4. 

(< 

45 

422 

0. 

<' 

45 

900 

i 

! 

8. 

" 

45 

1200 

HEIGHT    OF    BREECH-SIGHT. 


391 


H  a 

■^  GO 


03    O 

OS 


I  I  I 


.  CO  O  CC  O  CO  to  C5  < 
;  <D  ^O  CO  1-;  l-^  t-;  t-;  ( 

'l-I(M'e0TlHir5cdt^00C>Or-(C<ITl< 


0>d03COt~OCCt~COt^O'^Ot~l~02'*iOO 
lOIMOll^TtKNOCOCDOseOtOoCCtr-rHOr-^O 
<N  (N  i-H  i-M  i-H  I-;  Oj  Oi  Oi  05  O  O  I— I  i-H  r-;  IM  ^M  CO  CO 

'io«dt-^o6c>OrHC<ico 


'1777  I   '"' 


S?2 

00  c 

111 


O<M'«j<C0(Ni-lrH!MC0iCa5-+O00l-OC<l 
lOr-lt^COO-^'OOC^COO'^OJ'+OOCOOCi-* 

00  p  I-;  CO  iri  CO  r-;  o  oq  t-;  o  CO  c^j  p  o>  t-;  CD 

C<i!Nr-i     1'      'r-Ic^COCO-^Ocdjt-^OOOOOJ© 

I    I    I    I  _, 


06  OJ  ©  rH  oi 
rH  rM  r-i 


ra  CI  en  <_ 

r-;  r-;  05  C<;  CO  p  p  «^  "^  -t;  "^  •^.  CO  CO  C0_  O?  C<;  C-J  CI 
CO  C^  iH  )■  ■  r-!  (M'  CO'  -*'  iC  CO  t^  CO  ci  O  rH  ci  Co'  -*' 
III'  rH^^^rH 


OC0lCt~i-IOOOClO< 
irt  lO  O  -^  CO  CO  CO  C-5  CO  ( 
C4  rH     j'     ■  rH  Ci  CO  "*  lO  CO  t^  < 


I  CI  10  O  CC  05 


O^  C^  CO-* 


OOCOOiCOr-lt HClrHr-'COl^COOOC^l-'*! 

0050iCOi-HC<»C<lCO-tiOCOl-aDOC»-t<COCZ;i-< 

00  I-.  1--  t-;  c3  CI  CI  CI  CI  CI  c;  c<i  c;  co  cq  co  co  00  -^ 

CO  ci  th    i"    '  I-!  ci  CO  Tj5  id  CO*  ^-^  06  C5  o  i-i  ci  co'  -* 


Oi-ia>«)OOOD050r-(-J<t-r-<ini-IOCCOOCO( 
iCi-HClcOO-*i>:;00l--i— liOO-^CT)COC/DCOOO! 
popOr^CCr-t^C^CCC00^"*02'COC0i-lj 

rH     l"      ■      ■  rH  rH  C^  C4  CO  CO  ■<*■  -^"  iC*  >d  co'  t^  t-I  06  t 


I      I 


rH05<>^0CC;Or-lr0COCT>C0  00C0O00l-l- 

O-HC5-<*C5OOiOO'«rHOC)00C0  05.O 

p-*oqcOt^CIt-;r-(CDp'Op-t(CCCOl^C> 

'  rH  rH  C<i  ci  co'  co'  ^  ■*  ■^'  'O  id  CO  co' t-^ 


Cl0C0C1C0l^C0OC0-^C0-t<C0O'0 
COCOCSr-,oCOO'-OCO-TC1003t- 
OiO".  0>0050>0500000000COt-~t^ 


7T 


CO  O  -+  05  CD 

CO  'O  -t  CO  CO 

us  *JU  mj  UU  UU  WJ  1—  I^  t-"  t^  l^  t-  t— 

ci  CO  -^  id  co'  ir-l  oo'  oJ  o  rH  ci  co'  Ti5 


t~COO>0<3J030C?     . 

OCOOOCDCOrHCOGOCIO 
Cv  OS  03  o  Ci  o;  03  00  C»  00  00  IC^ 


11 


O        rH  C^  CO-* 


ino-#rHOOCICOCOCI-* 

X>  rj<  C<l  O  05  CO  1^ 

_    >:  t-;  I-  I-  p  p  p 

co' t-^  cc  oi  o  r-i  ci  co'  Tjl 


i  05  CTl  rH  cc 


CO  p  CI  o  t-.  p  CO  p  p  C;  uo  CO  rH  CO  p  p  cj  ira  00 

1'  1'   '   *   ■  rH  rH  rH  r-'  ci  ci  C^i  CO'  CO  CO  CO'  ^  -*  tj! 


C!j  rH 


C^  rH  CI  r*  -D  t^  O  CI  "C  05 

CJ  CO  c<i  cc  -#  o  t^  CO  oa  >n  _  _ 

a>  -t  p  -1;  p  -^^  00  CO.  t~  C;  t-;  rH  p  rH  p  p  p  p  rjj 
r-i  rH  c4  ci  co'  CO  ■*■  Tj!  id  id  co'  CO*  co"  1^ 


>n  CI  CO'  >o  CI  i 


I  I 


iOiOCOC10D^rHCOCD-rt<-rt<T^eDCOr--CCC<)CS0O 
C»COpt~COOl~C00  1~-<+lrHOOOCOOCCiOCO 
rHppif5rHt-C5oq-*pirerHpC100-^piOr-; 
rA     1"     *     '  rH  rH  ci  ci  CO  CO  •*'  id  id  CO  cc'  I-  t-^  00  CJ 


OO-^t^OC0t-Cll-C0CSt~C0CD00rH,OrHCl 
O  O  ©  ira  r-  CO  rH  I-  CI  GC  CO'  CR  iC  r-  I-  •<*  O  1-  CO 

CO  p  p  p  CO  p  CD  CI  p  ira  c»  oc  p  c^  00  p  CI  oc  o 

rn'    f     ■     ■  rH  rH  ci  CO  co'  "*'  id  id  co'  t-^  l-^  06  oi  Oi  © 

I  ' 


©iO©iC©lO©u^©Oi— ICOrHCOrHl^CJt-;' 
rH     ]■  d  d  rH  r-i  ci  ci  CO  CO  '^  -*'  O  ud  d  d  I-  t-  ! 


I  I  I 


I  1 


CR  CI  CO  --J  t-  O  "*  O 

__  iCC0©00iOC0rHC5 

CO  p  -H;  p  p  rH  t^  CO.  p  -*  ©  p  CI  t- 

"  rH  ci  ci  CO  CO  -*  r*  id  d  d  i~^  t^ 


C'J  ©  t-  -(<  rH  ( 


rHCOrHOO-frHCO<OlCirtint-©COC»OCOCO'# 
CO  CO  ©  CO  CO  ©  CO  CO  ©  l^  rf  rH  00  CO  CO  rH  0--  t~  lO 
CO  p  ©  p  CO  p  p  CO  ©  p  CO.  p  CO  CO  p  Ir-;  cq  p  l--; 

rA   1'  ©  d  v^  ci  ci  CO  -i5  -^  id  d  d  t-^  06  00  d  ©  © 


pcqpSpc?pcqpcqp< 
-  ©  d  r-^"  r-'  ci  ci  CO  ct  -r"  Tf  id  < 


:  d  I  -  I  -  06  00  d 


392 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


^    =2 


<u 

CD 

g 

O 

1 

o 

^>l 

a 

s^ 

aJ 

cs 

^ 

o 

X) 

<;:i 

-=! 

1 

^ 

fl 
S 

^ 

CO 

c 

bO 

.s 

c3 

^ 

C3 

i^ 

^ 

TJ 

O  13 


O   00 


.cpc0rHOC<IQ005U:)l:^i0C<lC0 

nOcoooooiooii— icol— lOi 

i-(.-^_rHC^(NC<JMOO.-li-lr-lO 

.COOOiGOOCDO'^t^l:^(M(M 
Oi-iOi-ir-HtMC^CDOiMTtlCslO 
I-|i-^i-H!?^<?1C^(MOt-Ht-I,-1i-Ii-I 

^-^r-1r-l(^^(^^l:^(^^Or-l^,-H^Hr-l 

a  "*  00  CD  O  CD  l^  1^  (M  O  00  TjH  cq 
MrHl-HC^C^<NC-jOrHr-l,-lT-HT-l 

01t^(MOC0<M0iC0C0C-lCD05 

aooooo.-ioo-*i^o-D>co 

Mr-l(MCOCOCOCOOT-lrHC<lr-iT-l 

(MCDuC-tlCDCDC<l'<:t<rH,-lr-lCSi 
cQOCO'*l'<*-<s<iOOCD003CitO 
Mi-l(MCOCOc.0COT-li-HC<ICs|i-lr-l 

.<MCDCOr-<Tt(»OOT-l-rfOCOCD 
q  r-  I—  O  O  O  i-H  (M  05  CO  !■»  (M  CO 
hH  C^TI  Cq  rjl  Tj^  Tjl  T}^  T-H  ,-1  C-J  (M  Cl  r-i 

Tt^,— i-^,-hOC0CCC5O"<*G0C0 
cOCOCOOOGOC5'*(MCO(MCD(M 

00  CO  -rt<  r-H  I—  TJH  lO  CD  -— I  1.0  to  Oi 
C  '-I  i— I  O  O  O  C-)  CD  00  J-O  O  CO  l^ 
MCOTt<CDCDCDCDi-H(MCO'<tlCO(M 

"^T-HCO— iOir-IQOC<JOOOCOC\J 
S  iM  O  O  O  O  CO  CO  00  CD  Ttt  Tfi  1^ 

h5  -^  o  00  00  00  00  c\j  CO  -^  lO  "^  CO 

CDl-^Oi5^^COCDCDC<JfMC5r-lOO 

•  CO  C^  O  O  .—  "ti  uO  I-  O  O  I-  O 

^  CD  00  (M  C^l  S<l  Cs|  CO  i-O  I—  00  CD  O 


;^   h   ^   ;h 


P,p^ApH(aiPw^DL,Du,eu  pLi.g 
CO  (M  GO  "^  -M  (M  c^  C<l  ■4<  c'l  -<tl  00 

T-(i-H(Mco"<*;i;r-(c<jcoc<j 


M    ■♦i         : 
S      c«      O    S      S 


fi  S3  g 
p   S   to 

I  ^5 

^"2    8 


S<      «  O) 

bO  -^ 

Hn  O 

^          ^  ^ 

<*  a  § 

P.  §  -^ 

-  a  ^ 

-d    ^  oj 

"S  -S  :=j 

CC        r#l  ^ 


54=! 

1 
^ 

,n 

^ 

,^ 

hn 

ci 

o 

en 

o 

^ 

rd 

a 

c3 

e<-i 

hO 

c: 

,0 

a> 

*m 

<*-> 

s 

o 

^ 

2 

_i^ 

a> 

;^ 

OJ 

,£3 

OJ 

o 

00 

2 

a 

^ 

o 

•s 

,^ 

eS 

bO 

a> 

a 

A 

,o 

'« 

ei 

ci 

a 

o 

C 

Oi 

fi 

o 

n 

r 

h 

o 

o 

2 

OQ 

2 

-2 

4> 

o 

bO 

;3 

c2 

TS 

^ 

«3 

Cm 

^ 

O 

P4 

INITIAL   VELOCITIES   OF   CANNON-BALLS. 


393 


Recoil  of  the  Iron  Carriages. 

The  recoil  of  the  top  carriage  on  its  chassis  is  easily  regulated  by  the 
condition  of  the  rails :  if  there  be  not  sufficient  recoil,  clean  the  rails  and 
add  a  little  oil ;  if  the  recoil  be  excessive,  sprinkle  a  little  sand  on  the  rails. 
The  carriage  works  better  when  the  rails  are  clean. 

Initial  Velocities  of  Cannon-Balls. 

(From  experiments  made  with  the  Ballistic  Pendulum,  at  Washington  Arsenal.) 


Projectile. 

Charge 

of 
powder. 

Initial 

Kind. 

Weight. 

velocity. 

6-pdr.  field-gun - 

Shot 

Lbs. 
6.15- 

Lbs. 
1.25 
1.5 

2. 

Feet. 
1439 
1563 
1741 

Spherical  case 

Canister 

5.5 
6.8 

1. 
1. 

1357 
1230 

12-pdr.  field-gun - 

Shot 

12.3    J 

2.5 

3. 

4. 

2. 

1486 
1597 
1826 

Spherical  case 

Canister 

11. 
13.5 

1392 
1262 

r 

Shell 

8.9    1 

1. 

1.25 

1054 
1178 

12-pdr.field-howitzer.  - 

Spherical  case 

Canister 

11. 
9.64 

1. 
1. 

953 
1015 

12-pdr.     siege      and 
garrison  gun ' 

Shot 

12.3   \ 

2. 
4. 

1378 
1674 
1906 

Shell 

8.9    1 

2, 
3. 

1611 
1929 

12-pdr.  gun,              \ 
25    calibres  long,  j  " 

Shot 

12.3   - 

' 

2. 

3. 
4. 
5. 

6. 

8: 

1411 
1734 
1933 
2098 
2239 
2300 
2824 

39  ^  OKDNANOK    MANUAL. 

Initial  Vi'Ioclties  of  Cannon-Balis. — Continued. 


Projectile. 

Charge 

of 
powder. 

Initial 

Kind  of  Gun. 

Kind. 

Weight. 

velocity. 

r 

Shot                 

24.25- 

3. 
4. 

6. 
8. 

1240 
1440 

1680 
1870 

24-pdr.  siege  and  gar-  ^ 
rison  gun. 

Shell 

..  ( 

3. 
4. 

1470 
1670 

Canister 

29.      1 

3. 
4. 

1135 

1303 

Grape 

30.6   1 

3. 
4. 

1108 

1272 

Shot 

32.3   - 

4. 
5.33 

8. 
10.67 

1250 
1430 
1640 

1780 

o2-pdr.  sea-coast  gun.  - 

Shell 

23.4   1 

4. 

5.33 

1450 
1657 

Canister 

-•  { 

4. 
5.33 

1172 

1342 

I 

Grape 

39.75 1 

4. 

5.33 

1133 
1297 

Initial  Velocities  of  Balls  fired  from  Small  Arms. 


Kind  ok  Arm. 

Charge. 

AVei'jcht  of 
ball. 

Initial 
velocity. 

llifle  mupkct 

Grains. 
60 
60 
70 
40 
110 

Grains. 
510 

510 
740 
468 
412 

Eeet. 
963 
914 
879 
603 
1500 

Elongated  ball. 

Uitlo,  IS.j.-, 

Altered  musket 

I'istol  (_;url)iiie 

Musket,  1841 

Round  ball. 

WINDAGE. 
Loss  of  Velocity  hy  the  Windage  of  the  Ball. 


J95 


Charge 

of 
powder. 

Initial  velocity  of  ball. 

Loss  of 

velocity 

Kind  of  Gun. 

Without 
windage. 

With  wind- 
age of  ^1^ 
diameter. 

by  a  wind.ige 
of  1    diameter. 

Lbs. 
4. 

Feet. 
1444 

Feet. 

1271 

Feet. 
173 

Perct. 
12 

24-PDR.   SIEGE < 

4. 
6. 

1600 

1890 

1433 
1723 

167 

167 

10 
9 

12-PDK.,  25  calibres ■] 

2, 
4. 

1617 
1915 
2124 

1444 
1742 
1951 

173 
173 
173 

11 
9 
8 

12-PDR.  FIELD,  16  calibres  -l 

2. 
4. 

1528 
1793 
1992 

1370 
1635 
1834 

158 
158 
158 

10 
9 

8 

6-PDR.  FIELD 

1.5 

1734 

1560 

174 

10 

The  loss  of  velocity  by  a  given  windage  is  directly  as  the  windage,  and 
inversely  as  the  diameter  of  the  bore,  very  nearly. 


Ranges  of  Hale\  War-Rockets. 


Range,  (first  graze.) 

2-inch. 

3-inch. 

o 

Yards. 

Yards. 

4  to  5 

500  to  600 

500  to    600 

The  rockets  were  fired  from 

a  trough 

8 

700 

800  to  1000 

10  feet  long. 

10 

800  to  900 

1000  to  1200 

15 

1200 

1200  to  1400 

Weight  of  2-inch  rocket 

..    6  lbs. 

47 

1760 

2200 

3-inch     "       

..16  " 

33* 


506 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Fenetratlon  of  Shot  in  3Iasonn/. 

(From  French  Experiments  made  at  Metz,  1834.) 
Rubble-work  of  good  quality ;  scarp  wall  built  by  Vauban, 


1 

K 

Distance  in  Yards. 

n 
o 

27. 

55. 

109. 

219. 

328. 

438. 

656. 

875. 

1094. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

26 

l-3d 

26.78 

26.39 

25.60 

23.83 

22.25 

20.87 

17.92 

14.96 

12.21 

l-2d 

25.60 

25.20 

24.22 

22.45 

20.87 

19.30 

16.25 

13.39 

10.83 

1-3(1 

24.22 

23.83 

22.84 

21.07 

19.50 

18.12 

15.16 

12.21 

9.85 

24 

\  l-4th 

22.65 

22.25 

21.46 

19.89 

18.22 

16.74 

13.78 

11.23 

9.06 

l-6th 

20.08 

19.69 

18.90 

17.33 

15.75 

14.38 

11.81 

9.65 

7.88 

l-8th 

17.33 

16.93 

16.15 

14.57 

13.20 

11.81 

9.65 

7.88 

6.50 

fl-2d 

22.45 

21.86 

20.87 

19.10 

17. .53 

15.95 

12.80 

10.05 

7.68 

l-3d 

21.07 

20.68 

19.69 

17.92 

16.35 

14.77 

11.81 

9.26 

7.29 

16 

\  l-4th 

19.60 

19.10 

18.22 

16.74 

15.16 

13.78 

10.83 

8.47 

6.69 

l-6th 

17.13 

16.74 

16.15 

14.57 

13.00 

11.62 

9.06 

7.29 

5.91 

l-8th 

14.96 

14.67 

13.78 

12.21 

10.83 

9.45 

7.48 

6.11 

5.12 

fl-3d 

18.90 

18.61 

17.53 

15.95 

14.57 

13.00 

10.05 

7.68 

6.11 

12 

l-4lh 

17.72 

17.33 

16.54 

14.96 

13.39 

11.81 

8.86 

6.89 

5.51 

■  l-6th 

15.56 

15.16 

14.38 

13.00 

11.42 

10.05 

7.48 

6.11 

4.93 

l-8th 

13.78 

13.39 

12.60 

11.03 

9.65 

8.27 

6.50 

7.68 

4.33 

8 

l-3d 

15.95 

15.56 

14.77 

13.19 

11.62 

10.24 

7.48 

5.51 

4.14 

Penetration  in  Oah  Wood,  Beech,  or  Ash. 

(From  French  Experiments  made  at  Metz,  1834.) 


Charge. 

Distance  in  Yards. 

Calibre. 

27. 

55. 

109. 

219. 

328. 

438. 

656. 

875. 

1094. 

Guns. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

36 

l-3d 

e5.4 

64.2 

62.2 

58.3 

54.3 

60.8 

44.1 

.37.4 

31.5 

ri-2d 
1  l-3d 
-il-4th 

63.0 

61.4 

59.1 

54.7 

50.8 

47.3 

40.2 

33.5 

27.6 

59.1 

57.9 

65.9 

51.6 

47.6 

44.1 

37.4 

30.7 

24.8 

24 

55.5 

54.3 

52.3 

48.4 

44.9 

41.3 

35.0 

28.4 

22.8 

1  l-6th 

49.2 

48.4 

46.5 

42.9 

39.4 

36.2 

29.5 

24.0 

19.3 

ll-8th 

42.5 

41.6 

40.2 

36.6 

32.7 

30.3 

24.4 

19.7 

15.8 

'l-2d 

54.7 

53.2 

50.8 

46.5 

42.5 

39.0 

31.9 

25.6 

19.7 

l-3d 

51.2 

50.0 

48.0 

43.7 

40.2 

36.6 

29.9 

23.6 

18.5 

16 

0-4th 

47.7 

46.5 

44.5 

40.9 

37.4 

33.9 

27.6 

21.7 

16.9 

l-6th 

42.1 

41.4 

39.8 

36.2 

32.7 

29.5 

23.2 

17.7 

14.2 

l-8th 

37.0 

36.2 

34  3 

30.7 

27.6 

24.4 

19.3 

15.0 

11.8 

■l-3d 

46.1 

44.9 

42.9 

38.6 

35.0 

31.9 

25.6 

19.7 

14.6 

12 

l-4th 

43.3 

42.1 

40.2 

36.6 

33.1 

29.9 

23.6 

18.1 

13.4 

■  l-6th 

37.8 

37.0 

35.4 

31.9 

28.4 

25.2 

19.3 

16.0 

114 

l-8th 

33.9 

33.1 

31.1 

27.6 

24.4 

21.7 

16.5 

13.0 

9.8 

8 

l-3d 

39.4 

38.2 

36.2 

32.3 

28.7 

25.6 

19.3 

13.8 

10.6 

Hoivitzers. 

Lbs. 

4.4 

28.4 

27.6 

26.0 

22.4 

19.3 

16.5 

13.0 

10.6 

9.1 

8-in.  Siege. 

3.3 

23.2 

22.4 

20.9 

18.1 

15.8 

13.8 

11.0 

9.5 

8.3 

"  2.2 

10.1 

16.4 

14.2 

12.6 

11.4 

10.2 

8.7 

7.9 

7.5 

1.1 

39.1 

8.7 

8.3 

8.3 

7.5 

7.1 

6.7 

6.3 

5.9 

3.3 

.33.1 

31.9 

30.3 

26.8 

23.6 

20.5 

15.0 

11.8 

9.8 

6-in. 

-^2.2 

27.6 

26.8 

25.2 

21.7 

18.5 

15.8 

11.4 

9.1 

7.9 

1.65 

22.8 

22.1 

20.5 

17.3 

14.6 

12.6 

9.8 

8.3 

7.1 

24-par. 

27.6 

26.8 

25.2 

21.7 

18.1 

15.0 

10.2 

7.9 

6.3 

ii.i 

18.9 

18.1 

16.5 

13.4 

11.0 

9.5 

7.5 

63 

51 

12-pdr.  Mountain. 

0.6 
Grains. 

15.0 

14.2 

12.6 

10.2 

8.3 

7.1 

5.9 

4.7 

3.9 

Mnsket-nalh 

154 

3.35 

3.15 

2.56 

1.77 

1.06 

0.71 

0.32 

TENETRATION    OF    SHELLS. 


I9< 


Penetration  of  Shot  in  Compact  Earth,  (Jialf  sand,  half  clay.) 


*  With  these  charges,  and  at  these  distances,  the  shells  were  often  broken. 

Penetration  of  Shells. 

(From  French  Experiments  made  at  Metz,  1834.) 


li 

H 

1 

In  Compact  Earth. 

In  Oak  Wood. 

In  Masonry. 

I 

8-in. 

10-in. 

12-in. 

8-in. 

10-in. 

12-in. 

8-in. 

10-in. 

12-in. 

Yds. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

In. 

30° 

r   656 

7.88 

17.72 

19.69 

3.94 

7.88 

8.66 

1.97 

3.-54 

3.94 

1  1312 

9  85 

25.60 

27.57 

4.73 

11.81 

1.3.78 

2.36 

4.73 

5.12 

450 

656 

11.81 

19.69 

21.66 

5.91 

9.85 

10.63 

3.15 

3.94 

4.-33 

"  1312 

15.75 

27.57 

29.54 

7.88 

13.78 

15.75 

3.94 

5.51 

5.91 

60^ 

/   656 

19.69 

29..54 

31.50 

8.66 

13.00 

14.57 

4..33 

5.91 

6.30 

1312 

21.66 

31.50 

33.47 

9.85 

13.78 

15.75 

4.73 

6.30 

6.69 

Falling   with) 

maximum  > 

23.63 

33.47 

35.44 

9.85 

13.78 

15.75 

4.73 

6.69 

7.09 

velocity,    j 

By  multiplying  the  penetrations  in  the  table  for  masonry  by  1.25,  1.75, 
or  0.46,  the  penetration  in  masonry  of  medium  quality,  or  of  brick  or  in 
bard  calcareous  stone,  (solid,)  respectively,  will  be  obtained. 


;;'.)>  oirDNANCE   manuai,. 

Multiply  the  penotration  in  oak  by  1.0  for  the  penetration  in  elm,  by  1.8 
for  wliiio  itiiio,  aiul  by  2  for  i)oplar. 

Multiply  the  penetration  in  compact  earth  by  0.63  for  the  penetration  in 
panfl  mixed  with  pjravel. 

By  0.87,  for  earth  mixed  witli  sand  and  gravel,  twice  the  weight  of  water. 
"  1.09,  for  compact  mould  and  fresh  earth  mixed  with  sand,  or  half  clay, 
"  1.44,  for  wet  potter's  clay. 
"  1.50,  for  light  earth,  settled. 
"  1.00,  for  light  earth,  fresh. 

In  general,  sand,  sandy  earth  mixed  Avith  gravel  or  small  stones,  chalk, 
and  tufa,  resist  shot  better  than  the  productive  earths,  or  clay,  or  earth 
that  retains  water. 

According  to  the  experiments,  the  holes  made  in  masonry  such  as  that 
referred  to  in  the  table,  by  shot  striking  it  perpendicularly  at  a  short 
distance,  are  formed  of  an  exterior,  funnel-shaped  opening  the  mean  dia- 
meter of  which  is  about  5  times  that  of  the  shot,  and  of  an  interior  part 
nearly  cylindrical.  The  exterior  cone  appears  to  be  produced  by  the 
reaction  of  the  masonry,  some  fragments  of  which  are  projected  back- 
ward to  the  distance  of  45  or  50  yards.  The  train  of  fragments  in  front 
of  the  hole  extends  about  20  feet.  Around  the  exterior  opening  the  ma- 
.sonry  is  loosened  to  a  distance  about  one-half  greater  than  the  diameter 
of  tlie  opening, — say  45  inches  by  the  24-pdr.  shot,  35.5  inches  by  the 
10-pdr.,  31.5  inches  by  the  12-pdr.  This  loosening  indicates  the  proper 
distance  between  the  first  shots  from  a  breeching-battery.  Nearly  all  the 
shot  are  broken,  even  at  the  charge  of  one-fourth,  and  the  fracture  is 
generally  in  meridional  planes  the  pole  of  which  is  the  point  which  strikes 
first.  On  the  shot  which  are  not  broken,  and  on  the  fragments  of  those 
which  are  broken,  small  cracks  or  furrows,  sometimes  0.02  inch  deep,  are 
observed,  radiating  from  the  same  point. 

The  etiect  of  shells  fired  horizontally  against  masonry  is  very  small ; 
they  are  broken  at  the  moment  of  striking,  or  if  fired  with  very  low 
ciiurges,  so  as  not  to  break,  they  produce  a  very  slight  impression. 

In  oak,  tlie  fibres  are  displaced  laterally  by  the  passage  of  the  shot,  and 
afterward  close  up  again,  so  as  to  leave  an  opening  scarcely  sufficient  for 
measuring  the  depth  of  penetration.  This  effect  explains  the  cause  of 
vessels  not  being  always  sunk  by  shot  striking  below  the  water-line;  but 
I  lie  timl)er  is  split  longitudinally  even  by  the  smallest  shot,  to  a  length  of 
''.5  feet  ;  the  splinters  are  driven  to  the  distance  of  42  to  50  feet,  and  the 
largest  timbers  are  soon  destroyed. 

Ill  whito  pine,  nearly  all  the  fibres  struck  by  the  shot  are  broken,  but  the 
efli-ct  (loos  n.it  extend  much  beyond  the  opening  made:  this  material  is 
therefore  preferable  to  oak  for  structures  which  are  not  intended  to  be 
proof  against  cannon-shot. 


PENETRATION    OF    SMALL    ARMS. 


399 


Penetration  in  Fascines,  Wool,  etc. 

At  the  distance  of  24  yards,  a  musket  round  ball  penetrates  20  inches 
into  a  gabion  stuffed  with  sap  fagots;  the  ball  from  a  wall  piece,  23.63 
inches.  The  resistance  of  fascines  decreases  very  rapidly  by  the  twigs 
being  broken  or  separated  by  the  balls. 

A  rolling  gabion,  stuffed  with  fascines,  is  proof  against  the  ball  of  a  wall 
piece  at  15  yards  ;  at  the  distance  of  200  yards,  and  even  more,  it  is  pierced 
through  by  cannon-balls  of  the  smallest  calibre. 

The  penetration  of  balls  in  wool  is  more  than  double  that  in  compact 
earth,  even  when  the  wool  is  contained  in  close,  well-quilted  mattresses 
pressed  between  hurdles.  At  40  yards,  a  musket-ball  (round)  penetrates 
more  than  40  inches  into  woollen  mattresses  thus  placed  together. 

Penetration  in  Masonry. 

(Experiments  at  West  Point  in  1853,  and  at  Fort  Monroe  Arsenal  in  1839.) 


1 

Penetration. 

Calibre. 

Granite. 

Potomac 
Freestone. 

Brick. 

Concrete. 

Boiler- 
plate 
.5  in.  thick. 

10-inf>}i  pnlnmLinrl 

18. 
12. 
10.5 
1.5 

8. 

G. 

Yds. 
114 
200 

"880 
880 

In. 
7.75 

'4.0  * 

"3.5" 

1. 

In. 

In. 

44. 

18."" 
15.25 

8.5 

In. 

In. 

8-inch           " 
42-pdr.  gun 

"          canister 

*32-pdr.  gun. shot... 

*8-inch      sea-coast 

howitzer  shell 

24 

12. 

4.5 

.5 

*  Made  at  Fort  Monroe  Arsenal. 


The  solid  shot  broke  against  the  granite,  but  not  against  the  freestone 
or  brick.     The  general  effect  is  less  in  brick  than  in  granite. 

The  shells  broke  into  small  fragments  against  each  of  the  three  materials. 

The  circumstances  attending  the  penetration  of  the  shot  and  shells  cor- 
responded with  those  stated  below  in  the  experiments  at  Metz.  The  wall 
used  as  a  target  at  Fort  Monroe  Arsenal  was  built  of  dressed  stone  and  of 
the  best  bricks,  laid  in  hydraulic  cement;  but  being  an  isolated  wall,  (10 
feet  square  of  each  material,  and  5  feet  thick,  with  3  counterforts,)  and 
being  battered  before  the  masonry  was  perfectly  set,  the  effect  of  the  pro- 
jectiles in  shattering  the  masonry  around  the  point  struck  was  greater  than 

indicated  by  the  experiments  referred  to. 

34 


KM) 


OUnXANCR    MANUAL 


;?  I 


< 
o 

SZ5    i 

: ! 

W    I, 

I. 

H    I 

P^     !| 
o    ; 

2    I 

H 
H 

is 
u 


1 

>C  I-  -t-  -^  -!<  '^  -*  -t  -* 

§ 

(M 

§■ 

la3«:S;53s3 

i 

i 

.■-  u-  ^  <r.~^-Y 

speSaiil 

CO  CO  -*^ 

i 

i 

c 

3 

_^  o  ^  .-  »  o 

i'  13  ^  -i  3  d 

e  ;^  -H ,-  cc  ,^  o  ?•:  1- 

?; 

i 

3 

O  ,oCO 

i 

SilSii 

ISlSi:5it!§ 

O     ,;-;    I-    Cr.    CO 

J^ 

1 

'^i 

i 

idi 

H 

i 

s^siss 

O  JO  ^  OJ  OS  00  S  S  CO 

to  1-  CO  ^  -* 

§ 

i 

O  ,s  o 

iii 

-H ;"  .-0  ,„  i^ 

l^      .  -t<  I-  Ol 

1,  o  t~  o  th 

1 

§SS 

O        ro 

i 

i^5 

1 

nMi 

ci  CO  do  t~  iO 

e|S 

'^ 

r-l         CO 

'J  12  to 

SdSo 

1 

iJii 

M        -t  ,„  CC  p  M  C3  cc 

o  ^*  o  So  S 

d 

O  gil 

CI  ^51 

a.  do. 

d 

|§|^4;^i|| 

c^IJllg 

§ 

15    .9 

d 

o      o 

g"^'8 

«• 

^^^^i---- 

i;  -+  d  ro  cl  S  CO  o1  d 

o"  S  cl  q  .o 

Sc-5t-( 

1 

a 

00  CO  CO 

i  ^  ^    J  i  "i  '5  '§ 


^' g  i?    ^-  g  - 


O     3,     i)  Q 


■-loo 


^55  N      -c^  N 


PENETRATION    OF    SHOTS    ANT)    SHELLS. 


401 


CO  i_ 

in  o 


5  Ut_  ^  l-^ 
fl-TtH  CO 


lO  C<1  ^  o 


t-i2to 


sUfti- 


570 
10.5 
534 
9.25 
382 
3.75 

§  CO  S  ci  4t  .o 

647 

15.75 

512 

8. 

487 
6.25 

452 
5.5 

627 

12.5 

588 

11. 

431 

4.75 

§  o  CO  •+  ^  co- 

SsSs 

is 

Sojii^ 

695 
14.76 

648 
13. 

488 
5.75 

727 
17.5 

698 
16.25 

536 

7.5 

758 

20.5 

622 

11.25 

Icr-I 

626 
10. 
576 
9. 

445 
3.75 
404 
3.25 

772 
17.5 

717 
15.54 

564 

7.25 

798 
20.25 

766 
19. 

603 

9.25 

822 

23.5 

688 

13.25 

714 
12.25 
656 
10.76 
526 
5.25 
476 
4.25 

859 
20.75 

797 
18.5 

633 

9.25 

880 
23.5 

843 
22.25 

681 
11.5 

894 

26.75 

764 

15.75 

13 

819 
15.75 

749 
13.25 
627 
7. 
565 
6. 

961 
24.75 

888 
22. 

726 
11.6 

973 
27.5 

931 
26. 

774 
14. 

976 
30.5 

851 
18.75 

^"rH 

948 
19.25 
862 
16.75 
755 
9.75 
676 
8. 

1021 
29.25 

995 
26. 

840 
14.75 

1082 
32. 
1032 
30. 
884 
17.25 

1068 

34.5 

963 

22.26 

H^^SS^^S'^S 


',-1  O  05CO 
>  r-4  CO        T-l 


'^  lO  CO  O 

tH  C75  O  CO 


lO        (M        (M        (N 
O     .1-^     •  -^     .  Q     . 

coo^coi-ioooira 

i-ICOrHC^rHi-ii-ti-l 


CO  CO  (M  O  rH  CO 


?1  'C  CI  rH 

r-l-cHrHCO 


in  t^  CO  CI  ^  • 


'(>*<=>      (o  cr,  ^  02  n  as 

lr-l(M    r-l"*i-l-^r-(lM 


I   lO  ^^ 

'  "^  lb  •  00  ■ 
-H  t^  CO  I 
rH  lO  rH '^  rH  CO 


lO  O  -H  t^  CO  O 


^  rH  CO  I- 


I  ■>*  rH  CO  rH  O  rH  <M 


■=>  -•  «~  -;  ^  ~^  '-'  , 


CO  -co  .r-<'-. 
t^  CO  lO  t—  lO  CO 
rH  OrH-*rH  CO 


g  O  O  ic,  O  c^_ 

CO  l~  CO  T-H  CD  t-^ 
rH  OrH  lOrH  CO 


I  CO  CO  CO  CO  <N  0^   OOOOCDCO'*'* 


^  o  S  to  Jh  CO 


Mo 

00  ji 


.  O  I-  o 
t~  (^J  o  1^ 


O   OS 

o  03  ici  ci 


$J  o  o  ^, 
CO  ci  o  id 


(M   CO ; 


l^  t~  CD  05 


rH    rH      CI 


t^  IM  CD  lO 

d    rH 


00  CO  GO  O 


O  '-  02  ^- 
05  <y^  GO  O 


_,  O  .   lO 

osoo-.t^ 


CO  O  O  ( 


o  ,^  C5  r^ 

CI  CO  rf  CO 

rH  COrH  O 


;2'9r: 


y  .o 
6  s 


i.     ■  M|;  |.\.\  Ml.     M  A.N  I   .\  I-. 

I-  .  _  ,  ,-.,  ■.-,■.•;  i.i.iir.l  i>\  cxixTliiH'tii  iliat  ;i  iiiu.-kot  V()vni(l  hall,  liaviiip; 
;,  ,..■'■  ,  ;    :■'  L'  1,(1.  ai    ihi'   ii;Mii,fi!t  ol'  iiiipac!,  will  ju^t  ])ass   I  hrougli  a 

^y:,',  I  ;.,.  t,,;;i-i  i  iiicli  iliick;  ami  thai,  v;il)i  I  lie  same  velocity,  the  ball 
.,,,  -,,.:.  :.M;:  'r'\r-  i.i  -lia!ii'i-  tlie  l(';.L--li  lie  of  ail  nx  c(»vered  Avitli  one 
:  ;-  ■  :..  .;  --..i::  iia  i'Ih-.^-Um  i  lo'i-.  A  iniir-lcet-liaU  Jiioving  with  this  velo- 
,-;■  ,  w  <  ,  M.  I  i,.r. ■:'.;■(■.  inllict  a  ^vnuinl  which  ^vouM  disable  a  man  or  beast; 
,.;•  :i  n  ii'",':iM!  ca-c  >]i"\  having-  this  Ychicity  at  the  iiioracnt  of  bursting 
,',,.,,'1  ]■■■  .•■]'.ii\,'  a-aiii-i  iriMijis  ill  its  inmu'diat e  vicinity. 

A  II.  ,-;..■!  Kill  \\:ih  an  iniiial  velocity  of  oS:')  feet  Avill  pass  through  one- 
ii..  J  V.  .,:•,■  ].iii"  b.'aid  at  1  HI  I  y  a  n  1<  :  heiKM.'  a  spherical  case  shot,  moving  Avitli 
I  1'  \.;--iiy  a!  iiM-  iDoiiiciii  of  biir.-iing,  would  be  otFective  at  100  yards 
.;  M  ;i;i  ir^ni  I  in'  jilare  of  bursting.      The  remaining  velocity  at  100  yards 


The   f 


/u/'>rfs  o/"  ,S/tot  on  Cast  Iron. 
!od  with  even  a  small  velocity  will  break  pieces  of  cast  iron 
'r.!ii('i;-ii'n<.  A  :.!l-pounder  ball  fired  with  a  charge  of  -jV 
i;li  a  velocity  d'  t-'X-l  feet  in  a  second,  split  a  block  of  cast 
-  wid,"  hy  It  I  im-he.s  thick  to  the  depth  of  40  inches  in  two 
■ag!iii'!ii<  of  the  block  and  of  the  broken  shot  are  projected 
\ehiciiy  in  ]iroduce  the  most  destructive  effects. 
Ik  la'jnre.  is  not  a  proper  material  fur  gun-carriages,  or  for 
f'Vt  ificatioii-. 


/'  /-''/'o'/Zo;/  f,/'  Siiiiill  Arm>i  in   Vyititc  Fine  s 


sea  son  e( 


^VlI(. 

ClIA 

IIT    OF 

iii.i:. 

liall. 

! 

rnwdtT. 

Pknetr.vtiox. 

••50 

200 

000 

jds. 

yds. 

.Yds. 
111. 

In. 

Tn. 

11. 

(1.?:) 

1 
1 

FIRING    HOT    SHOT.  403 

Firing  Hot  Shot. 

Furnaces  for  heating  shot  are  erected  at  the  forts  on  the  sea-coast. 
These  furnaces  hold  60  or  more  shot.  Thfe  shot  being  placed,  and  the 
furnace  cold,  it  requires  1  hour  and  15  minutes  to  heat  them  to  a  red  heat. 
After  the  furnace  is  once  heated,  a  24-pdr.  shot  is  brought  to  a  red  heat  in 
25  minutes ;  the  32  and  42  require  a  few  minutes  longer.  Two  or  three 
men  are  required  to  attend  a  furnace. 

Grates. — In  siege-batteries,  or  in  other  situations  where  there  are  no 
furnaces,  a  grate  is  used  for  heating  shot.  This  grate  consists  of  4  bars, 
1.75  inch  square,  3  feet  long,  placed  diagonally,  4  inches  apart,  resting  on 
3  iron  stands  with  legs  1  foot  high. 

To  use  the  grate. — Make  an  excavation  1  foot  deep  and  width  of  grate, 
with  no  slope  at  the  sides  or  in  rear,  open  in  front.  Place  the  grate  in  it, 
on  stones  or  bricks,  rising  about  4.5  inches  above  the  bottom;  make  a 
roof  over  it  with  hoops  of  flat  iron,  covered  with  sods  and  with  18  inches 
of  earth,  leaving  in  the  back  part  a  chimney  6  inches  square.  Put  the 
shot  on  the  grate,  leaving  about  one-fourth  of  the  length  free  in  front; 
on  this  part,  and  under  the  front  of  the  grate,  put  the  wood,  cut  into  pieces 
about  14  inches  long  and  2  inches  or  2.5  inches  thick.  Make  use  of  a 
thick  sod,  as  a  register,  to  regulate  the  draught  of  the  chimney,  so  that 
no  flame  shall  issue  from  the  front  of  the  furnace.  This  little  furnace, 
which  will  contain  about  fifteen  24-pdr.  balls,  heats  them  to  a  red  heat  in 
1  hour,  and  will  supply  3  guns :  it  requires  the  attendance  of  one  man. 

Implements. — 2  pokers,  for  stirring  the  fire,  made  of  |-inch  round  iron, 
5  J  feet  long,  the  end  bent  at  a  right  angle ;  2  iron  forks,  for  taking  out  the 
shot.  These  forks  are  immersed  alternately  in  water  to  cool  them.  1  rasp, 
to  rub  the  scales  from  the  balls  when  they  have  been  overheated;  1  pair 
tongs  with  circular  jaws,  for  taking  up  shot ;  1  iron  rake,  to  remove  the 
cinders,  &c.,  from  the  ash-pit;  1  trough  or  tub,  1  bucket,  1  barrel;  1  rammer, 
with  the  head  covered  by  a  circular  plate  of  sheet  iron,  of  rather  larger 
diameter  than  tlic  ball,  to  remove  the  clay  which  may  stick  to  the  sides 
of  the  bore  when  clay  wads  are  used  ;  1  ladle,  (to  each  piece,)  for  cari-ying 
the  balls,  formed  of  an  iron  ring  the  interior  of  which  is  bevelled  to  fit  the 
ball,  with  2  arms  inserted  into  wooden  handles;  for  small  calibres  it  is 
made  with  1  handle. 

Wads  may  be  made  of  good  clay,  free  from  sand  or  gravel,  moistened 
just  enough  to  work  well ;  the  Avads  are  cylindrical,  1  calibre  long.  But 
it  is  preferable  to  use  hay  tcads  that  have  been  steeped  in  water  for  15 
minutes  and  allowed  to  drip. 

Cartridges  for  hot  shot  are  made  of  cannon  cartridge-paper  or  parchment 
well  pasted,  to  prevent  the  powder  from  sifting  out;  they  should  be  care- 
fully examined  before  use,  to  see  that  there  are  no  holes  in  them.  It  is 
best  to  use  two  cartridge-bags,  one  within  the  other. 


401 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL 


J/'/»/ir/- o//o«(///;y.— Elevate  the  muzzle  siifficiently  to  allow  the  ball  to 
roll  in  ;  rum  the  cartridge  liome  carefully,  and  a  dry  hay  wad  over  it ;  then 
a  H(>t  hay  or  clay  wad:  prick  and  prime;  insert  the  ball,  and  put  a  wet 
liay  or  clay  wad  over  it ;  this  second  clay  wad  may  be  only  J  calibre  long. 
Ii  is  a  good  precaution,  also,  to  pass  a  wet  sponge  into  the  gun  Just  before 
putting  in  the  shot.  When  wet  hay  wads  are  used,  steam  is  seen  to  issue 
from  the  vent  as  soon  as  the  ball  gets  home;  this  is  the  effect  of  the  heat 
of  the  ball  upon  the  water  contained  in  the  wad;  no  danger  can  result 
from  it,  as  the  ball  may  be  alloAved  to  cool  in  the  gun  without  the  charge 
taking  fire;  but  it  is  better  to  fire  without  much  delay,  as  this  steam 
would  injure  the  powder. 

Tiic  penetrations  of  cold  and  hot  shot  into  wood  are  equal  under  the 
same  circumstances.  A  red-liot  shot  retains  sufficient  heat  to  set  fire  to 
wood  after  having  struck  the  water  several  times.  The  fire  is  communi- 
cated more  rapidly  and  certainly  to  the  wood  when  the  ball  does  not  pene- 
trate more  than  10  or  12  inches,  because  at  a  greater  depth  the  communica- 
tion with  the  external  air  is  not  sufficiently  free.  It  is  proper,  therefore,  to 
fire  with  small  charges,  \  to  i  weight  of  the  shot,  according  to  the  distance, 
in  order  that  the  shot  may  remain  in  the  wood  and  not  penetrate  too  deep. 

Expansion  of  Shot  heated  to  a  White  Heat. 


Calirre. 

8-in. 

42. 

32. 

24. 

18. 

12. 

Expansion 

....   in. 

0.149 

0.11 

0.10 

0.08 

0.00 

0.04 

Heated  shot  do  not  return  to  their  original  dimensions  on  cooling,  but 
retain  a  permanent  enlargement,  as  will  appear  from  the  following  table, 
giving  the  mean  of  10  trials  by  Lieutenant  (now  Captain)  Rodman,  of  the 
Ordnance  Department  : 


8-inch  Shot. 

First  Heating. 

Second  Heating. 

Diameter. 

Expansion. 

i 

Diameter. 

Expansion. 

Original 

In. 
7.840 

7.989 
7.963 

7.895 

In. 

Percent. 
0.000     i 

.019 

.010 

.007 

In. 

8.017 
7.939 

In. 

0.177 
.099 

Per  cent. 

White  heat 

(.'lierry  red 

After  cooling 

0.149 
.123 
.054 

0.022 
.012 

TIMBER.  405 


CHAPTER   FOURTEENTH. 

UATEBIALS. 

TIMBER. 

The  selection,  inspection,  and  seasoning  of  timber  for  ordnance  pur- 
poses require  especial  attention.  The  quality  of  the  wood,  and  the  defects 
to  which  it  is  subject,  depend  much  on  the  soil,  the  exposure,  and  par- 
ticularly the  climate  in  which  it  grows. 

In  the  United  States,  the  climate  of  the  States  in  the  North  and  Middle  is 
most  favorable  to  the  growth  of  the  timber  used  for  ordnance  purposes. 

Kinds  of  Timher  used. 

The  kinds  of  wood,  and  the  uses  to  which  they  are  principally  applied 
in  ordnance  construction,  are  as  follows,  viz,  : 

White  Oak,  [Quercus  alba.) — The  bark  is  a  grayish  white,  the  leaf  long, 
narrow,  and  deeply  indented ;  the  wood  is  of  a  straw  color,  with  a  red- 
dish tinge,  tough  and  flexible.  It  is  the  principal  timber  used  in  the  con- 
struction of  all  kinds  of  artillery-carriages. 

White  Beech,  Red  Beech,  [Fagus  sylvestris,  Fagus  ferruginea,)  are  the 
most  suitable  for  saddle-trees,  fuzes,  and  mallets;  also  for  plane-stocks 
and  various  other  tools. 

White  Ash  [Fraxinus  Americana)  is  straight-grained,  tough,  and  elastic  ; 
it  is  used  for  sponge  and  rammer  staves,  shafts  for  light  carriages,  and,  in 
case  of  necessity,  for  handspikes,  tool-handles,  and  sabots.  There  is  but 
little  difference  in  quality  throughout  the  whole  thickness ;  the  outside  is 
rather  tougher.  It  lasts  a  long  time  when  protected,  but  rots  quickly 
when  exposed  to  the  weather. 

Elm  ( Ulmus  Americana)  is  well  suited  for  fellies  and  for  small  naves. 

Hickory  [Juglans  tomentosa)  is  very  tough  and  flexible ;  the  most  suit- 
able wood  for  handspikes  and  tool-handles,  and  for  wooden  axle-trees. 

Black  Walnut  [Juglans  nigra)  is  hard  and  fine-grained ;  it  is  used  for 
ammunition-chests,  and  may  be  used  for  naves  of  field-carriages.  It  is 
used  exclusively  for  the  stocks  of  small  arms. 

WpiTE  Poplar,  or  Tulip-Tree,  [Liriodendron  tuUpifera,)  is  a  soft,  light, 
fine-grained  wood,  which  grows  to  a  great  size ;  it  is  used  for  sabots,  car- 
tridge-blocks, etc.,  and  for  the  lining  of  ammunition-chests. 

White  Pine  {Pinus  strobus)  is  soft,  light,  fine-grained,  and  easily 
wrought.  It  is  used  for  arm-chests  and  packing-boxes  generally,  and  for 
building  purposes, 

34 


40G  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Cypress  [Cuprefisus  disticha)  is  a  soft,  liglit,  straight-grained  wood, 
which  grows  to  a  very  large  size.  It  may  be  used  for  many  of  the  pur- 
poses for  which  oak  is  used,  but  is  much  inferior  to  it  in  strength  and  hard- 
ness, tliough  it  resists  better  than  oak  the  action  of  a  moist,  hot  climate. 

Bass-Wooo,  or  American  Lime,  [Tilia  Americana,)  is  very  light  and  soft, 
not  easily  split,  and  is  excellent  for  sabots  and  cartridge-blocks. 

Black  Gum  [Nyssa  sylvatica)  is  a  fine-grained  wood,  of  medium  hardness 
and  density,  very  difficult  to  split,  and  well  suited  for  sponge  and  rammer 
heads,  and  for  naves  of  carriages.  It  is  also  used  for  bowls  for  labora- 
tory purposes. 

Dog-Wood  [Cornus  florida)  is  hard  and  fine-grained,  suitable  for  mallets, 
drifts,  etc. 

Selection  of  Standing  Trecii. 

Wood  grown  in  a  moist  soil  is  less  firm  and  decays  sooner  than  that 
grown  in  a  dry,  sandy  soil,  but  the  trees  are  generally  larger. 

The  best  timber  is  generally  found  on  a  dark  soil  mixed  with  stones  and 
gravel.  Poplar,  cypress,  willow,  and  some  others  which  grow  best  in  a 
wet  soil,  are  exceptions  to  this  rule. 

The  hardest  and  most  dense  woods,  and  those  least  subject  to  decay, 
grow  at  the  South  ;  but  they  are  more  liable  to  split  and  warp  in  season- 
ing. 

Trees  grown  on  plains  or  in  the  centre  of  forests  are  less  dense  than 
those  from  the  edge  of  the  forest,  from  the  sides  of  hills,  or  from  open 
ground  ;  but  they  are  generally  more  free  from  limbs  and  of  finer  growth. 
The  aspect  most  favorable  to  the  production  of  sound,  straight  timber, 
free  from  defects,  is  that  which  is  sheltered  from  the  prevalent  winds. 
The  vicinity  of  salt  water  is  favorable  to  the  strength  and  hardness  of 
white  oak. 

Trees  should  be  selected  in  the  latter  part  of  July  or  first  part  of 
August ;  for  at  this  season  the  leaves  of  the  sound,  healthy  tree  are  fresh 
and  green,  while  those  of  the  unsound  are  beginning  to  turn  yellow.  A 
sound,  healthy  tree  will  be  known  by  its  top  branches  being  vigorous  and 
well  covered  with  leaves,  the  bark  even  and  of  a  uniform  color.  A  rounded 
top,  a  sparse  covering  of  leaves,  some  of  the  leaves  turning  yellow  before 
the  rest,  a  rougher  bark  than  common,  covered  with  parasitic  plants,  streaks 
or  spots,  indicate  a  tree  on  the  decline.  The  decay  of  branches  at  the 
top,  of  large  branches,  and  the  separation  of  the  bark  from  the  wood,  are 
infallible  signs  that  the  wood  is  impaired. 

Ftlling  Timher. 
The  most  suitable  season  for  felling  timber  is  that  in  which  vegetation 
is  at  rest, — which  is  the  case  in  midwinter  and  in  midsummer.     Kecent  ex- 
periments indicate  the  latter  season,  say  the  month  of  July,  as  the  proper 


TIM  HER.  407 

season ;  but  the  usual  practice  lias  been  to  fell  trees  for  timber  between 
the  first  of  December  and  the  middle  of  March. 

The  tree  should  be  allowed  to  attain  its  full  maturity  before  being 
felled.  Oak  matures  at  seventy-five  to  one  hundred  years  and  upward, 
according  to  circumstances.  The  age  and  rate  of  growth  of  a  tree  are  indi- 
cated by  the  number  and  size  of  the  rings  of  annual  increase  in  a  cross- 
section. 

The  tree  should  be  cut  as  near  the  ground  as  possible,  the  lower  part 
being  the  best  timber.  Leaning  trees  should  always  be  cut  so  as  to  fall 
at  right  angles  to  the  direction  of  greatest  inclination ;  and  all  trees,  espe- 
cially oak,  should  be  cut  entirely  through  the  heart  while  standing,  and 
the  woodman  should  allow  sufficient  kerf  to  enable  him  to  cut  the  tree 
completely  off,  by  rapid  strokes  of  the  axe,  after  the  tree  has  started  to 
fall.     These  precautions  will  prevent  splintering  at  the  butt. 

Getting  out  Timher. 

As  soon  as  the  tree  is  felled,  it  should  be  immediately  stripped  of  its 
bark  and  raised  from  the  ground.  A  short  time  only  should  elapse  before 
the  sap-wood  is  taken  off  and  the  timber  reduced  nearly  to  the  dimensions 
required  for  use.  This  is  done,  generally,  by  the  saw ;  but  those  pieces 
requiring  great  strength  and  toughness,  such  as  spokes,  poles,  handspikes, 
and  splinter-bars,  should  be  split.  These  pieces  should  always  be  taken 
from  the  butt  cut  of  young,  straight-grained  trees  of  such  size  as  to  furnish 
but  one  piece  between  the  sap  and  centre-heart,  the  width  in  the  direction 
of  the  radius. 

Naves  should  be  taken  from  the  butts  of  trees  of  suitable  size  to  leave 
them,  after  the  removal  of  the  sap-wood,  IJ  inch  greater  in  diameter 
than  the  finished  size.  They  should  bo  cut  off  square  about  two  inches 
longer  than  the  finished  length,  and  bored  through  their  axes  Avith  an 
auger  J  inch  less  than  the  small  end  of  the  nave-box  which  they  are  to 
receive.     This  facilitates  their  seasoning  and  diminishes  cracking. 

Pieces  for  fellies  should  always  be  got  out  so  that  the  planes  of  their 
broad  faces  shall  run  nearly  towai-d  the  centre  of  the  tree.  Slab  pieces 
are  not  fit  for  this  purpose. 

Inspection  of  Timher. 

Examine  the  timber  all  over  carefully,  whenever  it  can  be  done,  after 
several  days  of  fine  weather,  in  order  to  see  better  certain  defects  which 
moisture  renders  less  apparent. 

The  quality  of  the  wood  is  in  some  degree  indicated  by  the  color,  which 
should  be  nearly  uniform  in  the  heart-wood,  a  little  deeper  toward  the 
centre,  and  free  from  sudden  transitions.  White  spots  here  and  there  indi- 
cate decay,  and  should  cause  the  rejection  of  the  piece.     All  pieces  con- 


40J<  OHDNAXCR    :\I.ANrAL. 

t.'iinlng  sap-wood  should  be  rejected,  except  hickory  and  ash ;  in  this  kind 
o{'  \v(.(i(l  the  sap-Avood  is  generally  the  toughest  and  best.  The  sap-wood  is 
known  by  its  white  color;  it  is  next  to  the  bark,  and  very  soon  rots,  and 
should  never  be  used.  Sometimes  there  are  rings  of  light-colored  wood 
found  surrounded  by  good,  hardwood;  this  may  be  called  the  second  sap, 
and  should  cause  the  rejection  of  the  piece  in  which  it  occurs. 

lU-joct  pieces  containing  the  centre-heart,  except  in  timber  which,  from 
its  size,  cannot  be  procured  free  from  it.  Even  in  these  it  is  better  to  use 
fjuilt  beama  of  smaller  pieces  free  from  centre-heart,  on  account  of  the  great 
difficulty  in  seasoning  such  large  pieces,  and  their  extreme  liability  to  being 
attacked  by  dry-rot  during  the  process. 

In  pieces  which  have  been  got  out  by  splitting,  the  occurrence  of  short 
bends  indicates  that  they  have  been  taken  from  the  upper  part  of  the  tree ; 
and  the  running-out  of  the  grain,  so  as  to  show  the  ends  of  the  fibres  along 
the  side  of  the  stick,  is  an  unfailing  indication  of  brashness.  Reject  the 
piece  in  which  either  occurs. 

Pieces  for  handspikes  should  be  free  from  knots  near  the  fulcrum-end. 
A-fter  inspection,  each  stick  is  marked  on  each  end,  with  white  lead,  with 
the  initials  of  the  contractor,  the  year  when  received, — a  letter  designating 
the  purpose  for  which  the  timber  is  intended,  and  the  number  of  pieces 
contained  in  each  stick.  On  small  sticks,  as  spokes,  it  is  sufficient  to 
mark  the  contractor's  name  and  date  on  one  end,  the  shape  of  the  piece 
showing  for  what  it  is  intended. 

Defects  of  Timber, — especially  of  Oak. 

Wind-Shakes  are  cracks  separating  the  concentric  layers  of  wood  from 
each  otlicr ;   a  circular  crack :   it  is  a  serious  defect. 

Splits,  checks,  and  cracks,  extending  toward  the  centre,  if  deep  and 
strongly  marked,  render  the  timber  unfit  for  use,  unless  the  purpose  for 
which  it  is  intended  will  admit  of  its  being  split  through  them. 

Tlicse  defects  are  found  in  young  trees  as  well  as  old,  and  are  no  signs 
of  the  alteration  of  the  quality  of  the  timber.  They  always  increase  in 
extent  in  seasoning. 

Jlrash-u-ood  is  generally  consequent  on  the  decline  of  the  tree  from  age. 
Tlie  wood  is  porous,  of  a  reddish  color,  and  breaks  short,  without  splin- 
ters, rind,  in  marked  cases,  the  chips  crumble  to  pieces.  This  wood  is 
entiicly  unfit  for  artillery-carriages. 

/.V//"/ ////i/^r/- (that  Avhich  has  been  killed  before  being  felled,  or  which 
li;i-^  'lied  troin  other  causes)  should  be  rejected. 

A  'i-'!i;i  limh.T  :  tlitit  containing  a  great  many  knots,  though  sound  ;  usually 
of  stunted  growth.  It  is  difficult  to  work,  and  weak  when  cross-strained; 
reject. 


TIMBER.  409 

Tioisted  wood,  the  grain  of  which  winds  spirally,  is  unfit  for  long  pieces  : 
it  may  be  used  in  short  ones,  as  naves  or  short  transoms,  etc. 

Dry-rot. — This  is  indicated  by  yellow  stains.  Elm  and  beech  are  soon 
affected,  if  left  with  the  bark  on. 

Large  or  decayed  knots  should  cause  the  piece  to  be  rejected. 

Seasoning  and  Preserving  Timber. 

Timber  freshly  cut  contains  about  37  to  48  per  cent,  of  liquids.  By  ex- 
posure to  the  air  in  seasoning  one  year,  it  loses  from  17  to  25  per  cent., 
and  seasoned  wood  still  retains  from  10  to  15  per  cent. 

Timber  of  large  dimensions  is  improved  and  rendered  less  liable  to  warp 
and  crack  in  seasoning  by  immersion  in  water  for  some  weeks,  according 
to  the  size. 

For  the  purpose  of  seasoning,  timber  should  be  piled  under  shelter  and 
be  kept  dry :  it  should  have  a  free  circulation  of  air  about  it,  without 
being  exposed  to  strong  currents.  Place  the  bottom  pieces  on  skids, 
which  should  be  sound,  raised  not  less  than  2  feet  from  the  ground ;  leave 
a  space  of  an  inch  between  the  pieces  of  the  same  horizontal  layers  ;  place 
slats  or  piling-strips  between  different  layers,  one  near  each  end  of  the 
pile,  and  others  at  short  distances  to  keep  the  timber  straight.  These 
strips  should  be  one  over  the  other,  and  in  large  piles  should  not  be  less  than 
1  inch  thick.  Spokes  are  piled  in  sqiiare  piles,  the  length  of  one  piece, 
omitting  the  slats.  Light  timber  may  be  piled  in  attics,  heavy  timber  on 
the  ground-floor.  Each  pile  should  contain  but  one  kind  of  timber,  and  be 
marked  with  the  date  of  inspection  and  the  number  and  kind  of  pieces  it 
contains.  Pieces  of  the  same  kind  and  of  different  dates  of  receipt,  if 
piled  one  on  the  other,  should  have  that  which  was  received  first  piled  on 
top.  The  piles  should  be  at  least  2 J  feet  apart :  this  secures  free  access 
at  all  times  to  the  different  kinds  of  pieces  in  store. 

Timber  should  be  replied  at  intervals  varying  with  the  time  it  has  been 
in  store,  and  all  pieces  showing  evidences  of  decay  should  be  throAvn  out, 
to  prevent  their  affecting  those  which  are  still  sound. 

Timber  store-houses  are  best  provided  with  blinds,  which  keep  out  the 
rain  and  snow,  but  which  can  be  turned  to  admit  the  air  freely  in  fine 
weather.     They  should  be  kept  entirely  free  from  pieces  of  decayed  wood. 

This  gradual  mode  of  seasoning  is  considered  the  most  fsivorable  to  the 
strength  and  durability  of  timber,  but  various  methods  have  been  proposed 
for  hastening  the  process.  For  this  purpose,  steaming  timber  has  been 
applied  with  success ;  and  the  results  of  experiments  with  Mr.  Kyan's  pro- 
cess of  saturating  timber  with  a  solution  of  corrosive  sublimate  have  been 
highly  satisfactory:  this  is  said  to  harden  and  season  the  wood,  at  the 
same  time  that  it  secures  it  from  the  dry-rot  and  from  the  attacks  of 
worms.     The  process  of  Mr.  Earle,  which  consists  in  saturating  the  wood 

;i4* 


410  OUDXAN'CK    MANUAL. 

■with  a  hot  solution  of  the  sulphates  of  copper  and  iron,  mixed  together, 
has  been  tried  by  the  Ordnance  Department,  and  found  to  impair  the 
strength  ^vithout  increasing  the  durability  of  the  timber.  Kiln-drying  is 
serviceable  only  for  boards  and  pieces  of  small  dimensions,  and  is  apt  to 
cause  cracks  and  to  impair  the  strength  of  wood,  unless  performed  very 
slowly.  Charring  ov  painting  is  highly  injurious  to  any  but  seasoned  tim- 
ber, as  it  efiectually  prevents  the  drying  of  the  inner  part  of  the  wood,  in 
which,  consequently,  fermentation  and  decay  soon  take  place. 

Timber  piled  in  badly-ventilated  sheds  is  apt  to  be  attacked  with  dry-rot. 
Tlie  first  outward  indications  are  yellow  spots  on  the  ends  of  the  pieces 
and  a  yellowish  dust  in  the  checks  and  cracks,  particularly  where  the 
pieces  rest  on  the  piling-strips:  when  cut,  the  timber  is  of  a  dull,  reddish- 
brown  color,  dotted  over  with  small  white  specks,  and  it  is  brittle  and  very 
weak. 

Timber  requires  from  2  to  8  years  to  season  thoroughly,  according  to  its 
size.  It  should  be  woi'ked  as  soon  as  it  is  thoroughly  dry,  for  it  begins  to 
deteriorate  after  that  time.  Very  old  timber,  as  the  workmen  say,  loses 
its  life. 

Oak  timber  loses  about  one-fifth  of  its  iceight  in  seasoning,  and  about  one- 
third  of  its  iceight  in  becoming  perfectly  dry. 

Measn riiKj  Timber. 
Sawed  or  hewn  timber  is  measured  by  the  cubic  foot,  or  more  commonly 
by  hoard  measure,  the  unit  of  which  is  a  superficial  foot  of  a  board  1  inch 
thick.  Small  pieces,  especially  those  which  are  got  out  by  splitting,  (such 
as  spokes,)  and  shapes,  or  pieces  roughed  out  to  a  particular  pattern,  (such 
as  stocks  for  small  arms,)  are  often  purchased  by  the  piece. 
Usual  rule  for  measuring  round  timber: 

Multiply  the  length  hy  the  square  of  one-fourth  the  mean  girth,  for  the  solid 
L  C^ 

contents  ;  or,  — —  ;  L  being  the  length  of  the  log,  and  C  half  the  sura  of  the 

circumferences  of  the  two  ends.  But  Avlien  round  timber  is  procured  for 
use  In  the  Ordnance  Department,  it  should  be  measured  according  to  the 
square  of  good  timber  which  can  be  obtained  from  the  log. 

To  find  the  number  of  feet,  board  measure,  in  any  piece  of  timber  of  a 
given  width,  multiply  the  tabular  area,  for  that  width,  by  the  length  in 
feet  and  the  thickness  in  inches. 


moN. 


411 


Table,  showing  the  Superficial  Feet  in  one  Lineal  Foot  of  Boards  of  various 

icidths. 


Width. 

Area. 

Width. 

Area. 

Width. 

Area. 

In. 

Slip.  ft. 

In. 

Sup.  ft. 

In. 

Sup.  ft. 

0.25 

0.0208 

4.25 

0.3542 

8.25 

0.6875 

0.5 

0.0417 

4.5 

0.375 

8.5 

0.7083 

0.75 

0.0625 

4.75 

0.3958 

8.75 

0.7292 

1. 

0.0833 

5. 

0.4167 

9. 

0.75 

1.25 

0.1042 

5.25 

0.4375 

9.25 

0.7708 

1.5 

0.125 

5.5 

0.4583 

9.5 

0.7917 

1.75 

0.1458 

5.75 

0.4792 

9.75 

0.8125 

2. 

0.1667 

6. 

0.5 

10. 

0.8338 

2.25 

0.1875 

6.25 

0.5208 

10.25 

0.8542 

2.5 

0.2083 

6.5 

0.5417 

!      10.5 

0.875 

2.75 

0.2292 

6.75 

0.5625 

10.75 

0.8958 

3. 

0.25 

7. 

0.5833 

11. 

0.9167 

3.25 

0.2708 

7.25 

0.6042 

11.25 

0.9375 

3.5 

0.2917 

7.5 

0.625 

11.5 

0.9583 

3.75 

0.3125 

7.75 

0.6458 

11.75 

0.9792 

4. 

0.3333 

8. 

0.6667 

12. 

1.0000 

IRON. 

Iron  is  obtained  from  its  ores,  in  which  it  generally  exists  in  the  state 
of  an  oxide,  combined  with  earthy  or  stony  matters,  and  frequently  with 
carbon,  sulphur,  arse7iic,  magnesia,  ma7iganese,  &c.  Iron-ores  are  classed  and 
named  according  to  their  different  combinations,  as  magnetic,  specular,  mica- 
ceous, clay  iron-stone,  red  hematite,  brou-n  hematite:  the  last  named  is  the  ore 
from  which  the  Salisbury  and  the  Juniata  irons  are  extracted ;  the  first, 
that  from  which  the  Swedish  iron  is  obtained;  and  the  clay  iron-stone 
that  from  which  the  iron  of  England  is  made. 

The  foreign  substances  which  iron  is  found  to  contain  modify  in  a  marked 
manner  its  essential  properties.  Carbon  adds  to  its  hardness,  but  destroys 
some  of  its  characteristic  qualities,  and  produces  cast  iron  or  steel  accord- 
ing to  the  proportion  of  carbon  it  contains.  Sulphur  renders  it  fusible,  dif- 
ficult to  weld,  and  brittle  when  heated,  hot  short.  Phosphorus  renders  it 
cold  short,  but  may  be  present  in  the  proportion  of  ^-^t^-^  to  x^Vtr  without 
aifecting  injuriously  its  tenacity.  Antimony,  arsenic,  and  copper  have  the 
same  effect  as  sulphur, — the  last  in  a  greater  degree. 

Casf.  Iron. 
The  process  of  making  cast  iron  depends  much  on  the  kind  of  fuel  used: 
charcoal,   coke,   bituminous   and   anthracite    coals,    are  all   used.     "When 
anthracite  coal  is  employed,  the  ore  is  placed  at  once  in  the  blast-furnace; 


1  IJ  oHDNANCi:    MAM'AI.. 

wIkmi  c'Ii;irc(i;il  i<  use<l.  t]ic  ove  is  first  /YH/i'/rf/,  by  distributing  it  in  alternate 
Immms  wiih  wasie  coal,  -wood,  or,  sometimes,  with  charcoal,  and  the  pile 
llius  I'liniU'd  is  ignited  and  burned  in  the  open  air.  For  the  more  refrac- 
tnry  ores  a  kiln  similar  to  that  used  for  burning  lime  is  required.  The  ore 
i>^  rendered,  by  tliis  operation,  more  porous  and  easily  broken  into  small 
}>ieces,  by  which  it  is  more  readily  acted  upon  in  the  smelting-furnace. 
Tiie  small  pieces  would  be  disadvantageous  in  an  anthracite  furnace, 

Siiirl/t/it/  is  the  process  by  whicli  the  iron  is  separated  from  the  refractory 
substances  witli  which  it  is  combined  in  the  ore.  It  consists  in  raising  the 
ore  to  a  high  heat  in  contact  with  carbon  and  a  suitable  flux  in  the  blast 
or  smelting  furnace.  Tlie  flux  unites  with  the  earthy  matter  of  the  ore, 
forming  a  glassy  substance  called  slar/  or  cinder,  and  the  carbon  unites 
with  the  oxygen  of  the  ore,  setting  the  iron  free,  which  in  turn  unites  with 
a  jiortion  of  the  carbon  and  forms  a  fusible  compound,  carburet  of  iron,  or 
C(/,v/  in  in. 

The  melted  iron  and  shig  descend  to  tlie  bottom  of  the  furnace,  the  slag 
forming  a  covering  to  the  pool  of  iron  and  protecting  it  from  the  action  of 
the  l)last.  As  they  accumulate,  the  slag  runs  off  over  the  dam,  and  is  a 
good  indication,  to  an  experienced  eye,  of  the  quality  of  metal  the  furnace 
is  making. 

The  furnace  is  generally  tapped  once  every  twelve  hours,  and  the  metal 
is  run  out  into  cliannels  formed  in  the  sand,  and  is  known  as  pigs. 

Lime-^tone  is  the  flux  used  for  most  ores;  clay  is  sometimes  required  to 
mix  with  ores  containing  much  limestone. 

A  larger  yield  from  the  same  furnace,  and  a  great  economy  in  fuel,  are 
efiVctcd  l)y  the  use  of  a  hm  blast.  The  greater  heat  thus  produced  causes 
the  iron  lo  combine  with  a  larger  percentage  of  foreign  substances,  and 
the  sri'cngth  of  the  cast  iron  is  thus  injured. 

Cast  iron  for  cannon  and  for  all  purposes  requiring  great  strength 
should  be  smelted  Avitli  the  cold  blast. 

/V/  ir(ii,.  aceording  to  the  proportion  of  carbon  which  it  contains,  is 
•  livided  \n\o  fnun<lr!i-iron  iimX  fnrge-iron.  the  latter  being  adapted  only  to 
••onversion  into  malleable  iron:  Avhile  the  former,  containing  the  largest 
jHopovtion  of  carl)on,  can  be  used  either  for  casting  or  for  making  bar  iron. 

Tlu-re  are  many  varieties  of  cast  iron,  differing  from  each  other  by 
almost  insensi})le  shades;  the  two  principal  divisions  are  ^r^y  and  ichitc, 
so  e.ilird  fr.nn  tlic  color  of  tlie  fracture  when  recent.  Their  properties  are 
vci-y   ditlereiit. 

<,rn,,  ,rnn  1^  softer  and  less  liritile  tlian  wliite  iron;  it  is  in  a  slight  de- 
uree  mal i.al.le  and  flexible,  and  is  not  sonorous:  it  can  be  easily  drilled 
Hiid  tnnud  ill  the  latlie,  atid  does  not  resist  the  file.  It  has  a  brilliant  frac- 
'!"•"•  "1  'I  jrvay.  or  sometimes  a  bluish-gray,  color;  the  color  is  lighter  as 
the  gram  becomes  closer,  and  its  hanlness  increases  at  the  same  time. 


IRON.  41o 

It  melts  at  a  lower  lieat  than  white  iron,  becomes  more  fluid,  and  pre- 
serves its  fluidity  longer;  it  runs  smoothly;  the  color  of  the  fluid  metal  is 
red,  and  deeper  in  proportion  as  the  heat  is  lower;  it  does  not  stick  to  the 
ladle ;  it  fills  the  moulds  well,  contracts  less  and  contains  fewer  cavities 
than  white  iron;  the  edges  of  a  casting  are  sharp,  and  the  surface  smooth, 
convex,  and  covered  with  carburet  of  iron.  A  medium-sized  grain,  bright 
gray  color,  lively  aspect,  fracture  sharp  to  the  touch,  and  a  close  compact 
texture,  indicate  a  good  quality  of  iron.  A  grain  either  very  large  or 
very  small,  a  dull,  earthy  aspect,  loose  texture,  dissimilar  crystals  mixed 
together,  indicate  an  inferior  quality. 

Gray  iron  is  used  for  ordnance  purposes  where  the  pieces  are  to  be  bored 
or  fitted. 

Its  tenacity  and  specific  gravity  are  diminished  by  annealing.  Its  mean 
specific  gravity  is  7.200. 

White  iron  is  very  brittle  and  sonorous;  it  resists  the  file  and  the  chisel, 
and  is  susceptible  of  high  polish  ;  the  surface  of  a  casting  is  concave;  the 
fracture  presents  a  silvery  appearance,  generally  fine-grained  and  compact, 
sometimes  radiating,  or  lamellar. 

When  melted  it  is  white,  and  throws  off"  a  great  number  of  sparks,  and 
its  qualities  are  the  reverse  of  those  of  gray  iron ;  it  is,  therefore,  unsuitable 
for  ordnance  purposes.  Its  tenacity  is  increased  and  its  specific  gravity 
diminished  hy  annealing.     Its  mean  specific  gravity  is  7.500. 

Mottled  iron  is  a  mixture  of  white  and  gray  ;  it  has  a  spotted  appearance ; 
it  flows  well  and  with  few  sparks;  the  casting  has  a  plane  surface,  with 
edges  slightly  rounded.     It  is  suitable  for  making  shot  and  shells. 

A  fine  mottled  iron  is  the  only  kind  suitable  for  making  castings  which 
require  great  strength,  such  as  cannon.  The  kind  of  mottle  will  depend 
much  on  the  size  of  the  casting. 

Besides  these  general  divisions,  the  manufacturers  distinguish  more  par- 
ticularly the  diff'erent  varieties  of  pig  metal  by  numbers,  according  to  their 
relative  hardness. 

No.  1  is  the  softest  iron,  possessing  in  the  highest  degree  the  qualities 
described  as  belonging  to  gray  iron ;  it  has  not  much  strength,  but  on 
account  of  its  fluidity  when  melted  and  of  its  mixing  advantageously  with 
old  or  scrap  iron,  and  with  the  harder  kinds  of  cast  iron,  it  is  of  great 
use  to  the  founder,  and  commands  the  highest  price. 

No.  2  is  harder,  closer  grained,  and  stronger  than  No.  1 ;  it  has  a  gray 
color  and  considerable  lustre.  It  is  the  kind  of  iron  most  suitable,  in 
general,  for  making  shot  and  shells. 

No.  3  is  still  harder  than  No.  2.  Its  color  is  gray,  but  inclining  to  white  ; 
it  has  considerable  strength,  but  it  is  principally  used  by  the  founder  for 
mixing  with  other  kinds  of  iron. 


\\[  OBDXAXrK    MANUAL. 

Ni).  4  is  ///•/'//'/  iron;  No.  5,  molllcd;  No.  6,  tvhite, — which  is  unfit  for 
jriMinul  use  l)y  itself. 

Till-  (Hialiiios  of  tliese  various  kinds  of  iron  seem  to  depend  on  the  pro- 
j^oiiinii  of  carbon,  and  on  the  state  in  which  it  is  found  in  the  metal.  In 
the  d.iik(>r  kinds  of  iron,  wlicre  the  proportion  is  sometimes  7  per  cent,  of 
caihnii.  ii  exists  jiartly  in  tlie  state  of  graphite  or  plumbago,  which  makes 
I  lie  iron  soft.  In  white  iron,  the  carbon  is  thoroughly  combined  with  the 
metal,  as  in  steel. 

Cast  iron  frequently  retains  a  portion  of  foreign  ingredients  from  the 
ore,  such  as  earths,  or  oxides  of  other  metals,  and  sometimes  sulphur  and 
lihosphorus.  wliicli  ai'c  all  injurious  to  its  quality.  Sulphur  hardens  the 
iion.  and,  unless  in  a  very  small  proportion,  destroys  its  tenacity. 

These  foreign  substances,  and  also  a  portion  of  the  carbon,  are  separated 
by  nu'liing  the  iron  in  contact  with  air,  and  soft  iron  is  thus  rendered 
harder  and  stronger.  The  effect  of  remelting  varies  with  the  nature  of 
the  iron  aiul  tlie  kind  of  ore  from  which  it  has  been  extracted;  that  from 
the  hai'd  ores,  sucli  as  the  magnetic  oxides,  undergoes  less  alteration  than 
that  from  the  hematites;  the  latter  being  sometimes  changed  from  No.  1  to 
u-hilr  \)\  a  single  remelting  in  the  air  furnace. 

The  color  and  texture  of  cast  iron  depend  greatly  on  the  size  of  the 
casting  and  the  rapidity  of  cooling;  a  small  casting,  which  cools  quickly, 
is  almost  always  white,  and  the  surface  of  large  castings  partakes  more  of 
the  qualities  of  white  metal  than  the  interior. 

All  cast  iron  expands  forcibly  at  the  moment  of  becoming  solid,  and 
again  emitracts  in  cooling;  gray  iron,  as  before  remarked,  expands  more 
nnd  contiacts  less  than  other  iron. 

Tlie  caiti'action  is  about  yj,^  for  gray  and  strongly-mottled  iron,  so  that 
the  dimensions  of  n pailern  for  casting  should  be  about  ji^  larger  than  the 
size  reiiuired  for  the  casting. 


Mnlhalle  Iron. 

Malleal)le  iron  is  made  from  she  pig,  in  the  hlooniery-fire  or  in  the 
]'ud.Ilin'j-f}iriutc(\ — generally  in  the  latter. 

The  jiroeess  consists  in  melting  the  cast  iron  and  keeping  it  exposed  to 
a  great  heat,  constantly  stirring  the  mass,  bringing  every  part  of  it  evenly 
under  the  action  of  the  flame,  until  it  loses  its  remaining  carbon,— when  it 
becomes  malleable  iron. 

'I'uK  I'.i.ooMKiiv  resembles  a  large  forge-fire,  where  charcoal  and  a  strong 
blast  are  u<ed.  and  the  refined  metal  or  the  pig  iron,  after  being  broken 
into  pieces  of  the  ])roi,er  size,  is  jdaced  before  the  blast,  directly  in  con- 
i.'K't  with  the  charcoal:  as  the  metal  fuses,  it  falls  into  a  cavity  left  for 
tliat  purpose  below  the  l)la<t,  where  the  bloomer  works  it  into  the  shape 
of  a  hall,  which  he  places   again  liefore  the  blast,   surrounded  with  fresh 


IRON.  415 

charcoal ;  this  operation  is  generally  again  repeated,  when  the  ball  is 
ready  for  the  shingler. 

The  PUDDLiNG-ruRNACE  is  a  reverberatory  furnace,  with  a  cast-iron 
bottom  lined  generally  with  a  pure  and  refractory  iron  ore,  where  the  flame 
of  bituminous  coal  is  made  to  act  directly  on  the  metal. 

The  operation  of  puddling  is  a  most  important  one,  as  the  quality  of  the 
iron  depends  so  much  upon  the  skill  with  which  it  is  conducted. 

The  metal  is  first  melted,  and  the  puddler  then  begins  to  stir  it,  exposing 
each  portion  in  turn  to  the  action  of  the  flame,  and  continues  this  as  long 
as  he  is  able  to  work  it.  When  it  has  lost  its  fluidity,  he  forms  it  into 
puddler's  balls,  weighing  from  80  to  100  lbs.,  which  are  next  passed  to  the 
shingler. 

Shingling  is  performed  in  a  strong  squeezer  or  under  the  trip-hammer. 
Its  object  is  to  press  out  as  perfectly  as  possible  the  liquid  cinder  which 
the  ball  still  contains:  it  also  forms  the  ball  into  shape  for  the  puddle- 
rolls.  A  heavy  hammer,  weighing  from  6  to  7  tons,  eff"ects  this  object  most 
thoroughly,  but  not  so  cheaply  as  the  squeezer.  The  ball  receives  from 
15  to  20  blows  of  the  hammer,  being  turned  from  time  to  time  as  required : 
it  is  now  called  a  bloom,  and  is  ready  to  be  rolled  or  hammered.  Or  the 
ball  is  passed  once  through  the  squeezer,  and  is  still  hot  enough  to  be  passed 
through  the  puddle -rolls. 

Puddle-Rolls. — By  passing  through  different  grooves  in  these  rolls,  the 
bloom  is  reduced  to  a  rough  bar  from  three  to  four  feet  in  length,  its  name 
conveying  an  idea  of  its  condition,  which  is  rough  and  imperfect. 

Piling. — To  prepare  rough  bars  for  this  operation,  they  are  cut,  either 
hot  or  cold,  by  means  of  a  strong  pair  of  shears,  into  such  lengths  as  are 
best  adapted  to  the  size  of  the  finished  bar  required ;  the  sheared  bars  are 
piled,  one  over  the  other,  to  the  number  of  from  tAvo  to  six  or  more  pieces, 
according  to  the  size  required, — when  the  pile  is  ready  for  balling. 

Balling. — This  operation  is  performed  in  the  balling-furnace,  which  is 
similar  to  the  puddling-furnace,  except  that  its  bottom  or  hearth  is  made 
up,  from  time  to  time,  with  sand;  it  is  used  to  give  a  welding-heat  to  the 
piles  to  prepare  them  for  rolling. 

Finishing-Rolls. — The  balls  are  passed  successively  between  rollers  of 
various  forms  and  sizes  according  to  the  shape  of  the  finished  bar  required. 

The  bars  are  straightened  on  a  cast-iron  bed,  with  heavy  Avooden  beetles. 

The  quality  of  the  iron  depends  on  the  kind  of  pig  used,  the  skill  of  the 
puddler,  and  the  absence  of  deleterious  substances  in  the  furnace. 

The  strongest  cast  irons  do  not  produce  the  strongest  malleable  iron. 

For  many  purposes,  such  as  sheets  for  tinning,  best  boiler-plate,  and  bars 
for  converting  into  steel,  charcoal  iron  is  used  exclusively  ;  and,  generally, 
this  kind  of  iron  is  to  be  relied  upon  for  strength  and  toughness  with 
greater  confidence  than  any  other, — though  iron  of  superior  quality  is 


410  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

made  from  pigs  made  with  other  fuel  and  with  the  hot  blast ;  iron  for  gun- 
barrels  lias  been  lately  made  from  anthracite  hot-blast  pigs. 

Iron  is  improved  in  quality  by  judicious  working,  reheating  it,  and  ham- 
mering or  rolling:  other  things  being  equal,  that  is  the  best  iron  that 
has  been  wrought  the  most. 

Piles  are  sometimes  made  of  good  iron  on  top  and  bottom  and  poorer 
iron  in  the  middle:  this  is  easily  detected  in  the  fracture.  Reject  it, 
where  strength  and  toughness  are  required. 

Bar  Iron. — The  iron  used  in  ordnance  constructions  is  generally  fur- 
nished in  bars  of  different  sizes,  or  in  shapes.  It  should  be  of  the  best 
quality  of  iron,  highly  refined. 

The  quality  of  iron  is  generally  judged  of  by  its  grain  as  shown  in  a 
fresh  fracture. 

The  sample  should  be  1  inch  square,  or,  if  a  flat  bar,  ^  inch  thick.  Cut  a 
notch  on  one  side  with  a  cold-chisel,  and  bend  the  bar  down  over  the  edge 
of  an  anvil,  or  give  it  a  heavy  blow,  Vt^hen  lying  flat  on  the  ground,  with 
a  sledge-hammer ;  if  the  fracture  exhibit  long,  silky  fibres,  of  a  leaden- 
gray  color,  cohering  together  and  twisting  or  pulling  apart  before  break- 
ing, it  denotes  a  tough,  soft  iron,  which  is  easy  to  work  and  hard  to  break, 
suitable  for  sheet  iron,  wire,  &c.,  but  it  may  weld  badly.  A  medium,  even 
grain,  mixed  with  fibres  as  above,  but  without  bright  specks  or  dark  spots, 
is  also  a  favorable  indication.  In  general,  a  short,  blackish  fibre  indicates 
iron  badly  refined  and  mixed  with  carbon,  plumbago,  or  oxide  ;  if  worked 
very  hot,  it  may  be  improved,  but  there  will  be  a  great  waste.  A  very  fine, 
close  (jrain  denotes  a  hard,  steely  iron,  Avhich  is  apt  to  be  cold-short,  hard 
to  Avork  with  the  hammer  or  file.  A  coarse  grain,  with  a  brilliant,  crystal- 
lyzed  fracture,  or  yellow  or  brown  spots,  denotes  a  brittle  iron,  inclined  to 
be  cold-short,  but  working  easily  when  heated,  and  making  a  good  weld. 
But  this  test  is  not  always  sufficient,  as  the  same  iron  will  present  different 
appearances  according  to  the  manner  in  which  it  has  been  forged  and  the 
degree  of  heat  to  which  it  has  been  subjected.  Numerous  cracks  on  the 
edges  of  the  bar  generally  indicate  a  hot-short  iron,  which  cracks  or  breaks 
when  punched  or  worked  at  a  red  heat,  and  will  not  weld  ;  it  is  strong 
when  cold,  and  may  be  useful  in  that  state,  but,  if  worked,  care  should  be 
taken  not  to  subject  it  to  strains  at  a  red  heat.  Blisters,  flaws,  and  cinder- 
holes  are  caused  by  imperfect  welding  at  too  low  a  heat,  or  by  the  iron 
not  being  properly  worked,  and  do  not  always  indicate  an  inferior  quality. 

The  surest  test  of  the  quality  of  iron  is  to  submit  it  to  the  following 
l)roofs :  — 

Te.^t  vhen  cold. — Bend  the  iron,  if  in  small  bars,  several  times  back  and 
forth  in  different  directions,  at  sharp  angles,  with  heavy  blows  of  a  hammer, 
and  twist  it  in  a  vise.  Large  pieces  are  reduced  in  size  at  one  end,  and  sub- 
mitted to  the  «ame  tests.  Bound  bars  have  a  screw-thread  cut  on  them,  and 


INSPECTION   OF    IRON.  417 

are  then  Ibent  according  to  the  use  for  which  they  are  intended.  Pieces 
which  are  to  have  holes  in  them  are  tested  by  punching  holes  in  them  cold. 
Test  when  hot. — Draw  out  the  iron,  bend  and  twist  it;  split  il,  and  turn 
back  the  two  parts,  to  see  if  the  split  extends  uj) ;  punch  a  long  hole  in 
the  direction  of  the  fibre,  and  another  at  right  angles  to  it ;  punch  holes 
of  different  forms, — some  near  the  edge  ;  weld  the  iron  to  iron  and  to  steel ; 
make  chains  from  small  rods  ;  observe  if  cracks  or  flaws  weld  easily ; 
finally,  forge  some  of  the  most  difficult  pieces  for  which  the  iron  is  in- 
tended. 

Note  on  Forging. — Good  iron  is  often  injured  by  being  unskilfully  worked. 
Care  should  be  taken  that  the  iron  while  heating  is  not  exposed  to  the 
air,  which  would  assist  in  forming  scales  of  oxide  on  its  surface :  it  is  to 
prevent  this  that  the  workman  from  time  to  time  throws  sand  or  clay  on 
his  iron  to  protect  it.  When  iron  is  at  a  white  heat,  immediate  contact 
with  coal  tends  to  carbonize  it  and  make  it  steely.  Iron  heated  for  any 
purpose,  and  especially  for  welding,  should  be  heated  as  rapidly  as  possible, 
in  order  to  expose  it  the  least  possible  time  to  the  action  of  the  air  and 
coal ;  for  this  purpose,  the  strongest  fuel,  with  an  abundant,  steady  blast, 
is  necessary.  Defects  in  iron  caused  by  unskilful  working  may  be  remedied 
in  part :  if,  for  example,  iron  has  been  burned,  give  it  a  smart  heat,  pro- 
tected as  much  as  possible  from  the  air ;  if  the  iron  has  been  injured  by 
cold-hammeriiig,  a  moderate  annealing-heat  will  restore  it ;  if  the  iron  has 
become  hard  and  steely,  give  it  one  or  more  smart  heats,  to  extract  the 
carbon. 

Inspection  of  Iron  for  Garrison  and  Sea-  Coast  Carriages. 

The  cheek-plates  should  be  made  of  iron  of  good  quality,  uniform  in 
thickness,  a  plane  surface,  and  cut  near  to  the  required  size.  Verify  the 
size  by  a  wooden  frame  made  of  the  required  shape,  and  the  thickness  by 
an  iron  gauge.  Try  the  quality  of  the  iron  by  punching  holes  near  the 
edge  at  the  place  for  the  trunnion-holes. 

The  rails  should  be  straight  on  the  top,  bottom,  and  edge  of  the  flange: 
try  them  by  laying  a  straight-edge  on  them.  The  web  should  be  a  plane 
surface,  without  corrugations, — at  right  angles  to  the  flanges,  Avhich  should 
be  smooth  and  free  from  breaks  or  cracks. 

Examine  that  the  welds  are  all  good,  that  there  arc  no  seams,  and  that 
the  iron  has  not  been  burned.  Verify  the  cross-section  of  the  rail  by  a 
profile  cut  from  sheet  iron  or  mahogany  ;  measure  the  length  with  a  rod 
of  the  correct  length. 

See  that  the  trough-beams  and  angle-iron  are  straight,  and  their  edges 
sound,  without  cracks.     Verify  their  length. 

Examine  the  bar-iron  by  the  tests  given  above  for  bar-iron,  and  where 
the  pieces  are  cut  to  lengths,  verify  them. 

35 


4  IS  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

AVei.i,'h  several  pieces  of  c.'icli  kind  of  tlie  exact  length,  sufficient  to  get 
a  fair  mean  weight,  from  which  tlie  weiglit  of  the  whole  can  be  calculated. 

PuddUd  Stcd. 

If,  in  the  operation  of  puddling,  the  process  be  stopped  at  a  particular 
time  determined  by  indications  given  by  the  metal  to  an  experienced  eye, 
an  iron  is  obtained  of  greater  hardness  and  strength  than  ordinary  iron, 
to  which  the  name  of  semi-steel,  or  puddled  steel,  has  been  applied.  The 
in-incijial  dilhculty  in  its  manufacture  is  that  of  obtaining  uniformity  in 
the  product,  homogeneity  and  solidity  throughout  the  entire  mass.  It  is 
much  improved  by  reheating  and  hammering  under  a  heavy  hammer. 

A  tenacity  of  118,000  lbs.  to  the  square  inch  has  been  obtained  from 
somi-stcel  made  in  this  country  in  this  way.  Field-pieces  have  been  made 
of  this  material,  and  it  is  believed  that  it  will  answ^er  Avell  for  this  purpose. 

Steel. 

Sfrcl  is  a  compound  of  iron  and  carbon,  in  which  the  proportion  of  the 
latter  is  from  5  to  1  per  cent.,  and  even  less,  in  some  kinds.  Steel  may 
be  distinguished  from  iron  by  its  fine  grain;  its  susceptibility  of  harden- 
ing by  immersing  it,  when  hot,  in  cold  "water;  and  with  certainty  by  the 
act  ion  of  diluted  nitric  acid,  which  leaves  a  black  spot  on  steel,  and  on 
iron  a  spot  which  is  lighter  colored  in  proportion  as  the  iron  contains  less 
carbon. 

There  are  many  varieties  of  steel,  the  principal  of  which  are: 

Xatui-dl  sicrj,  Avhich  is  o1)taincd  by  reducing  the  rich  and  pure  kinds 
of  iron-ore  with  charcoal,  and  refining  the  cast  iron,  so  as  to  deprive  it  of 
a  sufficient  portion  of  carbon  to  bring  it  to  a  malleable  state.  It  is  made 
principally  in  (lermany,  and  is  used  for  making  files  and  other  tools. 

The  India  steel,  called  wootz,  is  said  to  be  a  natural  steel,  containing  a 
small  portion  of  otlier  metals. 

Hhsifi-cd  sifcl.  or  sf/ul  of  cejunitdiion,  is  prepared  by  the  direct  combina- 
tion ol  iron  and  carbon.  For  this  purpose,  the  iron  in  bars  is  put  in  layers 
alternating  Avitli  powdered  cliarcoal,  in  a  close  furnace,  and  exposed  for  7 
or  h  days  to  a  heat  of  about  70°  Wedgewood,  and  then  suffered  to  cool  for 
as  many  days  moi-e.  The  bars  on  being  taken  out  are  covered  with  blisters, 
have  acquired  a  brittle  quality,  and  exhibit  in  the  fracture  a  uniform 
crystalline  appearance.  The  degree  of  carbonization  is  varied  according 
•  o  th<"  purposes  for  which  (he  steel  is  intended,  and  the  best  qualities  of 
iron  (Russian  and  Swedi^li)  are  used  for  the  finest  kinds  of  steel. 

Tilir.l  ,i.rl  is  made  from  ])listered  steel  moderately  heated  and  subjected 
to  I  lie  action  (,f  ;i  tilt-liamnier,  by  whicli  means  its  tenacity  and  density 
are  increased  and  it  is  thus  adapted  to  use. 

Shnir  stol  is  made  from  blistered  or  natural  steel  refined  by  piling  thin 


STEEL.  419 

bars  into  fagots,  which  are  brought  to  a  welding-heat  in  a  reverberatory 
furnace,  and  hammered  or  rolled  again  into  bars;  this  operation  is  re- 
peated several  times  to  produce  the  finest  kinds  of  shear  steel,  Avhich  are 
distinguished  by  the  names  of  half-shear,  single  shear,  and  double  shear,  or 
steel  of  1  mark,  of  2  marks,  of  3  marks,  etc.,  according  to  the  number  of 
times  it  has  been  piled. 

Cast  steel  is  made  by  breaking  blistered  steel  into  small  pieces  and 
melting  it  in  close  crucibles,  from  which  it  is  poured  into  iron  moulds ;  the 
ingot  is  then  reduced  to  a  bar  by  hammering  or  rolling,  as  desci-ibed  under 
the  head  of  malleable  iron,  these  operations  being  performed  with  great 
care.  Cast  steel  is  the  finest  kind  of  steel  and  best  adapted  for  most  pur- 
poses :  it  is  known  by  a  very  fine,  even,  and  close  grain,  and  a  silvery, 
homogeneous  fracture;  it  is  very  brittle,  and  acquires  extieme  hardness, 
but  is  difficult  to  weld  without  the  use  of  a  flux.  The  other  kinds  of  steel 
have  a  similar  appearance  to  cast  steel,  but  the  grain  is  coarser  and  less 
homogeneous;  they  are  softer  and  less  brittle,  and  weld  more  readily.  A 
fibrous  oj*  lamellar  appearance  in  the  fracture  indicates  an  imperfect  steel. 
A  material  of  great  toughness  and  elasticity,  as  well  as  hardness,  is  made 
by  forging  together  steel  and  iron,  forming  the  celebrated  damask-steel, 
which  is  used  for  sword-blades,  springs,  etc. ;  the  damasked  appearance 
is  produced  by  the  action  of  a  diluted  acid,  which  gives  a  black  tint  to  the 
steel  parts,  whilst  the  iron  remains  white. 

Various /crwcy  steels,  or  alloys  of  steel  with  silver,  plaiimcin,  rhodium,  and 
aluminium,  have  been  made  with  a  view  to  imitating  the  Damascus  steel, 
wootz,  etc.,  and  improving  the  fabrication  of  some  of  the  finer  kinds  of 
surgical  and  other  instruments. 

Properties  of  Steel. — The  best  steel  possesses  the  following  character- 
istics :  heated  to  redness  and  plunged  into  cold  water,  it  becomes  hard 
enough  to  scratch  glass  and  to  resist  the  best  files ;  the  hardness  is  uni- 
form throughout  the  piece  ;  after  being  tempered  it  is  not  easily  broken  ; 
it  welds  readily ;  it  does  not  crack  or  split ;  it  bears  a  very  high  heat, 
and  preserves  the  capability  of  hardening  after  repeated  working;  the 
grain  is  fine,  even,  and  homogeneous,  and  it  receives  a  brilliant  polish. 
Its  specific  gravity  is  7.816,  being  greater  than  that  of  iron. 

Test. — Break  a  few  bars,  taken  at  random ;  make  tools  of  them  and  try 
them  in  the  severest  manner. 

Hardening  and  Tempering  Steel. — On  these  operations  the  quality  of 
manufactured  steel  in  a  great  measure  depends. 

Hardening  is  eff'ected  by  heating  the  steel  to  a  cherry  red,  or  until  the 
scales  of  oxide  are  loosened  on  the  surfuce,  and  plunging  it  into  a  liquid, 
or  placing  it  in  contact  with  some  cooling-substance;  the  degree  of  hard- 
ness depends  on  the  heat  and  the  rapidity  of  cooling.  Steel  is  thus  ren- 
dered so  hard  as  to  resist  the  hardest  files,  and  it  becomes  at  the  same  time 


420  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

extremely  brittle.     The  degree  of  heat  and  the  temperature  and  nature  of 

tlie  ( liiig-meilium  must  be  chosen  witli  reference  to  the  quality  of  the 

.•<[eel  niid  liio  iiui-i)ose  for  which  it  is  intended.  Cold  water  gives  a  greatei' 
Imrdue.ss  than  oils  or  other  fatty  substances,  sand,  wet  iron  scales  or 
cinders,  but  an  inferior  degree  of  hardness  to  that  given  by  acids.  Oil, 
fallow,  etc.,  jireveut  the  cracks  which  are  caused  by  too  rapid  cooling. 
The  lower  the  heat  at  which  the  steel  becomes  hard,  the  better. 

Temj^ering. — Steel  in  its  hardest  state  being  too  brittle  for  most  pur- 
poses, the  requisite  strength  and  elasticity  are  obtained  by  tempering, — or 
Irt/ini/  donn  ihc  temper,  as  the  workmen  term  it, — which  is  performed  by 
heating  the  hardened  steel  to  a  certain  degree  and  cooling  it  quickly. 
The  requisite  heat  is  usually  ascertained  by  the  color  which  the  surface 
of  the  steel  assumes  from  the  film  of  oxide  thus  formed.  The  degrees  of 
heat  to  which  these  several  colors  correspond  are  as  follows : — 

At  430°  Fahr.,  a  very  faint  yellow,  f  ^^^^ ^^^e  for  hard  instruments ;  as  ham- 

.^   ..,--  ,  ,        i      mer-faces,  drills  for  hard  substances, 

At  4oU"     "       a  pale  straw  color.    (        , 

At  470°     ^'       a  full  yellow r  For  instruments  requiring  hard  edges 

^ ,   ,r.  r,  ■,  ,  \       "\vithout  elasticity;   as  shears,  scis- 

At  490°     "       a  brown  color ^     i    ^     .        •       •  -,    ,     •, 

^      sors,  tools  lor  turning  iron  and  steel. 

At  510°     "       brown,  with  purple  r  For   tools    for    cutting  wood  and   soft 

..spots  I       metals;  such  as  plane-irons,  chisels. 

At  5o8°     "       purple I      knives,  etc. 

For  tools  requiring  strong  edges  with- 
out extreme  hardness ;    as  cold-chi- 
sels, axes,  table-cutlery,  etc.,  which 
Avill  break  before  bending. 
At  000°     "       grayish  blue,  verg-  f-'^'^^*   spring-temper,    which   will   bend 

ino-  on  black j      "before  breaking  ;  saws,  sword-blades, 

^      etc. 

If  the  steel  be  heated  higher  than  this,  the  effect  of  the  hardening-pro- 
ccss  is  destroyed. 

(\tsf.-hitr(lcni),g.~'Y\ns  operation  consists  in  converting  the  surface  of 
wrouglit  iron  into  steel,  by  cementation,  for  the  purpose  of  adapting  it  to 
receive  a  polish  or  to  bear  friction,  etc. ;  this  is  effected  by  heating  the 
iron  to  a  clierry  red,  in  a  close  vessel,  in  contact  with  carbonaceous  mate- 
rials and  then  plunging  it  into  cold  water.  Bones,  leather,  hoofs,  and 
horns  of  animals  are  generally  used  for  this  purpose,  after  having  been 
burnt  or  rousted  so  that  they  can  be  pulverized.  Soot  is  also  frequently 
u-ed. 


At  550°     "       dark  blue 
At  500°     "       full  blue. 


SHEET    IRON.  421 

Weldinr/- Composition /or  Iron  or  Steel. 

Borax  10  parts. 

Sal-anamoniac 1       " 

Pound  them  together,  and  melt  them  in  a  crucible  into  a  clear  liquid  ; 
pour  it  out  on  an  iron  plate,  and,  when  cold,  pulverize  it  for  use. 

Composition  No.  2, 

Borax... 5.    lbs. 

Sal-ammoniac 1.0    " 

Prussiate  of  potash 5    " 

Rosin 5    " 

Alcohol 5  pint. 

Water 5    " 

Iron-filings 5  lb. 

Put  all  the  materials  in  an  iron  pan  together,  and  melt  them  over 
a  gentle  fire,  so  that  the  composition  shall  boil  for  a  few  minutes,  stirring 
it  until  it  shall  become  finally  dry  and  charred ;  then  pulverize,  and  use  it 
in  the  same  manner  as  borax,  applying  it  to  the  parts  to  be  welded  when 
at  a  red  heat. 

Sheet  Iron. 

Sheet  iron  is  made  by  rolling.  It  should  be  soft  and  tough,  its  surface 
very  smooth,  without  holes  or  thick  scales ;  it  is  generally  of  a  bluish 
color,  sometimes  clouded  ;  the  sheet  should  be  of  regular  thickness,  elastic, 
and  crackling  when  bent  in  the  hands.  When  bent  at  a  right  angle, 
there  should  be  no  appearance  of  fracture  on  the  exterior. 

Russia  sheet  iron  has  a  planished,  glossy,  and  smooth  surface  of  gray 
oxide  of  iron;  it  should  be  free  from  rust  or  flaws,  and  be  very  soft  and 
tough.  Punch  holes  in  it  near  the  edge,  and  see  that  there  are  no  flaws 
or  cracks  after  this  operation. 

The  severest  test  of  sheet  iron  consists  in  hammering  a  part  of  the  sheet 
into  a  concave  form. 

Sheet  Steel  is  manufactured  in  the  same  way,  and  should  have  the  same 
qualities,  as  sheet  iron,  with  greater  elasticity  and  hardness  in  a  thinner 
sheet. 

For  the  weight  of  sheet  iron,  see  Tables  on  pages  422  and  443. 

Sheet  Tin. 
Sheet  tin  is  made  by  coating  sheet  iron  with  tin.  The  iron  is  first 
scoured,  or  thoroughly  cleaned,  by  means  of  an  acid,  and  then  immersed  in 
melted  tin.  There  are  two  kinds, — called  sinc/le  tin  and  double  tin,  diS"ering 
in  thickness  and  in  the  quantity  of  tin  with  which  the  iron  is  coated.  The 
surface  of  the  sheets  should  be  bright  and  smooth,  free  from  specks,  beads, 
and  blisters. 

35» 


ORDNANCE    3IAN UAL 

Dimensions  of  Shed  Tin. 


Kind. 

.<i/.c. 

Mean  Tliicl 

ncs.s. 

Weight. 

Kemarks. 

In. 

■\Vii-c  Gauge. 

In. 

Lbs. 

t^iiii;lo  tin.... 

10  X  1^ 

31 

0.0125 

0.5 

1  There  are  usu- 

l    ally  225  sheets 

Double  X 

10  X  1-i 

27 

0.018 

0.75 

j     in  a  box. 

raiufing 

20  X  H 

27 

0.018 

1.5 

112    sheets   in  a 

box. 

A  square  of  roof  (100  square  feet)  requires  about  71  sheets  of  roofing-tin. 


TJiickness  and  Weight  of  Sheet  Jletals. 


Thickness  by  the 
Uuut:e. 


■Weight  per  Square  Foot  in  Poum 


Thickness  iu 
Inches. 


No 

0 

1 

4 

s 

<) 

b) 

11... 

v.; 

bi 

bi 

b-. 

]f. 

Is 

b.t 

•jii 

•ji 

"t 

:;i) 

;;i 

:>; 

o.:uo 

o.:;o;) 
().2s-t 


0.-2-20 

o.-2(i;5 
0.1  so 

(1.1  Co 
0.1  IS 

o.bu 

0.120 
0.109 

O.O'.t.i 
O.OS.T 
0.07-2 
0.()().5 

o.ons 
().(i-bi 

0.042 

o.o:;.-) 
o.o:!2 

0.1128 
0.02.') 
0.022 
0.020 
O.OIS 
0.01  c, 
0.014 
o.ob! 
0.012 
O.OIO 
0.00',) 
O.O.lS 

0.007 

0.1 10.') 
0.004 


Slieet  ami 
lioiler  Iiun. 


b'3.7 
12.1 
11.4 
10.4 

0.00 

8.S5 

8.17 

7.24 

O.Ho 

5.t)() 

5.40 

4.83 

4.40 

:;.s;5 

;!.:U 

2.00 

2.02 

2.:U 

1.07 

1.09 

1.41 

1 .29 

l.bJ 

1.00 

0.885 

0.81(5 

0.7  2 1 

0.tU4 

0.50:; 

0  523 

0.4^3 

0.402 

0.:;r,2 

0.:'.22 

0.282 

0.2:!0 

0.170 


Sheet  Cast  Steel.       Sheet  Copper. 


14.0 

12.4 

11.7 

10.6 
9.80 
9.02 
8.33 
7.38 
6.78 
6.08 
5.51 
4.93 
4.50 
3.91 
3.41 
2.96 
2.67 
2.39 
2.01 
1.72 
1.42 
1.31 
1.15 
1.02 
0.903 
0.820 
0.738 
0.057 
0.574 
0.533 
0.493 
0.410 
0.370 
0.328 
0.288 
0.235 
0.173 


15.6 

13.8 

13.0 

11.9 

11.0 

10.1 
9.32 
8.25 
7.59 
6.80 
6.16 
5.51 
5.02 
4.37 
3.81 
3.31 
3.00 
2.67 
2.25 
1.93 
1.61 
1.47 
1.29 
1.14 
1.01 
0.918 
0.826 
0.735 
0.642 
0.597 
0.551 
0.480 
0.420 
0.370 
0.323 
0.2G2 
0.194 


FILES    AND    HASPS. 


42^ 


Files  and  Rasps. 


LIST    OF    FILES    AND    RASPS    REQUIRED    FOR    USE    AT    AN    ARSENAL    OF 
CONSTRUCTION. 


No. 


10 

n 

12 
13 
14 
15 
16 

17 

18 
19 
20 
21 
22 
23 
24 
25 
26 


Kind. 


Flat  rough  (ruffs) 

Do.      do.  

Do.   bastards 

Do.        do 

Half-round  bastards.. 

Do.  do. 

Do.                  do. 
Round  bastards 


Do. 
Do. 
Do. 

Square 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Flat,    single 

(floats)... 

Flat,    hand, 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 


do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 
do. 


cut 


smooth, 
do. 
do. 
do. 


Half-round,  hand,do. 

Do.  do. 

Do.  do. 

Taper,  handsaw 

Flat,  shoeing  rasp.... 
Half-round  do. 


Length. 

Width. 

In. 

In. 

14. 

1.35 

12. 

1.17 

12. 

1.17 

8. 

0.7 

12. 

1.14 

9. 

0.85 

6. 

0.56 

12. 

9. 

6. 

4.5 

12. 

0.5 

8. 

0.32 

6. 

0.24 

4. 

0.2 

12. 

1.12 

]2. 

1.16 

9. 

0.96 

8. 

0.83 

4. 

0.44 

12. 

1.15 

9. 

0.84 

6. 

0.6 

4.5 

A 

14. 

1.5 

12. 

1.14 

Thick- 
ness. 


In. 

0.35 

0.3 

0.3 

0.2 

0.32 

0.25 

0.2 

0.5 

0.23 

0.23 

0.16 

0.5 

0.32 

0.24 

0.2 

0.22 

0.31 

0.27 

0.2 

0.1 

0.33 

0.27 

0.18 

0.4 

0.35 

0.32 


Weight. 


Lbs.   oz. 
1     4 

0  15 

0  14 

0  5 

0  11 

0  5.V 

0  l| 

0  8i 

0  2 

0  i 

0  I 

0  9 

0  3 

0  2 

0  I 

0  101 

1  2 
0  10 
0  6 
0  I 
0  12 
0  5i 
0  li 

0  li 

1  8 
0  11 


Remarks. 


Flat,  tapering. 


ledge  rounded. 
Safe  edge. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 


Without  tang. 


English  files  arc  generally  used  at  the  arsenals  and  armories. 

Files  should  be  made  of  the  best  cast  steel.  The  teeth  are  generally  cut 
at  an  angle  of  60°  with  the  centre-line ;  at  a  smaller  angle  the  teeth  are 
apt  to  choke,  and  at  a  greater  angle  they  do  not  cut. 

In  choosing  files,  they  should  be  examined  to  see  that  they  are  straight, 
that  they  are  free  from  cracks  and  flaws,  and  that  they  are  cut  regularly. 
The  teeth  should  not  be  turned  or  broken  by  filing  on  iron  or  tempered 
steel.  One  out  of  each  dozen  may  be  tried  on  a  piece  of  tempered  steel, 
such  as  the  tang  of  a  file  screwed  in  a  vise;  the  file  should  "take"  in  its 
whole  length,  both  on  the  flat  and  edge,  and  should  not  cut  in  drawing 
back ;  it  should  not  make  furrows,  or  show  a  tendency  to  deviate  from  the 
direction  given  to  it  by  the  hand.  The  quality  of  the  steel  may  be  deter- 
mined by  breaking  some  of  the  files  and  working  the  steel  in  the  forge. 


::,-   ,■:!.    'iM    Hi.'   l.'iijili    iii    iiii'lics.  nwd   ])_y  ilio    luunber, 
.■/,.  ..:■  1  I;-   u  ::  f.   Ml'  l,:rly  (if  I  he  screw. 
',.,,]    iKii-ii -'•■11-.  <iii'!  \  nl    rrnni    iiK'a.-unMiieiits  oC   the 
\,  V,    i'.ii-lmrl    SiTiw  ( ■i)i!iii;iiiy,  ;u    I'l'ovideuco.  Uhode 

■  -iixniirM    !ui-  I'cl'rf.'iii'c. 


\ii!nl'>r 

!!iiv:,,l- 
1   ilirll 


]loiiiai'ks. 


LM        '  'l"lH'leiio't]i  (.I'tlii-ead  cut  is  two- 
'2\       j     iliiiMls  the  leugtli  oftlic  screw 


I  .]■ 


M 

12 
n 
n 
Id 

10 


■J  I 


r.//  a;/;/x. 


'/.     I     Sr/.     I    M)J.   I    12'/.    !    2()(f. 


I.         ],■::, 


Ml         11)0   ■      01)      I     -10  25 


-  dr-iLriiateil  hv  thclcn;ith 


:rr     -hnli     \.,  ;■■  •  i    ,; '■ ;  I      !i:iil<.    A\  i  t  ll     LlV.irC    llCU'ls, 

1   rliictlv   t'lr   nailiiiir   Icatlici',    canvas,   etc., 


ALLOYS.  425 

Bellows-nails  1.13  inch  long,  0.1  inch  thick,  with  heads  .75  inch  to  1 
inch  in  diameter,  should  weigh  about  120  to  1  lb. 

2''acks  are  classed  by  the  length  in  inches,  or  by  the  weight  of  1,000,  in 
ounces. 

Sprigs,  brads,  finishing-nails,  are  classed  by  the  length  in  inches. 

Alloys. 

Bronze. — Gun-metal :   90  copper  and  10  tin. 

Bell-metal. — 78  copper  and  22  tin. 

Fine  brass. — 2  copper  and  1  zinc. 

Brass  for  parts  of  small  arms  and  of  gun-carriages. — 80  copper,  17  zinc, 
and  3  tin. 

Sheet  brass. —  3  copper  and  1  zinc. 

Silver  solder. — 4  silver  and  1  copper ;  or  2  silver  and  1  brass  wire. 

Hard  solder. — 1  zinc  and  2  brass. 

Plumhefs  solder. — 1  tin  and  1  lead. 

Tinner's  solder. — 1  tin  and  2  lead. 

Pewterer's  solder. — 2  tin  and  1  lead. 

Fusible  alloy. — 2  tin  ;  3  lead ;   5  bismuth  :  melts  at  197°. 

Type-metal. — 11  lead,  2  antimony,  and  \  tin. 

German  silver. — 40^-  copper  ;  31^-  nickel ;  25  J  zinc  ;  2|  iron. 

"  "  for  casting. — 60  copper  ;  20  zinc  ;  20  nickel ;  3  lead. 

Pewter. — 4  tin  and  1  lead. 

An  alloy  that  expands  in  cooling. — 9  lead,  2  antimony,  and  1  bismuth ; 
useful  for  filling  small  cavities  in  cast  iron. 

Babbit's  metal,  for  journal-boxes. — 9  tin  and  1  copper. 

Pickle  for  Cleaning  Iron. — To  a  mixture  of  equal  parts  of  nitric  and 
muriatic  acids  add  twelve  times  their  joint  volume  of  water. 

Liquor  for  Tinning  or  Soldering. — Dissolve  3  ounces  of  zinc  in  a  pint 
of  muriatic  acid,  letting  it  stand  in  a  warm  place  about  8  hours ;  strain  the 
solution  through  a  cotton  or  linen  cloth  ;  add  a  teaspoouful  of  pulverized 
sal-ammoniac  to  a  pint  of  the  solution,  and  let  it  boil  for  ten  minutes ; 
when  cool  it  is  fit  for  use. 

To  Tin  Iron. — Immerse  the  iron  in  the  cleaning-pickle  ;  if  the  surface  be 
rough,  let  it  remain  in  the  pickle  about  4  hours,  or  until  all  the  scales  can 
be  rubbed  oif.  Then  dip  the  iron  into  the  solution  of  zinc,  and  imme- 
diately afterward  into  the  melted  tin,  which  must  be  kept  a  little  above  the 
melting-point.  Let  it  remain  in  the  melted  tin  until  the  latter  has  ceased 
to  be  agitated,  when  the  iron  will  have  become  warm  enough  for  the  tin  to 
adhere ;  on  taking  it  out,  wipe  or  shake  off  the  surplus  tin. 

To  Tin  Copper. — It  is  only  necessary  to  dip  the  copper  into  the  solution 
of  zinc  and  then  into  the  bath  of  tin  ;  or  to  clean  the  copper  with  diluted 
sulphuric  acid  before  immersing  it  in  the  tin. 


4i>(;  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

STOllAfJE   AND  PRESERVATION  OF   METALS. 

Mrfuls  !iir  stured  on  tlie  ground-floors  of  dry  and  well-aired  buildings, 
which  shouM  1>e  kept  open  in  fine  weather  only. 

j:<ir-irnri  and  sterl,  and  pieces  rough-forged,  {shaj)es,)  divided  according 
(o  kind  and  size,  on  racks,  or  standing  upright  in  frames;  unserviceable 
ir<.),  and  .^erap.^  in  piles  marked  with  the  weight.  Sheet  iron  and  tin,  oiled, 
and  ]ilaoed  on  edge,  in  frames.  Wire,  oiled,  in  coils,  hung  on  hooks; 
arranged  according  to  kind  and  size. 

Ihfini  chtti/is,  coiled  up  in  piles. — Small  chains,  in  bundles  of  10  or  20, 
in  boxes  or  on  shelves. 

l-\)tisltrd  in,rk,  according  to  kind,  in  i)iles  or  in  boxes. 

/'///  imtiiL  in  t^quare  i)iles  ;  the  flat  sides  lying  together. 

Tlio  iron  and  steel  parts  of  implements,  etc.,  covered  with  a  black  varnish, 
made  of  wliite  varnish  and  lampl)lack,  for  intrenching  and  other  heavy 
t(;ol<:  of  white  varnisli  and  ivory-black,  for  polished  tools.  (See  Chap- 
ter Vll.) 

Ariijlcer's  tools  and  Jiles,  according  to  kind,  in  a  dry  place,  with  suitable 
divisions;  they  should  be  sprinkled  with  powdered  charcoal,  or  fine  quick- 
lime, to  protect  tliem  from  rust. 

3'(//7.v.  according  to  kind  and  size,  in  bins  or  kegs.  Anvils  and  other 
luavy  ]tieces,  on  skids  on  tlie  floor.  Evei-y  division,  bin,  pile,  and  box 
sliouhl  ]»e  marked  with  a  label  showing  the  character  of  the  article  con- 
tained in  it,  its  kind,  its  distinctive  number  or  size,  the  quantity,  Aveight,  &c. 

ROPES. 

The  ,v/:7.'  <,f  a  rope  is  designated  by  the  circumference  or  girth  measured 
with  a  tliread:  thus,  a  8-inch  rope  measures  o  inches  round.  The  length 
is  usually  exiiressed  in  fatlioms. 

STKF.Ncrii. — The  utmost  strength  of  good  hemp  rope  is  0,400  lbs.  to  the 
s(|uare  inch  ;  the  weight  Avhich  it  will  bear  before  breaking  is  expressed  in 
tuns  liy  oiic-j/j'/h  of  the  square  of  the  tjirth  in  incites;  in  practice,  a  rope  should 
not  lie  sulijecied  to  more  tlian  half  tliis  strain.  It  stretches  from  \  to  \, 
and  its  diameter  is  diminished  from  i  to  ],  before  breaking.  A  difference 
in  the  (juality  of  tlie  hemp  may  produce  a  difference  of  \  in  the  strength 
of  ropes  of  tlie  same  size. 

ANhiie  rope  is  stronger  than  tarred  rope,  and  the  difference  is  increased 
I'V  a^re  and  service:  therefore  such  ropes  only  as  are  to  be  immersed  in 
\valrr  should  be  tarre.l. 

Oil  or  LTiease  diminishes  the  strength  of  rope  without  adding  to  its  dura- 


l.ili 


'he  Mi-en-ih  of  Manilla  rope  is  less  than  that  of  hemp  rope. 


<,'!  \i.nY. — 'fhe  (piality  of    hemp  is  in  some  measure   indicated  by  its 
Color  :   the   hest   is  of  a  j^carl  gray  ;    the  next,  greenish  ;   then,  the  yellow ; 


CHARCOAL.  ^  427 

a  brown  color  indicates  that  it  has  been  rotted  too  long  and  has  begun  to 
decay.  Brown  spots  show  that  it  has  moulded  and  the  spots  are  decayed. 
The  odor  should  be  strong,  but  free  from  a  musty,  tainted  smell.  It 
should  be  well  combed,  pliant,  and  free  from  stalks.  The  yarns  should  be 
fine  spun  and  slightly  twisted;  they  are  from  ^  to  ^  of  an  inch  in  girth. 
A  rope  is  defective  when  the  yarns  are  of  unequal  sizes  or  unequally 
twisted  ;  when  it  is  fuzzy  before  being  used;  and  when  it  contains  pieces 
of  stalk,  indicating  that  the  hemp  was  not  well  combed. 

Twisting  or  Laying. — The  number  of  yarns  in  a  strand  of  cordage  varies 
from  16  to  25,  and  several  strands  are  combined,  or  laid,  to  form  a  large 
rope.  A  rope  is  said  to  be  twisted  ;J  or  |^  when  it  is  ^  or  |  shorter  than 
the  strand.     For  artillery  service,  ropes  should  be  twisted  |-. 

The  degree  of  twisting  may  be  determined  by  constructing  a  right-angled 
triangle,  the  base  of  which  is  the  circumference  of  the  rope,  and  the 
height  the  length  of  one  revolution  of  the  strand,  measured  parallel  to 
the  axis ;  the  difference  between  this  height  and  the  hypothenuse  is  the 
quantity  by  which  the  rope  is  twisted. 

Preservation  in  Store. — Hopes  should  be  placed  in  the  upper  stories 
of  a  building,  coiled  up  and  labelled ;  large  ropes  on  skids,  so  as  to  allow 
the  circulation  of  air;  small  ropes  hung  up  to  the  joists,  on  pins  or  hooks. 
Ropes  should  not  be  coiled  until  they  are  perfectly  dry :  they  should  be 
uncoiled  every  year,  and  stretched  out  for  several  days  at  the  beginning 
of  the  dry  season. 

Ropes  which  have  been  too  long  in  store  lose  their  strength. 

COAL. 

Charcoal. 

Charcoal  is  made  from  cither  hard  or  soft  wood  ;  that  from  the  former, 
such  as  oak,  maple,  beech,  chestnut,  is  the  most  serviceable,  giving  the 
greatest  quantity  of  heat  for  an  equal  weight  of  coal. 

For  ordinary  purposes  it  is  burned  in  heaps  or  stacks.  Wood  from  18 
to  20  years  old  is  to  be  preferred.  It  may  be  charred  immediately  after 
being  felled  ;  if  left  for  a  year  exposed  to  the  weather  before  being  burned, 
it  produces  an  inferior  coal. 

Select  sound  wood;  cut  it  into  pieces  from  4  to  5  feet  long,  and  split 
those  which  are  more  than  4  inches  in  diameter. 

It  is  well  to  make  stacks,  as  far  as  practicable,  of  wood  of  the  same 
kind,  or  of  such  as  differ  from  each  other  but  little  in  their  general  nature. 
If  it  be  necessary  to  use  soft  and  hard  woods  in  the  same  stack,  place 
the  former  on  the  outside. 

Making  Charcoal. — Choose  a  dry  spot  on  Avhich  to  place  the  stack, 
sheltered  from  the  wind:  level  the  ground.  Plant  a  stake  in  the  middle 
of  the  space,  and  cover  the  bottom  of  the  pile  with  wood  placed  in  a  direc- 


428  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

tint)  ronvor^iriG:  toward  tlic  centre,  the  intervals  being  filled  up  with  small 
sticks :  j.l.ice  the  re-t  of  tlie  wood  around  the  fctake,  the  pieces  nearly  up- 
rijrlit  ;uiil  close  toi;cthor,  in  several  tiers,  covering  the  whole  with  a  layer 
of  wood  jilaced  as  close  togctlier  as  possible;  leave  one  or  more  horizontal 
oiuMiings  near  the  ground,  from  the  exterior  to  the  centre.  Cover  the 
Slack,  commencing  at  tlie  top,  with  leaves  and  a  coat  of  wet  sod  about  4 
inches  thick,  leaving  open  a  space  0  inches  high,  all  round  the  bottom,  for 
tlie  escajie  of  tlie  air  and  steam. 

Draw  out  the  stake,  and  set  fire  to  the  pile,  either  by  means  of  the  hole 
left  by  the  stake,  or  through  the  horizontal  gallery,  Avhicli  may  have  been 
I)reviously  filled  with  combustible  materials.  Push  the  fire  actively  until 
the  liame  comes  out  at  the  top  of  the  stack,  in  order  to  ignite  the  whole 
of  tlie  bottom  part,  and  to  expel  the  steam,  which  would  otherwise  occasion 
explosions.  Then  close  the  hole  at  the  top,  and  cover  the  lower  part  of 
the  i>ile.  leaving  small  openings-at  intervals;  the  smoke  should  now  escape 
equally  from  all  parts  of  the  stack,  except  toward  the  top,  which  is  kept 
clnscd  in  order  to  prevent  a  draught,  AVhen  the  stack  has  sweated  suf- 
ficiently, increase  the  thickness  of  the  coating  of  earth  ;  moderate  the  fire, 
and  direct  it,  by  means  of  openings  on  the  sides,  in  such  a  manner  that 
the  C()in])ustion  may  be  equal  in  every  part  and  that  the  fire  may  be  always 
drawn  toward  the  bottom.  Leave  the  holes  open  as  long  as  the  smoke  is 
black  and  thick,  and  close  them  when  it  becomes  light  and  of  a  bluish 
color.  The  charring  is  completed  when  the  flame  escapes  through  the 
openings  at  the  bottom;  then  stop  the  holes  and  cover  the  pile  well  with 
oavih,  Avhicli  should  be  renewed  after  24  hours;  extinguish  the  fire  entirely, 
and  let  the  ])ile  stand  12  or  24  hours  more.  Open  it  on  one  side  only  ; 
sel(>ct  the  coal,  and  separate  what  is  imperfectly  burnt.  Wood  furnishes 
in  this  way,  on  an  average,  about  Id  or  17  per  cent,  of  charcoal. 

Lai-ge  stacks  arc  the  most  advantageous:  as  much  as  50  or  GO  cords  of 
wood  may  be  put  into  one. 

Piioi'KUTiKs. — Charcoal  of  good  quality  burns  slowly  in  the  air,  without 
fianie;  it  is  clean,  hard,  compact,  brittle,  sonorous,  and  of  a  fine  black 
color;    its  fracture  is  shining,  iridescent,  and  of  a  conchoidal  form. 

AVhcn  not  perfectly  charred,  it  is  tough,  of  a  grayish  color,  and  burns 
with  a  white  flame  and  smoke.  When  too  much  burnt,  it  is  of  a  dull  black, 
soft  and  unolastic.  T.y  exposure  to  the  air,  charcoal  absorbs  from  10  to 
20  j.er  cent,  of  moisture,  and  its  qualities  are  thereby  impaired:  it  should 
therefore  be  kept  under  cover. 

rU-  Coal. 

I'lTiMiNofs  Coal. — There  are  two  principal  varieties. 

Op'-u-hnrniur,  rnul  kindles  quickly  and  burns  Avell,  but  produces  much 
flame  and  smoke,  and  is  soon  consumed;  it  lies  open  in  the  fire,  and  does 
not  cake.     Of  this  kind  is  the  English  cannel  coal. 


TAR,    PITCH,    TURPENTINE. 


429 


Close-burning  coal  melts  and  swells  in  the  fire  and  runs  together,  forming 
■what  blacksmiths  call  a  hollow  fire,  or  a  dome  over  the  nozzle  of  the  bellows, 
under  which  the  iron  is  heated  equally  and  covered  from  the  air.  This 
kind  of  coal  forms  a  very  hot  fire  and  leaves  little  residuum :  it  is,  there- 
fore, the  most  suitable  for  smiths'  use.  The  Newcastle  coal  and  the  Vir- 
ginia, Maryland,  North  Carolina,  and  Pennsylvania  bituminous  coals  are  of 
this  kind. 

Anthracite  Coal  is  now  extensively  used  for  the  forge,  in  fireplaces 
specially  contrived  for  the  purpose.  It  ignites  with  difficulty,  and  does 
not  cake  or  melt  in  the  smallest  degree,  but  produces  a  very  hot,  open  fire. 

Coal  is  not  injured,  but,  on  the  contrary,  rather  improved,  by  exposure  to 
air  and  moisture. 

Mean  Weight  of  Coals. 


Kind. 


Bituminous 

Anthracite  (egg  size). 


Specific 
gravity. 


1.355 
1.500 


For  Stowage. 


Weight  of 
1  cubic  toot. 


Lbs. 

51.4 


Cubic  feet 
to  1  ton. 


43.58 
40.14 


Coke. 

CoTce  is  produced  by  charring  bituminous  coal,  in  order  to  expel  the 
bitumen  and  sulphur  ;  this  is  usually  done  in  close  furnaces  or  ovens. 
Good  coke  has  a  dull  fracture,  is  very  porous  and  cellular ;  it  gives  very 
little  ashes  when  burned;  it  is  injured,  like  wood  charcoal,  by  absorbing  water. 

Coal  furnishes  (30  to  70  per  cent,  of  coke  by  weight ;  the  volume  being 
increased  5  to  20  per  cent. 

Coal-Tak  is  a  bituminous  product  obtained  by  the  distillation  of  coal  in 
making  gas,  etc. 

TAR,  PITCH,  TURPENTINE. 

The  following  are  the  principal  varieties  of  products  from  resinous  trees, 
such  as  the  pine. 

Turpentine. — This  is  extracted  from  the  tree  in  warm  weather,  by  cut- 
ting a  deep  notch,  or  box,  near  the  base,  and  scoring  the  tree  by  scraping 
off  the  bark  above  the  box  ;  the  first  year's  running  produces  the  virgin  or 
white  turpentine,  and  the  second  year's  is  nearly  as  good  ;  after  that  the 
turpentine  becomes  each  year  darker  and  stifl'er,  the  tree  yielding  less  of 
what  is  called  dijypings,  and  more  scrapings;  the  latter  kind  of  turpentine 
is  hard  and  yellow.  A  tree  Avill  bear  tapping  fourteen  to  sixteen  years, 
on  two  sides  alternately, — the  scoring  being  extended  upwards  from  twelve 

to  fifteen  inches  each  year. 

36 


4:;o 


O  R  1 )  X  A  N  C  K    M  A  N  U  A  L . 


Si'iniTs  or  TrnrKNTiNK  is  the  essential  oil  obtained  by  distillation  from 
the  iKiiive  luipeutiiie. 

ildsiN.  oi;  ('oi.oruoNY,  is  the  residuum  of  the  distillation  of  turpentine. 
Its  quality  dt'itcnds  on  that  of  the  turpentine,  and  on  the  care  used  in  dis- 
till itinn;    the  finest  quality  is  of  a  light  straw  color. 

Tau  is  ohtaincd  from  the  lieart  of  the  pine-tree  by  smouldering,  or  a 
snioiiiered  combust  ion,  effected  in  stacks,  nearly  in  the  manner  described  for 
making  cliarcoal.  The  tar  runs  oft"  into  trenches  dug  for  the  purpose. 
Tar  is  semi-iiuid,  transparent  in  thin  portions,  and  of  a  reddish  color;  it 
has  a  strong,  peculiar  odor.  It  is  rendered  more  fluid  by  heat;  and  it 
burns  with  a  bi-ight  flame,  leaving  a  light  and  dry  coal.  It  is  refined  by 
heating  i;  in  nn  iron  vessel,  and  pouring  it  off,  after  it  has  been  kept  for 
some  time  in  a  liquid  state;  by  this  means  water  and  pyroligneous  acid 
are  driven  nil",  and  the  earthy  particles  are  separated  by  settling. 

It  is  used  for  coating  cordage,  and  for  wood  Avhich  is  not  to  be  immersed 
in  water. 

riTCii  is  made  by  boiling  tar  down  to  the  requisite  consistency,  either 
by  itself  or  combined  with  a  portion  of  rosin;  it  becomes  solid  on  cool- 
ing, but  is  soon  softened  by  the  heat  of  the  hand,  in  which  state  it  is  very 
adhesive;    when  of  good  quality,  it  is  clear  and  hard. 

It  is  used  for  coating  wood  which  is  to  be  immersed  in  water,  and  is 
aj'i'lieil  hot,  with  a  7nop. 

\'i:nki:  Triii'KNTixK  is  obtained  from  the  larch;  but  what  is  commonly 
called  by  that  name  is  a  compound  of  melted  rosin  and  spirits  of  turpentine. 

Chonicdl  Eqnii-ah'nta  of  ^ome  of  the  Elcmci^tari/  Bod  its. 


—  "  - 

Namk. 

Ox', 

^Q\\ 

Suit 

>hnr 

I'.IO 

nine 

Chi. 

Flu 

)iiiie 1 

lo.line ..^ 

Ant 

iiimny ' 

I'.i-i 

iiulh  

Nili 

■oLTt'Il 

rio 

^I'l'">-'is 

Si,; 

''"!1    

•nil    

Ilv. 

Irorrn 

So.l 

,11111  

I'o' 

1  -si  11  III 

r.ai 

ium 

ir^yiiibol. 

■ 

Eijuivaleiit. 

Name. 

Symbol. 

Equivalent. 

0. 

.1 

Ca. 
Mg. 

20 

■ 

;  Magnesium 

12. 

V>v. 

80. 

Strontium 

Sr. 

48.75 

CI. 

;;.').  5 

Aluminium 

Al. 

18.75 

Fl. 

T.i. 

•  Chromium  

Cr. 

20.75 

1. 

:  Cobalt 

Co. 

30.5 

Sb. 

vi-i. 

Copper 

Cu. 

31  75 

As. 

7.-,. 

Irim 

Fe. 

28. 

I'.i. 

214. 

Lead 

Pb. 

108.5 

N. 

14. 

Nickel 

Ni. 

29.5 

V. 

;;i. 

Manganese 

Mn. 

27.5 

P.O. 

11. 

.Tin 

Sn. 

59. 

C. 

0. 

IZinc 

Zn. 

87.75 

Si. 

21. 

:  Gold 

All. 

98.5 

t. 

1. 

:  Mercury 

,  riatiniim 

Hg. 
PI. 

100. 
99. 

K. 

o'). 

Silver 

Ag. 

108. 

J '.a. 

GS..-) 

i  Palladium 

Pd. 

53.3 

STRENGTH    OF    MATERIALS. 


431 


Strength  of  Materials. 

(These  tables  are  made  up,  with  the  exception  of  those  materials  marked  *,  from  the  results 
obtained  by  experiments  made,  by  direction  of  the  Ordnance  Department,  by  Capt.  T.  J. 
Rodman.) 


Material. 


Locality. 


Crnsh- 

Tensile 

Time  of 

Specific 

ing-f  rce 

strei.gth 

season- 

gravity. 

per 

i'lg. 

square 

square 

inch. 

inch. 

Years. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

15 

.61720 

8.783 

24.033 

3 

.55039 

4,475 

14.266 

9 

.55606 

5,571 

15,000 

7 

.51420 

4.783 

11,786 

2 

.73674 

5.858 

10.803 

1 

.61023 

6.663 

23167 

1 

.67698 

5,789 

14,700 

8.683 

17.000 

4 

.69tjl8 

7,969 

15.333 

12 

.50253 

5,271 

12.600 

9 

.4S229 

4,609 

14.953 

5 

.89975 

10.513 

23.600 

1 

.46670 

5,811 

12.033 

9 

.67245 

5.780 

14,800 

8 

.73499 

6,908 

18.033 

7,733 

11.500 

5 

.54493 

5.621 

1.3.066 

5 

.46870 

5,111 

11,891 

2 

.55307 

8,492 

17.707 

2 

..57871 

6.149 

12,390 

4 

.37591 

5,971 

10..300 

1 

.86253 

7,416 

23.253 

43 

.72395 

6,286 

15,107 

1 

.77464 

6,641 

15.700 

1 

.63074 

9,217 

13,633 

2 

.55.';93 

7,488 

16,833 

2 

.46164 

7,083 

12,867 

2 

.46800 

6,644 

14,533 

1 

.61519 

6.703 

15,860 

13 

.84227 

9,887 

25.900 

3 

.82624 

6.125 

18,000 

1 

.95r39 

5,492 

35.500 

7 

.87491 

10.942 

27,1.33 

7 

.72945 

7.725 

12  866 

7 

.99161 

8.925 

38.700 

1 

.90384 

11,213 

4:).067 

1 

.91088 

9.733 

36.666 

1 

.64102 

5.240 

18.567 

1 

.45318 

6,817 

16,533 

1 

.58976 

4 

1.25760 

9.854 

16.000 

1 

.82612 

9,113 

27.517 

4 

.76209 

7.390 

12.350 

9 

.68050 

7.716 

22,933 

4 

.7;^529 

8.621 

21,720 

1 

.49128 

4,443 

10.4' 10 

18 

.749'--2 

6.668 

lO.COO 

12 

.7or,65 

6,620 

19.1t-6 

13 

.69549 

6,258 

]9.0^.6 

13 

.74)15 

6.592 

20.333 

0 

.S4642 

9.108 

19.4r6 

n 

.63212 

4  691 

12  300 

19 

.72948 

6.992 

17.61:6 

43 

.8^206 

5,800 

16,7(16 

7 

.83364 

7.292 

19,200 

7 

.80126 

6,962 

16.200 

Trans- 
verse 
resist- 
ance, 
L  W 


Ash 

Bircii 

15ass 

BoxZZ'."^'.'.'.'.'. 

Balm  of  Gilead 
Beech 

Chestnut 

Cypress 

Cherry  

Cedar,  red 

Dog-Wood 

Elm 

lir,  yellow 

Fir,  red 

Fir,  white 

(ium.  black 

Hickory 

"        red.'.'.'. 

"        white. 

a 

Holly .'.'.".".'.'.". 

Ileniiock 

Hackmatack.... 
Lignnm-vit;e... 

Locust 

Mahogany 

Maple  , 

a 
Oak,  white 


Ohio 

Pennsylvania 

Canada 

Kew  York 

Vermont , 

Virginia 

Oregon , 

Kngland 

Maine 

Canada 

Africa 

Oregon 

Canada 

New  Hampshire 

Enpjland 

Massachusetts 

New  York 

Alabama 

Penn.'jylvania 

Oregon 

Virginia 

Massachusetts 

Oregon 

Alabama 

Ohio 

North  Carolina 

Kastein  Virginia 

Massachusetts 

New  York 

Massachu.setts 

Alalisiina 

Virgiijia 

Oregon 

Maine 

South  America 

Pennsylvania 

St.  Domingo 

Canada 

Maine 

Oregon 

New  England 

Western  New  York... 

Ohio 

Monongahela  River. ... 

Ohi.i 

New  Y^ork 

Maryland , 

Massachusetts 

"  pasture 


Ll)s. 
2.118 
1,466 


2,664 
1.528 
1.438 
168 
2,196 
1,913 


2,293 

129 

1.025 


1.011 
i;315 

280 
1,720 
2,056 


1.824 

1.290 

1,138 

699 

1.4'<1 

2,727 


2.900 
2,756 
2.886 
2.803 
3.392 
564 
1.292 
1.310 
2,680 
2.413 
1,666 


1.929 
973 
1.830 
1,S76 
1.4:9 
2.0:^6 
2.f-90 
1778 
2  42(5 
2.443 
1.9.30 
2.266 


432 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Strength  of  Materials. — Continued. 


Material. 


Locality. 


Time  of 
season- 
ing. 


Specific 
gravity, 


Crush- 
ing-force 

per 
square 
inch. 


Tensile 

strength 

per 

square 

inch. 


Oak,  white. 


yellow. 


Mne,  pitch.. 
'•     white., 


yellow. 


"     sugar. 
Poplar 


Red  Wood . 
Spruce 


Teak 

Walnut,  black. 


*Rrass,  cast 

♦Brass  wire 

♦Bronze 

*Ca.st  iron,  common  pig 
*Do.,  good  common  iron 

*  "        "  for  guns 

*  "        "          in  bars... 
♦Bar-iron 

*  "       Salisbury 

*  "       Swedish 

♦Copper,  cast 

*  "         bolts 

*  "         wire 

♦Cast  steel 

♦.*^h(!M  r-steel 

♦I'liddlcd  stc^el 

*<i'ld.cast 

*l'latimuii  viro 


*/inc 

♦Lead,  cast . 

♦Brick 


Canada , 

Connecticut. 


North  Carolina. 

Alabama 

Virginia 

Oregon 

.Tames  River,  Vi 

England 

New  Hampshire 
Alabama 


North  Carolina 

Allegheny  Kiver,  Pa. 

New  York 

Maine 

Florida 

North  Carolina 

Alabama 

Virginia 

Nevada  Co..  Cal 

Humboldt  Co.,  Cal.... 

Ohio 

New  York 

Virginia 

California 

Maine 

Oregon 

East  Indies 

Western  States 

Virginia 

Micliigan 

Canada 

England 


Y'ears. 

9 
14 
18 

8 

2 

1 

1 
13 

"is" 

3 


.66656 
.76118 
.81948 
.77402 
.73067 
.77058 


.78237 
.932 
.71132 
1.02171 
1.1037 
1.0801 
.41926 
.46064 
.35953 
.67212 
.63002 
.52843 
.62795 


Lbs. 

6,000 
5,199 
7.089 
6,550 
5,744 
6,902 
6,072 
6,667 
10,058 
6,279 
6,531 
7.279 
8,947 
5,017 
5.775 
5,617 
8,350 
7,836 
8,201 
7,867 


.49802 
.4772.) 
.4323.3 
.38659 
.44416 
.436:5 
.96057 
.52932 
.64917 
.59187 
(.52370 


8.700 
7.000 
7.180 
7.280 
7.320 
7.855 


5.742 
6,075 
6,579 
6,083 
6,862 
5,092 

10,819 
7.471 
7,500 
5.782 
5,989 
7,227 

10,300 


105,000 
130,000 
40,000 


8.712 
8.878 


7.846 


140,000 


19.-58 
lii.476 
22.069 
7.291 
6.861 
11.352 


<3»"a»»'e Rockfort,  Mass 


2.645 


3.5  0  tc 
13  000 
15  300 


Lbs. 
16,646 
13,333 
21,000 
21,100 
18,307 
19,033 
18,467 
25.222 
15,000 
25,000 
16,383 
15,800 
11,400 
11.433 
11,933 
11.960 
18.000 
12,600 
17,946 
19,200 


14.933 

9,066 

8.200 

10,833 

13,666 

10,867 

30,800 

16,633 

16,300 

17,580 

16,133 

8,130 

18,000 

49,000 

42,000 

15,000 

20.000 

32,000 

34.000 

57,000 

66,000 

72,000 

24,138 

33,000 

60,000 

128,000 

124,000 

105,000 

20.000 

40.000 

56.000 

4,800 

7,500 

1,800 


578 


STRENGTH    OE    MATERIALS. 

Strength  of  Material. 

SHEARING. 

Angle  formed  by  sbeai'-blades,  3  digrees. 

Shed  Metals. 


433 


Ieojt. 

Cor 

PER. 

Brass. 

Steel,  Puddled. 

Thickness. 

1 
Pressure. 

Thickness. 

Pressure. 

Thickness. 

Pressure. 

Thickness. 

Pressure. 

In. 

Lbs. 

In. 

Lbs. 

1 

In. 

Lbs. 

In. 

Lbs. 

1.0* 

144.U00 

.297 

11,196 

.05 

540 

.24 

14.O20t 

.615 

53,440 

.238 

6.007 

.042 

423 

.24 

14,930+ 

.510 

39,150 

.204 

4.S20 

.035 

3.33 

.404 

25,970 

.150 

3  676 

.025 

220 

.283 

15,715 

.09 

2,200 

.024 

200 

.183 

10,;j90 

.004 

1,006 

.104 

4.200 

.05 

552 

.057 

2,180 

.02 

113 

t  With  oil. 


Irox. 

1 

1 
Copper.             j 

Brass. 

Diameter. 

Pressure. 

Diameter. 

1 
Pressure. 

i  Diameter. 

Pressure. 

Diameter. 

Pressure. 

In. 

1.142 

1.040 

.945 

.812 

Lbs. 
35.410 
30,707 
24.057 
19,t88 

In. 

.697 
.585 
.447 
.320 

Lbs. 

13,979 

10,593 

5,543 

3,093 

In, 

.943 
.906 
.775 
.635 

Lbs. 
18.460 
13,872 
11.310 

8,218 

In. 
1.110 

.905 
.779 
.648 

i 

Lbs. 

29.790 
22.386 
17.976 
11,648 

PUNCHING. 


Diame- 

Pressures. 

Thick- 
ness of 
sheet. 

Pressures. 
Circ.  hole  1  in.  diam. 

Irox. 

ter  of 
punch. 

Brass. 

.05  inch 
thick. 

Copper, 
.15  inch 
thick. 

Iron, 

.105  inch 

thick. 

Copper. 

Brass. 

1 

Thick- 
ness. 

Pressure. 
Circ'r  hole 
1  in.  diam. 

In. 
1.5 
1.375 
1.25 
1.0 
9 

Lbs. 

8,475 

7.723 

6.980 

5,450 

5,092 

4.332 

3,772 

3.267    : 

2.635    '\ 

2.183  : 

1,673 
1.110 

Lbs. 

15,996 

14.570 

1.3.275 

11,673 

9,788 

8.580 

7.827 

6.706 

5,507 

4  585 

!        3,435 

2.240 

Lb:^. 

23,273 

21.445 

19.682 

16..535 

14,778 

12.602     , 

11.408     \ 

9.772 

7.916     : 

6,t;60 

4.970 

3,333 

In. 
.3 

.205 
.150 
.100 

Vo50 

1      .045 

.041 

.034 

!      .032 

.028 

.022 

1 

Lbs. 
21,248 
15.542 
11,088 

7,461 

Lbs. 

1 

1 

! 

"'""'.  \ 

5,448 
4.997 
3.730 
3.540 

2.964 
2,448 

In. 

.615 
.565 
.510 
.445 
.404 
1      .358 
.283 
.245 
.183 
.145 
.104 
.057 

Lbs. 

82,871 
76,962 
69.984 
62.591 
57.623 

.8 
.7 
6 

3,(546 
3,362 

51.382 
40,486 
35.712 

.5 
.4 
3 

2,538 
2  212 

27.978 
22  213 
16,533 

.2 

1,544 

9,452 

;5fi* 


AM 


ORDNAxNCE    MANUAL. 


Iron-  Wire  Bojie  and  IRmpen  Cable. 
(Wire  rope  by  J.  E.  rvoebling.) 


Tradc- 
>;iiinbor. 


r'  7   . 

Breaking-weight 

Circumference  of 

Cironinference  of 

in  tons  of  two 

Hemp  Rope  of 

AViio  Kope. 

tliousand  pounds. 

equal  strength. 

Inchos. 

Tons. 

Inches. 

().02 

74. 

15.5 

0.20 

65. 

14.5 

5.44 

54. 

13. 

4.90 

43.6 

12. 

4.r,o 

35. 

10.75 

8.91 

27.2 

9.5 

3.86 

20^2 

8. 

2.98 

16. 

7. 

2.56 

11.4 

6. 

2.45 

8.64 

5. 

4.45 

36. 

10.75 

4.00 

30. 

10. 

3.63 

25. 

9.5 

3.26 

20. 

8.25 

2.98 

16. 

7.25 

2.68 

12.3 

6.25 

2.40 

8.8 

5.5 

2.12 

7.6 

5. 

1.9 

5.8 

4.75 

1.68 

4.09 

4. 

1.58 

2.83 

3.3 

1.81 

2.18 

2.80 

1.28 

i.(;5 

2.46 

l.U 

1.38 

2.2 

0.94 

1.03 

2.04 

0.88 

0.81 

1.75 

0.78 

0.56 

1.50 

llilckncsa  for  Cast-iron  Water-Pipes. 

Let  /•!=  the  pressure  in  pounds  per  square  inch  on  the  inner  surface  of 
pipe; 

1)  --:-  the  interior  diameter  ; 

T  —  tlie  thickness  of  i>ipe,  in  inches  ; 

a    -;  the  thickness  necessary  to  insure  good  casting: 

^  10,000 


STRENGTH    OF    COLUMNS. 


435 


The  values  of  a  are  as  follow : 

Foi-  pipes  less  than  12  inches  in  diameter,  a  =  0.375  inch  ; 

from  12  to  30     "  "  a  =  0.5 

"  "     30to48     "  "  a  =  0.625     '' 

"  "     48  to  70     "  "  a  =  0.75       " 

"     70  to  100  "  "  a  =  0.875     " 

Thickness  to  give  to  Water  and  Steam  Pipes. 


Iron 

Cast  iron 

Wrought  copper. 

Lead 

Zinc 

Wood 


e  =  0.00086  ?i(/  + 0.0030 
e  =  0.00238  72  c/  + 0.38465 
6  =  0.001 48 /it/ -I- 0.1 5748 
e  =  0.00242  n</  + 0.19685 
e  =  0.00620  w(/+ 0.15748 
e  =  0.03230  n(f  4- 1.06301 


d,  interior  diameter  in  inches ; 

e,  thickness  of  the  pipe  ; 

11,  number  of  atmospheres  cor- 
responding to  the  interior 
pressure  per  square  inch. 


Strength  of  Columns. 
When  the  length  of  the  column  is  from  30  to  90  times  its  diameter,  and 
it   yields  wholly    by   bending,    Mr.    Hodgkinson    deduces    the   following 
formulte : 

Tr=  the  breaking-weight,  in  tons  of  2,000  pounds  ; 
L  =:  the  length  of  the  column,  in  feet ; 
D  =  the  diameter  of  the  exterior,  in  inches ; 
f/  =  "  "        interior,  " 


Nature  of  column. 

Both  ends  beina:  rounded,  the 
length  of  the  column  exceed- 
ing 15  times  its  diameter. 

Both    ends  being    flat,  the 
length  of  the  column  ex- 
ceeding 30  times  its  diam. 

Solid    cylindrical     co- ") 
lumn  of  cast  iron....  / 

Hollow  cylindi"ical  co-  1 
lumn  of  cast  iron....  J 

Solid  cylindrical  co-  \ 
lumn  of  wrought  iron  / 

Solid  square  pillar  of\ 
Dantzic  oak  (dry).../ 

Solid  square  pillar  of) 
red  cedar  (dry) / 

X)3.76 

>''=  16-6  TIT 

7)3.55 
2)3.55 

TF— 149.7 

ir— 12.2 

"    -"-^             £1.7 
7)3.-6 

L 

When  the  columns  are  shorter  than  those  given  in  the  tables,  the  strength 
may  be  determined  by  the  following: 


4o()  ORDNANX'E    MANUAL. 

I.ri  li       (lie  breakiiig-weiglit,  as  computed  by  the  formula  above;   c=:= 

iho  cTUsliiiig-wt'iglit  of  the  material: 

he 

Then,   W=- -. 

b  +  -^c 

'I'lie  strength  of  similar  columns  is  nearly  as  the  area  of  the  cross-section. 

Tra  lis  verse  Strength. 

S  —  the  weight,  in  pounds,  required  to  break  a  beam  1  inch  square  and  1 
inch  long,  fixed  at  one  end  and  loaded  at  the  other;  6  =  the  breadth  ; 
(/  :-- tlie  doptli;  /  _i^  the  length,  in  inches,  of  any  other  beam  of  the  same 
niatorial  :  and  W -r=  the  weight  which  Avill  cause  it  to  break,  neglecting  the 

weight  of  the  beam  itself. 

1.   //  the  beam  be  supjjorted  at  one  end  and  loaded  at  the  other  : 

'1.  If  the  beam  be  supported  at  one  end  and  the  load  distributed  over  its  whole 
h-m/th: 

0.  /;'  the  beam  be  supported  at  both  ends  and  loaded  in  the  middle : 

4.  If  the  beam  be  supported  at  both  ends  and  loaded  uni/or ml i/  over  its  whole 
length  : 

').  ]f  the  beam  be  sujported  at  both  end.<i  and  loaded  at  the  distance  mfrom 
one  end: 

■ni  [I  —  m) 
C.  Tf  the  beam  be  fixed  at  both  ends  and  loaded  uniformhj  over  its  whole 

hwjth  : 

b  '/^ 

In  ])rac(ice,  about  one-half  of  these  values  should  be  used  in  computing 
tlic  strain  to  which  a  beam  should  be  subjected. 

Deflect i(r,i  of  Rertangahir  Beams. 

Let  b     z  the  breadth,  c?^  tlie  depth,  and  e  ^  the  deflection,  in  inches. 
II     --  tlie  weight,  in  pounds  ;   L  =  the  lengtli  of  span,  in  feet. 
C       a  coethcient,  dilfere)it  for  different  materials. 

1.  For  a  beam  fixed  at  one  end  and  loaded  at  tlie  other : 

b  r/-i 


RESISTANCE    TO   TORSION.  437 

2.  Beam  fixed  at  one  end  and  uniformly  loaded: 

3.  Beam  supported  at  both  ends  and  loaded  in  the  centre : 

4.  Beam  supported  at  both  ends  and  uniformly  loaded: 

For  wrought  iron,  the  value  of  (7=  .0002  to  .0003 
"   cast  iron,  '<  (7=  .00037  to  .000 

"  white  pine  or  beech,  "  (7  =.0048. 

"  ash,  "  (7=.004. 

9-inch  beam,  I-shape,  (Cooper  &  Hewitt,)  18  feet  between  bearings, 
weight  per  running  foot  34  pounds,  with  a  weight  of  16,864  pounds  at 
centre,  deflected,  after  14  hours,  1.285  inch. 

9-incli  beam,  I-shape,  (Phoenix  Iron  Co.,)  21  feet  between  bearings, 
weight  per  running  foot  32.84  pounds,  witli  a  weight  of  4,865  pounds  at 
centre,  deflected  0.505  inch;  with  a  weight  of  10,916  pounds,  deflected 
1.184  inch. 


Resistance  to  Torsion. 

S ■=  the  weight,  in  pounds,  required  to  break,  by  twisting,  a  solid  cylin- 
der 1  inch  diameter,  the  weight  acting  at  the  distance  of  1  inch  from  the 
axis  of  the  cylinder;  </=  the  diameter,  in  inches,  of  any  other  cylinder  of 
the  same  material;  r  =:  the  distance  from  its  axis  to  the  point  where  the 
breaking-weight,   W,  is  applied :  then, 

d^ 
r 

D^  —  d^ 

For  holloiv  cylinders  :  W=  S . 

I)  r 

Theoretical  formula  of  Lieut,  (now  Captain)  Rodman,  verified  by  Major 
Wade's  experiments. 

D  =  ihe  exterior,  and  ^  =  the  interior,  diameter  of  the  cylinder  in 
inches. 


Values  of  fS. 

Begins  to  sot.  Begins  to  set. 

w         w-  (3,600  I  y,  [2,300 

Wrought  iron...  |    V^^  j  Bronze...  |  ,  ^^^^ 


4:>8 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Iit.'dfirr  t'-rsioihil  strnvjtli  of  ca.^f-iron  shafts  of  different  forms,  having  equal 

(iff as  of  cross-sect ioKS. 
(i'rniii  M.-ij  >r\Vaiif"s  •■xnciiiiionls  on  >li,-itts  wlmsc  (.Toss-sections  were  1,2,  and  3  square  inches.) 


?,.Iui  cvlin.lor. 

!^oli(ls(inaro. 

IIoUuw  cylinders,  whose  interior  and  exterior  diameters 
are  in  tlie  proportion  of 

4  to  10. 

5  to  10. 

6  to  10. 

7  to  10. 

8  to  10. 

l.UOOO 

0.87.:0 

1.2050 

1.-4433 

1.7000 

2.0804 

2.7377 

Sprrijic  Gravities  of  Fluids. 


Liquids. 


.Vciil,  nitric 

"      snli>luiric 

"     ac'tic 

"      hydrochloric 

Ak'oliol,  absolute 

Ktlicr,  sulphuric 

Oil.  linscod 

"  olive 

"  essential,  of  turpentine. 


Specific  :{ 

gravity.; 


Elastic  Fluids. 


1.21 7  I   Air,  atmosplievic 

1.841  I  Arninoniacal  gas 

1.002  i|  Nitrogen 

1.2001!  Carbonic  acid 

.702  |[  Carburetted  hydrogen 

,715     (Jlilorine 

.940  I,  Chloro-carbonic 

.915  !|  Hydrogen 

.870  [  Oxygen 

"  ^vhale j      .923  |  Phosphuret ted  hydrogen 

'•  proof  spirit :      .925  ;  Sulphuretted  hydrogen 

Turjientine,  liijuid '      .991      Sulphurous  acid 

Vinegar \    1.080     A'apor  of  alcohol 

^Vater,  distilled l.OOOj  "  spts.  of  turpentine. 

''^'^'■'i '   1.020  j  "         sulphuric  ether 

Dead  Sea j   1.240  !  "         water 

^Vine 1     .!ji»2  ;  Steam  at  212° 


Fpecific 
gravity. 


1.000 

.597 

.972 

1.524 

.555 

2.470 

3.389 

.070 

1.104 

.870 

1.777 

2.120 

1.013 

5.013 

2.586 

.623 

.488 


The  weight  of  dry  atiuosi)hcric  air  at  the  temperature  of  32°,  the  ba- 
rometer being  at  30  inches,  is  .1^^  of  that  of  distilled  water. 

The  weight  of  a  cubic  foot  of  distilled  water  at  the  maximum  density  being 
nearly  1,000  ounces  avoirdupois,  the  specific  gravity  of  a  solid  or  liquid 
body  expresses  the  weight  of  a  cubic  foot,  in  ounces;  therefore  the  weight 
of  such  a  boily  in  ounces  will  be  found  by  multiplying  its  contents  in  cubic 
feet  by  its  specific  gravity. 

According  to  Mr.  llassler's  comparisons,  the  weight  of  a  cubic  foot  of 
w  Iter  at  its  maximum  density,  the  ))arometer  being  at  30  inches,  is  998.008 


According  to  the  British  iniperial  standards,  the  weight  of  a  cubic  foot 
of  water  at  02°,  the  barometer  being  at  30  inches,  is  997.130  ounces;  this 
would  give  for  the  cubic  foot  of  water,  at  the  maximum  density,  998.224 


HYDROMETER.  439 

Hydrometer. 

The  hydrometer  consists  of  a  copper  bulb,  in  one  piece,  without  seam ; 
a  solid  stem  of  brass,  screAved  into  the  bottom  of  the  bulb,  with  a  weight  at 
its  lower  extremity ;  a  brass  icirc  handle,  attached  to  the  upper  surface  of 
the  bulb  ;  1  vertical  index-stem,  steel,  .071  inch  diameter,  inserted  into  the 
middle  point  of  the  handle  ;  a  veight-pnn,  with  a  conical  socket  on  its  under 
side,  rests  on  the  upper  end  of  the  stem;  4  silver  ivires,  two  attached  to  the 
handle  and  two  to  the  stem,  their  points  turned  toward  each  other.  The 
whole  electro-gilded.  Weights  of  different  sizes,  from  -^^  of  a  grain  to 
5,000  grains. 

Dimensions. — Bulb,  8  inches  high,  7.5  inches  diameter;  .03  inch  thick. 
Distance  from  the  bottom  of  the  bulb  to  the  weighing-pan,  21  inches. 

Weights. — Of  bulb,  about  15,850  grains;  of  lower  stem  and  ball,  20,320 
grains;  pan,  6G0  grains  ;  whole  hydrometer,  3C, 830  grains. 

The  maximum  buoyancy  of  the  hydrometer  is  14,600  grains,  and  may 
be  reduced  one-half  by  placing  the  adjusting-weights  over  the  ball  at  the 
bottom  of  the  stem.  This  is  found  convenient  in  weighing  small  samples, 
to  avoid  placing  numerous  weights  on  the  pan.  One  inch  of  the  index-stem 
displaces  one  grain  of  water.  The  points  of  the  silver  wires  are  placed  .1 
and  .3  inch  apart,  respectively,  and  are  sloped  to  .1  inch  from  the  point. 
For  more  full  details  of  its  construction,  see  Reports  of  Experiments  on 
Metals  for  Cannon,  by  Ordnance  Officers, 

The  instrument  is  at  its  zero  when  one  of  the  points  of  the  set  of  wires 
nearest  each  other  is  above  and  the  other  below  the  surface  of  the  water: 
when  either  touches  the  water,  the  load  is  jL  of  a  grain  too  light  or 
heavy.  If  either  of  the  two  points  which  are  more  distant  from  the  zero 
touch  the  surface  of  the  water,  the  load  is  too  heavy  or  too  light  by  -^^  of 
a  grain  ;  if  the  heel  of  either  of  these  parts  touch  the  surface,  the  error 
is  -^Q  of  a  grain. 

The  water  for  the  hydrometer  is  contained  in  a  glass  jar  25  inches  deep 
and  not  less  than  12  inches  in  diameter.  The  height  of  the  water  in  the 
jar  should  be  such  that  when  the  bottom  of  the  hydrometer  descends  to  the 
bottom  of  the  jar  the  weight-pan  shall  be  one-quarter  of  an  inch  above 
the  surface  of  the  water. 

A  thermometer  divided  into  degrees  and  quarters  of  a  degree  is  sus- 
pended in  the  water  while  weighing  samples,  and  the  temperature  is  noted 
at  each  weighing. 

To  UsK  THE  Hydrometer, — Load  the  pan  with  the  grain-weights  until 
the  instrument  rest  at  its  zero  :  note  the  weight  required.  Place  the 
sample  on  the  pan;  add  weights  until  the  hydrometer  sink  to  its  zero; 
the  difference  between  this  and  the  first  weight  is  the  Aveight  of  the  sample 
in  the  air.  Place  the  sample  on  the  bulb  of  the  instrument;  immerse  both 
until  the  hydrometer  again  rest  at  zero  ;  note  the  weight  on  the  pan.     Sub- 


440 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


tract  tin's  weight  from  the  weight  of  the  sample  in  the  air,  and  the  difference 
will  l)e  e<inal  to  the  weight  of  Avatcr  displaced  by  the  sample. 

Divide  this  last  weight  by  the  number  in  the  table,  page  495,  corresponding 
to  the  temperature  of  the  Avater  at  the  time  of  weighing,  and  the  quotient 
will  give  the  corrected  displacemeiit  for  the  tempei'ature  of  60°.  The  weight 
of  the  sample  in  the  air  divided  by  the  corrected  displacement,  gives  the 
density  of  the  sample. 

llain  or  river  Avatcr  may  be  used  instead  of  distilled  water,  if  its  relative 
density  first  be  determined  accurately  and  the  proper  correction  be  made. 

The  density  of  the  same  water  at  different  degrees  of  temperature  may 
be  determined  in  like  manner.  The  weight  of  water  which  the  hydrometer 
displaces  at  any  other  temperature  than  G0°,  divided  by  its  displacement  in 
the  same  water  at  00°,  gives  the  proportionate  weights  of  water  displaced 
by  the  same  instrument  at  other  temperatures. 

The  table  on  page  495  does  not  give  the  absolute  density  of  water  at 
different  temperatures,  but  only  the  proportionate  weights  displaced  by 
the  same  glass  bulb.  The  varying  bulk  of  the  latter  in  different  tempe- 
ratures is  not  taken  into  account,  as  it  compensates  very  nearly  for  the 
varying  bulk  of  the  metals  weighed  in  corresponding  temperatures. 


Beaiimes  Areometer 


Bcaunie. 

Specific 
gnivity* 

Beaume. 

Specific 
gravity.* 

Beaume. 

Specific 
gravity.* 

40 

.790 

28 

.876 

18 

,942 

40 

.815 

20 

.889 

17 

.951 

3ti 

.833, 

24 

,901 

16 

.958 

33 

.848 

21 

,923 

15 

.964 

31 

.803 

19 

.933 

14 

.970 

*  At  tlie  temperature  of  60°. 

Wei(/Jif  and  Strength  of  Iron  CJiains. 


ianfrof  _  Weiglit  of 
111  ti>rtlic'  1  loot  of 
links.      1      (hain. 


Lbs. 
0.325 
0.05 
0.907 
1.383 
1.707 

3!;;3.3 


In. 
0.18 
0.25 

o.:;i 

o.:',7 
O.l;^, 

0..') 
0.50 

Breaking- 
M-eiglit. 

Proof- 
weight. 

Diam'r  of 
iron  for  the 
j      links. 

Weight  of 
1  foot  of 
chain. 

Breaking- 
weight. 

Proof- 
weight. 

LI)?. 

Lbs. 

In. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs, 

2.210 

948  I 

i  0.025 

4.217 

20,880 

10,304 

4.256 

1,080  ' 

1  0.0875 

4.833 

32,704 

12,544 

0,720 

2.404  1 

!  0.75 

5,75 

38,752 

15,232 

9.034 

3,584 

1  0.8125 

6.007 

45,096 

17,696 

13,210 

5,152 

I  0.875 

7.5 

51,744 

20,384 

17,248 

0,720  ' 

1  0.9375 

9.333 

58,464 

23,520 

21,728 

8,512 

|l- 

10.817 

65,632 

26,880 

WEIGHTS    OF    BAR-IRON.  441 

Weight  of  One  Foot  in  length  of  Flat  and  Square  Bar-Iron.^ 


Width. 

Thickness. 

Weight. 

Width. 

Thickness. 

Weight. 

Width. 

Thickness 

Weight. 

In. 

In. 

Lbs. 

In. 

In. 

Lbs. 

In. 

In. 

Lbs. 

0.25 

0.25 

0.21 

1.375 

0.625 

2.88 

2 

0.375 

2.52 

0.3 

0.3 

0.30 

n 

0.75 

3.46 

ii 

0.5 

3.36 

0.375 

0.375 

0.47 

<« 

0.875 

4.04 

" 

0.625 

4.20 

0.5 

0.125 

0.21 

(( 

1. 

4.62 

ii 

0.75 

5.04 

11 

0.1875 

0.31 

ii 

1.125 

5.19 

ii 

0.875 

5.88 

a 

0.25 

0.42 

i' 

1.25 

5.77 

" 

1. 

6.72 

a 

0.375 

0.63 

it 

1.375 

6.35 

(( 

1.125 

7.56 

i( 

0.5 

0.84 

1.5 

0.125 

0.63 

ii 

1.25 

8.40 

0.625 

0.625 

1.34 

a 

0.1875 

0.94 

" 

1.375 

9.24 

0.75 

0.125 

0.31 

a 

0.25 

1.26 

it 

1.5 

10.08 

a 

0.1875 

0.47 

a 

0.375 

1.89 

ii 

1.75 

11.76 

li 

0.25 

0.63 

a 

0.5 

2.52 

" 

2. 

13.44 

li 

0.375 

0.94 

a 

0.625 

3.15 

2.25 

0.'l25 

0.94 

it 

0.5 

1.26 

a 

0.75 

3.78 

a 

0,1875 

1.41 

a 

0.625 

1.57 

<' 

0.875 

4.41 

<' 

0.25 

1.89 

a 

0.75 

1.89 

a 

1. 

5.04 

a 

0.375 

2.83 

0.875 

0.875 

2.57 

a 

1.125 

5.67 

li 

0.5 

3.78 

1. 

0.125 

0.42 

a 

1.25 

6.30 

'< 

0.625 

4.72 

<' 

0.1875 

0.63 

'i 

1.5 

7.56 

11 

0.75 

5.66 

4* 

0.25 

0.84 

1.625 

0.125 

0.68 

" 

0.875 

6.61 

(( 

0.375 

1.26 

a 

0.25 

1.36 

" 

1. 

7.56 

" 

0.5 

1.68 

i' 

0.5 

2.73 

'<■ 

1.125 

8.50 

<< 

0.625 

2.10 

a 

0.75 

4.20 

11 

1.25 

9.45 

(( 

0.75 

2.52 

li 

1. 

5.46 

I' 

1.375 

10.39 

" 

0.875 

2.94 

i' 

1.625 

8.87 

" 

1.5 

11.34 

(( 

1. 

3.36 

1.75 

0.125 

0.73 

11 

1.75 

13.22 

1.125 

1.125 

4.25 

(( 

0.1875 

1.10 

11 

2. 

15.12 

1.25 

0.125 

0.52 

a 

0.25 

1.47 

11 

2^25 

17.01 

ii 

0.1875 

0.78 

ii 

0.375 

2.20 

2.5 

0.125 

1.05 

a 

0.25 

1.05 

(( 

0.5 

2.94 

11 

0.1875 

1.57 

<< 

0.375 

1.57 

(( 

0.625 

3.67 

11 

0.25 

2.10 

<( 

0.5 

2.10 

(( 

0.75 

4.41 

11 

0.375 

3.15 

ii 

0.625 

2.62 

(( 

0.875 

5.14 

11 

0.5 

4.20 

" 

0.75 

3.15 

<• 

1. 

5.87 

11 

0.625 

5.25 

<( 

0.875 

3.67 

(( 

1.125 

6.60 

li 

0.75 

6.30 

(( 

1. 

4.20 

ii 

1.25 

7.35 

11 

0.875 

7.35 

(< 

1.125 

4.72 

<< 

1.375 

8.07 

11 

1. 

8.40 

<< 

1.25 

5.25 

ii 

1.5 

8.80 

11 

1.125 

9.55 

1.375 

0.125 

0.57 

ii 

1.75 

10.29 

11 

1.25 

10.50 

(( 

0.1875 

0.86 

1.875 

1.875 

11.81 

11 

1.5 

12.60 

it 

0.25 

1.15 

2. 

0.125 

0.84  1 

11 

1.75 

14.70 

(( 

0.375 

1.73 

(( 

0.1876 

1.26 

11 

2. 

16.80 

(( 

0.5 

2.31 

" 

0.25 

1.68 

" 

2^5 

21.00 

*  Tlie  above  tables  are  computed  for  a  specific  gravity  of  7.741,  weight  of  1  cubic  inch  = 
.28  lb. ;  they  are  about  1  per  cent,  too  low  for  ordinary  American  iron:  this  is  accounted  for 
by  <ho  fact  that  our  iron  is  rolled  generally  to  full  dimengions. 


442  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

WrH/Jif  of  One  Foot  of  Flat  and  Square  Bar-Iron. — Continued. 


Widlli. 

|Tliicknoss. 

AVeight. 

Width. 

Thickness. 

Weight. 

Width. 

Thickness. 

Weight. 

In. 

In. 

Lb. 

In. 

In. 

Lbs. 

In. 

In. 

Lbs. 

2.75 

0.125 

1.15 

3.25 

2.5 

27.39 

4. 

1.5 

20.18 

0.1875 

1.73 

" 

3. 

32.76 

'< 

2. 

26.88 

.. 

0.25 

2.31 

" 

3.25 

35.50 

<< 

2.5 

33.65 

<( 

0.875 

3.46 

3.5 

0.125 

1.47 

(( 

3. 

40.32 

t< 

0.5 

4.62 

<' 

0.1875 

2.20 

" 

3.5 

47.04 

ii 

0.625 

5.77 

i< 

0.25 

2.94 

" 

4. 

53.76 

ii 

0.75 

6.93 

" 

0.375 

4.41 

4.25 

0.125 

1.78 

ii 

0.875 

8.08 

a 

0.5 

5.88 

'< 

0.25 

3.57 

ii 

1. 

9.24' 

1        " 

0.625 

7.35 

(( 

0.375 

6.35 

<* 

1.125 

10.39 

" 

0.75 

8.82 

" 

0.5 

7.14 

ii 

1.25 

11.55  1 

a 

0.875 

10.29 

a 

1. 

14.28 

ii 

1.5 

13.86  1 

" 

1. 

11.76 

" 

4.25 

60.69 

il 

2 

18.48 

<( 

1.25 

14.70 

4.5 

0.125 

1.89 

ii 

2.' 5 

23.10 

<( 

1.5 

17.64 

'' 

0.25 

3.78 

ii 

2.75 

25.41 

(< 

2. 

23.52 

" 

0.375 

6.66 

Z. 

0.125 

1.26 

a 

2.5 

29.40 

" 

0.5 

7.56 

" 

0.1875 

1.89 

" 

3. 

35.28 

" 

1. 

15.12 

" 

0.25 

2.52  1 

11 

3.5 

41.16 

a 

4.5 

68.04 

•  . 

0.375 

3.78  j 

3.75 

0.125 

1.67 

4.75 

0.125 

2.00 

<« 

0.5 

5.04 

t< 

0.1875 

2.36 

" 

0.25 

4.00 

" 

0.625 

6.30  ! 

- 

0.25 

3.15 

0.375 

6.00 

«' 

0.75 

7.56 

0.375 

4.72 

" 

0.5 

7.98 

<' 

0.875 

8.82  1 

(< 

0.5 

6.30 

a 

1. 

15.96 

" 

1. 

10.08  1 

" 

0.625 

7.87 

<■<■ 

4.75 

75.81 

u 

1.125 

11.34  1 

" 

0.75 

9.45 

5. 

0.125 

2.10 

" 

1.25 

12.00  j 

" 

0.875 

11.02 

" 

0.25 

4.20 

" 

1.5 

15.12 

" 

1. 

12.60 

a 

0.375 

6.30 

" 

2_ 

20.16  ! 

" 

1.25 

15.75 

a 

0.5 

8.40 

" 

2,5 

25.20  i 

" 

1.5 

18.90 

" 

1. 

16.80 

" 

y. 

30.24 

(' 

2. 

25.20 

" 

5. 

84.00 

3.2.5 

0.125 

1.36  1 

n 

2.5 

31.50 

5.25 

0.25 

4.41 

" 

0.1875 

2.04  1 

3. 

37.80 

a 

1. 

17.64 

" 

0.25 

2.73  i 

1      " 

3.75 

47.25 

5.5 

0.25 

4.62 

" 

0.375 

4.09 

1  4. 

0.125 

1.68 

a 

1. 

18.48 

" 

0.5 

5.46 

" 

0.1875 

2.52 

5.75 

0.25 

4.83 

" 

0.625 

6.82 

" 

0.25 

3.36 

a 

1. 

19.32 

(( 

0.75 

8.19 

" 

0.375 

5.04 

6. 

0.25 

5.04 

" 

0.875 

9.55 

(( 

0.5 

6.72 

a 

1. 

20.16 

" 

1. 

10.92 

!     " 

0.625 

8.40 

a 

6. 

120.96 

1.125 

12.28 

" 

0.75 

10.08 

6.5 

0.25 

5.46 

1.25 

13.65 

" 

0.875 

11.76 

ti 

1. 

21.84 

" 

1.5 

16.38 

" 

1. 

13.44 

a 

6.5 

142.00 

1  ~- 

21.84 

1        ^^ 

i 

1.25 

16.80 

7. 

1 

7. 

164.64 

WEIGHTS    or   ROUND   BAR-IRON. 


Weight  of  One  Foot  in  length  of  Round  Bar-Iron. 


Diameter. 

Weight. 

Diameter. 

Weight. 

Diameter. 

Weight. 

Diameter. 

Weight. 

In. 

Lbs. 

In. 

Lbs. 

In. 

Lbs. 

In. 

Lbs. 

0.15 

0.059 

1.625 

6.91 

3.25 

27.65 

4.75 

59.06 

0.2 

0.105 

1.75 

8.01 

3.375 

29.82 

4.875 

62.21 

0.25 

0.163 

1.875 

9.2 

3.5 

82.07 

5. 

65.45 

0.375 

0.368 

2. 

10.47 

3.625 

34.4 

5.125 

68.76 

0.5 

0.654 

2.125 

11.82 

3.75 

36.81 

5.25 

72.16 

0.625 

1.02 

2.25 

13.25 

3.875 

39.31 

5.375 

75.63 

0.75 

1.47 

2.375 

14.76 

4. 

41.89 

5.5 

79.19 

0.875 

2. 

2.5 

16.36 

4.125 

44.54 

5.625 

82.83 

1. 

2.61 

2.625 

18.03 

4.25 

47.28 

5.75 

86.56 

1.125 

3.31 

2.75 

19.79 

4.375 

50.11 

5.875 

90.36 

1.25 

4.09 

2.875 

21.63 

4.5 

53.01 

6. 

94.25 

1.375 

4.94 

3. 

23.56 

4.625 

56. 

6.185 

100. 

1.5 

5.89 

3.125 

25.56 

Weight  of  One  Square  Foot  of  various  3Ietals. 


Weight. 

Thickness. 

Wrought  Iron. 

Cast  Iron. 

Copper. 

Brass. 

Lead. 

In. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

0.0625 

2.635 

2.345 

2.860 

2.738 

3.693 

0.125 

5.070 

4.690 

5.720 

5.476 

7.386 

0.1875 

7.605 

7.035 

8.580 

8.214 

11.079 

0.25 

10.140 

9.380 

11.440 

10.952 

14.772 

0.3125 

12.675 

11.725 

14.300 

13.690 

18.465 

0.375 

15.216 

14.670 

17.160 

16.428 

22.158 

0.4375 

17.851 

16.415 

20.020 

19.166 

25.851 

0.5 

20.280 

18.760 

22.880 

21.904 

29.544 

0.5625 

22.815 

21.105 

25.740 

24.642 

33.237 

0.625 

25.3.50 

23.450 

28.600 

27.380 

36.9.30 

0.6875 

27.885 

25.795 

31.640 

30.118 

40.623 

0.75 

30.410 

28.140 

34.320 

32.856 

44.316 

0.8125 

32.945 

30.485 

37.180 

35.594 

48.009 

0.875 

35.480 

32.880 

40.040 

38.3.32 

51.702 

0.9375 

38.015 

35.225 

42.900 

41.170 

55.405 

1. 

40.550 

37.570 

45.760 

43.908 

59.098 

-m 


uMDNANCi:    MAMAL. 


]Vi  n/hf  of  ]  Foot  in  hiKjth  of  Cast-iron  PijJcs  of  different  tliichness. 


Diameter 
ut"  l!o:v. 

^-iiicli. 

J-inch. 

Mnch. 

1-inch. 

l-incb. 

Hnch. 

1-inch. 

In. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

1 

;5.uo 

5.00 

7.30 

9.97 

12.89 

10.11 

19.63 

IV 

3.08 

5.98 

8.59 

11.51 

14.73 

18.25 

22.09 

i.v 

4.29 

0.9 

9.82 

13.04 

16.56 

20.4 

24.54 

i-i 

4.91 

7.83 

11.05 

14.57 

18.41 

22.55 

27. 

2 

5.5:5 

8.75 

12.27 

10.11 

20.25 

24.7 

29.45 

^l 

0.14 

9.06 

13.5 

17.04 

22.09 

26.84 

31.85 

-\ 

0.74 

10.58 

14.72 

19.17 

23.92 

28.93 

34.36 

7.36 

11.5 

15.95 

20.7 

25.71 

31.14 

36.81 

8 

7.98 

12.43 

17.18 

22.19 

27.62 

33.29 

39.28 

;-!} 

8.59 

13.34 

18.35 

23.78 

29.45 

35.44 

41.72 

8.^ 

9.2 

14.21 

19.64 

25.31 

31.3 

37.58 

44.18 

H 

9.70 

15.19 

20.86 

20.85 

33.13 

39.73 

46.63 

4 

10.44 

16.11 

22.1 

28.38 

34.98 

41.88 

49.1 

4i 

11.1 

17.08 

2.3.37 

29.97 

36.87 

44.08 

51.6 

4.^ 

11.00 

17.94 

24.54 

31.44 

38.65 

46.17 

54. 

4| 

12.27 

18.87 

2.5.77 

32.98 

40.5 

48.32 

56.45 

5 

12.80 

19.78 

26.99 

34.51 

42.33 

50.46 

59. 

'•^i 

13.5 

20.71 

28.23 

30.05 

44.18 

52.62 

61.36 

r..V 

14.11 

21.63 

29.45 

37.58 

46.02 

54.76 

63.81 

^1 

14.73 

22.. 55 

30.68 

39.12 

47.86 

56.91 

66.27 

H 

15.34 

23.47 

31.91 

40.65 

49.7 

59.06 

68.73 

Gl 

15.95 

24.39 

33.13 

42.18 

51.54 

61.21 

72. 

10.57 

25.31 

34.30 

43.72 

53.39 

63.36 

73.41 

Gi 

17.18 

20.23 

3.5.59 

45.26 

55.23 

65.28 

70.1 

7 

17.79 

27.15 

30.82 

46.79 

56.84 

67.65 

78.53 

n 

18.41 

28.08 

38.05 

48.1 

58.91 

69.79 

81. 

it 

19. (»3 

29. 

39.05 

49.86 

(50.74 

71.95 

83.45 

7| 

19.04 

29.09 

40.5 

51.38 

62.59 

74.09 

86. 

8 

20.02 

30.83 

41.71 

52.92 

64.42 

76.23 

88.35 

81 

2(1.80 

31.74 

42.95 

54.45 

66.26 

78.38 

90.81 

Hi 

21.(;9 

32.9 

44.4 

56.21 

(58.33 

80.76 

93.49 

«i 

22.09 

33.59 

45.4 

57.52 

69.95 

82.68 

9-5.72 

0 

22.71 

34.52 

40.(54 

59.07 

71.8 

84.84 

98.18 

23.31 

35.43 

47.80 

60.59 

73.63 

86.97 

100.63 

91 

•'1 

2:5.93 

30.3(5 

49.09 

62.13 

75.47 

89.13 

103.1 

24.55 

37.28 

50.32 

63.66 

77.32 

91.28 

105.54 

]0 

25.10 

38.2 

51.54 

6.").  2 

79.16 

93.42 

108. 

lov 

25.77 

39.11 

52.77 

66.73 

80.99 

95.57 

110.44 

10.} 

2(;.38 

40.04 

54. 

08.20 

82.84 

97.71 

113. 

H 

'*7 

40.9(5 

55.22 

09.8 

84.67 

99.86 

115.35 

27.02 

41.88 

.-)0.40 

71.33 

86.52 

102.01 

117.81 

28.22 

42.8 

57.07 

72.80 

88.35 

104.15 

120.20 

2.S.S.1 

43.71 

5S.9 

74.39 

90.19 

106.3 

122.71 

29.  15 

41.04 

(SO.  13 

75.93 

92.04 

108.45 

125.18 

30.()(; 

45.55 

01.:55 

77.4(5 

93.0 

110.6 

127.6 

MEASURES   OP   LENGTH. 


445 


CHAPTER  FIFTEENTH. 

MISCELLANEOUS   INFOEMATION. 

WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES. 

Measures  of  Length. 

The  yard  is  the  unit,  and  is  the  same  as  the  British  yard. 


Inches. 

Feet. 

Yards. 

Rods  or  Poles. 

Furlongs. 

Mile. 

12 

1 

36 

3 

1 

198 

16^ 

^ 

1 

7,920 

660 

220 

40 

1 

63,360 

5,280 

1,760 

320 

8 

1 

For  Measuring  Cloth, 


For  Measuring  Horses. 
Geographical  Measure. 


For  Surveying  Land. — 7.92  Inches  =  1  link,  ~|  Gunter's 

100  Links  =  4  poles,  or  22  yards,  or  66  feet,  /    chain. 
For  Map-Making . — Chains  are  often  made  of  50  links,  each  1  foot  in  length. 
For  Measuring  Ropes  and  Soundings. — 1  Fathom  =  6  feet. 

1  Cable's  length  =  120  fathoms. 
-1  Nail  =  2J  inches  =:l-16th  of  a  yard. 
1  Quarter  =  4  nails. 
1  Yard  =  4  quarters. 
1  Ell  English  =  5  quarters. 
—1  Hand  =  4  inches. 

—1  Degree  of  a  great  circle  of  the  earth  =  69. 77  miles. 
1  Geographical  or  nautical  mile  =  l-60th  of  a  degree 

of  the  earth  =  2,025  yards. 
1  Nautical  league  =  3  miles. 
Nautical  Measure. — 1  Mile  or  Knot  =  1.1507  mile. 

The  inch  was  formerly  divided  into  three  parts,  called  harley-corns,  and 
also  into  twelve  parts,  called  lines,  neither  of  which  denominations  is  now 
in  common  use.  Scales  and  measuring-rules  are  generally  divided  into 
inches,  quarters,  eighths,  and  sixteenths;  or  into  inches  and  decimal  parts :  the 
latter  of  these  divisions  is  used  in  the  Ordnance  Department. 

Copies  of  the  standard  yard  have  been  distributed  to  various  parts  of  the 
country,  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  uniformity. 

Measures  of  Surface. 
Square  Measure. — 144  Square  inches  =  1  square  foot. 
9  Square  feet  =  1  square  yard. 

37* 


u»; 


on  r>N  A  NO  K    MAN  UAL. 


A(//i(/  Mrasiire.—oO]  Square  yards—  1  square  percli  or  pole. 
40  Perches  -—  1  rood. 
IGO  rerclies=z;4roods  =  l  acre  =3  10  square  chains  (Gun- 
ter's)  =4,840  square  yards  =::  70  yards  square,  nearly. 
040  Acres  =  1  square  mile. 
Arc/lift  ct's  and  Buildrr^s  Measure. — 1  Square  :=z  100  square  feet. 

Board  Measure. 

The  unit  of  board  measure  is  a  superficial  foot  of  a  board  1  inch  thick. 
To  find  the  number  of  feet,  board  measure,  in  any  piece  of  timber,  multiply 
the  number  of  superficial  feet  by  the  thickness  in  inches. 

rianks  of  less  tliickness  than  one  inch  are  estimated  at  one  inch. 

Measures  of  Solidity. 

Cnhic  or  Solid  Measure. — 1  Cubic  foot  =  1,728  cubic  inches. 

1  Cubic  yard  r=z  46,656  "         "     =  27  cubic  feet. 
Mcasurimj  Slonc. — 1  Perch  is  usually  24|  cubic  feet. 

This  varies  in  different  parts  of  the  United  States. 
Measurhi'i  Wood. — 1  Cord  is  a  prism  4  feet  square  and  8  feet  long  =  128 
cubic  feet. 


Measures  af  (Japaeity. 

LrQuiD  Measure. 

Tlie  standard  gallon  of  the  United  States  is  the  old  wine  gallon,  which 

measures  'I'-M  cubic  inclies,  and  contains   (as  determined  by  Mr.  Hassler) 

58;]?;]  Troy  frrains,  or  8.8388822  avoirdupois  pounds,  of  distilled  water  at 

tlic  maxinmm  density,  (;]0°.8o  Fahr.  ;)  the  barometer  being  at  30  inches. 


Gills. 

Pints. 

Quarts. 

Gallons. 

4 

1 

8 

2 

1 

82 

8 

4 

1 

A  cubic  foot  contains  7.48  gallons. 

A  box  6  X  6  X  G.42  inches  contains  1  gallon. 

A  box  4  X  4  X  3.01  inches  contains  1  quart. 

Dry  Measure. 

Thr  standard  hushed  of  the  United  States  is  tlie  Winchester  bushel,  which 
mcM^urcs  2]r,0.4  cubic  inches,  and  contains  540301.89  Troy  grains,  or 
ii.u-ltA\:\  U.S.  avoirdupois,  of  distilled  water,  under  the  circumstances 
above  slatcl. 


iMEASURES    OF    WEIGHT. 


447 


Piuts. 

Quarts. 

Gallons. 

recks. 

Bushels. 

2 

1 

8 

4 

1 

16 

8 

2 

1 

64 

32 

8 

4 

1 

A  cubic  yard  contains  21.69  bushels. 
A  cylinder  14in.diam.X  14  in.  deep  |  ^^^^^.^^  ^  ^^^^^^^ 
Or  a  box    16  X  16.8  X    8  inches     J 
A  box  12  X  11-2  X    8  inches  contains  J  bushel. 

A  box  8  X    8.4  X    8  inches  contains  1  peck. 

N.B. — It  will  be  observed  that  the  pint,  quart,  and  gallon  of  dry  measure 
are  not  the  same  as  for  liquid  measure. 

Measures  of  Weight. 

Avoirdupois  Weight. 

The  standard  avoirdupois  pound  of  the  United  States,  as  determined  by 

Mr.  Hassler,  is  the  weight  of  27.7015  cubic  inches  of  distilled  water  weighed 

in  air  at  the  temperature  of  the  maximum  density,  (39°. 83  ;)  the  barometer 

beina;  at  30  inches. 


Drams. 

Ounces. 

Pounds. 

Quarters. 

Cwt. 

Ton. 

16 

1 

256 

16 

1 

7,168 

448 

28 

1 

28,672 

1,792 

112 

4 

1 

573,440 

35,840 

2,240 

80 

20 

1 

Troy  Weight. 


Grains. 

Dwt. 

Ounces. 

Pound. 

24 

1 

480 

20 

1 

5,760 

240 

12 

1 

The  pound,  ounce,  and  grain  are  the  same  in  Apothecaries'  and  Troy 
weight ;  in  the  former,  the  ounce  is  divided  into  8  drachms,  the  drachm 
into  3  scruples,  and  the  scruple  into  20  grains. 

7,000  Troy  grains  ^  1  lb.  avoirdupois. 
175  Troy  pounds  =  144  lbs.  avoirdupois. 
175  Troy  ounces  =  192  oz.  avoirdupois. 
437.V  Troy  grains    --:      1  oz.    avoirdupois. 


44>; 


ordn'ancp:  manual. 
Measures  of  Value. 


Wei<rlit  grains 

Deviutiou  allowed " 

Diameter inches 

Thickness " 


eS!^  E'^g'^- 


51(3 
0.5 
1.320 
.076 


258 
0.5 
1.05 
.059 


Half-       Three-     Quarter-    y.  ,, 
Eagle.     Dollars.     Eagle.      ^^^''^ 


129 

0.6 
.85 
.045 


77.4 
0.75 

.80 
.033 


64.5 
0.25 
.70 
.033 


25.8 
0.25 
.60 
.019 


Silver. 

Dollar. 

Half- 
Dollar. 

Quarter- 
Dollar. 

Dime. 

Half- 
Dime. 

Three- 
Cent. 

Copper 
Cent. 

^Veisl)t grains 

Devittion  allowed...     *' 
Diameter inches 

412.5 
1.5 
1.5 

.084 

192. 
1.5 
1.2 
.060 

96. 
0.5 
.95 
.050 

38.4 
0.5 

".032 

19.2 

0.5 

.6 

.024 

11.52 
0.5 
.55 

.018 

72. 
4.0 
.75 
.065 

The  standard  of  gold  and  silver  is  900  parts  of  pure  metal  and  100  of  alloy 
in  1,000  parts  of  coin.  The  alloy  of  gold  coin  is  25  silver  and  75  copper ; 
the  alloy  of  silver  is  copper.  The  cent  is  88  parts  copper  and  12  parts 
nickel  in  100  parts. 

Dimensions  of  Drawing-Paper. 

Cap 

Demy 

Medium 

Royal 

Super  royal 

Imperial 

Elephant 

Colambier 

Atlas 

Theorem 

Double  elephant 3 

Ant  iquarian 

A  ream  of  paper  is  20  quires  of  24  sheets  each. 

FOREIGN  MEASURES  AND  WEIGHTS. 

Measures  of  Length. 

Grkat  15iut.\in.— The  same  as  those  of  the  United  States.   (See  page  445.) 

The  Imperial  standard  yard  of  Great  Britain,  adopted  in  1825,  is  referred 

to  a  natural  standard,  which  is  the  distance  between  the  axis  of  suspension 

and  the  centre  of  oscillation  of  a  pendulum  which  shall  vibrate  seconds  in 

vacuo,  in  London,  at  the  level  of  the  sea :  that  distance,  measured  on  a 


1  ft.     1     in 

X  1  foot  4 

inches 

1  "      7i-  - 

XI    ' 

'    H 

1  "   10     " 

XI     ' 

'     6 

2  "      0     " 

XI    ' 

'     7 

2  "      3     " 

XI    ' 

'     7 

2  "      5     " 

XI    ' 

'     9i- 

2  "      3|  " 

XI    ' 

'  101- 

2  "      9|  " 

XI    ' 

'  11 

2  "      9     " 

X2    ' 

'     2 

2  "    10     " 

X2    ' 

'     4 

3  "      4     " 

X2    ' 

'     2 

4  ..      4     .< 

X2    ' 

'     7 

FOREIGN    MEASURES   AND   WEIGHTS. 


449 


brass  rod,  at  the  temperature  of  62°  Fahr.,  is  declared  to  be  39.1393  m- 
perial  inches. 

France. — New  System :  The  metre  is  the  unit,  and  is  the  ten-millionth 
part  of  a  quadrant  of  a  meridian  of  the  earth,  measured  at  the  tem- 
perature of  32°.     The  multiples  and  divisions  of  it  are  decimal,  viz. : 

1  Metre  ^=  10  decimetres  =  100  centimetres  =  1,000  millimetres. 


=    0.0074  Eng.  inch. 

=  0.08884 

=  1.06577 

=  12.7892 

=  46.716 

=  1.298  yd. 

=  76.735 

=  2.132  " 

myriametre. 
1  Metre  =  1.093633  yard  =  3.280899  feet  =  39.37079  inches. 
1  Metre  =  0.51317  toise. 
1  Kilometre  =  0.621383  mile. 

For  table  for  reducing  metres  to  inches,  see  page  493. 
Old  System  : 
1  Point 

1  Line     =  12  points 
1  Inch     =;  12  lines 
1  Foot     =  12  inches 
1  Ell        =  43  in.  10  lines 
1  Toise    =    6  feet 
1  Perch  (Paris)  =  18  feet. 
1  Perch  (royal)  =22    " 

1  League,  (common,)  25  to  a  degi"ee  =  4,861  yds.  =  2.76  miles. 
1  League  (post)  =  2,000  toises  =  4,264  yds.  =  2.42  miles. 
1  Fathom  {brasse)  =  63.946  inches,  or  5 J  feet  Eng.,  nearly. 
1  Cable  length  =  120  fathoms  French  =  106|  fathoms  English. 
1  Pace  [pas]  =  f  metre  =  26.5  inches  nearly. 

1  Foot  {fuss)  =  12  zoll  =  1.0371  ft.  =  12.4452  inches. 

1  Inch  {zoll)  =  12  linie  =  144  punkt  =  1.0371  inch. 

1  Mile  {meile)  =  4.7141  miles, 
f  1  Khinelandft.  (/2Aem-/;m)  =  12  zoll  =  1.0297  ft.  =  12.3564  in. 

1  Inch  {zoll)  =  12  linie  =  144  scrupel  =  1.0297  inch. 

1  Mile  {post-meile)  =  2,000  ruthe  =24,000  Rhein-fuss  =4.68045 
miles. 


Austria. 


Prussia.  . 


Russia. 


'  The  foot  is  the  same  as  the  English  foot. 

1  Foot  =  12  inches  =  120  lines  =  1,200  points. 

1  Archine  =  28  inches  =  2.3333  feet  =  1  foot. 

1  Sag^ne  =  3  archines  =  7  feet. 
[  1  Verst  =  500  sag^nes  =  1,500  archines  =  3,500  ft. 

1  Foot  =  0.91319  foot  =  10.95828  inches. 

1  Vara  =  3  feet  =  0.91319  yard  =  2.73957  feet. 

1  League  =  24,000  feet  =  4.1508  miles. 

1  Common  league,  or  19,800  feet  =  3.4245  miles. 


.6629  mile 


4:)U  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


f  1  Ft.  (Turin)  =  12  oncia  =  144  punto  =  1.12374  ft.=  13.485 in. 
Sakdinia^  1  P'oot  (Liprando)  =  1.685G1  ft. 

i  1  Mile  =  1,300  tesa  =  1.5744  mile. 

I  1  Foot  =  0.97144  foot  =  11.6573  inches. 
Sweden,  j  ^  ^jj^^  ^  g^^SS  miles. 

,p  r  1  Pic  =  0.73173  yard  ^  2.19519  feet. 

\1  Berri  =  1.0358  mile. 

r  1  Chik  mathematical  =  13.125  inches  =  1.093  foot. 
China.       I  ^  ^^^^^  commercial  =  14.7625  inches  =  1.2302  foot. 
^  1  Li  =  608.608  yards  =  .3458  mile. 

1  To  =  69.1797  miles, 
f  1  Foot  =  0.92741  foot  =  11.129  inches. 
AVANA.  I  ^  ^^^^  ^  0.92741  yard  =  2.78223  feet. 
1  Foot  =  .91578  foot  =  10.989  inches. 
Mexico.    \  1  Vara  =  0.91578  yard  =  2.74735  feet  =  32.9682  inches. 
1  League  (common)  =  2.594  miles. 


Measures  of  Surface. 

Great  Britain. — The  same  as  those  used  in  the  United  States. 

(1  Square  inch  ==  1.13587  square  inch. 
1  Arpent  (Paris)  z=z  4.089  square  yds. =.8449  acre. 
1  Arpent  (ordinary)  =1.0457  acre. 
\cw  System  J  ^  ^^'^  ^^  ^^^^  square  metres  =  119.603  square  yards, 
i  1  hectare  =  10  decares  =  100  ares  =  2.4711  acres. 
Austria. — 1  Joch  or  Jochart  =  1.4223  acre. 
Prussia. — 1  Morgcn  =  0.6309  acre. 
Spain. — 1  Fanigada  =  1.5871  acre. 

Measures  of  Solidity. 
Great  Britain. — The  same  as  those  used  in  the  United  States. 
1  cubic  inch  z=z  1.2106  cubic  inch. 

cubic  foot  =  2091.85  inches  =  1.2105  foot. 
1  cubic  decimetre  =  61.0271  cubic  inches. 
New  System  \  1  stere  =  1  cubic  metre  =  35.3166  cubic  ft.  =  1.308 
cubic  yard. 


France. — OldSystcml  -. 


{ 


Measures  of  Capacitij. 
Great  Britain. — The  British  imperial  gallon  measures  277.274  cubic 
inches,  containing  10  pounds  avoirdupois  of  distilled  water  weighed  in  air 
at  tlio  temperature  of  02°,  the  barometer  being  at  30  inches.  The  same 
measure  is  usod  for  liquids  as  for  dry  goods  which  are  not  measured  by 
lie.'iped  measure  ;  for  tlie  latter,  the  bushel  is  to  be  heaped  in  the  form  of 
a  cone  nut  less  than  G  inches  high,  the  base  being  19^  inches.     The  old 


FOREIGN    MEASURES.  451 

distinctions  of  wine  measure,  ale  and  beer  measure,  and  dry  measure,  are 

discontinued. 

1  Gallon  =  1.2006  gallon  =  277.274  cubic  inches. 

J.  .     r  1  Bushel  =  1.0818  bushel  =  1.2836  cubic  ft. 

J<or  gram.  \ 

\  1  Load  =  5  quarters  =  40  bushels  =  51.347  cubic  feet. 

„  J    jl  Sack  =  3  bushels  =  3.0944  bushels. 

\  1  Chaldron  =  12  sacks  =  36  bushels  =  58.68  cubic  feet. 

For  timber. — 1  Load  =  40  cubic  feet. 

1  Litre  =  1.057  quart  =  61.0271  cubic  inches. 

1  Hectolitre  =:  10  decalitres  =  100  litres  =  26.418  gallons. 
France,    -i  ^  j^Qoii(.j.e  =  10  hectolitres  =  28.3782  bushels. 

1  Pinte  (old)  =  .98383  quart. 
q  (1  Wine  arroba  =  4.26304  gallons. 

11  Fanega  =  1.59914  bushel. 
Mexico. — 1  Fanega  =  1,60307  bushel. 
Havana. — 1  Fanega  =  3.11023  bushels. 

Measures  of  Weight. 

Great  Britain. — The  same  as  those  used  in  the  United  States. 

The  imperial  avoirdupois  pound  is  the  weight  of  27.7274  cubic  inches  of 
distilled  water  weighed  in  air  at  the  temperature  of  62°  Fahr. ;  barometer, 
30  inches. 

Horseman' s  weight. — 1  Stone  =  14  lbs. 
France. — Old  System  : 

1  Livre  =  16  onces    =  1.0780  lb.  avoirdupois. 

1  Once  =  8  gros         =  1.0780  oz.  avoirdupois. 

1  Gros  =  72  grains  =  58.9548  grains  Troy. 

1  Grain =  0.8188 

iVcw  System :  The  basis  of  the  system  of  weights  is  the  weight,  in  vacuo, 
of  a  litre,  or  a  cubic  decimetre,  of  distilled  water,  at  the  temperature  of 
39°. 2  Fahr. ;  xuW  P^'^*'  ^^  ^^^^  weight  is  a  gramme,  the  multiples  of 
which  are  :  1  decagramme  =  10  grammes  ;  1  hectogramme  =  100  grammes  ; 
1  kilogramme  =  1,000  grammes.  The  divisions  are:  1  decigramme  =  y^^ 
gramme ;  1  centigramme  =  y^^  gramme ;  1  milligramme  =  jwiru 
gramme. 

1  Quintal  =  100  kilogrammes. 

1  Millier  =  1,000  kilogrammes  =  1  ton  sea-weight,  (French.) 

1  Kilogramme  =  2.204737  pounds  avoirdupois. 

1  Gramme  =  15.433159  grains  Troy  =  0.03528  oz.  avoirdupois. 

For  table  for  converting  kilogrammes  into  pounds,  see  page  494. 

{1  Pound  =  16  unze  =  32  loth  =  128  quent  =  512  pfennig  =r 
1.234677  pound. 
1  Karch  =  4  centner  =  20  stein  =  493.87084  lbs. 


452 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


RrssiA. 


Spain. 


fl  I'ound  1^  2  mark  =  1(3  unze  =  32  loth  =  128  quentchen  = 
1.03118  1b. 
1  Centner  =  110  pfund  =  USAi  lbs. 
1  Pound  =  12  lana  =  32*loth  =  90  solotniks  =  9,216  doli  = 

.901 G91  lb. 
1  Pood  r=r  40  pounds. 
1  Berkowitz  =  360.0764  lbs. 

1  Pound  is  the  weight  of  25  cubic  inches  of  water. 
1  Pound  =  16  onza  =  128  ochava  =  256  adarme  =  768  tomine 

=  9,216  grano  =  1.016097  lb. 
1  Ton  =  20  quintal  =  80  arroba  =  2,000  lbs.  =  2,032.2  lbs. 
/- 1  Pound  =  12  oncia  =  96  ottavo  =^  6125  grano  =  .896286  lb. 
Sardinia.  J  1  Pound  of  Turin  =  .813332  lb. 

i  1  Ilubbio  =  25  pounds  =  20.3333  lb. 
Sweden.   /  1  Pound  =  16  untz  =  128  qwintin  ==  8,848  as  =  .937284  lb. 

1 1  Skeppund  (for  iron)  =  299.93088  lbs. 
Turkey.— 1  Oka  =  2.828571  lb. 

r  1  Pound  =  16  leung  =  364  chu  =  3,840  lui  =  38,400  shu  = 
China.      j      1.3333  lb. 

1 1  Shik  =  4  kwan  =  60  yin  =  120  kan  =  160  lbs. 
Japan.— 1  Pecul  =  100  catty  =  1,600  tael  =  16,000  mas  =  160,000  con- 
dorine  =  130  lbs. 


Equivalents  of  Ounces  in  Decimal  Fractions  of  a  Pound. 


Ounces. 

Pounds 

1 

rrz: 

.0025 

2 

— 

.125 

3 

— 

.1875 

4 

— 

.25 

5 

iz^ 

.3125 

0 

=3 

.375 

7 

— 

.4375 

8 

= 

.5 

9 

— 

.5025 

10 

z^ 

.025 

11 

r:;= 

.0875 

12 

= 

.75 

13 

=r 

.8125 

14 

=: 

.875 

15 

= 

.9375 

10 

:^ 

1.0 

Pound? 

Ounces 

.1 

=:z 

1.0 

.2 

= 

3.2 

.3 

=r 

4.8 

.4 

= 

0.4 

.5 

z=t 

8.0 

.6 

— 

9.6 

.7 

~ 

11.2 

.8 

— 

12.8 

.9 

— 

14.4 

1.0 

= 

16.0 

FOREIGN    MEASURES. 


453 


Measures  of  Value. 

FOREIGN    MONEY. ITS    MINT    VALUE. 


Great 
Britain. 


Franci 


Austria 


Prussia. 


Gold. 


IIUSSIA 

Sardinia... 
Spain 

Sweden 

Rome 

Mexico 

Turkey 

Japan  

Hindustan 


f  1  Guinea  =  21  shillings 
1  Sovereign  or  Pound  = 

20  shillings 

cy.,  f  1  Crown  =  5  shillings.. 

(  1  Shilling  =  12  pence  .. 

Copper...  1  Penny 

^  ,,      r 100  Francs 

(20  Francs 

Silver. ..5  Francs 

Copper.   1  Sou 

r  1  Imperial  souverain  = 
13  florins  20  kreutzers 
1    Imperial    ducat  =  4 
florins  36  kreutzers.. 
1  Rix-dollar  =  2  florins 
1  Crown  =  2  florins  12 

kreutzers  

1  Zwanziger=20  kreut- 
zers  

1  Silver  Groschen  =  3 

kreutzers 

(?oW...l ^Double  Frederick  =  11 

thalers  10  silver  groschen 

Silver..!  Thaler  i=  30  silver  gro- 
schen  

r  Gold...!  Imperial  =  10  roubles.. 

\  Silver..!  Rouble 

f  Gold...80  Lires 

\  Silver..b  Lires 

r  Cold      ^  ^  Doubloon  or  Ounce. 


Gold.. 


Silver .. 


100  Reals. 
Silver..!  Piastre 


r  Gold...!  Ducat 

\  Silver..!  Specie  rix-daler 

(?oM...2JScudi 

Silver..!  Scudo 

/  Gold...!  Doubloon 

(  Silver..!  Piastre  of  8  reals 

f  Gold...!^0  Piastres 

\  Silver..20  Piastres  =  800  paras 

Silver..!  Itzebu I    0.37 

Gold...!Mohur i    7.08 

Silver..!  Rupee |    0.46 


Dollars. 

5.059 

4.848 
1.08 
0.222 
0.018 

19.225 
3.845 
0.968 

0.00968 

6.77 

2.28 
1.013 

1.1138 

0.168 

0.025 

8.00 

0.717 
7.952 
0.784 

15.488 
0.968 

15.731 
4.963 
1.005 

2.267 
1.101 
2.60 
1.047 
15.534 
1.049 
4.374  I 
0.865 


Subdivisions. 
J,  f,  ^  of  guinea. 


50  francs,  40  frs. 
10  francs,  5  frs. 
1  franc  =  20  sous. 


Half,  quarter  sou- 
verains. 

Half,   or  florin. 


Or  20  kreutzers. 


Single,  half. 

Ill      11 
¥'  ■g^'  T^'  14'  T^- 
Half  imperial. 
Half  rouble. 
40,  20  lires. 
2,  1,  ^,  I  lire. 


Pistareen,  (|  of  pi- 
astre.) 
h,  I  ducat. 
1111 

2'   3-'    8'  To- 


Pieces    of   10   and 
5  piastres. 


•l.M 


()1!I)\A\('I-:    MAMAL. 


'    —    :r  ^   o   o 


o   pH-^   «    '.  2    '. 


^  .5  '^  S  S-j  5  So  Z  fcjj  ?,  So  I  .S  •^''  ^ 


'^       >>       .^ 


-r  w  CO  cc  >.c  CO  o 

-r  -*■  irr  -.  I-  v~  to  -r        vrn  co 

~  X  —       I--  r.  r.  Tt  X  —  —  7j  _    ^     Ci       o       r-^ 


~    -^    O        X  -^  T-H  ^        o 

—  -^  c".  7  I  ^  ~'  t  'I  'I  ~  '"  —  '^  L.'  ^- IT  X-  ''^     ^'^       '"'       '"^       '^     ^- 
t'i  '^  ~  ~~  ~~  -^z  '~  -:  ^  ^x  V  's:  ^'^  V  ?^  '-^  — ■  — '    "^5       '^      ^       Tt<    T^ 


-oi 

--' 

^•'-,- 

-■  r" 

7i  r  Oilr^ 

-^ 

-■ 

oi 

i-iit-^ 

^'l^' 

o 

iTt^     d     -: 

^;_ 

_l-^"_ 

.  - 

r~  1  ~ 

„   - 

- 

01  71  X  -ri 

1  - 

00 

I- 

X  - 

-v  — 

__^„ 

CO          0-1          CO 

o7 

~ro 

-  — 

■^  X 

-r  0  i 

— 

X    X     0   -? 

•:'i 

X 

-f  ~. 

00  co 

, , 

o       CO       iro 

Ci 

OI 

.-  '  T 

1  ~   C^ 

1  ~  ~. 

1  - 

-  1  7 

— ^   —    X    "• 

— 

0  1 

1- 

r—    1~ 

0^  --r 

I^ 

oo       -r       >o 

OI 

1^ 

s 

X 

o       CO       00 

OI 

'^  X 

;t  ct 

1-  To 

s 

t? 

if  if  —-'  1  - 

I  ~ 

1  -■ 

"C  00 

OO'  3 

i'^ 

CJ          i-H          O 

CO 

^  -^ 

■^   C". 

-T-   — 

^   ^. 

—  ~  ::  ?  1  ~ 

f-. 

xl 

— f- 

-— ■   01 

,'A  ,"^ 

Ol 

o 

>o 

to  ~. 

17   1" 

1  ^ 

' —    r—    C;    C 

:o 

t- 

1  0 

■ —   ~ 

-f  CO 

CO 

r—i               oo                1  ^ 

01 

~  — 

d.i—' 

-ri  ~ 

■'-; 

:c  '^  —  £ 

01 

oi 

— 

~  ~ 

!^" 

00      IrH      loi 

d 

d 

~ 

7- 

,~ 

j"^ 

~ 

_u 

■'M 

CO 

z. 

1-  1  - 

~  ~ 

■:■ 

»   "M 

—  -ij:^       7" 

,_ 

t- 

, 1 

—^ 

t^ 

o       o 

1  ■: 

'.'  '~ 

1-  r. 

X 

1  0  ~         tf 

, — 

01  01 

1-  OJ 

'.•0 

CO 

■ — 

1^01 

r?   X 

'0  ~  to  c 

1  _ 

zz. 

•z 

c;  1- 

o 

00        -^ 

-■  :r 

—  — 

Z-    c 

— 

—  1 0  —  "j: 

— r 

— 

\Z 

X    -T 

X    00 

, ! 

T!            OI 

CO 

y  ■'■ 

~  J 

::  X 

0_1 

0  1    _  . 

_  ~.  1 

Z 

■-C 

c  ■ —  I  -  \ — 

^ 

:t 

00  :i 

—   OI 

o 

0 1         CI         o 

c; 

00 

t  i  -' 

:::'  :r 

- 

J  -■ 

—  ~  c'  ~ 

— ■ 

~ 

lo' 

^  ^ 

— ■  l^ 

.—' 

oi      d      d 

00 

^ 

~ 

"^ 

00 

— ' 

". 

,     -,     .     . 

, ->._ 

^ , ■■ ^ , -•. , , — -^ — , 

.— ^-^ , 

-     ' 

^    '-^      '.      '. 

1 

1       .     )       •     1 

o      • 

=    : 

~  Z    '■    '■ 

i 

:  6 

2 

ilo 
tre 
ilo 

"iVo 

n     : 

■  ~  -^   -S   t 

t 

:  ~ 

?i 

-^  2  ~    •  -^    : 

bC 

iC 

^    ^ 

'=   j   r   £ 

■^ 

i 

z  i 

\  1 

z  s  -1  S  .s  1 

J 

|, 

^ 

o 

•   tc 

-- 

._  — 

^     : 

■L  ■£,  "    — 

•J 

.r 

•J   ; 

:  r^ 

.s 

1  5  '^  2  .i  -^ 

? 

.2 

^ 

T    3 

—     • 

•    £1 

-  !:  ^  ^ 

z: 

'~ 

z:     ; 

:      r-i 

•r 

.  '^3  d,-^  ti 

ci 

o 

- 

'     - 

t     T 

'-i 

r 

'-     ; 

."    rt 

r 

.^  7.    cr*  7.    T    o 

•J:^^ 

-   -- 

-   u 

: 

:  = 

.r  .E   -  ■- 

^ 

l;    r 

.r  .E 

J^    1. 

^i  ni  ^i 

'" 

bC 

: 

.:  ^ 

-  -^ 

"^  1    "i-    n 

- 

-f 

„ 

—  ~ 

~  ~ 

i    = 

o  £  i  3  ii 

^ 

O    ^ 

-    _ 

z    _ 

— 

.— 

• - 

^    — 

._   „ 

'     - 

V      —     -'      — '     -r      — " 

"t; 

~     CJ 

.r 

_:  ■  ■  - 

_ 

_ 

"Z    Z.    'Z.    z. 

w 

•„ 

•_   — 

z:  T" 

-    — 

i   Ti    ;:;   ct   i    r: 

x 

?    '-0 

\- 

5    ^ 

r.    -3 

:  rf: 

=_  =^  =^  ^ 

t 

1 

'-£ 

1  i 

"x  "5 

5  2 

1  Sc  1  So  1  S)-c 

-S^ 

- 

—   ~ 

—  — 

-  ^ 

•/.  X  7.  X 

-'; 

_ 

'^. 

_  C' 

—.  '^ 

i_ 

^       !^       a- 

Lj 

^ 

PHYSICAL   DATA.  455 


PHYSICAL  DATA. 

Worhing- Power  of  Men  and  Horses. 

Men. — Afoot  soldier  travels  in  1  minute, 

in  common  time,     90  steps  =    70  yards, 
in  quick  time,       110     "      =    86     " 
in  double  quick,  140     "      =  109     '' 
He  occupies  in  the  ranks  a  front  of  20  in.,  and  a  depth  of  13  in.,  -without 
the  knapsack ;  the  interval  between  the  ranks  is  13  in.     5  men  can  stand 
in  a  space  of  1  square  yard.     Average  weight  of  men,  150  lbs.  each. 

A  man  travels,  without  a  load,  on  level  ground,  during  8^  hours  a  day, 
at  the  rate  of  3.7  miles  an  hour,  or  31|^  miles  a  day.  He  can  carry  111  lbs. 
11  miles  in  a  day.  A  porter  going  short  distances  and  returning  unloaded 
carries  135  lbs.  7  miles  a  day.  He  can  carry  in  a  wheelbarrow  150  lbs. 
10  miles  a  day. 

The  maximum  power  of  a  strong  man,  exerted  for  2J  minutes,  may  be 
stated  at  18,000  lbs.  raised  1  foot  in  a  minute. — 3Ir.  Field'' s  experiments,  1838. 

A  man  of  ordinary  strength  exerts  a  force  of  30  lbs.  for  10  hours  a  day, 
with  a  velocity  of  2J  feet  in  a  second  :=  4,500  lbs.  raised  1  foot  in  a 
minute  =  one-fifth  the  work  of  a  horse. 

Daily  allowance  of  water  for  a  man,  1  gallon,  for  all  purposes. 

Horses. — A  horse  travels  the  distance  of  400  yards,  at  a  walk,  in  4^ 
minutes;  at  a  trot,  in  2  minutes ;  at  a  gallop,  in  1  minute. 

He  occupies  in  the  ranks  a  front  of  40  in.,  a  depth  of  10  feet;  in  a  stall, 
from  3|  to  4  J  feet  front ;  at  picket,  3  feet  by  9.  Average  weight  of  horses, 
1,000  lbs.  each. 

A  horse  carrying  a  soldier  and  his  equipments  (say  225  lbs.)  travels 
25  miles  in  a  day,  (8  hours.) 

A  pack-horse  can  carry  250  to  300  lbs.  20  miles  a  day. 

A  draught-horse  Qnn.  draw  1,600  lbs.  23  miles  a  day, — weight  of  carriage 
included. 

Artillery-horses  should  not  be  made  to  draw  more  than  700  lbs.  each, 
the  weight  of  the  carriage  included. 

The  ordinary  work  of  a  horse  for  8  hours  a  day  may  be  stated  at 
22,500  lbs.  raised  1  foot  in  a  minute. 

In  a  horse-mill,  the  horse  moves  at  the  rate  of  3  feet  in  a  second.  The 
diameter  of  the  path  should  not  be  less  than  25  or  30  feet. 

Daily  allowance  of  water  for  a  horse,  4  gallons. 

Ventilation. — A  man  exhales  about  |  of  a  cubic  foot  of  carbonic  acid 
in  an  hour,  or  15  cubic  feet  in  a  day.  He  produces  from  the  lungs  and 
skin  about  600  grains  of  vapor  in  an  liour. 


4r»o 


I )  lU )  N  A  N  C  K    M  A  N  I'  A  L . 


Air  is  no  longer  fit  for  combustion  or  respiration  when  it  contains  4  per 
cent,  of  its  volume  of  carbonic  acid. 

A  ventilation  of  8  to  9  cubic  yards  per  hour  for  each  person  is  in  all 
cases  suflicient.  For  barracks  a  capacity  of  13  to  20  cubic  yards  per  man 
is  sufficient ;  the  air  being  renewed  in  part  by  the  cracks  about  the  windows 
and  by  the  opening  of  the  doors. 

In  dormitories  the  volume  of  carbonic  acid  does  not  exceed  three  or  four 
tliousandths  of  tlie  whole  space,  and  the  air  is  not  more  than  |  saturated 
with  moisture. 


Tahle  shoiving  the  Weight  and  Bulk  of  1,000  Rations. 

1,000  rations. 

Net  weight 
in  pounds. 

Gross  weight 
in  pounds. 

Bulk  in 
barrels. 

Pork 

Bacon 

750. 
750. 
1125. 
750. 
1000. 
155. 
100. 
100. 
150. 

92.5 

15. 

40. 

33.75 

1218.75 

903.1861 
1234.0561 
921.6867 
1228.9156 
177.3187 
114.5 
118.1683 
169.5312 
107.5 
17.5 
46.8965 
38.6328 

3.75 
4  9019 

Flour  

5.7397 

Pilot  bread 

9  031 

12  048 

Beans 

Rice 

0.7142 
0  4629 

CotTee 

Sufrar 

0.5813 
0  625 

Vinegar 

Candles 

0.333 
0  09'^5 

Soap 

Salt 

0.1877 
0  1562 

Fo r a ;ic. —Way,  pressed  in  bundles;   11  lbs.  to  the  cubic  foot, 
weight  of  liundles,  000  lbs. 

Oats:   32  lbs.  to  the  bushel,  or  25.71  lbs.  to  the  cubic  foot. 
^Vlleat :   60  lbs.  to  the  bushel,  or  48.21  lbs.  to  the  cubic  foot. 
Corn  :  56  lbs.  to  the  bushel,  or  45.02  lbs.  to  the  cubic  foot. 
Fresh  grass  Aveighs  about  84  lbs.  to  the  cubic  yard. 
3  beeves  or  15  sheep  consume  the  forage  of  2  horses. 


Average 


Weight  of  the  Atmoqjhere. 
Prrssrirr  of  the  afmo.^phcre,  on  one   square  inch,  the  barometer  being  at 
'  in.,  is  14.736  lbs. ;  at  29.922  in.  the  pressure  is  14.7  lbs. 


Velocifj/  of  Sound. 
At  the  temperature  of  33°  the  mean  velocity  of  sound  is  1092.5  feet  in 
a  second.     It    is   increa.scd   or   diminished   half  a  foot  for   each  degree  of 
temperature  above  or  below  33°. 


VELOCITY   OF   THE   WIND. 

Velocity  and  Force  of  the  Wind. 


457 


Telocity, 

Pressure  on 
1  square  foot. 

Common  designations  of  the  force  of  the  winds. 

In  1  hour. 

In  1  second. 

Miles. 

Feet. 

Lbs. 

1 

1.47 

0.005 

Hardly  perceptible. 

2 
3 

2.93 
4.40 

.020) 

.044/ 

Just  perceptible. 

4 
5 

•     5.87 
7.33 

.079-1 
.123/ 

Gentle,  pleasant  wind. 

10 
15 

14.67 
22.00 

.492) 
1.107/ 

Pleasant,  brisk  breeze. 

20 
25 

29.34 
36.67 

1.968) 
3.075/ 

Very  brisk. 

30 
35 

44.01 
51.34 

4.429) 
6.027  / 

High  wind. 

40 
45 

58.68 
66.01 

7.873  \ 
9.963/ 

Very  high. 

50 

73.35 

12.300 

A  storm  or  tempest. 

60 

88.02 

17.715 

A  great  storm. 

80 

117.36 

31.490 

A  hurricane. 

100 

146.70 

49.200 

A  hurricane  that  tears  up  trees,  carries 
buildings  before  it,  &c. 

Malleability  of  Metah.         1 

Ductility  of  Metals. 

1.  Gold. 

5.  Platinum. 

1.  Gold. 

5.  Nickel. 

2.  Silver. 

6.   Lead. 

2.   Silver. 

6.  Copper. 

3.   Copper. 

7.   Zinc. 

3.   Platinum. 

7.  Zinc. 

4.  Tin. 

8.  Iron. 

4.  Iron. 

8.   Tin. 

Electricity. 


RELATIVE    CONDUCTING-POWEll    OF    METALS. 


Copper 10,000 

Gold 9,360 

Silver 7,360 

Zinc 2,850 

Platinum 1,880 


, 1,580 

1,550 

530 

Mercury 345 

Potassium  133 


Iron. 
Tin  . 
Lead. 


The  conducting-power  of  rods  of  the  same  metal,  of  equal  diameter,  is 
inversely  as  their  lengths. 

The  conducting-power  is  increased  by  lowering  the  temperature,  and 
diminished,  and  finally  destroyed,  by  raising  the  temperature. 

The  metals  are  infinitely  better  conductors  than  any  other  substances. 
Charcoal  which  has  been  exposed  to  a  strong  heat  is  one  of  the  best  cun- 
ductors,  but  greatly  inferior  in  this  respect  to  iron  and  platinum. 


4:)S 


UKD.NANOK    3IAM'AL 

Heat. 

THERMOMETERS. 


Fixed  Points. 

Falirenlieit. 

Keaunmr. 

Centigrade. 

32° 

212° 

0° 

80° 

0*' 

Jjoilinf -point     ''        '■          

100° 

For  converting  degrees  of  one  scale  into  those  of  another  we  have- 

C'°X9   ,   ..,,      7^°X9 


1^ 


+  32°. 


The  zero  of  Wedgewood's  pyrometer  corresponds  with  1077°  Fahr.,  and 
1°  Wcdgewood  is  equal  to  130°  Fahr.     Hence  i^°  =  Tf'°  X  130°  -f  1077°. 

Note. — The  indications  of  AVedgewood's  pyrometer  are  no  longer  relied 
on  for  high  temperatures. 

Melt iug- Points  of  Solids. 

3280°  is  the  liighe?t  heat  attained  with  an  air-fui-nace.  Platinum  does 
not  melt  at  this  temperature. 

Platinum,  palladium,  rhodium,  lime,  silex,  fine  porcelain,  can  be  melted, 
in  small  fjuantities,  by  means  of  strong  lenses,  or  by  the  hydro-oxygen 
blow-pipe. 

Iron  re^  hot,  m  daylight,  1077°  Fahr.  ;   in  the  dark,  752°. 


Wrought   iron 3,280° 

Cast  iron 2,780 

Gold 2,010 

Silver 1,873 

Copper 2,204 

Bniss 1,800 

Flint-glass 2,377 

Antimony 955.5 

^iiic 775.,5 

Saltpetre GOO 

Lead G44 

Zinc .:,00 


Tin 445° 

Lead  2,  tin  1  (common  solder).  475 

Lead  1,  tin  1 393 

Lead  1,  tin  2  (soft  solder) 360 

Lead  1,  tin  1,  bismuth  1 272 

Lead  2,  tin  3,  bismuth  5 212 

Lead  1,  tin  1,  bismuth  2 200 

Sulphur 228 

Gutta-percha  softens 145 

Beeswax 150 

Tallow 127 


l>oH!)i(j.r(unts  of  Liquids. 

Hydrocliloi-ic  ether 52° 

Sulphuric  other 90 

Sulphuret  of  carbon 

Amnionic 

Alcohol  of  U.S25 

Water,  and  essential  oils. 
AVater,  saturated  with  sal 
Nitric  acid 


118 
140 
175 
212 
224 
248 


i^Tlic  Barometer  at  30  /«.) 

Spirits  of  turpentine 314° 

Naphtha 320 

Phosphorus ; 554 

Sulphur ; 570 

Sulphuric  acid,  sp.  gr.  1,843...  620 

Linseed-oil 600 

Whale-oil 030 

Mercury 662 


DENSITY    OF    WATER. 


459 


Liquids  boil  at  a  much  lower  temperature  in  vacuo,  or  under  diminished 
pressure  of  the  atmosphere.  At  the  altitude  of  about  17,500  feet  above 
the  sea,  where  the  barometer  stands  at  15.35  in.,  water  boils  at  180°. 

Expansion  hy  Heat. 

Linear  Expansion  of  Solids,  from  32°  to  212°. 

Zinc 0.0029416 

Lead 0.0028483 

Tin,  refined 0.0021729 

Silver,  fine 0.0019097 

Brass 0.0018750 

Copper 0.0017122 

Gold 0.0015000 

Steel,  tempered 0.0012395 

Iron,  soft,  hammered 0.0012583 

"      cast 0.0011111 

Steel,  not  tempered 0.0010788 

Platinum 0.0008842 

Antimony 0.0010833 

The  expansion  in  surface  is  expressed  by  numbers  double  of  the  above, 
and  the  expansion  in  volume  by  triple  numbers. 

Expansion  of  Fluids  in  bulk,  from  32°  to  212°. 


Roman  cement 0.00144 

Marble,  Sicilian 0.00141 

Carrara 0.00119 

Sandstone 0.00117 

Slate 0.00104 


...  0.00080 

Glass,  flint 

Brick,  stock 

...  0.00082 
...  0.00055 
...  0.00049 

Marble,  black  Galway... 
Oak,  dry 

..  0.00045 
...  0.00006 

Mercury 0.01808 

Water,  distilled 0.04330 

Water,  saturated  with  salt.  0.05000 
Alcohol 0.11000 


Sulphuric  acid 0.05882 

Oil  (olive  and  linseed) 0.08333 

Spirits  turpentine 0.07143 

Gases,  and  air 0.37500 


The  rate  of  expansion  of  solids  and  liquids  increases  with  the  tempera- 
ture ;  that  of  the  gases  is  uniform  for  all  temperatures. 

Dens  ill/  of  Water. 

(From  a  report  of  Prof.  K.  S.  McCulloch  to  Prof.  A.  D.  Baehe.) 


Temp. 

Density. 

Temp. 

Density. 

Temp. 

Density. 

20° 

.99901 

50° 

.99975 

80° 

.99066 

25 

.99944 

55 

.99947 

85 

.99581 

30 

.99984 

60 

.99910       ! 

90 

.99487 

35 

.99999 

65 

.99863 

95 

.99383 

40 

1.00000 

70 

.99807 

100 

.99270 

45 

.99993 

75 

.99741 

jNIax.  den 

sity  at  39°.  0. 

9  ^ 


Conduction  of  Heat. 
When  q,  the  rate  of  conduction,  is  expressed  in  thermal 


units  per  hour,  per  square  foot  of  area,  and  x  --  tlie  thickness  of  the  layer  ii 


ii;o 


Olll )N ANC K    31  AN UA L. 


iiu'lu'.-.  7'!iM«l  T'  being  tlie  temperatures  at  the  two  faces,  the  value  of  g, 
Avhicli  is  o.iunl  to  1  divided  by  the  coefficient  of  conductivity,  is  as  follows  : 


(io!<l.  I'hitimini,  Silver OMO'M) 

C.p.H.r  0.0010 

I,.,'n  0.0096 

Zinc O.OO'JO 


Lead 0.0198 

Marble 0.1578 

Brick 0.3306 


Specific  Ueat  hetwccn  32°  and  80°. 
The  number  of  units  of  lieat  required  to  raise  the  temperature  of  1  lb. 
of  each  of  the  following  substances  one  degree  is  as  follows : 


Antimony 5077 

I'.ismuth  3084 

Charcoal 2415 

Topper 0951 

(Jlass 1980 

Gold 0298 

Ice 504 

Iron,  wrought 1138 


Lead 0293 

Mercury 0333 

Platinum 0314 

Silver 0557 

Sulphur 20259 

Spts.  turp'tine.  .4672 

Tin 0514 

Zinc 0927 


Water 1.000 

Air 0.238 

Carbonic  acid...  0.217 

Hydrogen 3.405 

Nitrogen 0.244 

Oxygen 0.218 

Steam 0.475 


The  unit  of  heat  is  the  quantity  of  heat  necessary  to  raise  the  tempera- 
ture of  1  lb.  of  water  at  its  maximvim  density  1°. 

Specific  lieats  of  substances  are  in  the  inverse  ratio  of  their  atomic 
weight. 

The  specific  heat  of  a  substance  is  called  its  capacity  for  heat.  The 
capacity  for  heat  increases  with  the  temperature  and  diminishes  as  the 
density  of  the  body  increases.  Air  reduced  rapidly  to  one-fifth  of  its 
v(jliime  evolves  heat  enough  to  set  fire  to  tinder. 

Latent  ITcat. 

In  thermal  units  for  one  pound:  the  vapors  under  a  pressure  of  one 
atmosphere  of  14.7  lbs.  per  square  inch. 


Of 

Fu 

-ion. 

Of  Evaporation. 

ke 

...  142.65 

Water 

...  966.1 

Spermaceti.. 

... 

...   148. 
....  175. 

9.06 

Alcohol 

....  364.3 

Ueeswiix 

IMiospliorus 

Ether  

Bisulphuret  of  carbon 

....  162.8 
156  0 

Snl])hur.  .. 

16  86 

Tin 

....  500.0 

HEAT. 


4(31 


Total  Heat  of  Combustion  of  different  Combustibles  j 
Or,  the  heat  produced  hy  burning  one  pound  of  each  substance. 


Substances. 


Hydrogen  gas 

Carbon  imperfectly  burned,  so  as  to  make  C  0 
Carbon  completely  burned,  so  as  to  make  C  0  ^ 

Various  liquids,  hydro-carbons <  J  ^" 

Charcoal  from  wood 

"         from  peat 

Coke,  good 

"      middling 

"     bad 

Coal,  anthracite 

"     dry  bituminous 

((  a 

((  i( 

(<  a 

"     caking 

((         (( 

"     cannel 

Dry  long  flaming 

Lignite 

Peat,  dry 

"     containing  25  per  cent,  of  moisture 

Wood,  dry 

*'       containing  20  per  cent,  of  moisture... 


Weight  of 
carbon  to 

Lbs.  of 
water 

produce  the 
same  heat. 

evaporated 

at  212°. 

64.2 
4.55 

1.0 

15.0 

1.33 

20. 

1.46 

22. 

0.93 

14. 

0.80 

12. 

0.94 

14. 

0.88 

13.2 

0.82 

12.3 

1.05 

15.75 

LOG 

15.9 

1.025 

15.4 

1.02 

15.3 

0.95 

14.25 

1.075 

16. 

1.01 

15.15 

1.04 

15.6 

0.91 

13.65 

0.81 

12.15 

0.66 

10.0 

7.25 
7.5 

0.50 

5.8 

Units  of 


62.032 

4.400 

14.500 

19.000 

21.000 

13.500 

11.600 

13.620 

12.760 

11.890 

15.225 

15.370 

14.860 

14.790 

13.775 

15.837 

14.645 

15.080 

13.195 

11.745 

9.660 

7.000 

7.245 

5.600 


The  heating-poAver  of  different  kinds  of  wood  (taking  equal  weights  of 
wood  equally  dry)  does  not  vary  more  than  in  the  proportion  of  13  to  14, 
for  the  extremes. 

Nearly  six  times  as  much  heat  is  required  to  evaporate  a  given  quantity 
of  water  as  is  required  to  raise  its  temperature  to  the  boiling-point :  mul- 
tiplying the  above  numbers  by  6,  we  have,  therefore,  the  quantity  of  water 
which  each  kind  of  fuel  will  raise  from  32°  to  212°. 

In  even  the  best  apparatus,  not  more  than  half  the  heat  produced  by  the 
combustion  of  fuel  is  economized. 

Dry  wood  makes  a  hotter  fire  than  equal  weights  or  volumes  of  green 
wood. 

Freezing- Points  of  Liquids. 


Olive-oil 36°Fahr. 

Water 32 

Milk 30 

Vinegar 28        " 

Spirits  of  turpentine 16        " 


Strong  wines  ... 
Sulphuric  acid. 

Brandy 

Mercury 

Nitric  acid 


20°  Fahr. 
1 
—  7       " 
—39       " 
—55       '« 


39* 


40:i 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


StreiKjtli  of  Ice. 

Ice  2  inches  thick  will  be.ar  infantry. 
*'    4      "  "  "        cavalry  or  light  guns. 

"    G       "  "  "        heavy  field-guns. 

"    8      '<  <'  '<        24-pdr.  guns  on  sledges:    weight  not  more 

than  1,000  lbs.  to  a  square  foot. 

Frigorijic  Mixtures. 


Materials. 

Tarts. 

The  thermometer  fulls 

Ilvdrochlorate  of  ammonia 

5 
5 

16 
5 

16 
1 
1 
3 
2 

8 
5 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
1 
o 

10 

8 

. 

\  From  50^  to  10°. 

^Vator               

1  From  50°  to  4°. 

"Water                      

1  From  50°  to  4°. 

AVater  

Sulphate  of  soda 

Dilute  nitric  acid 

Sulpliate  of  soda 

1  From  50°  to  3°. 
}  From  50°  to  0°. 
1  From  32°  to  0°. 
{  From  30°  to  —15°. 
1  From  20°  to  —00°. 
}  From  —4°  to  —67°. 
JFrom— 67°to— 90°. 

Ilydrocliloric  acid 

Snow 

Common  salt 

Caustic  potash,  crystallized 

Snow 

Suliiliuric  acid,  dilute 

Snow 

(Jliloride  of  calcium 

Sulpluiric  acid,  dilute 

Snow 

Meamrement  of  Heights  ly  Means  of  the  Barometer. 

1.  X^  60345.51  ft.  X^+--''-^^-t^^-^Xlo-  ^^ 

^  1  —  0.002G95  COS.  2  Z     '^    '^o*  h'\l  +  0.0001  {T—T')] 


at  the  lower  sta- 
tion. 


XU  the  required  difference  of  height,  in  feet, 

T,  the  temperature  of  the  air,  in  degrees  of  Fahrenheit,! 

/,    tlie  temperature  of  mercury 

J[.  the  hoiglit  of  mercury 

7'^,  the  temperature  of  the  air      "]  "* 

/^    the  ten>perature  of  mercury      ,,t  the  upper  station. 

IF.  the  JKMirlit  of  mercury 

/.,    the  latitude  of  the  place. 

2.   Ne^rlectiiig  the  corrections  for  the  latitude  of  the  place  and  for  the 
diflerence  between  the  temperature  of  the  air  and  that  of  the  mercury  in 


BAROMETRICAL    MEASUREMENT   OF    HEIGHTS.  463 

the  barometers  at  the  two  stations,  the  diflFerence  of  height,  in  feet,  may  be 
expressed  approximately  by  X=  67.0505  (T'-f-  T^ -\-  83G)  X  log-  —  • 

3.  Approximate  Rule. — For  a  mean  temperature  of  55°  the  difference  of 
height  in  feet  is,  X=  55,000  xj^!-  Add  ^^^  of  this  result  for  each 
degree  which  the  mean  temperature  of  the  air  at  the  two  stations  exceeds 
55°,  and  deduct  as  much  for  each  degree  below  55°. 

Altitudes  may  be  determined  without  the  aid  of  a  barometer  by  observ- 
ing accurately  the  boiling-point  of  water  at  the  different  stations.  /(,  the 
altitude,  is  equal  to  [)n  T-\-T^;  or,  for  altitudes  under  10,000ft.,  A  = 
540  T';  T' being  the  difference  in  degrees  between  the  boiling-points  of 
water  at  the  two  stations. 

The  altitude  of  Washington  City  is  50  to  90  feet;  that  of  St.  Louis,  450 
feet;  of  Santa  Fe,  6,846  feet;  of  San  Antonio,  600  feet. 

The  average  quantity  of  loater  which  falls  in  rain  and  snow  at  Washington 
City  is  41.2  inches ;  at  San  Francisco,  23.59  inches ;  at  Santa  F6,  19.83 
inches. 

Latitude  of  the  Washington  Observatory,  38°  53^  39^^.25. 

The  mean  temperature  of  W^ashington  City  is  36°. 05  in  winter,  70°. 33  in 
summer;  56°. 14  for  the  year:  of  San  Francisco,  50°. 86  in  winter,  57°. 53 
in  the  summer,  and  54°.  88  for  the  year. 

Declination  of  the  Magnetic  Needle  for  1860. 


Savannah 3°  5^  East. 

Mobile 6    8       " 

San  Diego 12    6       '♦ 

San  Francisco 15    8       '< 


Washington  City 2°  36^  West. 

New  York 7    01       " 

Albany 8    3 

Charleston 1    7  East. 

The  annual  increase  at  Washington  is  3  minutes. 
Dip  of  the  needle  at  Washington,  1861,  71°  24^. 

Sun-DiaU. 

The  most  common  dial  is  that  in  which  the  plane  of  the  dial  is  horizontal, 
and  the  style,  placed  in  the  meridian,  is  inclined  to  the  plane  of  the  dial  at 
an  angle  equal  to  the  latitude  of  the  place. 

Hour-lines  are  drawn  from  the  centre,  or  point  where  the  style  intersects 
the  plane,  to  the  circumference:  their  positions  are  calculated  from  the 
formula  tan.  x  =  tan.  h  sin.  L,  in  which  x=zih.e,  hour-angle  on  the  hori- 
zontal plane,  h  =  15°,  30°,  45°,  etc.,  the  hour-angle  on  the  equatorial 
plane,  and  L  =  the  latitude  of  the  place. 

To  determine  these  lines  geometrically,  draw  in  the  meridian-plane  from 
some  point  a,  on  the  style,  a  line  perpendicular  to  the  style,  and  note  the 
point  b  where  it  intersects  the  plane  of  the  dial.  Draw  through  this  point 
a  line,  in  the  plane  of  the  dial,  pei'pendicular  to  the  meridian-plane.  This 
will  be  the  equatorial  line. 


I'U 


(KDNANCE    MANUAL. 


M.-:iMiro  ntV  tV.mi  /^  <>ii  the  proloiigjition  of  the  meridian,  the  distance  h  c 

^ ^]  ,,,  ,,  ;,   ,,,,,!  ^vjii,  ,•  iiv  ;,  centre,  describe  a  semicircle,  and  divide  it  into 

1  '..  ,1,1  ],aris  '.(Ml  each  side  of  the  meridian:  through  these  points  of 
,l;M-i.. II  draw  radii,  and  i)r()l()ng  them  till  they  meet  the  equatorial  line. 
.1..)!.  il,e-e  poiiiis  of  intersection  with  the  foot  of  the  style,  and  these  lines 
w;!I  ni  irk  the  hours  before  and  after  12  o'clock  m. 

/'.  li-'Tinuif  till'  mrndi<tn-Un>'  v:ithout  the  use  of  astronomical  instru- 
M','-  -  -Take  a  j.oint  in  the  plane  of  the  dial  through  which  it  is  intended 
ih.-  lueridian-jdane  shall  pass.  With  this  point  as  a  centre  describe  several 
. mn  .Mitrie  eircles.  Fix  a  straight  pin  in  the  centre,  perpendicular  to  the 
1  lane  nt  I  he  dial,  of  such  a  leiigtli  that  the  extremity  of  the  shadow  cast 
\^\  !!  -Iiall  fall  witiiin  tlio  circles  at  12  M.  Mark  the  points  where  the  ex- 
tremity of  tlie  shadow  passes  over  these  circles  in  the  forenoon,  and  again 
the  -anie  in  tlie  afternoon.  The  line  drawn  from  the  middle  of  these  arcs 
(••iiitaiiied  between  the  points  of  passage,  to  the  centre  of  the  circles,  will 
be  the  meridian. 

(»!•  liie  uuM-idian  may  be  determined  by  two  plumb-lines  made  to  cover 
each  nilur,  and  also  the  North  Star  at  the  time  of  its  passage  across  the 
ni'-ridian. 

The  time  given  by  the  dial  is  true  solar  time:  to  reduce  it  to  mean,  or 
chi,-k  time,  the  equation  of  time  must  be  added  or  subtracted. 


Eijiuition  of  Time. 


.lnnuarv. 
Krbruar\ 
March... 

Al.nl 

May 

.lunr 


1   '  -\-  V  4G 


//I! 


1  \-^\?.  r)3     i   . 

It;  1  ^U4    28     !^  ^^"gust 

10  .  _L  8    to     V  September. 


1<;     —  0  18 

1    !  -  8  8 

1.;  |-8  ;^8 

1      —  2  80 

It;  i  -;-  0  18 


':  October  ... 
November 
December . 


1 

+  3^ 

27^^ 

16 

+  5 

42 

1 

+  6 

1 

16 

+  3 

59 

1 

—  0 

9 

16 

—  5 

13 

1 

—10 

18 

16 

—14 

22 

1 

—16 

17 

16 

—15 

2 

1 

—10 

44 

'( 

16 

—  3 

59 

r. 


rORMUL.E   IN  MECHANICS. 


•■<  acting  on  mnchmos  are  compared  to  weights,  and  are  expressed 
in  I  ..und-. 

Ihc  v.doriiy  of  a  body,  the  space  which  it  passes  over  in  a  second  of 
'  ■!:■'"  v.Ihmi  1!  ,<  moving  with  a  uniform  motion,  or  the  space  that  it  would 
]  i-<  "vrr  m  a  ^ceond  of  time  when  it  has  a  varied  motion,  if  its  motion 
M,..uM  beeon.e  unifMrm  at  the  time  it  is  considered,  is  expressed  in  feet. 

'  Mr..!M,  ^I,,Tn,^.  .  \^  expro:~scd  by  S-  ^  V  T. 


FORMULiE   IN    MECHANICS.  465 

S  being  the  space  passed  over,  Fthe  velocity,  and  T  the  duration  of 
the  motion. 

Uniformly  Accelerated  Motion  starting  from  a  State  of  Rest. — 
S—^V^T^:  V^  =  2V^S:  Fp  the  velocity  after  the  1st  second. 
iDED  Motion.— >S  =  V^  T—  \  V^  T\ 
V^  the  velocity  at  the  moment  the   retarding  force 
begins  to  act ;    V  the  velocity  remaining  at  the  end  of  the  time  T. 

Motion  of  Falling  Bodies. — The  force  of  gravity  is  uniform  and  con- 
stant for  the  same  place  on  the  surface  of  the  earth.  Let  ff  be  the  velocity 
acquired  by  a  body  falling  freely  in  vacuo  at  the  end  of  the  first  second ; 
V  the  velocity  at  the  time  t ;  t  the  time  in  seconds ;  h  the  space  passed  over 
in  the  time  ^;  then  h  =  ^gt^:  v  =z  ff  t  =  \/2  ff  h. 

The  velocity  ff,  which  is  the  measure  of  the  force  of  gravity,  varies  with 
the  latitude  of  the  place,  and  with  its  altitude  above  the  level  of  the  sea. 

The  force  of  gravity  at  the  latitude  of  45°  =32.1803  feet;  at  any  other 
latitude  L;  g  =  32.1808  feet  —  0.0821  cos.  2  L.  If  g^  represent  the  force 
of  gravity  at  the  height  h  above  the  sea,  and  r  the  radius  of  the  earth,  the 

force  of  gravity  at  the  level  of  the  sea  will  be  g=^g^   (l  +  -j^!)- 

1_  0.002588  COS.  2i 

g^^g  45°  X 1+5^ • 

4r 
In  the  latitude  of  London,  at  the  level  of  the  sea,  g  =.  32.1908  feet. 
"  Washington,  "  "       ^  =  32.155    feet. 

Quantity  of  Work. — It  is  the  product  of  the  intensity  of  a  force  by 
the  distance  passed  over  by  its  point  of  application  in  the  direction  of  the 
force.  The  unit  of  work  done  corresponds  to  the  elevation  of  1  pound 
through  a  height  of  1  foot,  and  is  called  a.  foot-pound  [ft. -lb.) 

A  Horse-Power. — This  force  is  estimated  at  550  lbs.  raised  1  foot  in  a 
second,  or  33,000  lbs.  raised  1  foot  in  1  minute. 

The  Mass  of  a  Body  is  expressed  by  the  weight  divided  by  the  force  of 

gravity,  thus:  J/=-. 

Moving  Force,  and  Force  of  Inertia. — We  have  F=z3Ij  for  the  force 
F  capable  of  communicating  or  taking  away  from  the  body  of  a  mass  M  an 
element  of  velocity  v  in  an  element  of  time  t. 

Quantity  of  Motion. — The  product  of  the  mass  of  a  body  by  the  velo- 
city which  it  has  at  the  time  considered ;  that  is,  31  V. 

Impact  of  Elastic  and  Unelastic  Bodies. — A  body  of  a  mass  J/ moving 
with  a  velocity  F impinges  against  another  31^  moving  with  a  velocity  F' 
in  the  same  line  and  in  the  same  direction.  A  diminution  of  velocity  v 
is  developed  in  the  element  of  time  t,  at  the  point  of  contact  in  the  first 
body,  and  an  increase  of  velocity  v^  in  the  second  body,  so  that  we  have 

39 


{,;,;  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

y  ,        y  ,  ' :    I  ho  ^v.m  of  tlic  quantity  of  motion  is  the  same  before  and 
I',,,-  u;i.-!:;-tic  bo'lics.  if  ilu'V  remain  together  after  impact,  moving  with  a 


:„...,...  v.lo.-itv  f\  wo  liave  17^^=^^^^^^;   if  they  meet,  going  in  oppo- 


.ii.v(Miun<.  /;        _,,  ,  _,^, 


Koi-  claMJo  Ixulies.  the  velocity  of  tlie  hody  J/ after  impact  is  2  U —  V; 

MV  \-M' 


,,  ,.|-  v  is  -2  r—  v.  2  U---  -LKZU^^I^,    U3I'  were  in  a  state  of  rest, 


i;^  N.-lnrity  after  impact  would  be  2  /7=  j/^^f '  ^^ouble  that  which  would 
L.i\c  l.rcii  oniiiinunicated  to  an  unolastic  body  under  the  same  circumstances. 

I.i\  iM,  K..i;rK  OF  A  r>oi)Y  is  the  product  of  its  mass  by  the  square  of  its 
vol'icity  at  the  time  considered. 

I'i:iN(  iiM.K  OF  Livi.\(;  Forces.— ^^  J  (J/  F^—  3F  V^^).  T  is  the  work 
Mt'  a  I'urro  whicli  accelerates  or  retards  the  motion  of  a  body  which  is 
ni'iviiiix  in  its  own  direction. 

Ckn  run niAr-  Fokck. — F^^  ^'-tt'-  *'  ^^  ^"^^^  radius  described  by  the  centre 
of  trnivity  of  the  raass. 

SiMi'i.K    pKNoiLiM. — The   time    of    vibration    of    a    simple    pendulum 

7'       ~  V  ,  •   ''  ''('iiij^  '1'^^'  lenn;th  of  the  pendulum. 

The  relation  lietween  the  times  T  and  T^  of  vibration  of  simple  pendu- 
lum^ nt'  Ifii^rihs  /  aiiil  U  in  different  places  for  which  the  force  of  gravity  is 

.'/  aii'l  v'  i-^  i'    -\/     ^,  •     If  I  be  the  length  of  a  pendulum  vibrating  seconds, 

aivl  /'  iht'  lonjrih  of  atiy  (ither  simple  pendulum  vibrating  in  the  time  t  at 
the  -aiue  place,  tlien  /'  r-lf-. 

I  h.'  l.'ii^rth  ,,f  tli(«  seconds-pendulum  is  in  a  constant  ratio  to  the  force  of 
pravity  :     ''         It.Slj'.itiOM. 

/..  ;i7'',  ui  ,,  /'.  „,!„!mn  i-ihrafuia  ,*<■  cohc/.s-  at  the  Lnxl  of  the  Sea,  in  various  Latitudes. 


At  ihe  i:<,m;,i, 


.39.027144  inches. 


Wavhin.L'i.iM,  Lat.  ;!S"  .-,;>,/  !>;}// 39.10583 

N'W  Vciik,      bat.  10^  4:2^  4.3^^ 39,11256  " 

'"'"'"'•  '-"■  -''l^;'.!^ 39.13908 

'-'»•  15° 39.12690 

'"■'f'  ^> :'.9.12G96  in.  —  0.099816  cos.  2  L. 

The  time  of  oscillation  of  a  compound  pendulum  is  ^=  ttJ--^.  / 
^•'  !  -'  th,.  iiu.ment  of  inertia  of  the  oscillating  body  in  reference  to  the 
''^^  "t  o-,;!!;iti,„i  :  Jtlie  di^f  nnoo  of  the  eoiitre  of  frmvity  of  the  pendulum 
fr  ■!•,  fiM-  M\! 


FOEMUL.E    IN    MECHANIC^.  467 

T' being  known,  we  have  I  =^  -^  Mdg. 

The  moment  of  inertia,  in  reference  to  an  axis  passing  through  the 
centre  of  gravity  and  parallel  to  the  axis  of  suspension,  is  I^  =  / —  MdP'. 

Revolving  Pendulum. — The  time  of  revolution  is  7^==::  2^^'-:  h  is  the 
projection  of  the  stem  on  a  vertical  plane. 

For  Washington,  li  r=  —v;^ —  inches  ;  J' being  the  number  of  revolutions 
per  second. 

The  Discharge  of  Water  under  a  Constant  Head. — The  theoretical 


discharge  of  water  through  an  orifice  in  a  thin  plate  is  ^  =  Sy/'2g  U;  Q, 
the  quantity  of  water ;  S,  the  area  of  the  orifice,  and  IT,  the  depth  of  the 
orifice  below  the  surface  of  the  water. 

To  get  the  actual  discharge,  multiply  the  theoretical  discharge  by  one 
of  the  following  coefficients,  according  to  the  height  of  the  surface  above 

the  middle  of  the  orifice. 

Feet.         Feet.        Feet.       Inches.     Indies. 

H=  33.75    5.  1.  8.  4. 

Coefficient  for  orifice  1  inch  in  diam.    0.6       0.62       0.632     0.634    0.637 
"      4     "  "        0.6       0.612     0.617     0.613     0.608 

If  the  contraction  of  the  vein  be  not  complete,  if  one  or  more  of  the 
sides  of  the  orifice  be  in  the  prolongation  of  the  sides  of  the  vessel,  mul- 
tiply the  preceding  coefficients  by  .1035  when  there  is  no  contraction  on 
one  side ;  by  1.072  when  there  is  none  on  two  sides;  by  1.125  when  the 
contraction  is  only  on  one  side. 

Through  Pipes  having  no  Sudden  Changes  of  Direction. —  V=  26.79 

y/DI—  .082  feet;  Q  = -f^ ;  A  diameter  of  the  pipe;  ^  =  f ,  the 
slope  per  running  foot ;  H,  the  difference  of  level  between  the  two  reser- 
voirs ;  L,  the  whole  length  of  the  pipe. 

To  find  the  size  of  pipe  for  a  given  volume  of  toater,  we  have  Q  =:  21.045 

^TM  —  0.0196  Z)2;  or  Z)  =  0.2956^/^^  with  sufficient  accuracy  for  a 
mean  velocity  not  exceeding  \\  feet. 

Hydraulic  Rams. — The  following  proportions  have  been  found  to 
answer  in  practice : 

A,  the  height  above  the  reservoir  to  which  the  water  is  to  be  thrown. 

II,  the  height  of  the  reservoir  above  the  outlet  of  the  waste-valve. 

L,  the  length  of  the  supply-pipe  from  the  reservoir  to  the  waste-valve. 

D,  its  interior  diameter. 

Q,  the  whole  supply  of  water  in  cubic  feet  per  second. 

q,  the  quantity  raised  to  the  height  A. 

/r=  A,  X  =  2.8  //=  0.14  A;  D^l=  A;  |i  =  I  nearly. 


|»;s  ORDNANCE    .MANUAL. 

MHrifAXICAL   rOWERS. 
('(Oi(/ifions  of  Kquilibriiun  of  Simjole  Machines. 
I,K\nt.— Tlie  ftTecdve  <inn  of  a  lever  is  the  perpendicular  distance  from 
I  ho  riilcniin  to  the  line  of  direction  of  the  power  or  weight. 

Tho  powor  is  to  the  weight  inversely  as  the  effective  arms  of  the  lever: 

Tlie  prossure  on  the  fulcrum  is  the  resultant  of  the  power  and  weight. 

Fi\K.i>  I'ri.KKY. —  The  power  is  equal  to  the  weight.  The  pressure  Q  on 
tiu'  iixis  is  to  the  power  or  weight  as  the  chord  c  of  the  arc  enveloped  by 
the  rope  i^  to  the  radius  r  of  the  pulley: 

c 
M-.v\i!i.K    Pt  i.i.Kv.— The  power  is  to   the  weight  as  the  radius  of  the 
j-ullvy  is  to  tlie  chord  of  the  arc  enveloped  by  the  rope. 
Tlio  tousjuii  on  the  fixed  end  of  the  rope  is  equal  to  the  power: 

c 
hi  a  system  of  ?i  movable  pulleys,  tlie  power  is  to  the  weight  as  the  pro- 
duct of  the  radii  of  the  pulleys  is  to  the  product  of  the  chords  of  the  arcs 
onvoldpeil  by  tlic  rope  : 


c  c^  c^^  .  .  n 


If  I  ho  rojics  bo  parallel,  c  -~z  2r  and  P  —  ~ 

2"' 
l'>i.'H  K  AM.  Tacki.k.— Tlie  power  is  equal  to  the  weight  divided  by  the 
nuinlH-r  of  vupos  atiaelicd  to  the  lower  block,  or  by  twice  the  number  of 
rising'  imlloys. 

W  iiKKi.  AM)  Am.k.— The  power  is  to  the  weight  as  the  radius  r,  of  the 
axlo.  iv  to  the  radius  /.',  of  tlie  wheel. 

w  r 
Ji 
SvsTKM  or  WuKKi.s  AM)  Pin loxs.— The  power  is  to  the  weight  as  the  pro- 
■'"'■'  "f  'Ih'  rarlii  (or  niu.iber  of  teeth)  r,  r\  r^/,  etc.,  of  the  pinions  is  to 
''"■   !"-'"l"ci   of  the  radii   (or  number  of  teeth)  R,   R^,   Rff^   etc.,    of  the 
\vh-'cl<  : 


R  R'  R'^Tff: 
Nri.iNKi.  •''\M-.— If  the  direction  of  the  power  be  horizontal,  the  p 
'^  '•■  tl.-  >vo,,da  as  tlK^  height  of  the  plane  A  is  to  its  base  h. 


1 

h 


ase  b. 

w  h 


THo  pre<Hno  on  the  plane,   Q     -  ^^^  =..  "^ ;  I  being  the  length  of  the 


plniie. 


MECHANICAL   POWERS.  469 

If  the  direction  of  the  power  be  parallel  to  the  plane,  the  power  is  (o  the 
weight  as  the  height  of  the  plane  to  its  length. 

Pb        10  b 
The  pressure  on  the  plane,  Q  =  —  =  — ■. 

ScijEW. — The  power,  applied  perpendicular  to  the  axis,  is  to  the  weight 
as  the  pitch  of  the  screw  s,  or  the  distance  between  two  threads,  is  to  the 
circumference  described  by  the  point  to  which  the  power  is  applied.  Thus, 
if  the  power  be  applied  by  means  of  a  lever  I, 

2:rl' 

Wedge. — The  power  is  to  the  resistance,  acting  perpendicularly  on  each 
side  of  the  wedge,  as  the  thickness  of  the  back  of  the  wedge  is  to  the 
length  of  the  side. 

Balance. — The  common  balance  is  a  simple  lever,  the  arms  of  which 
are  equal.  If  the  balance  be  not  accurate,  the  true  weight  of  a  body  may 
be  found  by  taking  the  square  root  of  the  product  of  the  weights  which 
counterpoise  it  successively  in  each  scale.  A  better  and  more  convenient 
method  of  eliminating  the  error  of  a  balance  is  to  place  the  body  in  one 
scale  and  counterpoise  it  by  any  weights  in  the  opposite  scale ;  then  re- 
move the  body  and  replace  it  by  known  weights  until  the  equilibrium  be 
again  restored.  The  sum  of  the  latter  weights  will  be  that  of  the  body 
required. 

Friction . 

In  the  foregoing  conditions  of  equilibrium  of  machines,  no  account  is 
taken  of  the  resistance  caused  by  friction,  and  by  the  stiffness  of  ropes, 
chains,  &c. 

Numerous  experiments  on  friction  have  been  made  in  France  by  M.  Morin, 
from  which  the  following  general  results  are  obtained : 

1.  The  friction  of  any  two  bodies  in  motion  is  proportional  to  the  press- 
ure, whether  the  surfaces  be  dry  or  covered  with  an  unguent.  The  ratio 
between  the  pressure  and  the  friction  is  called  the  coefficient  of  friction. 

2.  The  amount  of  friction  is  independent  of  the  surface  of  contact  and 
of  the  velocity  of  the  motion.  It  depends  only  on  the  pressure,  the  nature 
of  the  surfaces  in  contact,  and  the  kind  of  unguent  interposed. 

3.  In  general,  friction  is  less  between  bodies  of  different  kinds  than  be- 
tween those  of  the  same  kind. 

4.  When  two  surfaces  have  been  long  in  contact  at  rest,  an  adhesion 
takes  place  between  them,  the  force  of  which  is  proportional  to  the  extent 
of  the  surface  of  contact,  and  independent  of  the  pressure. 

5.  When  a  continuous  stratum  of  an  unguent  is  constantly  interposed 

30* 


470 


OUDNANCE    MANUAL. 


between  the  surfaces  of  contact,  the  amount  of  friction  depends  on  the 
nature  of  the  unguent,  and  not  on  that  of  the  surfaces. 

6.  With  the  unguents  hog's  Lard  and  olive-oil,  the  coefficient  of  friction 
is  nearly  the  same  for  surfaces  of  wood  moving  on  metals,  wood  on  wood, 
metal  on  wood,  and  metal  on  metal. 

Tlie  coefficient  for  the  unguent  tallow  is  the  same,  except  in  the  case  of 
metal  on  metal,  for  which  it  appears  to  be  less  suited  than  the  others, 
giving  a  coefficient  of  about  0.10, 

7.  The  friction  of  axles  is  generally  a  little  less  than  that  of  plane  sur- 
faces under  similar  circumstances.  The  amount  of  friction  is  here  also 
proportional  to  the  pressure,  and  independent  of  the  velocity  of  the  motion 

F/iction  of  Plane  Surfaces,  in  3Iotion,  upon  Each  Other. 


Surfaces  in  Contact. 


Wood  on  wood,  dry 

*'  '*      soaped 

Metals  on  oak,  dry 

"  "      wet 

"  "      soaped , 

Metals  on  elm,  dry 

Hemp   on   oak,  dry 

"      wet 

Leather  on  oak,  dry 

Leather  on  metals,  dry 

"  "         wet 

"         gveasy 

"  oily 

Metals  on  metals,  dry 

"  "       wet 

Smooth  surfaces  occasionally  greased. 
"  "     continually         " 

"     best  results , 


Angle  of  Repose. 


14°    to 
1H°  to 

26^°  to 
13^°  to 
11^° 
1U°  to 
28° 
18^-° 
15°    to 
29^° 
20° 
13° 
8J° 

8J°    to 
16J° 
4°      to 
3° 
lf°    to 


26^ 

2° 

31° 

14^^ 

14° 


19J° 

4^° 
2° 


CoeflScient  of 
Friction. 


.25  to  .5 

.2  to  .04 

.5  to  .6 

.24  to  .26 

.2 

.2  to  .25 

.53 

.33 

.27  to  .38 

.55 

.36 

.23 

.15 

.15  to  .2 

.3 

.07  to  .08 

.05 

.03  to  .036 


WORK  DONE  BY  MEN  AND  HORSES. 


471 


The  Quantity  of  Work  that  may  he  done  hy  Men  and  Horses. 

(From  the  French  Aide-M6moire,  1856.) 


Kind  of  Work. 


St2 


•2  3 
S  2 


Raising  Weights  vertically. 

1  man  going  up  a  gentle  slope  or  a  ladder, 
without  a  load,  raising  the  weight  of  his 
own  body 

1  man  raising  weights  with  a  cord  and 
puUej',  the  cord  coming  down  unloaded... 

1  man  raising  weights  with  the  hands 

1  man  raising  weijjhts  or  carrying  them  on 
his  back  up  a  gentle  slope  or  up  a  ladder, 
returning  unloaded 

1  man  wheeling  a  load  up  a  slope  of  l-12th 
in  a  wheelbarrow,  and  returning  with  the 
empty  barrow 

1  man  throwing  earth  to  a  mean  height  of 
5  feet  with  a  shovel 

Action  on  Machines. 
1  man  on  the  spokes  of  a  wheel  or  drum : 

1.  On  a  level  with  the  axis 

2.  Toward  the  bottom  or  at  24° 

1  man  walking  and  pushing  or  pulling  ho- 
rizontally  

1  man  working  at  a  crank 

1  man  pulling  and  pushing  alternately  in  a 

vertical  direction 

1  horse  harnessed  to  an  ordinary  carriage, 

going  at  a  walk 

1  horse    harnessed    to   a    pumping-engine, 

going  at  a  walk 

1  horse    harnessed    to    a   pumping-engine, 

going  at  a  trot 

1  ox  harnessed  to  a  pumping-engine,  going 

at  a  walk 

1  mule    harnessed    to    a    pumping-engine, 

going  at  a  walk 

Carrying  Loads  horizontally. 

1  man,  on  a  level  road,  without  a  load,  car- 
rying the  weight  of  his  own  body 

1  man  with  a  hand-cart,  returning  without 
a  load 

1  man  with  a  wheelbarrow,  returning  with- 
out a  load 

1  man  carrying  a  load  on  his  back 

1  man  carrying  a  load  on  his  back,  return- 
ing without  a  load 

1  man  with  a  hand-barrow,  returning  with- 
out a  load 

1  horse  in  a  cart,  at  a  walk 

1  horse  in  a  wagon,  at  a  trot 

1  horse  in  a  cart,  returning  without  a  load, 
at  a  walk 

1  horse  under  the  saddle,  at  a  walk 

1  horse  under  the  saddle,  at  a  trot 


150. 


150. 


27. 
18. 

12. 
155. 
100. 

67. 
145. 

67. 

145. 
220. 

135. 

90. 


110. 

1550. 

770. 

1550. 
265. 
180. 


Feet. 


.07 
1.31 


.5 
2.3 

1.97 
2.46 

3.61 

2.95 

2.95 

6.56 

1.97 

2.95 


4.92 
1.64 


1.64 
2.46 


1.08 
3.6 

7.2 

2.0 
3.6 

7.2 


75. 


26.4 
25.2 


19.5 
9.45 


67.5 
62.1 

53.19 
44.28 

43.22 

457.25 

295.0 

439.52 

285.65 

197.65 

713.4 

360.8 

221.4 
221.4 

237.8 

118.8 
5580. 
5544. 

3100. 
954. 
1296. 


4.5 


10 
10 
4.5 

10 
10 

7 


2,160,000 

570.240 
544,320 


340,200 
282,960 


1,944,000 

1,788,480 

1,531,870 
1,275,260 

1,244,750 

16,461,000 

8,496,000 

7,120,220 

8,226,720 

5,692,320 

25,682,400 

12,988,800 

7,970,400 
5,579,280 

5,136,480 

4,267,800 
200,880,000 
89,812,800 

111.600,000 
34.344,000 
32,659,200 


22-'' 


171' 


UU1>NAN("E    MANUAL. 


77m    ('h'li.it!!)/  of'  ]V(ifl:  done  hi/  3frn  and  Horses. — Continued. 


Kl.STi    OK    ^V0UK. 


man  rai-iiii;  his  own  wci^-ht  ny  a  stair  or 

l.t.l.i.r 

in. ill  r;ii-iiii:  wci'^lits  with  cord  and  pulley, 

ord  nturiiinir  unloaded 

Ill  111  lifiiiiL'  w.-ji,'hts  witii  Ills  hands 

ni:ui  '  irrviiiii  \\(i_'hts  up  a  laddt-r,  ro- 
ll..in   thii.wiii;:  c-irth  with   a  ^hnvd   to  a 

h.iciit  ..t  :..•:.■,  t—t 

III. in    "! !in;r   tartli    in  a  l)arriiw   up  a 

-!.|..-  ..f  1-lJth.  p-turiiiiii;  unloailcd 

111. Ill  WMikiiK  at   the  spokt.'.s  ol'  a   drum, 

•n  ;i  1.  v.l  with  tlu-axi- 

iiriii   ".'ikiii;;  at    tin-    .-piiki'.s  .if  a  drum, 

t..w:ud   til.'  lotti  III  or  at  •J-1'^^ 

III. ill  pu-hiii^-  IT  i)iilliiiL'  horizontally  (cap- 

-t.ui  c  r  i'lPi '. 

III. ill  tiiriiiiiu'  a  iiaiik  

in.iii  wiikiiu'  a  puiii|i 

Ill  Hi  walkiii-  on  a  h-vel  road,  iinloadtd.... 
iiriii    wh.-.diii;.'  l.iad   in   liand-c.iit,  return- 

iru'  iiiil-.id'd  

mill   whcvhiiu'  a  load  in  whcidharrow,   re- 

t.iihiii-  nnload.'d 

m.in  rariviii-a  l..,.,d  on  his  l,:„-k 

11.^'  iiid...,d..l". '.....! ...'.'....V. 

h-i-.-  I. int. Tin-  aii.i  tr..itin^',  drawiii;:  a 

h.-ht  r:iilwa>-,-.irria-.  ; 

h-i--  .ii-.i\Mii-  cut  or  l....it.  walking 

h.  r-..  dr.iwiij;;  ^'in  ..r  mill,  walking,' 

h  .r—  dra«in-  L'iii  ..r  mill,  tioltiiif; 

h..r^..lr.i«.im,Mit  always  loaded,  walking 
h  •r«.-.lr..\Mn;;,-.u-t  alwiivs  loaded,  trotting 
h.r-.  draxMiii:  .ai  t.  g.iiiig  loa.l,.,t,  return- 
ing iiiii..,id.,| 

\i   i-    .11  rying  luinl.  n.  walking 

h   I-..  iirrMii^  t.iir.liii,  tDtting 

■•\   .Ir.winu'  a  cart  ahvavs  L.ad.'d  

iiinl-  drawin-  a  cirt   idw.ivs  Kiad-d... 
■•-  .liauin.-  a  cart  alwMVs  |,,a.led 


o 
1^ 

'6 
3 

C    . 
It 

5=^ 

^(2 

5  % 

1, 

Tc- 

o  S, 

■~ 

sS 

■^  = 

k 

^ 

K 

1 

Lbs. 

Feet. 

Ft.-Lbs. 

Hours 

143. 

0.5 

72.5 

8 

40. 

0.75 

30. 

6 

44. 

0.55 

24.2 

6 

143. 

0.13 

18.5 

6 

6. 

1.3 

7.8 

10 

132. 

0.075 

9.9 

10 

132. 

0.5 

66. 

8 

26.5 

2.3 

60.95 

8 

26.5 

2.0 

53. 

8 

18. 

2.5 

45. 

8 

13.2 

2.5 

33. 

10 

143. 

5. 

715. 

10 

224. 

1.660 

373. 

10 

132. 

1.66G 

220. 

10 

90. 

2.5 

225. 

7 

140. 

1.666 

233. 

6 

30.5 

14.666 

447.5 

4 

120. 

3.6 

432. 

8 

100. 

3.0' 

300. 

8 

GO. 

6.5 

429. 

4.5 

1.500. 

3.6 

5,400. 

10 

750. 

7.2 

5,400. 

4.5 

1,500. 

2.0 

3,000. 

10 

270. 

3.0 

972. 

10 

ISO. 

7  2 

1,296. 

7 

2.4 

3.600. 

10 

750. 

2.4 

1,800. 

10 

""'■ 

2.4 

900. 

10 

648,000 
522,720 


280,8 


1,900,800 

1,755,360 

1,526,400 
1,296,000 
1,188,000 
25,740,000 

13,428,000 

7,920,000 
5,670,000 

5,032,800 

6,444,000 

12,441,600 

8,640,000 

6,950,000 

194,400,000 

87,480,000 

108,000,000 
34,992.000 
32,659,200 

129,600.000 
64,800,000 
32,400,000 


,1  /,..r..,-;.o ,/•,-;•  in  .^tcjuii-ongijies  is  estimated  at  550  foot-pounds  per 
-■<o!,.l.  ,„•:;:;. (MM)  font -jiotind.s  per  niimitc,  or  1,080,000  foot-pounds  per  hour. 
Ill'-  avera^M'  I'nwrr  df  ji  (Ir-mpht-liorpc  as  given  above  is  4-32  foot-pounds 

'"'   ''''■■'"'        '•.  i^->(il    ^\\i'  ri.unntionnl  Jior^C'pon-cr. 
1  !ie  1-  r.nrli   li..i<e-}iu\v('r  is   oi 


<ltial  to  542^  foot-pounds  per  second,  being 


■li.e  innu!,.T  ,.!    lioi-.f-pow, 


liowoi 


m  a  single-f?trokc  engine  is  expressed  by 


PRESSURE    OF    GUNPOWDER. 


473 


,0000238  d-  nj)  I;  d  being  the  diameter  of  the  piston  in  inches,  n  the  num- 
ber of  strokes  in  a  minute,  I  the  length  of  stroke  in  feet,  and  j9  the  pressure 
of  steam  on  a  square  inch,  (diminished  usually  by  ^  for  friction  and 
inertia.)     In  a  double-stroke  engine  the  power  is  double  the  above. 

Elastic  Force  of  Steam  at  different  Temperatures. 

(From  experiments  of  Committee  of  Franklin  Institute.) 
The  unit  is  the  atmospheric  pressure,  or  1  atmosphere  =  30  inches  of 
mercury. 


Temp. 

Press. 

Temp. 

Press. 

Temp. 

Press. 

Temp. 

Press. 

Temp. 

Press. 

212 

1 

275 

3 

304^ 

5 

326 

7 

345 

9 

235 

U 

284 

U 

310 

5^ 

331 

n 

349 

9^ 

250 

2 

291J 

4 

315^ 

6 

336 

8 

3521 

10 

264 

^ 

298J 

^ 

321 

^ 

340J 

^ 

Pi'essiire  of  Gunpowder  per  square  inch. 

(From  Captain  Rodman's  experiments.) 

The  pressure  on  a  42-pounder  gun,  at  the  bottom  of  the  bore,  when 
fired  with  10  pounds  of  powder  and  a  solid  shot  weighing  43  pounds,  is 
44,535  lbs. 

8  lbs.  of  powder  of  a  grain  .1  inch  diameter,  with  the  same  gun  and 
Bhot,  gave  a  pressure  of  51,800  lbs. 

8  lbs.  of  powder  of  a  grain  .4  inch  diameter,  with  the  same  gun  and 
shot,  gave  a  pressure  of  31,900  lbs. 

12.67  lbs.  of  powder  of  a  grain  .6  inch  diameter,  and  a  solid  shot, 
weighing  186.3  lbs.,  fired  from  an  11-inch  gun,  gave  a  pressure  of  21, 370  lbs. 

The  same  weight,  of  .3  inch  diameter,  gave  a  pressure  of  35,330  lbs. 

The  same  weight,  of  .3  inch  diameter,  of  different  powder,  gave  a  press- 
ure of  65,920  lbs. 

Half  the  weight  of  powder,  of  the  ordinary  chai-ge,  with  double  the 
weight  of  shot,  gave  the  same  pressure  as  the  ordinary  charge. 

1  lb.  of  powder,  burned  in  a  space  equal  to  twice  that  occupied  by  the 
powder,  gave  a  pressure  of  42,500  lbs. 

2  lbs.,  burned  in  the  space  occupied  by  it,  gave  a  pressure  of  133,590  lbs. 
1  lb.,  burned  in  the  space  occupied  by  it,  .1  inch  grain,  gave  a  pressure 

of  185,000  lbs. 

The  actual  pressures  are  probably  greater  tlian  those  above  given. 


.}7I  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

MATHEMATICAL  FORMULAE  AND   DATA. 
Mensuration. 

I-I.\K8. 

<'irrl. .--Ratio    of   circumference    to    diameter,    tt  =  3.1415926536  =  M| 

n.'.irly. 

( '<rni/rfiTence  nf  a  circle  =:2  rr  r. 

a  77  r 
f.nn/fh  of  an  arc  =  --— ;  r  being  the  radius  of  the  circle  and  a  the  num- 
loU 

8  c'' c 

l.er  uf  ilogroos  in  the  arc;  or  nearly  = —  ;  c  being  the  chord  of  the 

o 

arc,  and  c'  the  chord  of  half  tlie  arc,  which  is  =  \/ 1-  c^  -[-  versine^. 

Lno,//,  rf  1  <hyrec  r-^  0.0174533  ;  radius  being  1. 

/.'.'///,'A  of  1  ?iiinute  =  0.0002909. 

/.'■n;/fh  rf  1  second  =  0.0000048. 

]-:U ipse. —Circumference  =  | « 9  ^  ^J^^^F^T^,  nearly ;  a  and  i  being  the 
axes. 

/'./r(;/.c;^a.—Z^«y^Ao/anrtrc,  commencing  at  the  vertex,  =^(—-f  ^5  ), 
nearly;  a  being  the  abscissa,  and  b  the  ordinate. 

.Sluf.\.cks. 
7r,./;^//,._Ilalf    the    base  X  t^ie  height;     or    half    the    product    of 
two     .ide.<  X  the     sine    of    the     included     angle,     (^  a  b-^^) ;     or, 

^~'^'~")[^~^'){^'^;    or,    i v/T(M-  «)^  -  c']  [c2  -  (b  -  a^)]  ; 

'/.  /',  c  being  the  sides,  and  s  --  ^stAS^l 

2 

/''/m//,Voyram._The  base  X  the  height. 

rraj.:,;id.-]hx\f  the  sum  of  tlie  rarallel  sides  X  the  height 
An,  ^^uadrdatcral.-lHir  the   product  of  the  diagonals  X  the  sine  of 
tiif'ir  angle. 
J; 


l".v  ,..,v'^A'r ;./... y^..,  ,,„,,,,/  ,^  c......_Divide  the  figure  into  any 

;';""-"beru    parts  by  parallel  equidistant  ordinates  ;  let  a  be  the  sum 

"'•.-.,  and  last  ord.nates;  /.  the  sum  of  the  even  ordinates;  c  that  of 

■    -'^  ;"-.  -vrept   tl.e  first  and  last;   d  the  common  distance  between 

;:„;  ,      .      7'^     ."'."""'^  ^-^  H  (-r  4  H^  2  .).     ^/.,  ordinates  will  gene- 
r  iH\   Im-  tuiuid  siithcient.  ° 

'  '  '  •-  -  /•■ ;   or  diain.-'  X  .7854  ;  or  circum.-'  X  .07958. 

2'   "  ~'"':;go'  ""  '"'^'"S  the  length  of  the  arc  in  linear 
""■'-'"•«  :   a  the  number  of  degrees  in  the  arc. 


MENSURATION. 


475 


Circular  segment 
formed  by  the  chord  and  the  radii ;  or 


The  diiFerence  between  the  sector  and  the  triangle 
T  a  —  7-2  gin^  j^ 


or  nearly  =  .4  v  (c  -|- 


I  \/  4^  c^  +  ^^) ;  c  being  the  chord,  and  v  the  versed  sine. 

Ellipse. — TT  G  b  sin.  a;  2  a,  2  b  being  any  two  conjugate  diameters ;  a  the 
angle  formed  by  them.  When  a  =  90  degrees,  these  two  diameters  are  the 
axes,  and  then  we  have  s  =  7r  ab. 

Parabola. — f  ab  ;  a  being  the  abscissa,  and  b  the  double  ordinate. 

Right  prism  or  cylinder. — Curved  surface  =  height  X  perimeter  of  base. 

Right  pyramid  or  cone. — Half  the  slant  height  X  perimeter  of  base. 

Frustum  of  a  right  prism  or  cylinder. — The  perimeter  of  the  base  multi- 
plied by  the  distance  from  the  centre  of  gravity  of  the  upper  section  to  the 
base.  If  the  prism  or  cylinder  be  oblique,  multiply  this  product  by  the  sine 
of  the  angle  of  inclination. 

Frustum  of  a  right  pyramid  or  cone. — The  slant  height  X  ^^^^  the  sum  of 
the  perimeters  of  the  two  ends. 

Sphere. — 4  tt  r^ ;  or  diam.  X  circum. ;   or  diam.2  X  3.1416. 

Spherical  zone  or  segment. — 2  ir  r  h,  or  the  height  of  the  zone  or  segment 
multiplied  by  the  circumference  of  the  sphere. 

Circular  spindle. — 2  tt  (r  c  —  a  y/  r^  —  \  c"^) 
and  c  its  chord,,  or  the  length  of  the  spindle. 
180= 


a  being  the  length  of  the  arc, 


Spherical  triangle. — tt  r' 


— —  ;  s  being  the  sum  of  the  three  angles 


Any  surface  of  revolution. —  2  tt  r  Z;  or  the  length  of  the  generating  ele- 
ment multiplied  by  the  circumference  described  by  its  centre  of  gravity. 

Table  of  Regular  Polygons. 


No.  of  sides. 


Name. 


Triangle.... 

Square 

Pentagon... 
Hexagon... 
Heptagon. ., 

Octagon 

Nonagon  ... 
Decagon.... 
Undecagon 
Dodecagon. 


Area. 


0.4330127 
1.0000000 
1.7204774 
2.5980762 
3.6339124 
4.8284271 
6.1818242 
7.6942088 
9.3656399 
11.1961524 


Radius  of  circum- 
scribing circle. 


0.5773503 
0.7071068 
0.8506508 
1.0000000 
1.1523824 
1.3065628 
1.4619022 
1.6180340 
1.7747324 
1.9318517 


Side  of  inscribed 
pol}'gon. 


1.732051 
1.414214 
1.175570 
1.000000 
0.867767 
0.765367 
0.684040 
0.618034 
0.563465 
0.517638 


The  column  of  areas  in  the  foregoing  table  gives  tlie  number  by  which 
the  square  of  the  side  is  to  be  multiplied  to  find  the  area  of  the  polygon. 


.J 76  ORDNANCE   MANUAL. 

The  next  colunm  gives  the  multiplier  for  the  side  of  a  polygon,  to  find 
the  radius  of  the  circumscribing  circle. 

The  last  column  gives  the  multiplier  for  the  radius  of  a  circle,  to  find  the 
side  of  the  inscribed  polygon. 

Solids. 
Prism  or  cylinder. — Area  of  base  multiplied  by  the  height. 
Pi/ramid  or  cone. — Area  of  base  multiplied  by  one-third  of  the  height. 
Fru.«(um   of  a  pyramid   or   cone. — ^  h  (B -{- b -\- y/ B  b)  ;     h    being    the 
height ;  B  and  b  the  areas  of  the  two  ends.     Or,  for  a  conic  frustum, 

J  A  X  .7854  X  (  -^ T  )  >  ^  ^"^^  ^  being  the  diameters  of  the  two  ends. 

Friutum  of  a  right  triangular  prism. — The  base  y^  ^  [H -\-  H^  -{-  IF^). 

Frustum  of  any  right  prism. — The  base  multiplied  by  its  distance  from  the 
centre  of  gravity  of  the  section. 

Cylindrical  segment,  contained  between  the  base  and  an  oblique  plane 
passing  through  a  diameter  of  the  base;  two-thirds  of  the  height  multi- 
plied by  the  area  of  the  great  triangular  section;  ov^rh'^;  y  being  the 
radius  of  the  base,  and  h  the  height. 

4  7rr« 
Sphere. — -  ;  or  .5236  d^;  r  being  the  radius,  and  d  the  diameter. 

o 

Spherical  segment. — J  7z  h'^  (3  r  —  A)  =:=  — -  (3  b'^  -[-  li^)  ;  b  being  the  radius 

of  the  base,  h  the  height  of  the  segment,  and  r  the  radius  of  the  sphere. 

Spherical  zone. — "^.  -  (3  B'^  +  3  6-2  +  h"^) ;  B,  b  being  the  radii  of  the  bases. 

Spherical  sector. — J  r  X  the  surface  of  the  segment  or  zone ;   or  f  tt  r-  h. 

-  a'^  b 
Kllipsoid.—     ^.     ;    a  being  the  revolving  diameter,  and  b  the  axis  of 

revolution. 

Paraboloid.— \{ii\{  ihft  area  of  the  base  multiplied  by  the  height. 

Circular  spindle.— :r  (^  c^  —  2  «  ^1^—  \  c') ;  s  being  the  area  of  the  re- 
volving segment,  and  c  its  chord. 

Any  solid  of  revolution.— 2nrs;  or  the  area  of  the  generating  surface 
multiplied  by  the  circumference  described  by  its  centre  of  gravity. 

Any  irregular  solid  bounded  by  a  curved  surface.— V^q  the  rule  for  finding 
the  area  of  an  irregular  plane  figure,  substituting  sections  for  ordinates. 

Cask-gauging.— I.  By  the  preceding  rule: 

The  content  of  a  cask  =  ^  I  (d^  +  /)'i  +  4  3P)  ■  I  being  the  length,  d,  D 

the  head  and  bung  diameters,  and  J/ a  diameter  midway  between  them,— 

all  measured  in  the  clear,  inside  ;    '^  ~  0.1309. 

24 


CENTRES    or   GRAVITY.  477 

The  same  formula  may  be  thus  stated:  ^l  [A  -\-  B  -\-C) ;  I  being  the 
length,  A  and  B  the  areas  of  the  head  and  bung  sections,  and  C  that  of 
the  section  midway  between  them. 

2.  Contents  of  a  cask,  nearly  =  —  I  (2  B^ -{- d^) -,  or  Z  X  the  area  of  a 

.    2n-\-d 

circle  whose  diameter  is . 

o 

Centres  of  Gravity. 

LINES. 

Circular  arc. — At  a  distance  from  the  centre  =  —  \  r  being  the  radius, 

i 

c  the  chord,  and  I  the  length  of  the  arc. 

AREAS. 

Triangle. — On  a  line  drawn  from  any  angle  to  the  middle  of  the  opposite 

side,  at  two-thirds  of  the  distance  from  the  angle  to  the  side. 

Trapezoid. — On  a  line,  a,  joining  the  middle  points  of  the  two  parallel 

a  /B-\~2b\ 
sides,  B^  b  ;  distance  from  B  =-5-1  —^ 7-  )• 

4  ^ 
Semicircle. — Distance  from  the  centre  =— — . 

3  TV 

c3 
Circular  segment. — Distance  from  the  centre  =  ;  c  being  the  chord 

i-Ji  A 

of  the  segment,  and  A  its  area. 

2  r  c 

Circular  sector. — Distance  from  the  centre  =  — —  ;   c  being  the  chord, 

o  L 
and  I  the  length  of  the  arc. 

Parabolic  segment. — Distance  from  the  vertex  =  three-fifths  of  the  ab- 
scissa. 

Surface  of  a  right  cylinder,  cone,  ov  frustum  of  a  cone. — The  centre  of  gra- 
vity is  at  the  same  distance  from  the  base  as  that  of  the  parallelogram, 
triangle,  or  trapezoid,  which  is  a  right  section  of  the  same. 

Surface  of  a  spherical  zone  or  segment. — At  the  middle  of  the  height. 

SOLIDS. 

Prism  or  cylinder. — At  the  middle  of  the  line  joining  the  centres  of  gra- 
vity of  the  two  ends. 

Pyramid  or  cone. — The  distance  from  the  base  is  one-fourth  of  the  line 
joining  the  vertex  with  the  centre  of  gravity  of  the  base. 

Frustum  of  a  cone. — Distance  from  the  centre  of  the  smaller  end  = 
{R  +  rY-^2R^  ,  ,       3  i22  -f-  2  72  r  +  '/•2      ,    ,    .          ,      ,    .  ,  , 

i " X  \u  +  :r-Rr '  "■•  i * X -wfYTT^  ■'  '  "^"-^  '"^  ■""«"■ 

R  and  r  the  radii  of  the  greater  and  less  ends.     Distance  from  the  large 

,      3  7-2  -f  2  72  r  -f  i22 
end  =  iA-^-r+-^7+?^- 

40 


47S  ORDNANCE    3IANUAL. 

3(r— U)2      Tzli'U  —  lhY 

Sphfncal  ,»rv;;,^/i/.— Distance  from  the  centre^  — — =: ■- ^; 

'  '  or  —  II  o 

r  being  the  radius  otMhe  sphere,  A  the  height  of  the  segment,  and  >S' its  solid 

8  r  —  3  A 

cntent-^.     Distance  from  the  vertex  =  h  -— — -. 

12  r  —  4  A 

Sph'-nral  .orrtor. — Distance  from  the  centre  =  f  (?•  —  ^  /*)• 

2  ?•  +  3  h 
Distance  from  the  vertex  = . 

o 

ffnui^-p/irrc. — Distance  from  the  centre  =  f  r. 

S'lin-fHijixoi'/. — Distance  from  the  centre  ;=:  f  of  semi-axis  of  revolution. 
ranihnloid. — Distance  from  the  vertex  :==  f  A. 

Any  fi/strm  of  bodies. — Distance  of  the  common  centre  of  gravity  from  a 
BD-^B^  I)^  Jr-B''  D^'  4-QXG.       „      „       „ 
ptven    plane... ^^^^^T^^T^T:^^ '     ^'    ^^   ^''    ^^^^S    '^^ 

masses  or  solid  contents  of  the  bodies,  and  D,  D^,  D'^  the  distances  of 
their  respective  centres  of  gravity  from  the  given  plane. 

Arithmetical  Progresdon. 

a.  the  first  term  ;  d,  the  common  diflFerence  ;  n,  the  number  of  terms  ;   I, 
the  «'*>  term  ;  s,  the  sum  of  n  terms. 

/  =  a  -f  c?  (/I  —  1)  ;  s^^^-{a-^l). 

Geometrical  Progression . 
r,  the  conimnn  ratio:   the  rest  as  above. 

/  n      1  Ir  —  a  (r"— 1) 


5  =^ 


1  r  — 1    ' 


Logarithms. 
f.  the  common  logarithm  of  the  number  a ;   e,  the  base  of  the  hyperbolic 
logarithms  -   li.718i!818;  x/ ,  the  hyperbolic  logarithm  of  a. 

(/    ^  1(F  -^  ex^ ;  x^x'  log.  e ;  log.  e  =  0.4342945. 


PLANE   TRIGONOMETRY. 

Tlu-  radius  is  taken  eriual  to  unity.     To  restore  it,  replace  such  expres- 

».^  as  tang,  a,  sin.  ,/,  1  _  sin.  a,  etc.,  by  ~-?l^    'J"'-^   ^?ZI«l!^    etc 

'     ^       R      '     R    '         R 


FoKMrr.K.  [a  and  h  are  the  angles.) 


V   '  —  i""^.''^/;     tail 


f?-  "  ^- ■ ;    sec.  a  = 

COS.  a 


PLANE   TRIGONOMETRY. 

COS.  a  1  .  - 

cot.  a  =  -; ;  cosec.  a  :=  -: ;  ver-sin.  a  =  l  — cos.  a ; 

sm.  a  sin.  a 

sin.  {addh)  =  sin.  a  cos.  h  db  sin.  b  cos.  a ; 

cos.  [a±h)=i  COS.  a  cos.  i  qz  sin.  a  sin.  J  ; 

tang,  a  zt  tang.  6 

tang,  (a  rt:  6)  = ^^ — ^ — v  ; 

^   ^  '        1  zp  tang,  a  tang,  h 

1  —  COS.  a  sin.  a 

tang.  A  a  = : =  z. — ; ; 

^    ^  sin.  a  \  -\-  COS.  a 


,             /l  —  COS.  a         „    ,  /l 

Bin.  ^  a  =   / ;  COS.  \  az=z    /_ 


-f-  COS.  a 


470 


Solution  of  Triangles. 
A,  B,  0,  are  the  3  angles :  a,  b,  c,  are  the  3  sides  opposite  them,  respectively. 
Right-Angled  Triangles — [A  being  the  right  angle.) 

Given.  Formulse. 

1.  a,  B,      b  —  asm.B:  c  =  a  cos.  B:   C=90°  — J5. 

2.  B,  c, 


3.  a,  b, 

4.  b,  c. 


b  =  a  sin.  B:  c 
c 


cos.  B 


b  =  c  tang.  B :  C=  90°  —  B. 


sin.  ^ 


:c  =  ^(a-}-6)   (a  — 6):  c  =  90°  —  B. 


tang.  B  zz=—  :  a 


COS.  ^ 


j5. 


Oblique- Angled  Triangles.   (;S',  the  area  of  the  triangle  ;  p  =■     '      "*"   ). 


Given. 

1.  ^5,  a, 

2.  fl,  6,^, 

3.  6,  c,^, 


4.  a,  b,  c. 


Formulse. 

asin.B  a  sin.  (7    „       i  i      •       ^       a^  gin,  J5  sin.  (7 

0  =  — : r  :  c  =z  — : :  Sz=i-b  c  sin.  ^4  : 

A  ^ 


sin.  ^ 


sin.  A  sin 

6  sin.  J. 


:C=180°—{A-^B) 


2  sin.yl 
a  sin.C 


sin.  A  ' 
b—c 


(5+(7)=H180°-^):   tang.J(^-C)==^-— cot.K4. 


sin.M=  /(^-^)_CPz::f) 


a  sin.C 
sin.  A ' 


or  tang.  ^A 


-J 


(p  —  b)  (p  —  c) 
P  {P  —  «) 


i.._-=J._(;^- 


S^^p{p  —  a)  {p  —  b)  {p  —  c)' 


,j^Q  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

BALLISTICS. 
Motion  of  a  Body  imjjcctcd  vertically  upward,  in  Vacuo. 
Li't  /  ri'prestnit  any  time  of  ascent,  in  seconds. 

/Mheheiglit      l^t,  the  end  of  the  time  ^ 
r.  the  velocity    J 

;/.  the  velocity  acquired  by  a  falling  body  in  1  second, 
r,  the  initial  velocity  of  projection. 
IL  tlie  whole  height  of  ascent, 
r.  the  whole  time  of  ascent. 
Then, 

h^Vt  —  hgt'K  v=V--gt. 

V'  ^       V 

Motion  of  a  Projectile  in  Vacuo. 

The  trajectory  of  a  body  projected  obliquely,  in  vacuo,  is  a  parabola,  the 
axis  of  which  is  vertical. 

Let  V  represent  the  initial  velocity  =  y/'2  g  II. 

(p,  the  angle  of  projection  above  the  horizontal  plane. 

X,  ij,  the  horizontal  and  vertical  co-ordinates  of  any  point  m  in  the 

trajectory,  from  the  point  of  departure  as  the  original. 
r,  the  velocity  of  the  projectile  at  the  point  m. 
t,  the  time  of  flight,  to  the  same  point. 
0,  the  inclination  of  the  tangent  at  that  point. 
X,  the  whole  horizontal  range. 
V,  the  greatest  height  of  ascent. 
T,  the  whole  time  of  flight,  for  the  range  JT. 
a,  /j,  the  horizontal  and  vertical  co-ordinates  of  the  object  aimed  at. 

r,   its  angle  of  elevation,  making  tang,  e  =z  — . 


Equation  of  the  trajectory. 

X- 

V    -  X  tang.  <> —  — ,^ — 

^   ^       4  7/cos.2f^ 

y    ^  1'/  sm.  6~\  g  f^.     x  :  -  Vt  cos.  ,^.     v  =  y/l  g  {II 

-y)' 

1'      ..  //    •      o           r--'sin.2(>                            ,                F-i  sin. 

A        1  II  .sin.  2  9  -^ ■-■           r  :.^  //  sin.2  5  :^ ^^ — 

g                                         •              'Ig 

11. 

»   COS.  0                      \y                       sj    g     ' 

tang.  i>       fling.  ,■,  — 

2  7/ cos.  ^;, 

BALLISTICS.  481 

From  which  it  follows  :  the  angle  of  greatest  range  is  0  =  45°,     Then 

JC=  2H=4:Y:    Y=^H:  .V=  s/JT:   T=.>\~J  =  \ >/Tftrnearly  : 
t  =  1.4142  Y 

The  ranges  are  equal  at  angles  equidistant  from  45°. 

Under  a  given  angle  of  projection  the  initial  velocities  are  as  the  square 
roots  of  the  ranges. 

When  the  initial  velocities  are  equal,  the  ranges  are  proportional  to  the 
sines  of  double  the  angles  of  elevation. 

The  velocities  are  equal  in  the  two  branches  of  the  trajectory,  at  the  same 
height. 
The  least  velocity  is  at  the  summit,  and  is  =Fcos.  ^. 

On  horizontal  ground,  the  angle  of  descent  is  equal  to  the  angle  of  projec- 
tion, and  the  final  velocity  is  equal  to  the  initial  velocity. 

To  find  the  initial  velocity,  or  the  angle  of  projection,  necessary  for  striking  a 

given  point. 


^                  a              cos.  £  _        ^^         /           ag               cos.   e_ 

4  sin.  (^  —  e)  cos.  ^'                 aJ  2  sin.  [<p  —  e)     cos.  ^' 
i^ng.^=\{H±^JI{H-b)-\a^)=--^±^±^^ 

-J) 

1. 

If  the  trajectory  be  required  to  pass  through  two  points  whose  co-ordi- 
nates are  a  and  b,  a^  and  b^,  or  to  pass  through  the  first  point  and  have 
a  certain  inclination  6  with  the  horizontal  plane  at  that  point,  as  in  firing 
over  the  crest  of  a  parapet  to  ricochet  on  the  terre-plein,  we  have  in  the 
first  case, 

*  X  ^  ^  J   TT  1        jg   a^  —  a 

tang,  (p  = ; ;  and  V= /^- r-, 

^    ^  a/_a       '  cos.  0>J  2  6        b^ ; 

a       a' 
and  in  the  second. 


tang,  (i  z=z  2  tang.  £  —  tang.  0;    and  F= \~ r: 

^^  ^  ^      '  COS.  (p si  2    tang.  £  — tang,  e 

When  the  point  is  in  the  descending  branch  of  the  curve,  6  and  tang.  6 
are  negative. 

The  trajectory  described  by  a  heavy  projectile  thrown  with  a  low  velo- 
city, as  in  the  case  of  an  eprouvetteball,  approaches  very  near  to  a  parabola. 
If  the  projectile  be  light  for  its  volume, — as  is  the  case  with  shells, — the  tra- 
jectory described  is  not  so  near;  and  Avhen  higher  velocities  are  employed 
the  trajectory  is  very  different,  and  it  is  necessary  to  take  into  consideration 
the  resistance  of  the  atmosphere. 

40- 


482  ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 

Resistance  of  the  Air. 

When  a  body  moves  in  the  air  with  a  low  velocity,  of  25  to  30  feet  per 
second,  it  meets  with  a  resistance  which  is  sensibly  proportional  to  the  den- 
sity of  the  air,  to  the  area  of  the  projection  of  the  body  on  a  plane  perpen- 
dicular to  the  direction  of  the  motion,  and  to  the  square  of  the  velocity  of 
the  body. 

The  resistance  of  the  air  in  pounds  =      ^         =k6 Sh, 
d  being  the  weight  of  a  cubic  foot  of  air,  and  Jc  a  coeflficient,  constant  for 
similar  solids,  but  varying  with  different  forms. 

When  the  body  moves  with  a  high  velocity,  the  resistance  of  the  air 
increases  in  a  more  rapid  ratio  than  the  square  of  the  velocity,  and  the  law 
may  be  expressed  by  adding  a  term  proportional  to  the  cube  of  the  ve- 
locity. 

For  spherical  projectiles  the  resistance  is  in  proportion  to  the  area  of  a 
great  circle:  calling  the  radius  R,  the  velocity  v,  the  resistance  of  the  air, 
in  pounds,  p,  it  has  been  found  that 

P  =  At7R'-v-  (1-\-  —  ),  in  which  A  is  the  resistance  per  square  foot  of 

cross-section  for  a  velocity  of  1  foot  per  second,  and  r  is  the  velocity  for 
which  the  resistance  due  to  the  second  term  is  equal  to  that  due  to  the  first. 
Experiments  in  France  with  guns  and  solid  shot  have  shown  that  for  a 
mean  density  of  the  atmosphere  of  j^^  part  of  water,  and  for  ordinary 
velocities,  with  spherical  projectiles,  A  i=  .000514  and  7-  =  1427  ft.:  for 
shells  with  low  velocities,  as  from  mortars,  r  =  2735  feet. 

Motion  of  a  Projectile  in  the  Air. 

The  normal  trajectory  in  the  air  is  a  continuous  plane  curve,  which  can  be 
cut  by  a  right  line  in  not  more  than  two  points  ;  it  has  two  asymptotes,  one 
vertical,  the  other  inclined. 

The  actual  trajectory  of  a  ball  is  generally  a  curve  of  double  curvature. 
It  differs  from  the  normal  trajectory  in  consequence  of  the  deviations,  both 
lateral  and  vertical,  produced  by  the  eccentricity  of  the  ball,  its  position  in 
the  gun,  the  motion  of  the  air,  and  other  circumstances,  which  cause  the 
ball  to  revolve  about  an  uncertain  and  variable  axis  and  to  depart  from 
the  vertical  plane  of  projection. 

The  equation  of  the  trajectory  is  a  complicated  one  and  difficult  of  com- 
putation.    General  Didion  has  reduced  it  to  the  simplest  form. 

Adopting  the  same  notation  as  in  the  motion  of  a  projectile  in  vacuo,  and 
designating  by  V^  =  V  cos.  (j),  the  horizontal  component  of  the  initial  velo- 
city, a  the  relation  of  the  length  of  an  arc  of  the  trajectory  to  its  horizon- 
tal projection,  so  that  a  a-  is  the  length  of  the  arc  passed  over,  B,  I,  D,  U, 


BALLISTICS. 


483 


ax       .     _  G F, 
c  r 

cients  of  the  formula  for  the  resistance  of  the  air,  he  gets  y  =^x  tang.  ^ 
5r         a;2  x 


certain  multipliers,  each  functions  of-^  and  of  —^,  c  and  r  being  coefiEi- 
:  formula  for  the  res 
B  :  tang.  0=:tang. 


2  V'^  C0S.2 
a: 


■^  F^  C0S.2  0     • 


t  ■—  — Z):  v=z-pz —■.  which  are  the  equations  of  the  trajectory  in 

Fcos.  0  U  COS.  U 

vacuo  multiplied  by  these  constants  B,  I,  D,  U.     He  has  calculated  the 

values  of  these  multipliers  for  the  different  circumstances  of  firing,  and 

tabulated  them  for  ready  use. 

The  loss  of  velocity  by  the  resistance  of  the  air  in  any  small  distance  z 

will  be  expressed  by 


4i2Z>V  r/ 


This  formula  may  be  used  in  experiments  with  the  Ballistic  Pendulum, 
for  computing  the  velocity  lost  by  the  ball  in  passing  from  the  gun  to  the 
pendulum-block. 

Velocities  of  Spherical  Case  Shot  at  x  Distance  from  the  Gun. 

The  velocity  remaining  at  any  distance  x  is  found,  according  to  the  expe- 

V 
riments  at  Metz,  by  the  equation,  v^  =z— .^^ -:  for  high  velo- 


0+vO 


cities,  c  = 


4.RD 


;  D  =  density  of  the  ball;  water  =  1,000. 


-=--(-+.-mS^) 


+ 

6  =  2.7182818;  ^  =  32.155 feet;  log.  ^=  1.5072485;  log.  e  =0.4342945; 
log.  e  =  1.6377892. 

All  the  dimensions  are  expressed  \nfeet: 


Weight  of  shell,  loaded. ..lbs. 

2R 

D 

\og.D 

A 

c 

log.  c 


12-pdr. 

11.82 

In.      Ft. 

4.52  =  0.3767 

6752.6 
3.8294754 
0.00816 
0.00015473 

4.1895633 


24-pdr. 
24. 

Ft. 

0.4742 

6877.7 
3.8374471 
0.00785 
0.000116 

4.0648008 


32-pdr. 
32. 

Ft. 

0.521 

6914.4 

6.8397573 

0.00772 

0.00010336 

4.0143649 


4«l 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


3   ^ 


■  1 

•osscr.oc 

i 

w 

J' 

•oClSXfg- 

|3 

•9591-5  IS- 

•4-:  00 

*J  n  O  rH 

ij 

ii  - 

•06<-o<-8S- 

jj  3^1  00  -f 

•I88SIIS- 

1' 

•tSC588X- 

1- 

il  i 

•00ioe:9o' 

, 

i    -1 

•OIIGlt-" 

,0  O  ul  O        Tf  -t< 

•siocisr 

Is 

•S66?X9V 

^ 

;:} 

1 

■<iv:i\zz: 

|iii  SI 

g 

5 

•zz^mo" 

*J  t~  ro  o  o  «  o 
^o  »  o  rt  :i  ^  lO 

•cfsiier 

JO 

x  CO 

•0999?SX" 

^ 

y 

1 

■occi-isr 
•ot:<-i9r 

,■:;  -^  I-  I-  «  rjH  .o 

■^ 

^ 

.J  9  -f  03  cc  o  r- 
^i)  i-1 1-  5  w  3  o 

•gioeosr 

|S 

•8Z2LL0V 

H 

i  i 

•cmifr 

.O  1~  CO  00  -t<  iO  O 

'y^ 

,    8 

•oc96or.r 

•JL089060- 

15 

•966i.080" 

i 

•0962,nor 

giiiiil 

^ 

g 

Tf.aiOoO- 

_ 

||i|ISS 

I 
•tSlieiO- 

«co 

•999tSI0* 

1= 

INITIAL   VELOCITY   OF   A   BALL. 


485 


Final  Yelocity  of  Descent  in  the  Air^ 
The  velocity  of  a  projectile  diminishes  from  the  commencement  of  its 
flight  to  a  point  a  little  beyond  the  summit  of  the  trajectory ;  it  then  in- 
creases to  a  certain  limit,  dependent  on  the  diameter  and  density  of  the 
ball.     The  final  velocity  is  given  by  the  equation 


Shot. 

Shells. 

%  . 

42. 

24. 

18. 

12. 

6. 

13- 
inch. 

585 

10- 
inch. 

505 

8- 
inch. 

445 

24- 
pdr. 

375 

il 

s" 

Final  velocity  of  descent  in  feet....per  sec. 

485 

455 

425 

410 

360 

213 

Penetration  of  Spherical  Projectiles. 

The  penetration  of  a  cannon-ball  in  a  solid  mass  of  oak  timber,  such  as 
the  sides  of  a  vessel,  according  to  the  French  experiments  at  Gavre,  is 
expressed,  in  inches,  by  the  following  formula ; 

_  2.306  D2R  /         .0929  v''2\ 
^^  1200         V    "^        105     /' 

The  same  notation  being  used  as  at  page  483. 

The  penetration  in  other  substances  is  obtained  by  multiplying  those 
given  by  the  above  formula  by  the  following  coefficients  : 
1.64  for  compact  earth,  half  sand  and  half  clay, 
1.03  for  sand  mixed  with  gravel. 
3.21  for  fresh  earth. 
1.3     for  elm. 

1.8     for  beech  and  white  pine. 
2.       for  poplar. 
0.19  for  limestone  rock. 
0.41  for  masonry  of  good  quality. 


General  Formula  for  Computing  the  Initial  Yelocity  of  a  Ball. 

C2  — i22 


V=y 


4 


,    log. A 


In  which  Fis  the  initial  velocity  of  the  ball. 
C,  the  radius  of  the  bore. 
R,  the  radius  of  the  ball. 
m,  the  weight  of  the  ball,  with  the  sabot,  etc. 
IX,  the  weight  of  the  charge  of  powder. 


used  in  loading. 


.}<»;  ORDNANCE    MANUAL, 

v.  tlip  weight  of  powder  (loose)  which  would  fill  the  bore  of  the 

gun. 
Loi).  the  common  logarithms. 

;  :iiul  A,  coefficients,  depending  on  the  nature  of  ordnance  and 
the  ijii.'ility  of  the  powder  used  ;  to  be  determined  experimentally  by  means 
(if  Muiie  known  velocity,  and  given  difference  of  windage. 

1  may  ]>rnh,'il)ly,  without  sensible  error,  be  regarded  as  constant  for  the 
panio  ([Uiility  of  powder,  though  used  in  different  kinds  of  ordnance;  but 
the  value  of  }-  should  be  computed  from  the  known  velocity  in  a  case  ap- 
proaching nearest  to  that  to  which  the  formula  is  to  be  applied. 
In  ordinary  cases  of  windage  (  W)  w^e  may  consider 

Acconling  to  the  experiments  made  with  the  Ballistic  Pendulum  at 
■Washington  Arsenal,  the  mean  values  of  the  coefficients  y  and  A,  for  Du- 
]>unt's  powder,  in  guns  of  various  calibres,  (from  6-pounder  to  32-pounder,) 
are  :   }  ^  -  ;^,:)(H»  feet  ;   A  =  3,200  feet. 

The  above  formulae,  for  the  resistance  of  the  air  and  for  the  initial 
velocity,  are  obtained  from  the  "  Traite  de  Balistique,  par  le  G^n^ral 
Didi  'n.  IBCO;"  a  work  which  may  be  consulted  for  a  full  discussion  of 
the  theory  of  the  motion  of  projectiles,  and  the  deviations  produced  by 
their  eccentricity  and  other  causes. 


SMALL   ARMS   OP   FOREIGN    COUNTRIES. 


487 


IS 


.COGOiOOOO^l^t^cCOOtMtMlMCOiCOiM 
O  rH  I— I 


eOvOiOOOOCOCDCOOOCOOOOl—  OGOO 


•CiCOCDl—  t^      I  \0  Oi  O-J  CO  ZD  (X)  ^  ^^  ^  ^  ox  l-^  T-t 


1 


!^ 


1 

•  CM  1-1  1-1  (M  <M     : 

oo  o  o  o  o    : 

:      T— 1       >-o  t^  o  o  o  Ci      uo  o 

:CqcC!CO<Mi-l<M<MCqi-H<M<Mr-l 

toooooooooooo 

:  <^ 
:  o 

o 

1 

1 

th  TtH  -rti  (M    : 

:  o 

o 

jiO  CO  O  t^  t- 
5  (M  C<1  <M  (M  C<) 


OS  CO 
rH  COr-lt—  T-lrHi-Hl—  CO  00 

COT-tC<lT-lC<lC<JCq(MOO(MO 


"TjHcoco-^Tt^o    :(^^co■^co^Tt^'^'*ooo'*oo    ico 


C<lt-t^  Oi         t-~         t^OO  1— IC3t^-5j<  GO 

IOt^t^OO«OOOOr^C<lt^OOiOuO«OOl~T-iiO-* 
It-  lO  O  l^  t-  CO  «0  1^  O  CO  O  t--  O  UO  O  O  CO  O  ■*  ^  I-- 


S5 


J  vO  <M  CN         t- 

.  oo    : 

;      :  CO  vO               -^  CO 
.     .  CO  CM  uO  lO  o  o 

:  o    :    :' 

1-5  d  C5  CO  d  d 

.    T-H    T— 1         . 

:    :  o  o  o  o  T-H  (M 

:  ci    :    : 

M         t-  lO  CO 

h^  ci  co'  CO  d  d  1--^  d  C5  o  d  d  d  d  d  d  d  rA    •  d 


:  TS 
•  p 

:  si 


bctn  a 


'"1  s 


=  ^  -^ 


<15     t-l    ^ 


?_    .     /i     <»_ 


3  fcc 

ho 'IS 


fcC 


-    9    5  :S^:5 


p  3 


p:; 


Pi  H 
o  ^ 


02  CQ  oG  72  ;2;  a; 


•is^ 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


ORDNANCE  OF  FOREIGN   COUNTRIES. 

In  Austria  aii<l  rnissia,  liowitzi-rs  and  mortars  take  their  denominations  from  the  weight 
i.f  n  St. 'no  ball  of  the  ralil)re  of  the  bi>rc;  in  Iiuifsia,  from  the  true  weight  of  the  shell;  in  other 
countries,  tlio  same  as  with  us. 

Til"'  rdunin  of  ej-t>ri(>r  length  shows  the  length  from  the  rear  of  the  base-ring  to  the  face  of 
tli.>  \i\<Ki\  ami  till-  length  of  lore  includes  the  chamber,  when  not  otherwise  mentioned. 


ENGLAND. 

•  ins:  *1  0-inch. 

*b»-inch, 

t'.S-p(]r.. 

♦r.s-pdr.. 

S-incb. 

*S-incb. 

*S-inch. 

8-inch. 

SiU],,!!-.. 

rxVpdr.. 

4'J-i>dr.. 

42-pdr.. 

4'J-i)dr.. 

o2-pdr.. 

*3--'-)idr.. 

32- J, dr.., 

3J-i)dr.. 

*:i2-iKir.. 

*3_'-i.dr.. 

•3-'-i.dr.. 

*3-'-pdr.. 

*;',2-IMlr.. 

*3J-pdr.. 

.■5-.'-iMlr.. 

*3J-pdr.. 

3'J-pdr.. 

•J4-pdr.. 

•J4-i^Ir.. 

2»-iMlr.. 

is-i.,lr.. 

is-p.ir.. 

lS-p,lr.. 

]J-P'ir.. 

'.t-p.Ir.. 

r,-pdr.. 

r.pdr.. 

.l-pdr.. 

II'jwiTZERa:    lo-jncli.. 

s-incb. 

3'J-pdr.., 

•24-pdr.., 

.^)i-inib. 

Ij-P'lr... 

4vin(l... 

MoRTAiw:      *l:Vinch., 

l-'i-incb.. 

*ln-inrb. 

]o-in,-b. 

^incb., 

.\RM«TRriNO    (it  Nf 


Diameter 
of  liore. 


In. 

10. 

10. 
8.12 
8.12 
8.12 
8.05 
8.05 
8.05 
8.05 
7.65 
7.65 
6.84 
6.84 
6.97 
6.32 
6.32 
6.35 
6.35 
6..375 
6.35 
6.35 
6.41 
6.35 
G.35 
6.3 
6.3 
6.3 
5.823 
6.823 
5.75 
5.29 
5.17 
5.17 
4.623 
4.2 
3.668 
3.(5tiS 
2.913 

lu. 
8. 
6.3 
5.72 
fi.62 
4.58 
4.52 

1.3. 

13. 

10. 

in. 

s. 
4.0 


Windage. 


In. 
.16 
.16 
.2 
.2 
.2 

.125 
.125 
.125 
.125 
.175 
.175 


.175 
.175 
.173 
.173 
.198 
.173 
.173 
.223 
.173 
.173 
.123 
.123 
.123 
.211 
.211 
.138 
.193 
.071 
.071 

0.1 

0.1 

0.1 

0.1 

0.09 
.16 
.14 
.125 
.125 
.025 
.122 
.066 
.16 
.16 
.16 
.16 
.14 
none, 
none. 


Brass. 


ss:^"*"- 


56.5 
40.75 
45.25 
22.5 


27. 
21.5 


Lbs. 


2,000 

1,500 

672 


1,456 


728 
280 


1,428 

728 


Iron. 


Exterior      -it-  •  i  * 
Lensth.      ^^^'t'^^t- 


In. 
112 
112 
130 
120 
114 
108 
106 


132 
120 
120 
120 
114 
115 
114 
114 
96 
108 
102 


90 

90 

78 

72 

64 

114 

108 

78 

108 

108 

72 

108 


40.75 


53. 

36.75 

45.5 

31.5 

25.25 


*  Navy  g.ni=.  I  The  lar; 

I  -'O  grtAjTcF;  tbry  make  'luc  turn  in 


;cst  Armstrong 
10  feet. 


gun  is  an  80-pdr. ;  weight,  7,280  lbs. 
g  34  grooves. 


FOREIGN   ORDNANCE. 

Foreign  Ordnance. — Continued. 


489 


Diameter  of 
Ball. 

Brass. 

Iron. 

Designation. 

High 

gauge. 

Low 
gauge. 

Length. 

To 
1 

Length. 

Exte- 
rior. 

Bore. 

Exte- 
rior. 

Bore. 

•tl) 

FRANCE. 

Guns:                         f  30-pdr... 

Siege    and  J  24-pdr... 

garrison.  J  16-pdr... 

[12-pdr... 

f  12-pdr 

Field..  ^  12-pdr 

(12-pdr.,  light 
Howitzers  : 

Sea-coast. ..22  centimetres 

In. 

6.458 
6.011 
5.264 
4.775 
4.775 
4.763 
4.763 

8.791 

8.782 

8.819 

6.518 

4.745 

12.799 

12.788 

10.790 

8.782 

5.958 

7.460 

In. 

6.307 
5.878 
5.130 
4.686 
4.686 
4.685 
4.685 

8.703 

8.703 

8.703 

6.439 

4.686 

12.661 

12.658 

10.712 

8.703 

5.879 

In. 

6.263 
5.804 
5.056 
4.620 
4.620 
4.637 
4.637 

8.640 

8.640 

8.t>40 

6.392 

4.639 

12.590 

12.587 

10.641 

8.640 

5.832 

In. 

In. 

Lbs. 

In. 

110.91 
114.17 
110.24 

98.08 
102.36 

48.98 

In. 

104.01 
108.27 
105.12 

92.21 
96.45 

37,95 

9.28 

121.81 

107.32 

104.01 

96.81 

88.58 

85.04 

90.35 

83.15 

97.64 

104.41 

92.12 

45.85 
38.36 
.34.65 
29..37 
37.95 

131.10 
107.28 
106.57 
101.65 
98.23 

Lbs. 

6  684 

127.33 
122.34 

115.48 
83.15 
75.20 
72.49 

121.53 
117.26 

110.87 
78.86 
71.56 
68.74 

6,067 
4,432 
3,482 
1,959 
1,366 
1,190 

6,229 
4,773 

8,000 

Siege 22          " 

Garrison. ..22          " 

52.00 

39.38 

2,646 

6.093 

...16 

Mountain. .12          " 
Mortars  :          32  centimetres 
32          " 

90.29 
33.87 
35.27 

* 
30.29 
21.72 
16.70 

74.29 
31.90 
27.45 

1,951 

221 

2  922 

9,615 
344 

27 

22          " 
Mountain.. .15          " 
Eprouvette.l9          " 

22.83 
17.46 
14.10 

2,296 
607 
154 

50-pdr... 
36-pdr.., 
Long  30-pdr... 
30-pdr... 
30-pdr... 
30-pdr... 
12-pdr... 
12-pdr... 
Howitzers:      27  centimetres 

7.637 
6.885 
6.485 
6.485 
6.457 
6.441 
4.775 
4.742 

10.803 
8.791 
8.791 
4.745 
4.745 
6.419 
5.937 
5.419 
4.753 

12.788 
3.31 

7.480 
6.882 
5.973 
5.410 
4.721 

7.473 

6.685 
6.307 
6.307 
6.284 
6.304 
4.641 
4.641 
10.709 
8.701 
8.701 
4.685 
4.685 
6.307 
5.826 
5.308 
4.642 
* 

7.410 
6.641 
6.263 
6.263 
6.263 
6.263 
4.597 
4.597 
10.638 
8.677 
8.677 
4.638 
4.639 
6.263 
5.782 
5.264 
4.597 

128. 

115.13 

110.91 

102.00 

92.97 

79.77 

95.94 

87.23 

102.92 

109,61 

97.21 

53.33 

45.71 
41.71 
35.33 

48.98 

139.84 
115.12 
113.50 
108.15 
103.86 

10191 

7,734 

6.684 

5,476 
4,718 

4,100 
3,230 

2,585 

11,464 

7  967 

22          " 

22 

6.000 

Boat...|J^          " 

Carronades  :              30-pdr... 
24-pdr... 
IS-pdr... 

661 
221 

33.87 

31.90 

2.227 

1  663 

1.272 

12-pdr... 

840 

9,615 

61.8 

54.3 

670 

BELGIUM. 

Guns  :                         48-pdr... 
36-pdr... 
24-pdr... 
18-pdr... 
12-pdr... 

7.32:{ 
6.724 
5.854 
5.291 
4.642 

7.238 
6.638 
5.755 
5.221 

4.578 

11.685 
7,827 
6.217 
5,049 
3,637 

i2i'.41 
117.80 

116.26 
112.31 

"4,916 
3,660 

*  Cast  with  a  bed-plate.  f  6  grooves,  .118  inch  depth  ;  projectile,  8  pounds. 

Kifled  36  and  30  pounders  are  used  in  the  armament  of  ships.    They  have  2  grooves,  making 
1  turn  in  30  feet.    A  rifle-gun  has  been  arranged  for  siege-purposes  also. 

41 


41)0 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 
Forciiju  Ordnance. — Continued. 


1)k.<u;natiox. 


WYAA'.Wyi—rnntimml. 


unlinu 
1  ield  . 


,d: 


TJ-pdr... 
C-IKir... 
Ficl.l t;-iMlr.., 


IlnWlTZKI 

CiiNumvi 


Mor.T.vus: 


Stcll.MI 

(liviia.l 


J^l'AIN. 

GVNS:  21-p(lr... 

ir.-i„lr.., 

Lull,' -'    S-jKlr.., 

(  -l-p.lr.., 

Hx.rt J    s-p.lr.. 

t  4-pdr.. 

Mountain 4-]i(lr.. 

lIo^vlT/,Kns:  «.t-iiirli. 

7-iiich. 

M<)1;taks:  14-inrli. 

U-in<.Ii. 

Vl-\w\\. 

V-ilirli. 

l':pr(iuv«ttc.....T-iiK-li. 


.'4p.lr..slioit 
]J-p.lr... 
.;.p,ii-... 
f  (Vp,lr... 
••••tl-^-l"lr... 
7:pdr... 
]n-p,lr... 
2r,p.lr. 


DiAMKTKR  OF 

Ball. 


In. 
4.7-21 
3.7 1» 
;?.70l) 

10.787 
8.7SO 
S.7S0 
7.1t30 
5.972 
0.972 

11.473 
7.!t.3U 
5.165 

15.355 

15.355 
7.520 


High  j    Low 
gaugo.^  gauge. 


In. 
4.<:42 
3.G«1 
3.681 

10.709 
8.701 
8.701 
7.849 
5.894 
5.894 

11. .394 
7.849 
5.106 


Fi.' 

lI'tWITZKU.S: 


Mi'KTAKS: 


ti.liW: 


ILm.l 


i 
-pJr... 


5.S49 
5  849 
4.075 
3.707 
3.707! 
4.075 
5.S.3S 
(i.HU  I 
8.897 
3.092 
4.018 
5.793 


In. 

4.578 
3.626 
3.02i; 

10.038 
8.038 
8.638 
7.795 
5.846 
5.846 

11.315 
7.795 
5.067 


4.460 
5.639 


In. 

75.28 

101.30 

63.70 


38.11 
29.72 
65.71 
33.15 
22.95 
11.14 


In. 

70.83 
97.76 
60.16 


25.43 
20.08 
60.35 
26.10 
18.19 
9.09 


29.19 


Lbs. 
1.96- 
1,96: 
1.041 


1,323 

750 

1,113 

1,323 

551 


Iron. 


Length. 


Bore. 


In 

90.16 

106.57 
96.97 

108.27 


32.17 
40.75 


54.8 


In. 


100.20 
91.10 
101.97 


25.87 
30.47 
11.97 


Lbs. 

1,940 

11,024 
8,047 
7,165 


1.377 

3.330 

435 


5.571 

2,737.8 

2.939 


•  •ylin.li 
.Mta.li. 


;U  I'hainbors. 

to  a  ^to^k. 


t  Conical  chamberB. 
§  Cast  with  u  bed-plate. 


FOREIGN    ORDNANCE. 


491 


Foreign  Ordnance. — Continued. 


Designatiox. 


High 
gauge. 


DiAMKTEB  OF 

Ball. 


Low 
gauge. 


Length 


Exte- 
rior. 


Iron. 


Length. 


PKUSSIA— Co?ii!mMe(Z. 

MORTAES — continued  : 

10-pdr., 

25-p(lr., 

50-pdr., 

Stone 

BoMB-CANNOX :  50-pdr., 


RUSSIA. 


Guxs: 


Field 


Siege  and 
garrison 
and  sea- 
coast 


'   6-pdr. 

12-pdr. 

'  3-pdr., 

6-pdr. 

12-pdr. 

18-pdr. 

24-i)dr. 

30-pdr. 

[36-pdr. 

Howitzers  (Likorna) : 

56pdr. 
3-pdr. 
10-pdr. 
j  10-pdr. 
[20-pdr. 
Siege  and  garrison. .40-pdr. 
Mortars  : 

6-pdr. 
80-pdr. 
200-pdr. 


Field. 


Bomb  caxxox 


Gdns: 


Ship 
Howitzers 


Field* 


20-pdr. 

40-pdr. 

96-pdr. 

120-pdr. 


3-pdr... 

(   6-pdr... 

1  12-pdr... 

18-pdr... 

24-pdr... 

f  30-pdr... 

{  30-pdr... 

/  12-pdr... 

1 24-pdr... 

7-inch 

Liglit    9-inch 

Heavy  9-inch 

11-inch 


In. 

6.690 

8.906 

11.184 

15.454 

11.120 


3.762 
4.739 
2.996 
3.762 
4.739 
5.426 
5.972 
6.443 
6.837 

7.5 

3.242 

4.843 

4.843 

6.102 


4.084 

9.650 

13.150 

6.000 
7.700 
9.000 
10.750 


3.015 

3.78t 

4.791 

5.551 

6.112 

6.560 

6.5(i0 

4.791 

6.112 

8.905 

11.2.54 

11.254 

12.855 


In. 

6.633 

8.834 

11.102 


In. 

6.520 

8.710 

10.978 


In. 

20.61 
26.29 
36.69 


In. 

15.97 
21.65 

29.89 


11.102 


3.646 
4.610 
2.920 
3.646 
4.610 
5.300 
5.860 
6.320 
6.750 


10.978 


3.609 
4.560 
2.880 
3.609 
4.560 
5.210 
5.784 
6.240 
6.650 


51.13 
74.64 


100.00 
108.75 
119.70 


3.140 
4.700 
4.700 
5.990 
7.5' 

3.920 

9.570 

13.050 

5.9' 

7.5' 

8.900 

10.680 


2.922 

3.68' 

4.674 

5.446 

5.994 

6.455 

6.455 

4.674 

5.994 

8.765 

11.114 

11.114 

12.71 


3.100 
4.650 
4.650 
5.915 
7.476 

3.890 

9.490 

12.950 

5.915 

7.476 

8.820 

10.580 


2.887 

3.652 

4.628 

5.388 

5.924 

6.385 

6.385 

4.028 

5.924 

8.695 

11.021 

11.021 

12.598 


28.37 
37.53 
42.38 
50.34 
63.90 

7.00 
14.50 

18.81 


Lbs. 
393 
909 

1,775 


802 
1,783 


3,492 

4,814 
6,485 


In. 

21.64 
27.83 
37.87 
33.00 
111.00 


51.00 
82.70 
104.00 
114.00 
126.00 
129.00 
136.00 


In. 

15.97 
21.65 
29.89 
25.77 


48.00 
79.00 
99.00 
106.50 
118.00 
121.15 
127.70 


124. 


240 

70' 

780 

1,509 

3,170 

26 
1.311 
3,243 


92.00 
116.00 


50.34 
63.43 


16.00 
21.83 


87.00 
110.00 


62.50 
77.75 


70.00 


50.62 
64.53 
29.23 
33.30 
44.66 


Not  chambered. 


402 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 
Forciyii  Ordnance. — Continued. 


1 

o 
< 

Diameter  op 
Ball. 

Brass. 

Iron. 

Dksigxatiox. 

High 

gauge. 

Low 
gauge. 

Length. 

3 

Length. 

Exte- 
rior. 

Bore. 

Exte- 
rior. 

Bore. 

^ 

SAXONY. 

Guns:                            C-pdr... 
12-iMlr... 

New  GU^'-IIO^YITZER  ■     T^.-Tidr  . 

In. 

3.(184 
4.t513 
4.613 

5.986 

2.075 
2.957 
2.957 
3.724 
4.6C0 
5.311 
3.724 
4.660 
5.311 
5.827 
9.473 
5.870 
6.634 
3.724 
6.634 
9.494 
9.42-2 
11.922 
12..300 

In. 
3.573 

4.502 
4.502 
5.864 

1.981 
2.849 
2.849 
3.594 
4..-.24 
5.173 
3.594 
4.524 
5.173 
5.691 
9.350 
5.755 
6.512 
3.594 
6.512 
9.350 
9.350 
11.763 

In. 

In. 

63.868 
77.09 
57.40 
42.51 

.31.37 
31.64 
45.25 
57.00 
71.82 
82.22 

In. 

60.74 
72.03 
54.02 

36.40 

29.41 
29.16 
42.42 
53.43 
67  ..33 
77.71 

Lbs. 
881 

1,697 
995 
721 

180 
296 
508 
842 
1.700 
2,514 

In. 

92.47 
111.85 
117.86 

98.31 
34.55 

10.91 
38.45 

In. 

88.90 
106.61 
111.76 

92.-39 
31.70 

9.35 
32.44 

Lbs. 

AUSTRIA 
^^^^'     Mountain..^ 

Fkld • 

7^pdr... 

r  1-pdr... 

t   3-pdr... 

3-pdr... 

6-pdr... 

12-pdr... 

18-pdr... 

fi-pdr... 

12-p,ir... 

IS-pdr... 

L24-pdr... 

1.9.59 
2.827 
2.827 
3.562 
4.488 
5.137 
3.562 
4.488 
5.137 
5.655 
9.256 
5.698 
6.418 
3.562 
6.418 
9.256 
9.256 
11.663 

1  566 

Siej^o    and  ^ 
garrison." 

BoMn-r  \woN : 

112.22 
123.32 
130.08 

108.01 
11S.50 
124.78 

3,276 
4,735 
6,130 

3,445 
4,789 

8,558 
498 

68 

Howitzers:              {\(^}^\Z 
JIORTAKS  :  Coliorn (Vndr... 

34.55 
35.71 

31.70 
31.68 

598 
913 

Stone  mortar 

10-pdr... 
SO-pdr... 
30-pdr... 
CiO-pdr... 
..GO-pdr... 

22.47 
27.77 
28.35 
32.44 

18.91 
22.63 
23.58 
25.97 

421 
1.141 

1.294 
2,167 

2,180 

Ordnance 

of  the  Na  vy  of 

tlie  United  States. 

Len 

;th. 

Charge. 

Pesignatiox. 

Diameter 
of  bore. 

Weight. 

Bore. 

Exterior. 

Powder. 

Sliot  or 
shell. 

In. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Lbs. 

Gins:                      64-pdr 

s 

124.2 

140.95 

11.872 

12. 

65. 

;;2-pdr 

6.4 
6.4 

6.832 
6.384 

I: 

32 

"•^-I>'»>- 

107.9 

i25..34 

32. 

•''^-1"1>- 

6.4 

104. 

121.08 

5,712 

7. 

32. 

•'5^-I"ir 

6.4 

97.2 

115.69 

5.152 

7. 

32. 

•"•■-'-I'dr 

6.4 

90.0 

105. 

4,704 

6. 

32. 

"••-i-P'h- 

6.4 

75,04 

91.83 

3,696 

4.5 

32. 

-■^-i''li- 

6.4 

70. 

81.6 

3,024 

4. 

32. 
ShelL 

SuEi-i.-GrNs:            ll-inch 

11. 

10. 

15.700 
12,000 
9.000 

15. 
12  5 

130 

lii-in.h 

:::.:::::     :':"" 

97. 

9-in(li 

9. 

10. 

.19.75 

S-incli 

8. 

loo.:; 

119.31 

7.056 

8. 

5L 

8-iiicli 

8. 

95.4 

114.15 

6,160 

7. 

51. 
Shell. 

no\T-II  .witzeus:    24-|i(h- 

5.82 

58.2 

G7. 

1,310 

2. 

17. 

l-I'dr 

4.ti2 

55.23 

63.5 

760 

1. 

8.4 

l-.:-|idr 

4.62 

44.0 

51.75 

430 

0.625 

8.4 

Ititlc-Kiin... 

3.4 

55.23 

63.5       I           7S0 

TABLE    FOR.    REBlTCINn    METRES    TO    INCHES. 


493 


Tahlef 

or  Reducing  Metres  to  Inches. 

Metres. 

Inches. 

Metres. 

Inches. 

Metres. 

Inches. 

Metres. 

Inches. 

O.OOI 

0.039371 

0.051 

2.007910 

1  O.IOI 

3.976450 

O.151 

5.944989 

2 

0.078742 

52 

2.047281 

102 

4.015821 

152 

5.984360 

3 

O.I18112 

53 

2.086652 

103 

4.055191 

153 

6.023731 

4 

0.157483 

54 

2.126023 

104 

4.094562 

154 

6.063102 

5 

0.196854 

55 

2.165393 

105 

4-133933 

155 

6.102472 

6 

0.236225 

56 

2.204764  1 

106 

4.173304 

156 

6.141843 

7 

0.275596 

57 

2.244135 

107 

4.212675 

157 

6.181214 

8 

0.314966 

58 

2.283506  ! 

108 

4.252045 

158 

6.220585 

9 

0-354337 

59 

2.322877 

109 

4.291416 

159 

6.259956 

O.OIO 

0.393708 

0.060 

2.362247 

O.IIO 

4.330787 

0.160 

6.299326 

II 

0.433078 

61 

2.401618  , 

III 

4.370158 

161 

6.338697 

12 

0.472449 

62 

2.440989 

112 

4.409528 

162 

6.378068 

13 

0.511820 

63 

2.480358 

113 

4.448899 

163 

6.417439 

14 

0.551191 

64 

2.519731 

114 

4.488270 

164 

6.456810 

15 

0.590562 

65 

2.559101 

115 

4.527641 

165 

6.496180 

16 

0.629933 

66 

2.598472 

116 

4.567011 

166 

6-535551 

17 

0.669303 

67 

2.637843 

117 

4.606382 

167 

6.574922 

18 

0.708674 

68 

2.677214 

118 

4-645753 

168 

6.614293 

19 

0.748045 

69 

2.716585 

119 

4.685124 

169 

6.653664 

0.020 

0.787416 

0.070 

2-755955  i 

0.120 

4.724495 

0.170 

6.693034 

21 

0.826787 

71 

2.795326 

121 

4.763866 

171 

6.732405 

22 

0.866157 

72 

2.834697 

122 

4.803236 

172 

6.771776 

23 

0.905528 

73 

2.874068 

123 

4.842607 

173 

6.811147 

24 

0.944899 

74 

2.913438 

124 

4.881978 

174 

6.850517 

25 

0.984270 

75 

2.952809 

125 

4.921349 

175 

6.889888 

26 

I. 023641 

76 

2.992180 

126 

4.960720 

176 

6.929259 

27 

1.063011 

77 

3-031551 

127 

5.000090 

177 

6.968630 

28 

1. 102382 

78 

3.070922 

128 

5.039461 

178 

7.008001 

29 

1.141753 

79 

3.110292 

129 

5.078832 

179 

7.047371 

0.030 

1 .  1 8 II 24 

0.080 

3.149663 

0.130 

5.I18203 

0.180 

7.086742 

31 

1.220494 

81 

3.189034 

131 

5-157573 

181 

7.126113 

32 

1.259865 

82 

3.228405 

132 

5.196944 

182 

7.165484 

33 

1.299236 

83 

3.267776 

133 

5.236315 

183 

7.204855 

34 

1.338607 

84 

3.307146 

134 

5.275686 

184 

7.244225 

35 

1-377978 

85 

3-346517 

135 

5-315057 

185 

7.283596 

36 

1. 417348 

86 

3.385888 

136 

5-354427 

186 

7-322967 

37 

1. 456719 

87 

3-425259 

137 

5-393798 

187 

7.362338 

38 

1.496090 

88 

3.464630 

138 

5-433109 

188 

7.401709 

39 

1-535461 

89 

3.504000 

139 

5-472540 

189 

7.441079 

0.040 

1.574832  j 

0.090 

3-543371 

0.140 

5.51191I 

0.190 

7-480450 

41 

1. 614202 

91 

3.582742 

141 

5-551^81 

191 

7.519821 

42 

1-653573 

92 

3.622113 

142 

5.590652 

192 

7-559192 

43 

1.692944 

93 

3.661483 

143 

5.630023  1 

193 

7-598562 

44 

I. 732315 

94 

3.700854 

144 

5-669394 

194 

7-637933 

45 

1. 771686 : 

95 

3.740225 

145. 

5.708765 

195 

7-677304 

46 

1. 81 1056 

96 

3-779596 

146 

5-748135  1 

196 

7.716675 

47 

1.850427  ! 

97 

3.818967 

147 

5.787506 

197 

7.756046 

48 

1.889798  j 

98 

3-858337 

148 

5-826877 

198 

7.795416 

49 

1. 929169 

99 

3.897708 

149 

5.866248 

199 

7-834787 

0.050 

1.968540 

O.IOO 

3-937079 

0.150 

5.905618 

0.200 

7.874158 

41' 


494 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


Tahl 

■.for 

Reducing  Kilogn 

immes  to  Pounds 

Kilog. 

Poll  mis. 

Kilog. 

Pounds. 

Kilog. 

Pounds. 

Kilog. 

Pounds. 

I 

.2204737 

31 

6.8346847 

61 

13.4488957 

91 

20.0631067 

2 

.4409474 

3^ 

7.0551584 

62 

13.6693694 

92 

20.2835804 

3 

.6614211 

33 

7.2756321 

63 

13.8898431 

93 

20.5040541 

4 

.8818948 

34 

7.4961058 

64 

14.I103168 

94 

20.7245278 

5 

1. 1023685 

35 

7-7165795 

65 

14.3307905 

95 

20.9450015 

6 

1.3228422 

36 

7.9370532 

66 

14.5512642 

96 

21.1654752 

7 

1-5433159 

37 

8.1575269 

67 

14-7717379 

97 

21.3859489 

8 

1.7637896 

38 

8.3780006 

68 

14.9922116 

98 

21.6064226 

9 

1.9842633 

39 

8-5984743 

69 

15.2126853 

99 

21.8268963 

lO 

2.2047370 

40 

8.8189480 

70 

15-4331590 

100 

22.0473700 

II 

2.4252107 

41 

9.0394217 

71 

15.6536327 

101 

22.2678437 

12 

2.6456844 

42 

9.2598954 

72 

15.8741064 

102 

22.4883174 

M 

2.8661581 

43 

9.4803691 

73 

16.0945801 

103 

22.7087911 

H 

3.0866318 

44 

9.7008428 

74 

16.3150538 

104 

22.9292648 

»<; 

3.3071055 

45 

9.9213165 

75 

16.5355275 

105 

23.1497385 

i6 

3.5275792 

46 

10. 1417902 

7b 

16.7560012 

106 

23.3702122 

'7 

3.7480529 

47 

10.3622639 

77 

16.9764749 

107 

23.5906859 

ig 

3.9685266 

48 

10.5827376 

78 

17.1969486 

108 

23.8111596 

19 

4.1890003 

49 

IO.8032113 

79 

17.4174223 

109 

240316333 

20 

4.4094740 

50 

11.0236850 

80 

17.6378960 

no 

24.2521070 

21 

4.6299477 

51 

II. 2441587 

81 

17.8583697 

III 

24.4725807 

22 

4.8504214 

52 

11.4646324 

82 

18.0788434 

112 

24.6930544 

23 

5.0708951 

53 

II. 6851061 

83 

18.2993171 

"3 

24.9135281 

24 

5.2913688 

54 

11.9055798 

84 

18.5197908 

114 

25.1340018 

25 

5.5118425 

55 

12.1260535 

85 

18.7402645 

115 

25-3544755 

26 

5.7323162 

56 

12.3465272 

86 

18.9607382 

116 

25-5749492 

27 

5.9527899 

57 

12.5670009 

87 

19.1812119 

117 

25-7954229 

28 

6.1732636 

5« 

12.7874746 

88 

19.4016856 

118 

26.0158966 

29 

6-3937373 

59 

13.0079483 

89 

19.6221593 

119 

26.2363703 

30 

6. 6 1 42  no 

60 

13.2284220 

90 

19.8426330 

120 

26.4568440 

Ta 

hie  for  Reducing 

Grammes  to  Grains. 

Oram. 

Grains. 

Gram. 

Grains. 

Gram. 

Grains. 

Gram. 

Grains. 

I 

15-433159 

H 

216.064226 

27 

416.695293 

40 

617.326360 

2 

30.866318 

15 

231.497385 

28 

432.128452 

41 

632.759519 

3 

46.299477 

16 

246.930544 

29 

447- 561 61 1 

42 

648.192678 

4 

61.732636 

17 

262.363703! 

30 

462.994770 

43 

663.625837 

5 

77.165795 

18 

277.796862, 

31 

478.427929 

44 

679.058996 

6 

92.598954 

19 

293.230021  i!  32 

493.861088 

45 

694.492155 

7 

108.032113 

20 

308.663180;,  33 

509.294247 

46 

709.925314 

8 

123.465272 

1  ^^ 

324.096339!!  34 

524.727406 

47 

725-35847^ 

9 

138.898431 

22 

339.529498 

35 

540.160565 

48 

740.791632 

10 

»54-33'590 

23 

354.962657 

36 

555-593724 

49 

756.224791 

1 1 

169.764749 

24 

370.395816 

37 

571.026883 

50 

771.657950 

12 

185.197908 

25   385.828975 

38 

586.460042 

51 

787.091109 

»3 

200.631067 

26  401.262134 

39 

601.893201 

52 

802.524268 

WEIGHT   OF   DISTILLED   WATER. 


495 


Weight  of  DiatUled  Water,  displaced  hy  the  same  Glass  Bull,  at 
different  Temperatures. 


Temijora- 

Weight  of 

Logarithms  of 

Tempera- 

Weiglit of 

Logarithms  of 

tuie. 

water. 

weiglit. 

ture. 

water. 

weight. 

60.00 

1. 000000 

0.0000000 

72.00 

0.998942 

1. 9995401 

60.25 

0.999981 

1. 9999919 

72.25 

0.998912 

1.9995274 

60.50 

0.999963 

1.9999839 

72.50 

0.998884 

1. 9995150 

60.75 

0.999945 

1.9999760 

72.75 

0.998855 

1.9995027 

61.00 

0.999927 

1.9999681 

73.00 

0.998825 

1.9994892 

61.25 

0.999909 

1.9999603 

73-25 

0.998795 

1.9994765 

61.50 

0.999890 

1.9999522 

73-50 

0.998766 

1.9994635 

61.75 

0.999871 

1.9999440 

73-75 

0.998736 

1.9994506 

62.00 

0.999853 

1. 9999361 

74.00 

0.998705 

1-9994373 

62.25 

0.999834 

1.9999280 

74.25 

0.998675 

1. 9994241 

62.50 

0.999814 

1. 9999193 

74-5° 

0.998645 

1.9994113 

62.75 

0.999795 

1. 9999108 

74-75 

0.998615 

1.9993979 

63.00 

0.999774 

1.9999020 

75.00 

0.998584 

1-9993845 

63-25 

°-999753 

1.9998929 

75-25 

0-998553 

1. 9993710 

63.50 

0.999733 

1.9998840 

75-50 

0.998521 

1-9993574 

63.75 

0.999712 

1.9998749 

75-75 

0.998492 

1.9993446 

64.00 

0.999692 

1.9998660 

76.00 

0.998461 

1-9993313 

64.25 

0.999672 

1.9998574 

76.25 

0.998430 

1-9993175 

64.50 

0.999651 

1.9998483 

76.50 

0.998399 

1-9993039 

64.75 

0.999629 

1.9998388 

76.75 

0.998367 

1.9992904 

65.00 

0.999608 

1.9998294 

77.00 

0-998337 

1. 9992771 

65.25 

0.999585 

1. 9998198 

77-25 

0.998309 

1.9992649 

65.50 

0.999563 

1. 9998104 

77.50 

0.998278 

1.9992515 

65-75 

0.999542 

I.9998011 

77-75 

0.998248 

1.9992382 

66.00 

0.999521 

1. 9997918 

78.00 

0.998216 

1.9992244 

66.25 

0.999499 

1.9997822 

78.25 

0.998184 

1. 9992104 

66.50 

0.999479 

1.9997737 

78.50 

0.998152 

1. 9991965 

66.75 

0.999454 

1.9997630 

78.75 

0.998120 

1. 9991826 

67.00 

0.999432 

1-9997533 

79.00 

0  998080 

1. 9991686 

67.25 

0.999409 

1-9997435 

79.25 

0.998055 

1. 9991545 

67.50 

0.999387 

1-9997338 

79-50 

0.998022 

1. 9991400 

67.75 

0.999365 

1.9997243 

79-75 

0.997989 

1. 9991258 

68.00 

0.999343 

1. 9997146 

80.00 

0-997956 

1.9991113 

68.25 

0.999320 

1.9997047 

80.25 

0.997923 

1.9990970 

68.50 

0.999297 

1.9996945 

80.50 

0.997889 

1.9990822 

68.75 

0.999273 

1.9996843 

80.75 

0.997855 

1.9990673 

69.00 

0.999249 

1.9996740 

81.00 

0.997821 

1.9990526 

69.25 

0.999226 

1.9996636 

1   81.25 

0.997788 

1.9990383 

69.50 

0.999202 

1.9996532 

1   81.50 

0.997754 

1.9990233 

69.75 

0.999178 

I  9996477 

1   81.75 

0.997718 

1.9990079 

70.00 

0.999153 

1.9996320 

1   82.00 

0.997681 

I. 9989918 

70.25 

0.999127 

1.9996208 

!  82.25 

0.997644 

1.9989756 

70.50 

0.999102 

1.9996098 

1  82.50 

0.997607 

1.9989596 

70.75 

0.999076 

1.9995985 

1  82.75 

0.997571 

1.9989438 

71.00 

0.999050 

1-9995873 

1  83.00 

0.997536 

1.9989286 

71.25 

0.999024 

1.9995779 

83-25 

0.-997500 

1. 9989138 

71.50 

0.998997 

1.9995642 

83.50 

0.997468 

1.9988989 

71-75 

0.998969 

1.9995522 

1  83.75 

0.997433 

1.9988837 

Mi 

.■II1>N  \N<'i;  :M.\N1  AL. 

S.ju  ;r'. 

I 

— //00/s.— 

-Circles. 

N-. 

.<.]ll;!|-c  i:oot. 
I.  000 

riUn:  i:.„,t. 

Area. 

Circum. 

I 

I. GOO 

0.7854 

3.1416 

4 

8 

I. 414 

1.260 

3.1416 

6.2832 

, 

V 

z-;' 

1.732 

1.442 

7.0686 

9.4248 

4 

16 

64 

2.000 

1.587 

12.5664 

12.5664 

;- 

125 

2.236 

1. 710 

19.6350 

15.70S0 

6 

3'' 

216 

2.449 

1. 817 

28.2743 

18.8496 

- 

49 

343 

2.646 

1. 913 

38.4846 

21.991I 

S 

('4 

5^- 

2.828 

2.000 

50.2655 

25.1327 

V 

Si 

729 

3.000 

2.080 

63.6173 

28.2743 

lo 

I  C  D 

1000 

3.162 

2.154 

78.5398 

31-4159 

I  I 

121 

133X 

3-317 

2.224 

95.0332 

34-5575 

I  z 

144 

1728 

3.464 

2.289 

113.0973 

37.6991 

'3 

169 

2197 

3.606 

2.351 

132.7323 

40.8407 

14 

iy6 

^744 

3.742 

2.410 

153-9380 

43.9823 

15 

3375 

3-^73 

2.466 

176.7146 

47.1239 

i6 

256 

4096 

4.000 

2.520 

201.0619 

50.2655 

I- 

289 

4913 

4.123 

2.571 

226.9801 

53.4071 

iS 

3-4 

5832 

4.243 

2.621 

254.4690 

56.5487 

'9 

361 

6859 

4-359 

2.668 

283.5287 

59-6903 

20 

400 

8000 

4.472 

2.714 

314.1593 

62.8319 

11 

441 

9261 

4.5S3 

2.759 

346.3606 

65-9734 

484 

10648 

4.690 

2.802 

380.1327 

69.1150 

^3 

5-9 

12167 

4.796 

2.844 

415.4756 

72.2566 

i4 

576 

13824 

4.899 

2.884 

452.3893 

75-3982 

i^ 

625 

15625 

5.000 

2.924 

490.8739 

78.5398 

26 

676 

17576 

5.099 

2.962 

530.9292 

81.6814 

"0 

7-9 

19683 

5.196 

3.000 

572.5552 

84.8230 

28 

784 

21952 

5.292 

3-037 

615.7522 

87.9646 

2y 

841 

24389 

5-3«5 

3.072 

660.5199 

91.1062 

33 

900 

27000 

5-477 

3.107 

706.8583 

94.2478 

3' 

961 

29791 

5.568 

3. 141 

754.7676 

97.3894 

3- 

IC24 

32768 

5-657 

3-175 

804.2477 

100.5310 

3 ) 

1CS9 

35937 

5-745 

3.208 

855.2986 

103.6726 

3  + 

1156 

393'^4 

5-831 

3.240 

907.9203 

106.8142 

35 

1225 

4^-.S7  5 

5.916 

3.271 

962.1128 

109.9557 

3^' 

1296 

46656 

6.000 

3.302 

IOI7.8760 

113.0973 

3" 

1369 

5-^^-5  3 

6.083 

3-332 

1075. 2101 

116.2389 

-S 

'444 

5487- 

6.164 

3.362 

1 1  34. 1149 

119.3805 

39 

'r' 

593 '9 

6.245 

3-391 

II94.5906 

122.5221 

4  -* 

l(>.0 

64000 

6.325 

3.420 

1256.6370 

125.6637 

4 ' 

if.Si 

^~^'^;i 

6-4C3 

3-448 

1320.2543 

128.8053 

4- 

'-^'4 

74088 

6.481 

3-476 

1385.4424 

131.9469 

•1  > 

1S49 

79v~^7 

6-5S7 

3-503 

1452. 2012 

135.0885 

4V 

P/-f, 

85184 

6.633 

3-530 

1520.5308 

138.2301 

4  ^ 

-  -5 

91125 

6.708 

3-557 

1590.4313 

141. 3717 

"!'' 

21  !  T) 

9-336 

6.782 

3-583 

1661.9025 

144-5133 

"1" 

22  9 

103S23 

6.856 

3.609 

1734-9445 

147.6549 

t' 

-i  4 

1 10592 

6.928 

3-634 

1809.5574 

150.7964 

47 

24  ,1 

11-649 

7.000 

3-659 

1885. 7410 

153-9380 

5  -> 

-5-3 

125000 

7.071 

3.684 

1963-4954 

157.0796 

■  -  — 

-  -  -  —  _ 



POWERS. — ROOTS. — CIRCLES. 


497 


No. 

Square. 

Cube. 

Square  Root. 

Cube  Root. 

Area. 

Circum. 

51 

2601 

132651 

7.141 

3.708 

2042.8206 

160.2212 

52 

2704 

140608 

7.211 

3-733 

2123. 7166 

163.3628 

53 

2809 

148877 

7.280 

3-756 

2206.1834 

166.5044 

54 

2916 

157464 

7-348 

3-780 

2290.2210 

169.6460 

55 

3025 

166375 

7.416 

3.803 

2375.8294 

172.7876 

56 

3136 

175616 

7.483 

3.826 

2463.0086 

175.9292 

57 

3249 

185193 

7-550 

3-849 

2551.7586 

179.0708 

58 

3364 

195112 

7.616 

3-871 

2642.0794 

182.2124 

59 

3481 

205379 

7.681 

3-893 

2733.9710 

185.3540 

60 

3600 

216000 

7.746 

3-915 

2827.4334 

188.4956 

61 

3721 

226981 

7.810 

3-936 

2922.4666 

191.6372 

62 

3844 

238328 

7.874 

3-958 

3019.0705 

194.7787 

63 

3969 

250047 

7-937 

3-979 

3117-2453 

197.9203 

64 

4096 

262144 

8.000 

4.000 

3216.9909 

201.0619 

65 

4225 

274625 

8.062 

4.021 

3318.3072 

204.2035 

66 

4356 

287496 

8.124 

4.041 

3421. 1944 

207.3451 

67 

4489 

300763 

8.185 

4.062 

3525.6524 

210.4867 

68 

4624 

31443^ 

8.246 

4.082 

3631. 6811 

213.6283 

69 

4761 

328509 

8.307 

4.102 

3739.2807 

216.7699 

70 

4900 

343000 

8.367 

4. 121 

3848.4510 

219.9115 

71 

5041 

3579" 

8.426 

4-141 

3959.1921 

223.0531 

72 

5184 

373248 

8.485 

4. 160 

407  1. 5041 

226.1947 

73 

53^9 

389017 

8-544 

4.179 

4185.3868 

229,3363 

74 

5476 

405224 

8.602 

4.198 

4300.8403 

232.4779 

75 

5625 

421875 

8.660 

4.217 

4417.8647 

235.6194 

76 

5776 

438976 

8.718 

4.236 

4536.4598 

238.7610 

77 

5929 

456533 

8-775 

4.254 

4656.6257 

241.9026 

78 

6084 

474552 

8.832 

4.273 

4778.3624 

245-0442 

79 

6241 

493039 

8.888 

4.291 

4901.6699 

248.1858 

80 

6400 

512000 

8.944 

4-309 

5026.5482 

251.3274 

81 

6561 

53H4I 

9.000 

4-327 

5152.9974 

254.4690 

82 

6724 

551368 

9.055 

4-344 

5281.0173 

257.6106 

83 

6889 

571787 

9. no 

4.362 

5410.6079 

260.7522 

84 

7056 

592704 

9.165 

4-380 

5541.7694 

263.8938 

85 

7225 

614125 

9.220 

4-397 

5674.5017 

267.0354 

86 

7396 

636056 

9.274 

4.414 

5808.8048 

270.1770 

87 

7569 

658503 

9-327 

4-431 

5944.6787 

273.3186 

88 

7744 

681472 

9.381 

4.448 

6082.1234 

276.4602 

89 

7921 

704969 

9-434 

4-465 

6221.1389 

279.6017 

90 

8100 

729000 

9.487 

4.481 

6361.7251 

282.7433 

91 

8281 

753571 

9-539 

4.498 

6503.8822 

285.8849 

92 

8464 

778688 

9.592 

4-5H 

6647. 6101 

289.0265 

93 

8649 

804357 

9.644 

4-531 

6792.9087 

292.1681 

94 

8836 

830584 

9-695 

4-547 

6939.7782 

295.3097 

95 

9025 

857375 

9-747 

4-563 

7088.2184 

298.4513 

96 

9216 

884736 

9.798 

4-579 

7238.2295 

301.5929 

97 

9409 

912673 

9.849 

4-595 

7389.8113 

304-7345 

98 

9604 

941192 

9.899 

4.610 

7542.9640 

307.8761 

99 

9801 

970299 

9- 950 

4.626 

7697.6874 

311.0177 

100 

lOOOO 

1000000 

10.000 

4.642 

7853.9816 

3H-I593 

4<.iS 


oIIDNANCK    MANUAL 


I^ 

F(liiart>. 
I020I 

Culjr. 

.Sqtiiiro  Itoot. 

Cube  Uoot. 

Area. 

Circum. 

lOI 

1030301 

10.050 

4-657 

8011.847 

317.301 

lO. 

10404 

1 06 1  201 

10.100 

4.672 

8171.282 

320.442 

103 

10609 

1092727 

10.149 

4.688 

8332.289 

323-584 

104 

10S16. 

1 1 248 64 

10.198 

4.703 

8494.867 

326.726 

105 

1 1025 

II57625 

10.247 

4.718 

8659.015 

329.867 

106 

II236 

I191016 

10.296 

4-733 

8824.734 

333.009 

107 

1 1449 

1225043 

10.344 

4-747 

8992.024 

336.150 

loS 

I  I  664 

1259712 

10,392 

4-762 

9160.884 

339.292 

109 

I1881 

1295029 

10.440 

4-777 

9331.316 

342.434 

110 

I2100 

1331000 

10.488 

4.791 

9503-318 

345-575 

I II 

1232X 

1367631 

10.536 

4.806 

9676.891 

348.717 

112 

12544 

1404928 

10.583 

4.820 

9852.035 

351.858 

113 

12769 

1442897 

10.630 

4-835 

10028.749 

355.000 

114 

12996 

148 1  544 

10.677 

4-849 

10207.035 

358.142 

J 1 5 

13--5 

1520875 

10.724 

4.863 

10386.891 

361.283 

116 

13456 

1560896 

10.771 

4-877 

10568.318 

364.425 

117 

13689 

1601613 

10.817 

4.891 

10751.315 

367.566 

118 

13924 

1643032 

10.863 

4.905 

10935.884 

370.708 

119 

14161 

1 68 5 1  59 

10.909 

4.919 

11122.023 

373-849 

120 

14400 

1728000 

10.954 

4-932 

11309.734 

376.991 

121 

1 464 1 

1771561 

11.000 

4-946 

11499.015 

380.133 

122 

14S84 

18 1  5848 

11.045 

4.960 

11689.866 

383.274 

123 

I  51  29 

1860867 

11.091 

4-973 

11882.289 

386.416 

124 

15376 

1906624 

11.136 

4.987 

12076.282 

389.557 

125 

15625 

1953125 

11.180 

5.000 

12271.846 

392.699 

126 

15876 

2000376 

11.225 

5-013 

12468.981 

395.841 

127 

I  61  29 

2048383 

11.269 

5.027 

12667.687 

398.982 

12S 

16384 

2097152 

11.314 

5.040 

12867.963 

402.123 

129 

I  6641 

2146689 

11.35^ 

5-053 

13069.811 

405.265 

130 

16900 

2197000 

11.402 

5.066 

13273.229 

408.407 

131 

I7161 

2248091 

11.446 

5.079 

13478.218 

411.549 

132 

I74H 

2299968 

11.489 

5.092 

13684.778 

414.690 

^33 

17689 

2352637 

11-533 

5.104 

13892.908 

417.832 

134 

17956 

2406104 

11.576 

5-II7 

14102.609 

420.973 

135 

18225 

2460375 

11.619 

5-130 

14313.882 

424.115 

136 

18496 

2515456 

11.662 

5-143 

14526.724 

427.257 

137 

1 87  69 

2571353 

11.705 

5-155 

14741.138 

430.398 

13S 

19044 

2628072 

11-747 

5.168 

14956.123 

433.540 

139 

19321 

2685619 

11.790 

5.180 

15174.678 

436.681 

140 

19600 

2744000 

11.832 

5-192 

15393.804 

439.823 

141 

1 988 1 

2803221 

11.874 

5.205 

15614.501 

442.965 

142 

20164 

2863288 

11.916 

5-217 

15836.769 

446.106 

H3 

20449 

2924207 

11.958 

5.229 

16060.607 

449.248 

144 

20-36 

2985984 

12.000 

5.241 

16286.016 

452  389 

14s 

21025 

3048625 

12.042 

5-254 

16512.996 

455-531 

146 

21  316 

3112136 

12.083 

5.266 

16741.547 

458.673 

14- 

21609 

3176523 

12.124 

5.278 

16971.669 

461.814 

14S 

21904 

3241792 

12.166 

5.290 

17203.361 

464.956 

149 

22201 

3307949 

12.207 

5-301 

17436.625 

468.097 

150 

22500 

3375000 

12.247 

5-313 

17671.459 

471.239 

POWERS. — ROOTS. — CIRCLES. 


499 


No. 

Squaro. 

Cube. 

Square  Root. 

Cube  Root. 

Area. 

Circum. 

151 

22801 

3442951 

12.288 

5-325 

17907.864 

474.380 

152 

23104 

3511808 

12.329 

5-337 

18145.839 

477.522 

153 

23409 

3581577 

12.369 

5-348 

18385.386 

480.664 

154 

23716 

3652264 

12.410 

5.360 

18626.503 

483.805 

155 

24025 

3723875 

12.450 

5-372 

18869. 191 

486.947 

156 

24336 

3796416 

12.490 

5.383 

19113.450 

490.088 

157 

24649 

3869893 

12.530 

5-395 

19359.279 

493.230 

158 

24964 

3944312 

12.570 

5.406 

19606.680 

496-372 

159 

25281 

4019679 

12.610 

5.418 

19855.651 

499-513 

160 

25600 

4096000 

12.650 

5-429 

20106.193 

502.655 

161 

25921 

4173281 

12.689 

5.440 

20358.306 

505.796 

162 

26244 

4251528 

12.728 

5-451 

2061 1.989 

508.938 

163 

26569 

4330747 

12.767 

5.463 

20867.244 

512.080 

164 

26896 

4410944 

12.806 

5-474 

21124,069 

515.221 

165 

27225 

4492125 

12.845 

5.485 

21382.465 

518.363 

166 

27556 

4574296 

12.884 

5.496 

21642.432 

521.504 

167 

27889 

4657463 

12.923 

5-507 

21903.969 

524.646 

168 

28224 

4741632 

12.961 

5.518 

22167.078 

527.788 

169 

28561 

4826809 

13.000 

5-529 

22431.757 

530.929 

170 

28900 

4913000 

13.038 

5-540 

22698.007 

534.071 

171 

29241 

500021 1 

13.077 

5-550 

22965.824 

537.212 

172 

29584 

5088448 

13-115 

5-561 

23235.219 

540-354 

173 

29929 

5177717 

13-^53 

5-572 

23506.182 

543.496 

174 

30276 

5268024 

13. 191 

5-583 

23778.715 

546.637 

175 

30625 

5359375 

13.229 

5-593 

24052.819 

549-779 

176 

30976 

5451776 

13.266 

5.604 

24328.493 

552.920 

177 

31329 

5545233 

13-304 

5.615 

24605.739 

556.062 

178 

31684 

5639752 

13.342 

5.625 

24884.555 

559.203 

179 

32041 

5735339 

13-379 

5.636 

25164.943 

562.345 

180 

32400 

5832000 

13.416 

5.646 

25446.900 

565.487 

181 

32761 

5929741 

13-454 

5-657 

25730.429 

568.628 

182 

33124 

6028568 

13.491 

5-667 

26015.529 

571.770 

183 

33489 

6128487 

13.528 

5-677 

26302.199 

574.911 

184 

33856 

6229504 

13.565 

5.688 

26590.440 

578-053 

185 

34225 

6331625 

13.601 

5-698 

-  26880.252 

581.195 

186 

34596 

6434856 

13.638 

5.708 

27171.635 

584-336 

187 

34969 

6539203 

13-675 

5.718 

27464.588 

587.478 

188 

35344 

6644672 

13.711 

5-729 

27759.113 

590.619 

189 

35721 

6751269 

13.748 

5-739 

28055.208 

593.761 

190 

36100 

6859000 

13.784 

5-749 

28352.874 

596.903 

191 

36481 

6967871 

13.820 

5-759 

28652.1 10 

600.044 

192 

36864 

7077888 

13.856 

5-769 

28952.918 

603.186 

193 

37249 

7189057 

13.892 

5-779 

29255.296 

606.327 

194 

37636 

7301384 

13.928 

5.789 

29559.245 

609.469 

195 

38025 

7414875 

13.964 

5-799 

29864.765 

612. 611 

196 

38416 

7529536 

14.000 

5.809 

30171.856 

615.752 

197 

38809 

7645373 

14.036 

5.819 

30480.517 

618.894 

198 

39204 

7762392 

14.071 

5.828 

30790.749 

622.035 

199 

39601 

7880599 

14.107 

5.838 

31102.553 

625.177 

200 

40000 

8000000 

14.142 

5.848 

31415.927 

628.319 

,(•(» 


0  H  I )N A  N C E    MA N UAL 


tiaiv  Hoot.  Cube  ]{oot, 


2JI 

4  HO  I 

Z^l 

4,S04 

-'■'  > 

412C9 

2:4 

41616 

20^ 

4202^ 

2.6 

42436 

--" 

42S49 

2;,S 

4-264 

20.; 

4-,6Si 

210 

44100 

21  I 

445-1 

21  2 

44y44 

21  ^ 

45369 

214 

4^"96 

21  ;; 

4622,- 

21  () 

466:;  6 

21- 

47089 

21 S 

4o-4 

219 

4-961 

ZJ.0 

4S400 

221 

4S841 

222 

492S4 

-- J 

497^9 

224 


226 


50,76 

50625 

sio-6 


-  -  ,■ 

51529 

22S 

519S4 

229 

5-441 

52900 

251 

55361 

232 

55^-4 

-  >  5 

54-S9 

-54 

54756 

- 1  -) 

55--5 

256 

55696 

-5" 

56169 

2;S 

56644 

-59 

57121 

24. 

57600 

241 

5S0S1 

242 

5S564 

-4  5 

59049 

-44 

^-9556 

-4> 

6_25 

241, 

6.3,6 

-4" 

6,. .9 

24N 

6i;'4 

-4V 

6  2  . .  1 

:. ; 

623.0 

8,20601 

8242408 
8365427 
8489664 
86,5,25 
87418,6 
8869743 

89989,2 
9,23329 

926,000 

9395931 

9528,28 

9663597 
9800344 

993S375 

0077696 

02183,3 

0360232 

0503459 

0648000 
0793861 
094,048 
1089567 

1239424 
,390625 
I543I76 

,697083 
,852352 
2008989 

2,67000 

2326391 
2487168 
2649337 
28,2904 

2977875 

3144256 
331^053 

34^12:^2 
365,9,9 

3824000 

3997  5^1 
41724SS 
4348907 
4526784 
4706,25 
4886936 
5069223 
5-5-99- 
543^^49 
5625000 


4-177 
4-213 
4.248 
4.283 
4.3,8 
4-353 
4-387 
4.422 

4-457 
4.491 
4.526 
4.560 

4-595 
4.629 
4.663 
4.697 
4-731 
4-765 
4-799 
4.832 
4.866 
4.900 
4-933 
4-967 
5.000 

5-033 
5.067 
5.100 

5-133 
5.166 
5.199 
5.232 
5.264 
5.297 
5.330 
5-362 
5-395 
5-427 
5.460 
5.492 
5-524 
5-556 
5.588 
5.620 
5.652 
5.684 
5.716 
5-748 
5.780 
5.811 


5.858 
5.867 

5-877 
5.887 
5.896 
5.906 
5-915 
5-9^5 
5-934 
5-944 
5-953 
5-963 
5.972 
5.981 
5.991 
6.000 
6.009 
6.018 
6.028 
6.037 
6.046 
6.055 
6.064 
6.073 
6.082 
6.091 
6.100 
6.109 
6.118 
6.127 
6.136 
6.145 

6-153 
162 

171 
180 
188 
197 
6.206 
6.214 
6.223 
6.232 
6.240 
6.249 
6.257 
6.266 
6.274 
6.283 
6.291 
6.300 


Area. 


Circum. 


31730, 
32047, 
32365, 
32685, 
33006, 
33329 
33653 
33979' 
34306, 
34636, 
34966. 
35298, 
35632, 
35968, 
36305, 
36643, 
36983 

37325' 
37668 
38013 

38359 
38707, 
39057 
39408 
39760 
40 1 1 4 
40470 
40828 
41187, 

41547 
41909 
42273 
42638 
43005 
43373 
43743 
441 1 5 
44488 
44862 
45238 
45616 
45996 
46376 

46759 
47143 

47529 
47916 
48305 
48695 
49087 


871 
386 

473 
129 

358 
156 
526 
468 

977 
059 
712 
936 
729 
096 
030 
536 
614 
264 
480 
,271 
632 
564 
069 
140 
782 
996 
,782 
,140 
,065 

563 
631 

.272 
,481 
,260 
,614 
536 
.029 
,092 
,728 

934 

,710 
,060 
,976 
.465 
■525 
•155 
,356 
,129 
•471 
•385 


631.460 
634.602 

637.743 
640.885 
644.026 
647.168 
650.310 
653.452 
656-593 
659-734 
662.876 
666.018 
669.159 
672.300 
675.442 
678,584 
681.726 
684.868 
688.008 
691.150 
694.292 
697.434 
700.575 
703.716 
706.858 
710.000 
713.141 
716.284 
719.424 
722.566 
725.707 
728.850 
731.991 
735.132 
738.274 
741.416 

744-557 
747.698 
750.841 
753.982 
757.124 
760.266 
763.407 
766.548 
769.69c 
772.832 

775-973 
779.115 
782.257 
785.398 


POWERS. — ROOTS. — CIRCLES. 


501 


No. 

Square. 

Cube. 

Square  Root. 

Cube  Root. 

Area. 

Circum. 

.251 

63001 

15813251 

15.843 

6.308 

49480.870 

788.540 

252 

63504 

16003008 

15-875 

6.316 

49875.925 

791.681 

253 

64009 

16194277 

15.906 

6.325 

50272.550 

794-823 

254 

64516 

16387064 

15-937 

6-333 

50670.748 

797.964 

^55 

65025 

16581375 

15.969 

6.341 

51070.516 

801.106 

256 

65536 

16777216 

16.000 

6.350 

51471.854 

804.248 

257 

66049 

16974593 

16.031 

6.358 

51874.763 

807.389 

258 

66564 

17173512 

16.062 

6.366 

52279.243 

810.531 

259 

67081 

17373979 

16.093 

6.374 

52685.294 

813.672 

260 

67600 

17576000 

16.125 

6.383 

53092.916 

816.814 

261 

68121 

17779581 

16.155 

6.391 

53502.109 

819.956 

262 

68644 

17984728 

16.186 

6-399 

53912.872 

823.097 

263 

69169 

18191447 

16.217 

6.407 

54325.205 

826.239 

264 

69696 

18399744 

16.248 

6.415 

54739.110 

829.380 

265 

70225 

18609625 

16.279 

6.423 

55154.586 

832.522 

266 

70756 

18821096 

16.310 

6.431 

55571.632 

835.664 

267 

71289 

19034163 

16.340 

6-439 

55990.250 

838.805 

268 

71824 

19248832 

16.371 

6.447 

56410.438 

841.947 

269 

72361 

19465109 

16.401 

6.455 

56832.196 

845.088 

270 

72900 

19683000 

16.432 

6.463 

57255.526 

848.230 

271 

73441 

19902511 

16.462 

6.471 

57680.426 

851.372 

272 

73984 

20123648 

16.492 

6.479 

58106.898 

854-513 

273 

74529 

20346417 

16.523 

6.487 

58534.940 

857.655 

274 

75076 

20570824 

16.553 

6.495 

58964.552 

860.796 

275 

75625 

20796875 

16.583 

6.503 

59395-736 

863.938 

276 

76176 

21024576 

16.613 

6. 511 

59824.490 

867.080 

277 

76729 

21253933 

16.643 

6.519 

60260.815 

870.221 

278 

77284 

21484952 

16.673 

6.527 

60698.711 

873-363 

279 

77841 

21717639 

16.703 

6-534 

61136.178 

876.484 

280 

78400 

21952000 

16.733 

6.542 

61575.216 

879.646 

281 

78961 

22188041 

16.763 

6.550 

62015.824 

882.788 

282 

795H 

22425768 

16.793 

6.558 

62458.003 

885.929 

283 

80089 

22665187 

16.823 

6-565 

62901.753 

889.071 

284 

80656 

22906304 

16.852 

6-573 

63347-074 

892.212 

285 

81225 

23149125 

16.882 

6.581 

63793.966 

895-354 

286 

81796 

23393656 

16.912 

6.589 

64242.428 

898.495 

287 

82369 

23639903 

16.941 

6.596 

64692.461 

901.637 

288 

82944 

23887872 

16.971 

6.604 

65144.065 

904.779 

289 

83521 

24137569 

17.000 

6.611 

65597.240 

907.920 

290 

84100 

24389000 

17.029 

6.619 

66051.986 

911.062 

291 

84681 

24642171 

17.059 

6.627 

66508.302 

914.203 

292 

85264 

24897088 

17.088 

6.634 

66966.189 

917.345 

293 

85849 

25153757 

17.117 

6.642 

67425.647 

920.466 

294 

86436 

25412184 

17.146 

6.649 

67886.675 

923.628 

295 

87025 

25672375 

17.176 

6-657 

68349-275 

926.770 

296 

87616 

25934336 

17.205 

6.664 

68813.445 

929.911 

297 

88209 

26198073 

17.234 

6.672 

69279.186 

933-053 

298 

88804 

26463592 

17.263 

6.679 

69746.498 

936.195 

299 

89401 

26730899 

17.292 

6.687 

70215.381 

939-336 

300 

90000 

27000000 

17.321 

6.694 

70685.835 

942.478 

42 


502 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


No. 

1   Sqnaro. 

C111.0. 

Square  Hciot 

icnhelloot. 

Area. 

Circum. 

301 

90601 

27270901 

17-349 

6.702 

71157.859 

945.619 

30Z 

91204 

27543608. 

17.378 

6.709 

71631.454 

948.761 

333 

91809 

278I8I27 

17.407 

6.717 

72106.620 

951.903 

304 

92416 

28094464 

17.436 

6.724 

72583.356 

955.044 

3 '2  5 

93025 

28372625 

17.464 

6.731 

73061.664 

958.186 

306 

93636 

28652616 

17-493 

6.739 

73541.542 

961.327 

3^7 

94249 

28934443 

17.521 

6-746 

74022.991 

964.469 

308 

94864 

292181 12 

17-550 

6-753 

74506.008 

967.610 

309 

95481 

29503629 

17.578 

6.761 

74990.602 

970.752 

310 

96100 

29791000 

17.607 

6.768 

75476.764 

973.894 

311 

96721 

30080231 

17.635 

6.775 

75964.496 

977-035 

31^ 

97344 

30371328 

17.664 

6  782 

76453.798 

980.177 

313 

97969 

30664297 

17.692 

6.790 

76944.673 

983.318 

314 

98596 

30959144 

17.720 

6.797 

77437.117 

986.460 

3^5 

99225 

31255875 

17.748 

6.804 

77931-133 

989.602 

3,6 

99856 

31554496 

17.776 

6.811 

78426.719 

992.743 

317 

100489 

31855OI3 

17.804 

6.818 

78923.876 

995.885 

318 

101124 

32157432 

17.833 

6.826 

79422.604 

999.026 

319 

101761 

32461759 

17.861 

6.833 

79922.902 

1002.168 

320 

102400 

32768000 

17.889 

6.840 

80424.772 

1005.310 

3-1 

103041 

33076161 

17.916 

6.847 

80928.212 

1008.451 

r-^- 

103684 

33386248 

17.944 

6.854 

81433.223 

IOII.593 

3-3 

104329 

33698267 

17.972 

6.861 

81939.805 

1014.734 

3^-4 

104976 

34012224 

18.000 

6.868 

82447.958 

1017.876 

3^5 

105625 

34328125 

18.028 

6.875 

82957.681 

1021.018 

326 

106276 

34645976 

18.055 

6.882 

83468.975 

1024.159 

327 

106929 

34965783 

18.083 

6.889 

83981.840 

1027.303 

328 

107584 

35287552 

18. Ill 

6.896 

84496.276 

1030.442 

3-9 

108241 

35611289 

18.138 

6.903 

85012.282 

1033.584 

330 

108900 

35937000 

18.166 

6.910 

85529.860 

1036.726 

331 

109561 

36264691 

18.193 

6.917 

86049.008 

1039.867 

33- 

1 10224 

36594368 

18.221 

6.924 

86569.727 

1043.009 

333 

110889 

36926037 

18.248 

6.931 

87092.016 

1046.150 

334 

1 1 1556 

37259704 

18.276 

6.938 

87615.877 

1049.292 

335 

T I  2225 

37595375 

18.303 

6.945 

88141.309 

1052.434 

336 

I  12896 

37933056 

18.330 

6.952 

88668.311 

1055-575 

337 

I  I  3569 

38272753 

18.358 

6.959 

89196.884 

1058.717 

33^ 

I  14244 

38614472 

18.385 

6.966 

89727.028 

1061.858 

339 

I  1 492 1 

38958219 

18.412 

6-973 

90258.742 

1065.000 

340 

I  15600 

39304000 

18.439 

6.980 

90792.028 

1068.142 

341 

H6281 

39651821 

18.466 

6.986 

91326.884 

1071.283 

342 

I  16964 

40001688 

18.493 

6.993 

91863.311 

1074.425 

343 

I  17649 

40353607 

18.520 

7.000 

92401.308 

1077.566 

344 

I18336 

40707584 

18.547 

7.007 

92940.877 

1080.708 

345 

I  19025 

41063625 

18.574 

7.014 

93482.016 

1083.849 

346 

II9716 

41421736 

18.601 

7.020 

94024.726 

1086.991 

347 

120409 

41781923 

18.628 

7.027 

94569.007 

1090.132 

348 

I21104 

42 1 44 1 92 

18.655 

7.034 

95114.859 

1093.274 

349 

i2i8di 

42508549 

18.682 

7.041 

95662.282 

1096.418 

350 

122500 

42875000 

18.708 

7.047 

96211.275 

1099-557 

POWERS. — ROOTS. — CIRCLES. 


508 


No. 

Square. 

Cube. 

Square  Root. 

Cube  Root. 

Area. 

Circum. 

351 

123201 

43243551 

18.735 

7-054 

96761.84 

1102.699 

35^ 

123904 

43614208 

18.762 

7 

061 

97313-97 

1105.840 

353 

124609 

43986977 

18.788 

7 

067 

97867.16 

1108.982 

354 

125316 

44361864 

18.815 

7 

074 

98422.96 

I  1 12. 124 

355 

126025 

44738875 

18.841 

7 

081 

98979.80 

III5.265 

356 

126736 

45118016 

18.868 

7 

087 

99538.22 

II18.407 

357 

127449 

45499293 

18.894 

7 

094 

100098.21 

1121.548 

358 

128164 

45882712 

18.921 

7 

101 

100659.37 

1124.690 

359 

128881 

46268279 

18.947 

7 

107 

101222.90 

1127.832 

360 

129600 

46656000 

18.974 

7 

114 

101787.60 

1130.973 

361 

130321 

47045881 

19.000 

7 

120 

102353.87 

1134.115 

362 

I  3 1044 

47437928 

19.026 

7 

127 

102921.72 

1137.256 

363 

131769 

47832147 

19-053 

7 

133 

103491.13 

1140.398 

364 

132496 

48228544 

19.079 

7 

140 

104062.11 

1143.540 

365 

133225 

48627125 

19.105 

7 

147 

104634.67 

1146.681 

366 

133956 

49027896 

19.131 

7 

153 

105208.79 

1149.823 

367 

134689 

49430863 

19.157 

7 

160 

105784.49 

1152.964 

368 

135424 

49836032 

19.183 

7 

166 

106361.76 

1156.106 

369 

136161 

50243409 

19.209 

7 

173 

106940.60 

1159.248 

370 

136900 

50653000 

19-235 

7 

179 

107521.01 

1162.389 

371 

I37641 

5106481 I 

19.261 

7 

186 

108102.99 

1165.531 

372 

138384 

51478848 

19.287 

7 

192 

108686.54 

1168.672 

373 

139129 

51895117 

19-313 

7 

198 

109271.66 

II7I.814 

374 

139876 

52313624 

19-339 

7 

205 

109858.35 

1174.956 

375 

140625 

52734375 

19-365 

7 

211 

110446.62 

1178.097 

376 

141376 

53157376 

19-391 

7 

218 

111036.45 

1181.238 

377 

142129 

53582633 

19.416 

7 

224 

111627.86 

1184.380 

378 

142884 

54010152 

19.442 

7 

230 

1 12220.83 

1187.522 

379 

143641 

54439939 

19.468 

7 

237 

I12815.38 

1190.663 

380 

144400 

54872000 

19.494 

7 

243 

113411.49 

1193.805 

381 

145161 

55306341 

19.519 

7 

250 

114009.28 

1196.947 

382 

145924 

55742968 

19-545 

7 

256 

114608.44 

I2OO.0S8 

383 

146689 

56181887 

19.570 

7 

262 

115209.27 

1203.230 

384 

147456 

56623104 

19.596 

7 

268 

115811.67 

1206.372 

385 

148225 

57066625 

19.621 

7 

275 

116415.64 

1209.513 

386 

148996 

57512456 

19.647 

7 

281 

I17021.18 

1212.654 

387 

149769 

57960603 

19.672 

7 

287 

117628.30 

1215.796 

388 

150544 

58411072 

19.698 

7 

294 

118236.98 

1218.938 

389 

151321 

58863869 

19.723 

7 

300 

118847.24 

1222.079 

390 

1 52 1 00 

59319000 

19.748 

7 

306 

1 19459.06 

1225.221 

391 

152881 

59776471 

19.774 

7 

312 

120072.46 

1228.363 

392 

153664 

60236288 

19.799 

7 

319 

120687.42 

1231.504 

393 

154449 

60698457 

19.824 

7 

325 

121303.96 

1234.646 

394 

155236 

61 162984 

19.849 

7 

331 

121922.07 

1237.788 

395 

156025 

61629875 

19.875 

7 

•337 

122541.75 

1240.929 

396 

I56816 

62099136 

19.900 

7 

343 

123163.CO 

1244.071 

397 

157609 

62570773 

19.925 

7 

350 

123785.82 

1247.212 

398 

158404 

63044792 

19.950 

7 

.356 

124410.21 

1250.354 

399 

159201 

63521199 

19-975 

7 

362 

125036.17 

1253-495 

400 

160000 

64000000 

20.000 

7 

.368 

125663.70 

1256.637 

ORDNANCE    MANUAL 


\.., 

Siuir.-. 
6oSoi 

CnW. 
644S1201 

Square  liout. 

Cul.e  Koot. 

Area. 

Circum. 

4: 1 

20.025 

7-374 

126292.81 

1259.778 

4  - 

M6d4 

64964808 

20.050 

7.380 

126923.48 

1262.920 

6:4:9 

65450^^7 

20.075 

7.386 

127555-73 

1266.062 

4  4 

63116 

6593'r-64 

20.100 

7-393 

128189.54 

1269.204 

4  > 

'•4^-5 

66430125 

20.125 

7-399 

128824.93 

1272.345 

4  ^ 

64S36 

66923416 

20.149 

7.405 

129461.89 

1275.486 

6^649 

6741 9 143 

20.174 

7.411 

130100.42 

1278.628 

4  ^ 

66464 

6791 1  312 

20.199 

7-417 

130740.52 

1281.770 

4  ') 

6-:Si 

6841-929 

20.224 

7-423 

131382.19 

1284.9H 

41  ^ 

6Sico 

68921000 

20.248 

7.429 

132025.43 

1288.053 

41  I 

6S9Z. 

69426531 

20.273 

7-435 

132670.24 

1291.194 

41  : 

'">-44 

69934528 

20.298 

7.441 

133316.62 

1294.336 

4' ) 

-  ,-69 

70444997 

20.322 

7-447 

133964.58 

1297.478 

4'4 

-;3'/> 

70951944 

20.347 

7-453 

134614.10 

1300.620 

4'^' 

71473375 

20.372 

7-459 

135265.20 

1303.761 

416 

-p,-6 

7 1 99 1 296 

20.396 

7-465 

135917.87 

1306.902 

4'" 

-3SS9 

-^511713 

20.421 

7-471 

136572.10 

1310.043 

41  s 

-4-24 

73034632 

20.445 

7-477 

137227.91 

1313.186 

4' 9 

-  >"  ^)  I 

73560059 

20.469 

7.483 

137885.29 

1316.327 

4  - ' 

-0400 

740SS000 

20.494 

7.489 

138544.24 

1319.469 

421 

--241 

-4618461 

20.518 

7-495 

139204.76 

1322.610 

4-- 

-S:S4 

-5151448 

20.543 

7-501 

139866.85 

1325.752 

4-; 

-S929 

756S6967 

20.567 

7.507 

140530.51 

1328.895 

4-4 

-.r-6 

76225024 

20.591 

7-513 

141195.74 

1332.036 

4  -  ■> 

s.62^ 

76-65625 

20.616 

7.518 

141862.54 

1335-177 

4-'' 

SI4-6 

7-30S7-6 

20.640 

7-5^4 

142530.91 

1338.318 

4-" 

S2329 

"7^544^3 

20.664 

7-530 

143200.86 

1341.459 

4-^ 

S3IS4 

7S40275Z 

20.688 

7-536 

143872.38 

I  344. 600 

4- V 

S4,4, 

-89535S9 

20.712 

7-542 

144545.46 

1347-744 

4V^ 

S4V.2 

-950-000 

20.736 

7.548 

145220.12 

1350.885 

4;  I 

S"6i 

80062991 

20.761 

7-554 

145896.35 

1354.027 

4",- 

S6624 

80621568 

20.785 

7.560 

146574.14 

1357.168 

4r> 

X74S9 

81,82737 

20.809 

7-565 

147253.51 

1360.310 

4H 

SS3,-6 

81746504 

20.833 

7-571 

147934.46 

1363.452 

4o' 

S9  22^ 

S23128-5 

20.857 

7-577 

148616.97 

1366.593 

4-,'> 

90c.;6 

828S1856 

20.881 

7-583 

149301.06 

1369.736 

4  "^" 

9J969 

«34534^3 

20.905 

7-589 

149986.71 

1372.877 

4V'i 

91S44 

8402-6-2 

20.928 

7-594 

150673.92 

1376.019 

4>7 

91-21 

84604519 

20.952 

7.600 

151362.7a 

1379.160 

44^ 

9-/,OD 

85184000 

20.976 

7.606 

152053.08 

1382.301 

441 

944^1 

85-66121 

21.000 

7.612 

152745.02 

1385.442 

44  - 

')-M 

8635  888 

21.024 

1  7.617 

153438-53 

1388.584 

44  > 

'^'-249 

869383.,- 

21.048 

7-623 

154135.18 

1391.726 

•i44 

'n  ;6 

S-52S3S4 

21.0-1 

i  7.629 

154830.26 

1394.868 

••4  >, 

V^  -■! 

88,21125 

2I.C95 

7.635 

15552S.47 

1398.009 

"'■*'' 

'/'''/Hi 

8  8  -  I  6 :;  3  6 

21.119 

7.640 

156228.28 

1401.150 

4-;" 

'■''  '' 

8v3r4623 

21.142 

7.646 

156929.63 

1404.291 

44  ^ 
•147 

■f'^   - 

-   "  4 

Sw9i;;9- 

21.166 

7-652 

157632.56 

1407.432 

:  .  I  '1  1 

V^^>^>47 

21.190 

7.657 

158337.06 

1410.574 

20230:. 

91125000 

21.213 

,  7-663 

159043.13 

1413.717 

POWERS. ROOTS. CIRCLES. 


505 


No. 

S(iuare. 

Cube. 

Square  Koot. 

Cube  Root. 

Area. 

Circum. 

451 

203401 

91733851 

21.237 

7.669 

159750-78 

1416.858 

452 

204304 

92345408 

21.260 

7.674 

160459.98 

1420.000 

453 

205209 

92959677 

21.284 

7.680 

161170.78 

1423.140 

454 

2o6n6 

93576664 

21.307 

7.686 

161883.13 

1426.282 

455 

207025 

94196375 

21.331 

7.691 

162597.05 

1429.425 

456 

207936 

94818816 

21-354 

7.697 

163312.56 

1432.568 

457 

208849 

95443993 

21.378 

7-703 

164029.63 

1435.710 

458 

209764 

96071912 

21.401  . 

7.708 

164748.26 

1438.848 

459 

210681 

96702579 

21.424 

7.714 

165468.47 

1441.992 

460 

21 1 600 

97336000 

21.448 

7.719 

166190.25 

1445.133 

461 

212521 

97972181 

21.471 

7.725 

166913.61 

1448.274 

462 

213444 

98611128 

21.494 

7-731 

167638.52 

1451.416 

463 

214369 

99252847 

21.517 

7-736 

168365.02 

1454.558 

464 

215296 

99897344 

21.541 

7.742 

169093.09 

1457.700 

465 

216225 

100544625 

21.564 

7-747 

169822.72 

1460.841 

466 

217156 

101194696 

21.587 

7-753 

170553-92 

1463.982 

467 

218089 

101847563 

21.610 

7-758 

171286.70 

1467.123 

468 

219024 

102503232 

21.633 

7.764 

172021.04 

1470.264 

469 

219961 

103161709 

21.656 

7.769 

172756.96 

1473.406 

470 

220900 

103823000 

21.679 

7-775 

173494-45 

1476.549 

471 

221841 

104487111 

21.703 

7.780 

174233.51 

1479.690 

472 

222784 

105 1 54048 

21.726 

7.786 

174974.14 

1482.832 

473 

223729 

105823817 

21.749 

7.791 

175716.34 

1485-973 

474 

224676 

106496424 

21.772^ 

7-797 

176460.11 

1489.114 

475 

225625 

107171875 

21.794 

7.802 

177205.46 

1492.257 

476 

226576 

107850176 

21.817 

7.808 

177952.37 

1495-398 

477 

227529 

108531333 

21.840 

7-813 

178700.86 

1498.539 

478 

228484 

109215352 

21.863 

7.819 

179450.91 

1501.682 

479 

229441 

109902239 

21.886 

7.824 

180202.54 

1504.823 

480 

230400 

1 10592000 

21.909 

7.830 

180955.74 

1507.964 

481 

231361 

111284641 

21.932 

7-835 

1 8 1 7 1 0. 5 1 

1511.106 

482 

232324 

111980168 

21.954 

7.841 

182466.84 

1514.248 

483 

233289 

112678587 

21.977 

7.846 

183224.75 

1517.388 

484 

234256 

113379904 

22.000 

7.851 

183984.24 

1520.532 

485 

235225 

114084125 

22.023 

7.857 

184745.28 

1523.672 

486 

236196 

114791256 

22.045 

7.862 

185507.90 

1526.814 

487 

237169 

115501303 

22.068 

7.868 

186272.09 

1529.955 

488 

238144 

116214272 

22.091 

7-873 

187037.86 

1533.096 

489 

239121 

116930169 

22.113 

7.878 

187805.20 

1536.240 

490 

240100 

1 17649000 

22.136 

7.884 

188574.10 

1539.380 

491 

241081 

118370771 

22.159 

7.889 

189344.58 

1542.522 

492 

242064 

119095488 

22.181 

7.894 

1901 16.62 

1545.664 

493 

243049 

119823157 

22.204 

7.900 

190890.24 

1548.802 

494 

244036 

120553784 

22.226 

7.905 

191665.42 

1551.946 

495 

245025 

121287375 

22.249 

7.910 

192442.18 

1555.088 

496 

246016 

122023936 

22.271 

7.916 

193220.51 

1558.230 

497 

247009 

122763473 

22.293 

7.921 

193998.62 

1561.372 

498 

248004 

123505992 

22.316 

7.926 

194781.88 

1564.514 

499 

249001 

124251499 

22.338 

7-932 

195564.92 

1567.655 

500 

250000 

125000000 

22.361 

7-937 

196349-54 

1570.796 

42^; 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


^r.-- 

(•lilM>. 

J  2q-:;i  ^01 

>(lii;iio  Hoot.  Cube  I'iOot. 

Area. 

Circum 

.  , 

7.942 

197135.72 

1573.938 

;  , 

:;:  ;4 

126506008 

22.405 

7.948 

197923.48 

1577.080 

.  . 

-  s  r  V 

,27263527 

22.428 

7-953 

198712.81 

1580.221 

s  4 

VU  '6 

12S024064 

22.450 

7.958 

199503.70 

1583-362 

-  s  s  -  -  ^ 

12S787625 

22.472 

7.963 

200296.17 

1586.504 

;_,, 

2^(,036 

1 29 5 542 1 6 

22.494 

7.969 

201090.20 

1589.646 

;  - 

z-049 

130323843 

22.517 

7-974 

201885.81 

1592.787 

;  s 

25S064 

13 10965 1 2 

22.539 

7-979 

202682.99 

1595.928 

s  7 

2,-9381 

131872229 

22.561 

7.984 

203480.96 

1599.070 

z6:^icQ 

I  32651000 

22.583 

7.990 

204282.06 

1602.212 

s'  1  I 

261 121 

13343-S31 

22.605 

7-995 

205083.95 

1605.354 

;i2 

262144 

1342,7728 

22.627 

8.000 

205887.42 

1608.496 

;i  , 

z(.',Un) 

135005697 

22.650 

8.005 

206692.46 

1611.637 

■>4 

264196 

135796-44 

22.672 

8.010 

207499.05 

1614.778 

I  , 

26:;22;; 

,36590875 

22.694 

8.016 

208307.23 

1617.920 

,i6 

2662,-6 

137388096 

22.716 

8.021 

209116.97 

1621.062 

I- 

26-2S9 

138188413 

22.738 

8.026 

209928.29 

1624.203 

rS 

26S324 

13899,832 

22.760 

8.031 

210741.18 

1627.344 

'V 

269361 

139798359 

22.782 

8.036 

211555.64 

1630.488 

I  ^ 

2-C400 

140608000 

22.804 

8.041 

212371.66 

1633.628 

ii 

2-1441 

,4,420761 

22.825 

8.047 

213189.26 

1636.770 

-- 

2-24S4 

,42236648 

22.847 

8.052 

214008.44 

1639.912 

- ') 

-";i-9 

,43055667 

22.869 

8.057 

214829.18 

1643.053 

-4 

--45-6 

143877^24 

22.891 

8.062 

215651.49 

1646.194 

-^ 

27562,- 

1447031-5 

22.913 

8.067 

216475.37 

1649.336 

Zh 

2766-6 

145315576 

22.935 

8.072 

217300.82 

1652.478 

-" 

2---29 

146383183 

22.956 

8.077 

218127.85 

1655.619 

zS 

2-S-S4 

14-197952 

22.978 

8.082 

218956.44 

1658.760 

-') 

2-VS4I 

,48035889 

23.000 

8.088 

219786.61 

1661.902 

>" 

2S  9,0 

J4SS77000 

23.022 

8.093 

220618.34 

1665.044 

i ' 

2S1961 

,49-2129, 

^-3-043 

8.098 

221451.65 

1668.186 

5- 

2S3024 

150 5 68 7 68 

23.065 

8.103 

222286.53 

1671.328 

^  > 

2S40S9 

1514J9437 

23.087 

8.108 

223122.98 

1674.469 

U 

-  '^  s  I  s  6 

1-2-3304 

23.108 

8.113 

223961.00 

1677.610 

>^' 

-^''--5 

'  ^  1 '  3  °  3  7  5 

-3-130 

8.118 

224800.59 

1680.752 

■ ') 

2S-296 
2^S;69 

'>' 599^^656 

23.152 

8.123 

225641.75 

1683.894 

I >4^ 541 53 

23.173 

8.128 

226484.48 

1687.035 

^ 

-^7444 

I ; ^-20872 

^3-195 

8.133 

227328.78 

1690.176 

">'/ 

-<)  :>il 

1565908,9 

23.216 

8.138 

228174.66 

1693.318 

4  ' 

2V26SI 

-vr64 

15-464000 

23.238 

8.143 

229022.10 

1696.460 

4 ' 

1 58 540421 

^3-^59 

8.148 

229870.33 

1699.602 

t- 

1,9220088 

23.281    8.153 

230721.70 

1702.744 

4  1 
44 

-74^47 

,60, -,007 

23.302 

8.158 

231573.86 

1705.884 

-'/  >  'y  ^6 

,6-^989,84 

^3-3^4 

8.163 

232427.59 

1709.026 

4'. 

2  V  S  1  16 

i6!8"S62  5 
162--, 356 

-3-345 
23.367 

8.168 

8.173 

233282.89 
234,39.76 

1712.168 

1715.310 

•  S 

-77-"'^ 

'6566-523 

25-3'^8    8.178 

234998.20 

1718.451 

47 

'       -4 

164,-66,-92 

23-409    ^-183 

235858.21 

1721.592 

;  14  1 

16^469,49 

1665-50C0 

23.431    8.188 

236719.79 

1724.733 

"'""" 

^3-45^    8.193 

237582.94 

1727.876 

POWERS. ROOTS. — CIRCLES. 


507 


No. 

Square. 

Cube. 

Square  Root. 

Cube  Root. 

Area. 

Ciiciita. 

551 

303601 

167284151 

23.473 

8.198 

238447.67 

1731.018 

552 

304704 

168196608 

23-495 

8 

203 

239297.96 

1734.160 

553 

305809 

169112377 

23.516 

8 

208 

240165.83 

1737.301 

554 

306916 

170031464 

23-537 

8 

213 

241043.26 

1740.442 

555 

308025 

170953875 

23.558 

8 

218 

241922.27 

1743-584 

556 

309136 

171879616 

23.580 

8 

223 

242794.84 

1746.726 

557 

310249 

172808693 

23.601 

8 

228 

243668.99 

1749.867 

558 

311364 

173741112 

23.622 

8 

233 

244544.71 

1752.968 

559 

3 1 248 1 

174676879 

23.643 

8 

238 

245442.00 

1756. no 

560 

313600 

175616000 

23.664 

8 

243 

246300.86 

1759.292 

561 

314721 

176558481 

23.685 

8 

248 

247181.29 

1762.434 

562 

315844 

177504328 

23.707 

8 

253 

248063.30 

1765.576 

563 

316969 

178453547 

23.728 

8 

258 

248946.87 

1768.717 

564 

318096 

I 79406 I 44 

23.749 

8 

262 

249832.01 

1771.858 

565 

319225 

180362125 

23.770 

8 

267 

250718.73 

1775.000 

566 

320356 

181321496 

23.791 

8 

272 

251607.01 

1778.142 

567 

321489 

182284263 

23.812 

8 

277 

252496.87 

1781.283 

568 

322624 

183250432 

23-833 

8 

282 

253388.30 

1784.424 

569 

323761 

184220009 

23.854 

8 

286 

254281.30 

1787.566 

570 

324900 

185193000 

23-875 

8 

291 

255175.86 

1790.708 

571 

326041 

186169411 

23.896 

8 

296 

256072.00 

1793.849 

572 

327184 

187149248 

23.917 

8. 

301 

256969.71 

1796.990 

573 

328329 

188132517 

23.937 

8. 

306 

257868.99 

1800.132 

574 

329476 

189119224 

23-958 

8. 

311 

258769.84 

1803.274 

575 

330625 

190109375 

23.979 

8. 

316 

259672.27 

1806.416 

576 

331776 

191102976 

24.000 

8 

320 

260576.26 

1809.558 

577 

332929 

192100033 

24.021 

8 

325 

261481.83 

1812.699 

578 

334084 

193100552 

24.042 

8 

330 

262388.96 

1815.840 

579 

335^41 

194104539 

24.062 

8 

335 

263297.66 

1818.981 

580 

336400 

195 1 12000 

24.083 

8 

340 

264207.94 

1822.124 

581 

337561 

196122941 

24.104 

8 

344 

265119.79 

1825.265 

582 

338724 

197137368 

24.125 

8 

349 

266033.21 

1828.406 

583 

339889 

198155287 

24.145 

8 

354 

266948.20 

1831.548 

584 

341056 

199176704 

24.166 

8 

359 

267864.76 

1834.690 

585 

342225 

200201625 

24.187 

8 

363 

268782.89 

1837.832 

586 

343396 

201230056 

24.207 

8 

368 

269702.59 

1840.933 

587 

344569 

202262003 

24.228 

8 

373 

270623.87 

1844.074 

588 

345744 

203297472 

24.249 

8 

378 

271546.70 

1847.256 

589 

346921 

204336469 

24.269 

8 

382 

272470.33 

1850.398 

590 

348100 

205379000 

24.290 

8 

387 

273397.10 

1853.540 

591 

349281 

206425071 

24.310 

8 

392 

274324.65 

1856.682 

592 

350464 

207474688 

24-331 

8 

397 

275253-78 

1859.823 

593 

351649 

208527857 

24-352 

8 

401 

276184.48 

1862.964 

594 

352836 

209584584 

24.372 

8 

406 

277116.74 

1866.106 

595 

354025 

210644875 

24.393 

8 

411 

278050.58 

1869.248 

596 

355216 

211708736 

24.413 

8 

416 

278985.99 

1872.390 

597 

356409 

212776173 

24-434 

8 

420 

279922.98 

1875-531 

598 

357604 

213847192 

24.454 

8 

425 

280861.52 

1878.672 

599 

358801 

214921799 

24.474 

8 

430 

281801.64 

1881.814 

600 

360000 

216000000 

24-495 

8 

•434 

282743.34 

1884.956 

r)!)s 


ORDNANCE  MANUAL. 


No. 
6ci 

632 

603 

604 

605 

606 

607 

608 

609 
610 

611 
612 

613 

614 

615 

616 

617 

618 

619 

620 
621 
622 

623 
624 
625 

626 

627 

628 
629 

630 
631 

632 
633 
634 
635 

6^,6 
637 
638 
639 

640 
641 

642 

643 
644 
64; 
646 
64^ 
64S 
649 
6:0 


S.iuaiv. 

CuIm". 

S<inarc  itoot. 

Cube  Knot. 

a™.. 

Circiim. 

361 2or 

217081801 

24-515 

8.439 

283686.61 

1888.097 

362404 

218167208 

24.536 

8.444 

284631.44 

1891.238 

363609 

219256227 

24.556 

8.448 

285577-84 

1894.380 

364816 

220348864 

24.576 

8-453 

286525.82 

1897.522 

366025 

221445125 

24.597 

8.458 

287475.36 

1900.664 

367236 

222545016 

24.617 

8.462 

288426.48 

1903.806 

368449 

223648543 

24.637 

8.467 

289379.17 

1906.947 

369664 

224755712 

24.658 

8-472 

290333.42 

1910.088 

370881 

225866529 

24.678 

8.476 

291289.26 

1913.229 

372100 

226981000 

24.698 

8.481 

292246.66 

1916.372 

373321 

228099131 

24.718 

8.486 

293205.63 

1919.513 

374544 

229220928 

24-739 

8.490 

294166.17 

1922.654 

575769 

230346397 

24-759 

8.495 

295129.86 

1925.796 

376996 

-31475544 

24-779 

8.499 

296091.96 

1928.938 

378225 

232608375 

24.799 

8.504 

297057.22 

1932.079 

379456 

^33744^96 

24.819 

8.509 

298024.05 

1935.221 

380689 

2348851 1  3 

24.839 

8.513 

298992-45 

1938.362 

381924 

236029032 

24.860 

8.518 

299962.40 

1941.504 

385161 

237176659 

24.880 

8.522 

300933.94 

1944.645 

384400 

238328000 

24,900 

8-527 

301907.05 

1947.787 

385641 

239483061 

24.920 

8.532 

302881.73 

1950.928 

386884 

240641848 

24.940 

8.536 

303857.98 

1954.070 

388129 

241804367 

24.960 

8.541 

304837.16 

1957. 2H 

3S9376 

242970624 

24.980 

8-545 

305815.19 

1960.353 

390625 

244140625 

25.000 

8.550 

306796.16 

1963.495 

39.876 

245314376 

25.020 

8.554 

307778.69 

1966.636 

393129 

246491883 

25.040 

8.559 

308762.79 

1969.778 

3943^4 

247673152 

25.060 

8.564 

309748.47 

1972.919 

395641 

248858  I  89 

25.080 

8.568 

310735.72 

1976.061 

396900 

250047000 

25.100 

8-573 

311724-53 

1979.203 

398161 

251239591 

25.120 

8-577 

312714.92 

1982.344 

3994-4 

252435968 

2  5 . 1 40 

8.582 

313706.87 

1985.486 

400689 

253636137 

25. 160 

8.586 

314700.41 

1988.628 

401956 

254840104 

25.180 

8.591 

315695.50 

1991.769 

403225 

256047875 

25.200 

8-595 

316692.17 

1994.9II 

404496 

257259456 

25.220 

8.600 

317690.42 

1998.052 

405769 

258474H53 

25.239 

8.604 

318690.24 

2001.194 

407044 

259694072 

25-259 

8.609 

319691.61 

2004.335 

408321 

260917119 

25.278 

8.613 

320694.56 

2007.477 

409600 

262144000 

25.298 

8.618 

321699.09 

2010.619 

41 08  Si 

263374721 

25.3,8 

8.622 

322705.19 

2013.760 

412,64 

264609288 

25.338 

8.627 

323712.85 

2016.902 

413449 

265847707 

25-357 

8.631 

324720.52 

2020.043 

414736 

267089984 

25-377 

8.636 

325732.89 

2023.185 

416025 

268336125 

25-397 

8.640 

326745-27 

2026.327 

^.  I  -  3  I  6 

269586136 

25.417 

8.645 

327759.22 

2029.468 

41 S 609 

270840023 

25.436 

8.649 

328774-74 

2032.610 

419904 

272097792 

25.456 

8-653 

329791.82 

2035.751 

42i;oi 

273359449 

25-475 

8.65S 

330810.48 

2038.893 

422500 

274625000 

25-495 

8.662 

331830.72 

2042.035 

POWERS. — ROOTS. — CIRCLES. 


)09 


No. 

Square. 

Cube. 

Square  Root. 

Cube  Root. 

Area. 

Circuni. 

651 

423801 

27-5894451 

25-515 

8.667 

332852.53 

2045.177 

652 

425104 

277167808 

25-534 

8. 

671 

333875.90 

2048.318 

653 

426409 

278445077 

25-554 

8. 

676 

334900.85 

2051.460 

654 

427716 

279726264 

25-573 

8. 

680 

335927-38 

2054.602 

655 

429025 

281011375 

25-593 

8. 

685 

336955-45 

2057.743 

656 

430336 

282300416 

25,612 

8. 

689 

337985.10 

2060.885 

657 

431649 

283593393 

25.632 

8. 

693 

339016.32 

2064.026 

658 

432964 

284890312 

25.652 

8 

698 

340049.13 

2067.167 

659 

434^81 

286191179 

25.671 

8 

702 

341083.50 

2070.309 

660 

435600 

287496000 

25.690 

8 

707 

342119.44 

2073.451 

661 

436921 

288804781 

25.710 

8 

711 

343156.95 

2076.592 

662 

438244 

290117528 

25.720 

8 

715 

344196.03 

■2079.734 

663 

439569 

291434247 

25-749 

8 

720 

345236.69 

2082.876 

664 

440896 

292754944 

25.768 

8 

724 

346278.91 

2086.017 

665 

442225 

294079625 

25.788 

8 

729 

347322.70 

2089.159 

666 

443556 

295408296 

25.807 

8 

733 

348368.08 

2092.300 

667 

444889 

296740963 

25.826 

8 

737 

349415.02 

2095.442 

668 

446224 

298077632 

25.846 

8 

742 

350463-51 

2098.583 

669 

447561 

299418309 

25.865 

8 

746 

351513.62 

2101.725 

670 

448900 

300763000 

25.884 

8 

750 

352565.24 

2104.867 

671 

450241 

302111711 

25.904 

8 

755 

353618.46 

2108.008 

672 

451584 

303464448 

25-923 

8 

759 

354673.26 

2111.150 

673 

452929 

304821217 

25.942 

8 

763 

355729.62 

2114.29I 

674 

454276 

306182024 

25.962 

8 

768 

356787.54 

2U7.433 

675 

455625 

307546875 

25.981 

8 

772 

357847.04 

2120.575 

676 

456976 

308915776 

26,000 

8 

776 

358908.11 

2123.716 

677 

458329 

310288733 

26.019 

8 

781 

359970.76 

2126.858 

678 

459684 

311665752 

26.038 

8 

785 

361034.96 

2130.000 

679 

461041 

313046839 

26.058 

8 

789 

362100.75 

2133. 141 

680 

462400 

3144320CO 

26.077 

8 

794 

363168. II 

2136.283 

6S1 

463761 

315821241 

26.096 

8 

798 

364237.04 

2139.425 

682 

465124 

317214568 

26.115 

8 

802 

365307.54 

2142.566 

683 

466489 

318611987 

26.134 

8 

807 

366384.56 

2145.708 

684 

467856 

320013504 

26.153 

8 

811 

367453.18 

2148.849 

685 

469225 

321419125 

26.173 

8 

815 

368528.45 

2151.991 

686 

470596 

322828856 

26.192 

8 

819 

369605.23 

2155-133 

687 

471969 

324242703 

26.211 

8 

824 

370683.59 

2158.274 

688 

473344 

325660672 

26.230 

8 

828 

371763.50 

2161.416 

689 

474721 

327082769 

26.249 

8 

832 

372845.00 

2164.557 

690 

476100 

328509000 

26.268 

8 

837 

373928.07 

2167.699 

691 

477481 

329939371 

26.287 

8 

841 

375012.71 

2170.840 

692 

478864 

331373888 

26.306 

8 

.845 

376098.91 

2173.982 

693 

480249 

332812557 

26.325 

8 

.849 

377186.68 

2177.124 

694 

481636 

334255384 

26.344 

8 

.854 

378276.03 

2180.265 

695 

483025 

335702375 

26.363 

8 

.858 

379366.95 

2183.407 

696 

484416 

337153536 

26.382 

8 

.862 

380459.44 

2186.548 

697 

485809 

338608873 

26.401 

8 

.866 

381553-50 

2189.690 

698 

487204 

340068392 

26.420 

8 

.871 

382649.13 

2192.832 

699 

488601 

341532099 

26.439 

8 

.875 

383746.33 

2195-973 

700 

490000 

343000000 

26.458 

8.879 

384845.10 

2199.115 

oltDNANOE    MANUAI 


3444-101 

S(Hi;ire  li'iot 

'Ciibe  Itoot 

Area. 

Circum. 

4  ''4  ' 

26.476 

8  883 

385945-45 

2202.256 

4r-<   4 

34,o4SooS 

26,495 

8.887 

387047.34 

2205.398 

4  ;4-  '1 

34-42SV2- 

1   26.514 

8.892 

388150.83 

2208.539 

4  ,;t>i<> 

34v;i3r,64 

26.53:. 

8.896 

389255.89 

2211.681 

4  '"--^ 

3^.4^:^^^^ 

26.552 

8.900 

390362.52 

2214.823 

4.M-,^' 

1  3^iS>;5S'i6 

26,571 

8.904 

391470.72 

2217.964 

4"vU'; 

i^)V;3-45 

26.589 

8.909 

392580.49 

2221. 106 

;  i:')4 

3^4S.;4VI2 

26.608 

8.913 

393691.82 

2224.248 

c  ;')Si 

-,^''4---^-'; 

26.627 

8.917 

394804.73 

2227.389 

;  41  -; 

3^-91  I  lOO 

26.646 

8.921 

395919,21 

2230.531 

;  ■ ; ;  I 

'.VH-S431 

26  665 

8.925 

397035.26 

2233.672 

^  '"y44 

3"-v44'-^ 

26.683 

8.929 

398152.88 

2236.814 

;  S-')i) 

3f.246-v- 

26.702 

8.934 

399272.07 

2239.956 

^-V-'y^ 

3^>V;94U4 

26.721 

8.938 

400392.83 

2243.097 

>  I  I  :  :i  1 

3'M-.-2,-S-5 

26.739 

8.942 

401515.18 

2246.239 

.-■^6^6 

36" -<)i()j6 

26.758 

8.946 

402639.09 

2249.380 

.-■4.S.; 

36S6.1S13 

26.777 

8.950 

403764.55 

2252.522 

^-I^-;l4 

3-'4^'-^^^ 

26.796 

8-955 

404891.60 

2255.664 

^i(:y.i 

3"'*";49  39 

26.814 

8.959 

406020.22 

2258.805 

;  1  S  4  :  2 

3-3a4Sooo 

26.833 

8.963 

407150.41 

2261.947 

>  ^vVi 

3-4.^^33^H 

26.851 

8.967 

408282.17 

2265.088 

::!2S4 

3-(>36-hS 

26.870 

8.971 

409415.50 

2268.230 

:::":!) 

3''"V33"67 

26.889 

8.975 

410550.39 

2271.371 

c:4i-r) 

3"9  3~34-4 

26.907 

8.979 

411686.86 

2274.513 

^-^'>-^- 

3Si:)7Sia3 

26.926 

8.984 

412824.91 

2277.655 

^  1 "  ~  'S 

3:"^-:6-i-6 

26.944 

8.988 

413964-54 

2280.796 

.-^'^-'; 

3S4240SS3 

26  963 

8.992 

415105.72 

2283.938 

>-•/  /^4 

3^^'~^2S3:;Z 

26.9S1 

8.996 

416248.46 

2287.079 

;", '44' 

27.000 

9.000 

41739--7S 

2290.221 

>■ ;  -  * 

3S  /.--:, 

27.019 

9.004 

418538.68 

2293.363 

'  U  V'l 

3'^  (M"S.n 

27.037 

9.008 

419684.58 

2296.504 

--  ; .-  ^  -.4 

3v--':^  ?i6S 

27.055 

9.012 

420835.18 

2299.646 

< ; " '  ^'  J 

3  'V  3  '^'  ]  -  '^  3 " 

27.074 

9.016 

421985.79 

2302.787 

"''"'' '' '' 

3vvh4^'V  4 
3V- -6.-3-3 

27.092 

9.021 

423137-97 

2305.829 

H  '■-•'> 

27. Ill 

9.025 

424291.72 

2309.071 

>-t'  '  ''' 

3v-:'.NS.36 

27.129 

9.C29 

425447.04 

2312,212 

vr.">  j 

4--,. .333 

2M48 

9-033 

426603.93 

2315-353 

-44''f4 

4  i'H---z 

27166 

9-037 

427762.40 

2318.495 

,  4  '  1  1 1 

4  ;.->-' 34' 9 

^~7.i«5 

9.041 

428922.43 

2321.637 

;  r"  ^  ' 

4  <'^(>'j    2  1 

27.203  1 

9.045 

430084.03 

2324-779 

C, '  /  \  i 

27.221  1 

9.049 

431247.20 

2327.920 

^^   i'^'4 

4  ^\-iS4SS 

27.240  1 

9-053 

432411-95 

2331.062 

; ; :.  4'; 

41  .1-24  7 

27.258  1 

9.057 

433576.70  [ 

2334.203 

-  ~  '' ' "' .' 

4"iS3.-S4  ; 

27.276   : 

9.061 

434746.16 

2  3*3  7 -345 

N  >  1    -  ^ 

27.295    1 

9.065 

435915  62 

2340.487 

^  -   '  ■  '   ' 

^^313    1 

9.069 

437086.65 

2343.628 

V 

-i'''^"-,-"-"-, 

-7-331 

9-073 

438259.24 

2346  769 

4 

4i^.-.S.,v- 

-7-350  1 

9.0-8 

439433-41 

2349.910 

4-  '^V49   ! 

27.368  i 

9.082  1 

440609.05  1 

2353.052 

4-1S-5.-J   1 

27-386   ; 

9.0S6  j 

441786.47  1 

2356.194 

POWERS. ROOTS. — CIRCLES. 


511 


No, 

Square. 

Cube. 

Square  Root. 

Cube  Root. 

Area. 

Circuui. 

751 

564001 

423564751 

27.404 

9.090 

442965.37 

2359-335 

752 

565504 

425259008 

27.423 

9 

094 

444145-81 

2362.477 

753 

567009 

426957777 

27.441 

9 

098 

445327.83 

2365.619 

754 

568516 

428661064 

27.459 

9 

102 

446511.42 

2368.760 

755 

570025 

430368875 

27.477 

9 

106 

447696.59 

2371.902 

756 

571536 

432081216 

27.495 

9 

no 

448883.33 

2375-044 

757 

573049 

433798093 

27-5H 

9 

114 

450071.63 

2378.185 

758 

574564 

435519512 

27-532 

9 

118 

451261.51 

2381.327 

759 

576081 

437245479 

27.550 

9 

122 

452453-05 

2384.469 

760 

577600 

438976000 

27.568 

9 

126 

453645-98 

2387.610 

761 

579121 

4407 11 08  I 

27.586 

9 

130 

454840.57 

2390.752 

762 

580644 

442450728 

27.604 

9 

134 

456036.73 

2393-893 

763 

582169 

444194947 

27.622 

9 

138 

457234-46 

2397.035 

764 

583696 

445943744 

27.641 

9 

142 

458433-76 

2400.176 

765 

585225 

447697125 

27.659 

9 

146 

459634.64 

2403.318 

766 

586756 

449455096 

27.677 

9 

150 

460837.08 

2406.459 

767 

588289 

451217663 

27.695 

9 

154 

462041.09 

2409.601 

768 

589824 

452984832 

27.713 

9 

158 

463246.69 

2412.742 

769 

591361 

454756609 

27.731 

9 

162 

464453-84 

2415.884 

770 

592900 

456533000 

27.749 

9 

166 

465662.57 

2419.026 

771 

594441 

458314011 

27.767 

9 

170 

466872.87 

2422.167 

772 

595984 

460099648 

27.785 

9 

174 

468084.74 

2425-309 

773 

597529 

461889917 

27.803 

9 

178 

469296.61 

2428.451 

774 

599076 

463684824 

27.821 

9 

182 

470513.19 

2431.593 

775 

600625 

465484375 

27.839 

9 

185 

471729,77 

2434-734 

776 

602176 

467288576 

27.857 

9 

189 

472947.92 

2437.876 

777 

603729 

469097433 

27-875 

9 

193 

474167.65 

2441.017 

778 

605284 

470910952 

27.893 

9 

197 

475388.94 

2444.159 

779 

606841 

472729139 

27.911 

9 

201 

476611.80 

2447.300 

780 

608400 

474552000 

27.928 

9 

205 

477836-24 

2450.442 

781 

609961 

476379541 

27.946 

9 

209 

479062.25 

2453-583 

782 

611524 

478211768 

27.964 

9 

213 

480289.83 

2456.725 

783 

613089 

480048687 

27.982 

9 

217 

481518.98 

2459-867 

784 

614656 

481890304 

28.000 

9 

221 

482749.70 

2463.009 

785 

616225 

483736025 

28.018 

9 

225 

483981.98 

2466-150 

786 

617796 

485587656 

28.036 

9 

229 

485215.85 

2469.292 

787 

619369 

487443403 

28.054 

9 

233 

486451.27 

2472.433 

788 

620944 

489303872 

28.071 

9 

238 

487688.27 

2475-575 

789 

622521 

491 169069 

28.089 

9 

240 

488926.85 

2478.716 

790 

624100 

493039000 

28.107 

9 

244 

490166.99 

2481.858 

791 

625681 

494913671 

28.125 

9 

248 

491408.71 

2485.000 

792 

627264 

496793088 

28.142 

9 

252 

492651.98 

2488.131 

793 

628849 

498677257 

28.160 

9 

256 

493896.85 

2491.272 

794 

630436 

500566184 

28.178 

9 

260 

495143.28 

2494.414 

795 

632025 

502459875 

28.196 

9 

264 

496391.27 

2497.566 

796 

633616 

504358336 

28.213 

9 

268 

497640.85 

2500.708 

797 

635209 

506261573 

28.231 

9 

272 

498891.98 

2503.849 

798 

636804 

508169592 

28.249 

9 

275 

500144.69 

2506.991 

799 

638401 

510082399 

28.267 

9 

279 

501398.97 

2509.132 

800 

640000 

q 1 2000000 

28.284 

9 

283 

502654.82 

2513.274 

I-' 


<>in)x\ANCE    MANUAL. 


s  s 

S  V 
Si  j 

>  I  ! 


Si,- 

S  I  h 


64  I  ()G  I 
64 -,204 
644SC9 

6464 1  6 
64S^25 
64./. -,6 
r.5iz49 
6^2864 
6^4481 
656100 
6'^-7;i 

66,969 
66;^V6 
664ZZ5 
66^^56 
667489 
66,;,  24 
6-0761 
6724C0 
674041 
6-,-6S4 
6-7529 
6-S9-6 
68:625 
6S2276 
685929 
68  5 584 
6S-24. 
6SS9CO 
69:56, 
692224 
6(j:SS(j 


'9 

69,-556 
69-225 
69SS96 
70:569 
702244 

-',9-J 
-05600 
-0-281 
-:S964 
71:649 
-«-V,6 
"'4--. 
-1,-1  6 

-'-4:9 

-I'yl     4 


Cuhf. 

5,392240, 
5,5849608 
5,778,627 
5,9718464 
521660,25 
523606616 

5^5557943 
527514112 
529475129 

53,441000 

5334H731 

535387328 
537366797 
539353H4 
541343375 
54333^496 
545338513 
54734343- 
549353-59 
55 1 368000 
553387661 
555412248 
557441767 
559476224 
561515625 
563559976 
65609283 
67663552 
69722789 
71787000 
73856191 
75930368 
78009537 
80093704 
82182875 
842-7056 
863762^3 
88480472 
90589719 
92704000 
94825321 
9694-688 
I  599077107 

!  601211584 

I  603351 125 
605495-36 

'  607645423 

I  609800192 

j  611960049 

I  61412^000 


Sqiiaro  Hoot. 

Cube  Root. 

28.302 

9.287 

28.320 

9 

291 

28.337 

9 

295 

28.355 

9 

299 

28.373 

9 

302 

28.390 

9 

306 

28.408 

9 

310 

28.425 

9 

3H 

28.443 

9 

318 

28.460 

9 

322 

28.478 

9 

326 

28.496 

9 

329 

28.513 

9 

333 

28.531 

9 

337 

28.548 

9 

341 

28.566 

9 

345 

28.583 

9 

348 

28.601 

9 

35- 

28.618 

9 

356 

28.636 

9 

360 

28.653 

9 

364 

28.671 

9 

368 

28.688 

9 

371 

28.705 

9 

375 

28.723 

9 

379 

28.740 

9 

383 

28.758 

9 

386 

28.775 

9 

39° 

28.792 

9 

394 

28.810 

9 

398 

28.827 

9 

402 

28.844 

9 

405 

28.862 

9 

409 

28.879 

9 

413 

28.896 

9 

417 

28.914 

9 

420 

28.931 

9 

424 

28.948 

9 

428 

28.965 

9 

43^ 

28.983 

9 

435 

29.000 

9 

439 

29.017 

9 

443 

29.034 

9 

447 

29.052 

9 

450 

29.069 

9 

454 

29.086 

9 

.458 

29.103 

9 

.462 

29.120 

9 

•465 

29.138 

9 

•469 

29-155 

•-> 

•473 

Area. 


503912.25 

505171.24 
506431.80 
507693.94 
508957.64 
510222.92 
511489.76 
512758.18 
514028.18 
515299.74 
516572.87 
517847-57 
519123.83 
520401.69 
521681.10 
522962.08 
524244.64 
525528.77 
526814.46 
528101.73 
529390.57 
530680.97 

531972-95 
533266.50 
534561.62 
535858-32 
537156-58 
538456.42 
539757-81 
541060.79 

542347-34 
543671.49 
544979.15 
546288.40 

547599-23 
548911.63 

550225.60 

551541-14 
552858.26 
554176.94 

555497-^9 
556819.02 
558142.42 

559467-39 
560793.92 
562122.03 
563451.71 
564782.98 
566115.78 
567450.17 


Circum. 


2516.416 

2519-557 
2522.698 
2525.840 
2528.982 
2532.123 
2535.265 
2538.406 
2541.548 
2544.690 
2547.831 
2550.973 
2554.115 
2557-256 
2560.398 
2563.540 
2566.681 
2569.823 
2572.964 
2576.106 
2579.247 
2582.388 
2585.530 
2588.672 
2591.814 

2594-955 
2598.097 
2601.239 
2604.380 
2607.522 
2610.663 
2613.805 
2616.946 
2620.088 
2623.230 
2626.371 
2629.513 
2632.654 
2635.796 
2638.938 
2642.079 
2645.221 
2648.363 
2651.504 
2654.646 
2657.787 
2660.929 
2664.071 
2667.212 
2670.354 


POWERS. — ROOTS. — CIRCLES. 


518 


No. 

Square. 

Cube. 

Square  Root.  Cube  Root. 

Area. 

Circum. 

851 

724201 

616295051 

29.172 

9-476 

568786.13 

2673.495 

852 

725904 

618470208 

29.189 

9.480 

570123.66 

2676.637 

853 

727609 

620650477 

29.206 

9.484 

•  571462.77 

2679.778 

854 

729316 

622835864 

29.223 

9.488 

572803.45 

2682.920 

855 

731025 

625026375 

29.240 

9.491 

574145.69 

2686.062 

856 

732736 

627222016 

29.257 

9-495 

575489.54 

2689.203 

857 

734449 

629422793 

29.275 

9-499 

576834.89 

2692.345 

858 

736164 

631628712 

29.292 

9.502 

578181.85 

2695.486 

859 

737881 

633839779 

29.309 

9.506 

579530-38 

2698.628 

860 

739600 

636056000 

29.326 

9.510 

580880.48 

2701.770 

861 

741321 

638277381 

29-343 

9-5^3 

582232.15 

2704.911 

862 

743044 

640503928 

29.360 

9517 

583585-39 

2708.053 

863 

744769 

642735647 

29.377 

9.521 

584940.20 

271 1. 194 

864 

746496 

644972544 

29.394 

9.524 

586296.58 

2714.336 

865 

748225 

647214625 

29.411 

9.528 

587654.54 

2717.478 

866 

749956 

649461896 

29.428 

9-532 

589014.06 

2720.619 

867 

751689 

651714363 

29.445 

9-535 

590375-16 

2723.760 

868 

753424 

653972032 

29.462 

9-539 

591737.82 

2726.902 

869 

755161 

656234909 

29.479 

9-543 

593102.06 

2730-044 

870 

756900 

658503000 

29.496 

9-546 

594467.87 

2733.186 

871 

758641 

66077631 1 

29-513 

9.550 

595835-25 

2736.327 

872 

760384 

663054848 

29-530 

9-554 

597204.22 

2739.469 

873 

762129 

665338617 

29.547 

9-557 

598574.72 

2742.610 

874 

763876 

667627624 

29.563 

9.561 

599946.81 

2745.752 

875 

765625 

669921875 

29.580 

9-565 

601320.47 

2748.894 

876 

767376 

672221376 

29.597 

9.568 

602695.70 

2752.035 

877 

769129 

674526133 

29.614 

9.572 

604072.51 

2755.177 

878 

770884 

676836152 

29.631 

9-576 

605450.88 

2758.318 

879 

772641 

679151439 

29.648 

9-579 

606830.82 

2761.460 

880 

774400 

681472000 

29.665 

9-583 

608212.34 

2764.602 

881 

776161 

683797841 

29.682 

9.586 

609595-43 

2767.743 

882 

777924 

686128968 

29.698 

9.590 

610980.08 

2770.885 

883 

779689 

688465387 

29-715 

9-594 

612366.31 

2774.026 

884 

781456 

690807104 

29.732 

9-597 

613754.12 

2777-168 

885 

783225 

693154125 

29.749 

9.601 

615143.48 

2780.309 

886 

784996 

695506456 

29.766 

9-605 

616534.42 

2783.451 

887 

786769 

697864103 

29.783 

9.608 

617926.93 

2786.592 

888 

788544 

700227072 

29.799 

9.612 

619321.02 

2789-734 

889 

790321 

702595369 

29.816 

9.615 

620716.66 

2792.876 

890 

792100 

704969000 

29.833 

9.619 

622113.89 

2796.017 

891 

793881 

707347971 

29.850 

9.623 

623512.67 

2799.159 

892 

795664 

709732288 

29.866 

9.626 

624913.10 

2802.300 

893 

797449 

712121957 

29.883 

9.630 

626314.98 

2805.442 

894 

799236 

714516984 

29.900 

9633 

627718.48 

2808.584 

895 

801025 

716917375 

29.917 

9.637 

629123.56 

2811.725 

896 

802816 

719323136 

29.933 

9.641 

630530.24 

2814.867 

897 

804609 

721734273 

29.950 

9.644 

631938.43 

2818.009 

898 

806404 

724150792 

29.967 

9.648 

633348.22 

2821.150 

899 

808201 

726572699 

29.983 

9.651 

634759-58 

2824.292 

900 

810000 

729000000 

30.000 

9-655 

636172.51 

2827.433 

43 


II 


UlUiNANCE    MANUAL. 


't    ' 

S  1  I  S .  I 

'1    - 

Si;f.  4 

'1   4 

Si>4  V 
S  I  -ii  () 

u   '• 

Si:  S  -,() 

V  '1 

S:z(j4v 
S 14464 

S IhlS  1 

',\ 

S:S  ICO 

.,11 
V '  - 
'/ '  1 
'y'4 

S2VV2I 

S-1-44 

S-,-,s6.y 
S-,SV>6 

V'  > 

.,  1  () 

•^'vr^-^' 

'y'- 

S4:SS<; 

VI  s 

V- 

V-- 

'^4---4 
S44S61 

S 46400 
S4S241 
S^  -.S4 

V- > 

V-4 

s,----6 

V-' 

S,-(,2; 

V:S 

'y-'y 

S5-4-6 

^>V3-V 
S'.l  1S4 

sr,v4< 

V  3 

S(.h-6i 

'y  3  -"- 

Sf)S  624 

'y  3  ^ 
'y-^4 

S-C4SV 
S-2',s6 

V  3" 
'/  ^'y 

S-422,- 

s-,/,v 

S-VS44 
SS1-2I 

'y4 

SS-/,cj 

'•4- 

SS;4Si 
SS--f.4 

•'4; 
'/•;4 

',.4'> 
'/4'" 

S,Vy24V 

Sv4-yi', 

',4"^ 

S<,S--4 

'•47 

'y  .f,  .1 

CulM". 

Square  Root. 

Ciib(>  I!oot. 

Aroa. 

Circiim. 

73'43^7oi 

30.017 

9.658 

637587.01 

2830.575 

73-,S7o8o8 

30-033 

9 

662 

639003.08 

2833.716 

7363143--7 

30.050 

9 

666 

640420.73 

2836.858 

73S-63264 

30.067 

9 

669 

641839.94 

2840.000 

-4121-625 

30.083 

9 

673 

643260.73 

2843.141 

-456-4.  5 

30.100 

9 

676 

644683.09 

2846.283 

746142643 

30.116 

9 

680 

646107.01 

2849.424 

74S613312 

30.133 

9 

683 

647532.51 

2852.566 

75ioSy429 

30.150 

9 

687 

648959.58 

2855.707 

753571000 

30.166 

9 

691 

650388.22 

2858.849 

756058031 

30.183 

9 

694 

651818.43 

2861.990 

75^5505-8 

30.199 

9 

698 

653250.20 

2865.132 

761 048497 

30.216 

9 

701 

654683.56 

2868.273 

763 55 '944 

30.232 

9 

705 

656118.48 

2871.415 

766060875 

30.249 

9 

708 

657554.98 

2874.557 

768575296 

30.265 

9 

712 

658993.04 

2877.698 

771095213 

30.282 

9 

715 

660432.68 

2880.840 

773610632 

30.299 

9 

719 

661873.88 

2883.982 

776151559 

30.315 

9 

722 

663316.66 

2887.123 

778688000 

30.332 

9 

726 

664761.01 

2890.265 

781229961 

30.348 

9 

729 

666206.92 

2893.407 

783-7448 

30.364 

9 

733 

667654.42 

2896.548 

786330467 

30.381 

9 

736 

669103.47 

2899.690 

7SSS89024 

30.397 

9 

740 

670554.07 

2902.832 

7914531^5 

30.414 

9 

743 

672006.30 

2905.973 

794022776 

30.430 

9 

747 

673460.07 

2909.115 

79^59-983 

30.447 

9 

750 

674915.42 

2912.256 

"991-8:^5- 

30.463 

9 

754 

676372.35 

2915.398 

801-65089 

30.480 

9 

758 

677830.82 

2918.539 

804357000 

30.496 

9 

761 

679290.87 

2921.681 

806954491 

30.512 

9 

764 

680752.49 

2924.822 

8095s- 568 

30.529 

9 

768 

682215.70 

2927.964 

812166237 

30.545 

9 

771 

683680.46 

2931.106 

814-80504 

30.561 

9 

775 

685146.80 

2934.247 

8  1-4003:- 5 

30.578 

9 

778 

686614.71 

2937.389 

820025856 
822656953 

30.594 

9 

783 

688084.18 

2940.531 

30.610 

9 

785 

689555.24 

2943.672 

825293672 

30.627 

9 

789 

691027.86 

2946.814 

82-936019 

8305S4000 
833-3-^'-! 

30.643 

9 

792 

692502.06 

2949.955 

30.659 

9 

796 

693977.82 

2953.097 

30.676 

9 

799 

695455-15 

2956.238 

835896888 
83856.807 

84.23^384 
843908625 

30.692 

9 

803 

696934.05 

2959.380 

30.708 

9 

806 

698414.59 

2962.521 

30.725 

9 

810 

699896.58 

2965.663 

30.741 

9 

813 

701380.19 

2968.805 

846590536 

849^78.23 

8  5>9-i39^ 
8S46-0  349 

30.757 

9 

817 

702865.38 

2971.946 

30.773 

9 

8  20 

704351.35 

2975.088 

30.790 

9 

824 

705840.47 

2978.230 

30.806 

9 

827 

707330.37 

2981.371 

^.^   ).P20 

30.822 

9 

830 

708821.84 

2984.513 

POWERS. — ROOTS. — CIRCLES. 


515 


No. 

Square. 

Cube. 

Square  Koot. 

Cube  Root. 

Aren.    !  Circum. 

951 

904401 

860085351 

30.838 

9.834 

710314.88 

2987.655 

952 

906304 

862801408 

30.854 

9.837 

711809.47 

2990.796 

953 

908209 

865523177 

30.871 

9.841 

713305.68 

2993.938 

954 

9 1 0 1 1 6 

868250664 

30.887 

9.844 

714803.44 

2997.079 

955 

912025 

870983875 

30.903 

9.848 

716302.76 

3000.221 

956 

913936 

873722816 

30.919 

9.851 

717803.65 

3003.362 

957 

915849 

876467493 

30.935 

9.855 

719306.12 

3006.504 

958 

917764 

879217912 

30.952 

9.858 

720810.16 

3009.645 

959 

919681 

881974079 

30.968 

9.861 

722315.77 

3012.787 

960 

921600 

884736000 

30.984 

9.865 

723822.95 

3015.929 

961 

923521 

887503681 

31.000 

9.868 

725331.70 

3019.070 

962 

925444 

890277128 

31.016 

9.872 

726842.02 

3022.212 

963 

927369 

893056347 

31.032 

9.875 

728353.91 

3025.353 

964 

929296 

895841344 

31.048 

9.879 

729867.36 

3028.495 

965 

931225 

898632125 

31.064 

9.882 

731382.40 

3031.637 

966 

933156 

901428696 

31.081 

9.885 

732899.01 

3034.778 

967 

935089 

904231063 

31.097 

9.889 

734417.18 

3037.920 

968 

937024 

90703^232 

31. 113 

9.892 

735936.96 

3041.061 

969 

938961 

909853209 

31.129 

9.896 

737458.25 

3044.203 

970 

940900 

912673000 

31. U5 

9.899 

738981.13 

3047.345 

971 

942841 

915498611 

31. 161 

9.902 

740505.59 

3050.486 

972 

944784 

918330048 

31.177 

9.906 

742031.62 

3053.628 

973 

946729 

921167317 

31.193 

9.909 

743559-22 

3056.769 

974 

948676 

924010424 

31.209 

9.913 

745088.39 

3059.911 

975 

950625 

926859375 

31.225 

9.916 

746619.13 

3063.053 

976 

952576 

929714176 

31.241 

9.919 

748151.44 

3066.194 

977 

954529 

932574833 

31.257 

9.923 

749685.32 

3069.336 

978 

956484 

935441352 

31.273 

9.926 

751220.78 

3072.478 

979 

958441 

938313739 

31.289 

9.930 

752757.80 

3075.619 

980 

960400 

941 192000 

31.305 

9.933 

754296.40 

3078.761 

981 

962361 

944076141 

31.321 

9.936 

755836.56 

3081.902 

982 

964324 

946966168 

31.337 

9.940 

757378.30 

3085.044 

983 

966289 

949862087 

31.353 

9.943 

758921.60 

3088.185 

984 

968256 

952763904 

31.369 

9.946 

760466.48 

3091.327 

985 

970225 

955671625 

31.385 

9.950 

762012.93 

3094.469 

986 

972196 

958585256 

31.401 

9.953 

763560.95 

3097.610 

987 

974169 

961504803 

31.417 

9.956 

765109.54 

3100.752 

988 

976144 

964430272 

31.432 

9.960 

766661.70 

3103.893 

989 

978121 

967361669 

31.448 

9.963 

768214.44 

3107.035 

990 

980100 

970299000 

31.464 

9.967 

769768.74 

3110.177 

991 

982081 

973242271 

31.480 

9.970 

771324.61 

3113.318 

992 

984064 

976191488 

31.496 

9.973 

772882.06 

3116.460 

993 

986049 

979146657 

31.512 

9.977 

774441.07 

31 19.601 

994 

988036 

982107784 

31.528 

9.980 

776001.66 

3122.743 

995 

990025 

985074875 

31-544 

9.983 

777563.82 

3125.885 

996 

992016 

988047936 

31.560 

9.987 

779127.55 

3129.026 

997 

994009 

991026973 

31.575 

9.990 

780692.85 

3132.168 

998 

996004 

99401 1992 

31.591 

9.993 

782259.72 

3135.310 

999 

998001 

997002999 

31.607 

9-997 

783828.14 

3138.451 

1000 

ICOOOOO 

I 000000000 

31.623 

10.000 

785398.16 

3141.593 

LOGARITHMS  OF  NUMBERS 


FROM    1   TO   10,000. 


N". 

o.cooooo 

No. 
26  1 

Log. 

i  No. 
51 

LOS.     ! 

1 

1 

No. 

Log. 

1 

1. 414973 

i 
1.707570  j 

76 

I. 880814 

2 

o.5cic-,o 

t  -7 

1. 431364 

!  52 

1.716003  ' 

77 

I. 886491 

3 

C.4--I21 

28   ' 

1. 447158 

53 

1.724276 

78 

1.892095 

4 

0.602060 

29 

1.462398 

'  54 

1.732394 

79 

1.897627 

> 

o.6i;S(;-o 

0.--S1  :;i 

30 

3' 

I.477121 
1. 49 1  362 

■  55 
56 

1.740363  ^ 
1.748188 

80 

1.903090 

6 

81 

1.908485 

" 

O.S450VS 

i- 

I. 505150 

57 

1-755875 

82 

1. 913814 

S 

o.90  5c.;o 

3  3 

I.518514 

5^ 

1.763428 

83 

1.919078 

'J 

0.(^^4243 

34 

I. 531479 

59 

1.770852 

84 

1.924279 

lo 

I.OOOOOO 

I.c4ivy3 

35 
36 

1.544068 
1.556303 

60 
61 

1.778151 
1.785330  i 

85 

1.929419 

1  1 

86 

1.934498 

li 

1.--V1S1 

3" 

1.56S202 

62 

1.792392 

87 

1.939519 

'  "s 

I.I.  V>4'. 

3^ 

1.-9-S4 

63 

1.799341 

88 

1.944483 

»4 

i.i4(.i2S 

39 

1.^91065 

64 

1. 806180 

89 

1.949390 

'  ^ 

1. 1 -609. 

4^ 

1.602060 

65 

1.812913 

90 

1-954243 

I'l 

1.20412-) 

41 

1. 6 1  2784 

66 

1.819544 

'   91 

1.959041 

1- 

•  • - r  44V 

4^ 

1.623249 

67 

1.826075 

9a 

1.963788 

i.S 

i.i;;i-'^ 

43 

1.633468 

68 

1.832509 

93 

1.968483 

«V 

i.2-S-;4 

44 

1.643453 

69 

1.838849 

:  94 

1. 973128 

1 . V  '0  3  J 

4^' 

1.6532,3 

70 

1.845098 

95 

1.977724 

;' 

'  ■  1  -  -  -  '  V 

46 

1.662758 

71 

1.85,258 

96 

1. 982271 

"~ 

'  '^4-4:^3 

4" 

1.6-2098 

7- 

1.S57332 

97 

1.986772 

' ' 

1 .  ,  >i-  :S 

4S 

1.6S1241 

7  3 

,.863323 

98 

1.991226 

-  4 

I  •  V^  211 

49 

1.690196 

74 

1.869232 

99 

1-995635 

'•  Vy"'>4- 

"' 

1.698970 

75 

1.875061 

100 

2.000000 

LOdARTTHMS    OF    NUMBERS. 


51' 


No.    0 

1 

2 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

Diflf. 

lOO  oooooo 

0434 

0868 

1301 

1734 

2166 

2598 

3029 

3461 

3891 

432 

I 

4321 

4751 

5181 

5609 

6038 

6466 

6894 

7321 

7748 

8174 

428 

2 

8600 

9026 

9451 

9876 

0300 

0724 

1 147 

1570 

1993 

2415 

424 

3 

012837 

3259 

3680 

4100 

4521 

4940 

5360 

5779 

6197 

6616 

420 

4- 

7033 

7451 

7868 

8284 

8700 

9116 

9532 

9947 

0361 

0775 

416 

5 

021189 

1603 

2016 

2428 

2841 

3252 

3664 

4075 

4486 

4896 

412 

6 

5306 

5715 

6125 

6533 

6942 

7350 

7757 

8164 

8571 

8978 

408 

7 

9384 

9789 

0195 

0600 

1004 

T408 

T812 

2216 

2619 

3021 

404 

8 

033424 

3826 

4227 

4628 

5029 

5430 

5830 

6230 

6629 

7028 

400 

9 

7426 

7825 

8223 

8620 

9017 

9414 

9811 

0207 

0602 

0998 

397 

no 

041393 

1787 

2182 

2576 

2969 

3362 

3755 

4148 

4540 

4932 

393 

I 

5323 

5714 

6105 

6495 

6885 

7275 

7664 

8053 

8442 

8830 

390 

2 

9218 

9606 

9993 

0380 

0766 

T153 

1538 

1924 

2309 

2694 

386 

3 

053078 

3463 

3846 

4230 

4613 

4996 

5378 

5760 

6142 

6524 

383 

4 

6905 

7286 

7666 

8046 

8426 

8805 

9185 

9563 

9942 

0320 

379 

5 

060698 

1075 

1452 

1829 

2206 

2582 

2958 

3333 

3709 

4083 

376 

6 

4458 

4832 

5206 

5580 

5953 

6326 

6699 

7071 

7443 

7815 

373 

7 

8186 

8557 

8928 

9298 

9668 

0038 

0407 

0776 

T145 

1514 

370 

8 

071882 

2250 

2617 

2985 

335^ 

3718 

4085 

4451 

43i6 

5182 

366 

9 

5547 

5912 

6276 

6640 

7004 

7368 

7731 

8094 

8457 

8819 

363 

I20 

079181 

9543 

9904 

0266 

0626 

0987 

1347 

T707 

2067 

2426 

360 

1 

082785 

3144 

3503 

3861 

4219 

4576 

4934 

5291 

5647 

6004 

357 

2 

6360 

6716 

7071 

7426 

7781 

8136 

8490 

8845 

9198 

955^ 

355 

3 

9905 

0258 

0611 

0963 

T315 

T667 

2018 

2370 

2721 

3071 

352 

4 

093422 

3772 

4122 

4471 

4820 

5169 

5518 

5866 

6215 

6562 

349 

5 

6910 

7257 

7604 

7951 

8298 

8644 

8990 

9335 

9681 

0026 

346 

6 

100371 

0715 

1059 

1403 

1747 

2091 

2434 

2777 

3119 

3462 

343 

7 

3804 

4146 

4487 

4828 

5169 

5510 

5851 

6191 

6531 

6871 

341 

8 

7210 

7549 

7888 

8227 

8565 

8903 

9241 

9579 

9916 

0253 

338 

9 

110590 

0926 

1263 

1599 

1934 

2270 

2605 

2940 

3275 

3609 

335 

130 

1 1 3943 

4277 

461 1 

4944 

5278 

5611 

5943 

6276 

6608 

6940 

333 

I 

7271 

7603 

7934 

8265 

8595 

8926 

9256 

9586 

9915 

0245 

330 

2 

120574 

0903 

1231 

1560 

1888 

22.16 

2544 

2871 

3198 

3525 

328 

3 

3852 

4178 

4504 

4830 

5156 

5481 

5806 

6131 

6456 

6781 

325 

4 

7105 

7429 

7753 

8076 

8399 

8722 

9045 

9368 

9690 

0012  323 

5 

130334 

0655 

0977 

1298 

1619 

1939 

2260 

2580 

2900 

3219  321 

6 

3539 

3858 

4177 

4496 

4814 

5133 

5451 

5769 

6086 

640 3 1  318 

7 

6721 

7037 

7354 

7671 

7987 

8303 

8618 

8934 

9249 

9564  316 

8 

9879 

0194 

0508 

0822 

I136 

1450 

T763 

2076 

2389 

2702]  314 

9 

143015 

3327 

3639 

3951 

4263 

4574 

4885 

5196 

5507 

58i8|  311 

140 

146128 

6438 

6748 

7058 

7367 

7676 

7985 

8294 

8603 

8911 

3°9 

I 

9219 

9527 

9835 

0142 

0449 

0756 

I063 

1370 

I676 

T982 

307 

2 

152288 

2594 

2900 

3205 

3510 

3815 

4120 

4424 

4728 

5032 

3°5 

3 

5336 

5640 

5943 

6246 

6549 

6852 

7154 

7457 

7759 

8061 

303 

4 

8362 

8664 

8965 

9266 

9567 

9868 

0168 

0469 

0769 

I068 

301 

5 

161368 

1667 

1967 

2266 

2564 

2863 

3161 

3460 

3758 

4055 

299 

6 

4353 

4650 

4947 

5244 

5541 

5838 

6134 

6430 

6726 

7022 

297 

7 

7317 

7613 

7908 

8203 

8497 

8792 

9086 

9380 

9674 

9968 

295 

8 

170262 

0555 

0848 

1141 

1434 

1726 

2019 

2311 

2603 

2895  293 

9 

3186 

3478 

3769 

4060 

4351 

4641 

4932 

5222 

5512 

5802  291 

No. 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9   1  Diff. 

PN.WCi;    MAMA 


1 

,-, 

c. 

7 

s 

9 

Diff. 

'  ,  ;•■;  "--■■J 

"  ^  ■/■ 

-S2~: 

8  I  I  3 

'84^7 

8689  289 

41  3 

r6y9 

^986 

T272 

T558 

287 

-- .;  1  . 

:--   2vS^ 

•^,  2-U 

3^33 

3<^39 

4123 

4407 

285 

. ;  c  ■  / 

^^A~     ^^-> 

f)]!,S 

6391 

6674 

6956 

7239 

283 

N   N4 

^  ;  f)(>   Sfi4'" 

S92S 

9209 

9490 

9771 

GO  5  I 

281 

^  ■ ,  : 

M-I    14,-1 

'  -  3'-' 

2010 

2289 

2567 

2846 

279 

; ' '  ^  ■ 

;')^'i    4-r 

4^14 

4"9- 

5069 

5346 

5623 

278 

(,4;  ; 

<>'-')     "  -  -  , 

-zS  1 

-55^ 

7832 

8  107 

8382 

276 

,:  ' 

'/4^i  T-^' 

~o:-^) 

-303 

0577 

0850 

T124 

274 

'  ■  r  " 

-if.  24X8 

2761 

3°  3  3 

3305 

3577 

3848 

272 

Jf'''-: 

4''U  ^--4 

^4-> 

-46 

6016 

6286 

6556 

271 

-  ; '  i  : 

"''-.4  '"';-4 

Si -3 

S441 

8710 

8979 

9247 

269 

;  1 

-,i.y  ^-;Sf, 

'"^^5 

1 121 

T388 

T654 

T92I 

267 

;-: 

!<,<<)       ',2^2 

3 :;  1  S' 

37^3 

4049 

4314 

4579 

266 

c'sS  ^9^- 

6166 

6430 

6694 

6957 

7221 

264 

^  1 

S  ;  -  :;  S  ;;  ;  ( , 

S-9S 

9060 

93-3 

9585 

9846 

262 

(,-1 

sv-  ">', 

1414 

16-5 

1936 

2196 

2456 

261 

; ;  ;'• 

UV'   r^^ 

4015 

4-74 

4533 

4792 

5051 

259 

;^  !(' 

''  ^^  ''U- 

66c  0 

6858 

7115 

7372 

7630 

258 

^'4 

Sf,-  Syi3 

9170 

94-6 

9682 

9938 

0193 

256 

'if) 

121;    14-: 

1724 

1979 

2234 

2488 

2742 

255 

^  >  4 

; "  >  -  4  - 1 1 

4264 

45  »" 

4770 

5023 

5276 

253 

(.2S;  6^- 

6-S9 

7041 

7292 

7544 

7795 

252 

V4^ 

^"'/'y  'r4'y 

9299 

9530 

9800 

C050 

0300 

250 

'  4'' 

I2V-  1,-46 

'-9S 

2C44 

--93 

2541 

2790 

249 

"  ^  ;- 

; "  ^  2  4  ^  V- 

42-- 

4^25 

4772 

5c  1 9 

5266 

248 

1, 

"--     *'4VV 

6-4, 

6991 

7-37 

7482 

7728 

246 

^'4'--; 

>-  ^y   Sty  ^4, 

9i9S 

9443 

9687 

993^ 

0176 

245 

'  ■■ 

I  6  3  S 

18S  I 

2123 

2368 

2610 

243 

"',""' 

'  '  ^     >  ^  2  Z 

4.64 

4306 

4548 

4790 

5031  242 

:-;  ■ 

■  r,,'^  '.2r 

64-- 

6-iS 

6958 

7198 

7439  241 

'  '  •  ' 

•^  ; '  ( >  N  i ' ;  - 

SS-- 

9116 

93  35 

9  594 

9833  -39 

■4  ■• 

-  "^  -  12; 

1263 

1 501 

1739 

1976 

2214  238 

^'''"    ;V'V 

36:6 

3^- 

4109 

4346 

4582  237 

-'  :■/ 

;'2;  ::,-!-,  I 

,-996 

6232 

6467 

6702 

6937  -35 

"^■41 

-  >  - ;  S  I  1 

^344 

8  "8 

8812 

9046 

9279  234 

<  .  ^ 

21;   446 

^6-y 

rvi2 

1144 

'I"  37  7 

I609  233 

r.  ;  '< 

2  ;  ;  >  2  -  -  : 

3  c  0 1 

3-33 

3464 

3696 

3927  232 

-;'- 

4  "^  -'   --Si 

^31  I 

.>4- 

577- 

6002 

6232  230 

'''••' 

~  1  ;  I  -  3  S  . 

-6cv 

-838 

8067 

8296 

8525 

229 

,:i  I 

',4  ;■■/  v''*-'" 

<yS,;3 

"123 

^331 

-578 

c8o6 

228 

'-"' 

i-i;  IV4-- 

2l6<y 

2396 

2622 

2849 

3075^  227 

■  ■ " ' '  4  -  ■ 

44^1 

4636 

4882 

5  ic)7 

5332 

226 

'2;2  '4^'^ 

66S  I 

6903 

-I  30 

7  3  54 

"578 

225 

^ ;"  ;  S'.  y'l 

S'y2 

9143 

9366 

9589 

98.2 

223 

"2    .y ;  ; 

1 14- 

I  3  6(y 

1 591 

1813 

2034 

222 

: ' .  2    :  1  4  i 

'  v'  "^ 

^,^84 

3804 

4025 

4246 

221 

:i2-   ;-4- 

>  >6- 

■'  ■"  8  - 

6007 

6226 

6446 

220 

- ;  2  '  -  :  4  ; 

--61 

'■9'9 

8,98 

8416 

8635 

2J9 

'.-  "^   ■/■-2; 

''V43 

"161 

'-378 

^595 

C813 

218 

LOGARITHMS    OF   NUMBERS. 


519 


No.    0 

i  1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

i   8 

9 

Diff. 

200  301030 

1247 

1464 

1681 

1898 

2114 

2331 

2547 

2764 

2980 

217 

Ij   3196 

3412 

3628 

3844 

4059 

4275 

4491 

4706 

4921 

5136 

216 

2 

5351 

5566 

5781 

5996 

6211 

6425 

6639 

6854 

7068 

7282 

215 

3 

7496 

7710 

7924 

8137 

8351 

8564 

8778 

8991 

9204 

9417 

213 

4 

9630 

9843 

0056 

0268 

0481 

0693 

0906 

T118 

1330 

1542 

212 

5 

3"754 

1966 

2177 

2389 

2600 

2812 

3023 

3234 

3445 

3656   211 

6 

3867 

4078 

4289 

4499 

4710 

4920 

5130 

5340 

5551 

57601  210 

7 

5970 

6180 

6390 

6599 

6809 

7018 

7227 

7436 

7646 

7854  209 

8 

8063 

8272 

8481 

8689 

8898 

9106 

9314 

9522 

9730 

9938   208 

9 

320146 

0354 

0562 

0769 

0977 

^xz84 

1391 

1598 

1805 

2012   207 

210 

322219 

2426 

2633 

2839 

3046 

3252 

3458 

3665 

3871 

4077   206 

I 

4282 

4488 

4694 

4899 

5105 

5310 

5516 

5721 

5926 

6131   205 

2 

6336 

6541 

6745 

6950 

7155 

7359 

7563 

7767 

7972 

8176!  204 

3 

8380 

8583 

8787 

8991 

9194 

9398 

9601 

9805 

0008 

021  I 

203 

4 

330414 

0617 

0819 

1022 

1225 

1427 

1630 

1832 

2034 

2236 

202 

5 

2438 

2640 

2842 

3044 

3246 

3447 

3649 

3850 

4051 

4253   202 

6 

4454 

4655 

4856 

5057 

5257 

5458 

5658 

5859 

6059 

6260   201 

7 

6460 

6660 

6860 

7060 

7260 

7459 

7659 

7858 

8058 

8257J  200 

8 

8456 

8656 

8855 

9054 

9253 

9451 

9650 

9849 

0047 

0246;  199 

9 

340444 

0642 

0841 

1039 

1237 

1435 

1632 

1830 

2028 

2225 

198 

220 

342423 

2620 

2817 

3014 

3212 

3409 

3606 

3802 

3999 

4196 

197 

I 

4392 

4589 

4785 

4981 

5178 

5374 

5570 

5766 

5962 

6157 

196 

2 

6353 

6549 

6744 

6939 

7135 

7330 

7525 

7720 

7915 

811O 

195 

3 

8305 

8500 

8694 

8889 

9083 

9278 

9472 

9666 

9860 

0054 

194 

4 

350248 

0442 

0636 

0829 

1023 

1216 

1410 

1603 

1796 

1989 

193 

5 

2183 

2375 

2568 

2761 

2954 

3147 

3339 

3532 

3724 

3916 

193 

6 

4108 

4301 

4493 

4685 

4876 

5068 

5260 

5452 

5643 

5834 

192 

7 

6026 

6217 

6408 

6599 

6790 

6981 

7172 

7363 

7554 

7744 

/I9I 

8 

7935 

8125 

8316 

8506 

8696 

8886 

9076 

9266 

9456 

9646 

190 

9 

9835 

0025 

0215 

0404 

0593 

0783 

0972 

T161 

1350 

1539 

189 

230 

361728 

I9I7 

2105 

2294 

24S2 

2671 

2859 

3048 

3236 

3424 

188 

I 

3612 

3800 

3988 

4176 

4363 

4551 

4739 

4926 

5113 

5301 

188 

2 

5488 

5675 

5862 

6049 

6236 

6423 

6610 

6796 

6983 

7169 

187 

3 

7356 

7542 

7729 

7915 

8101 

8287 

8473 

8659 

8845 

9030 

186 

4 

9216 

9401 

9587 

9772 

9958 

0143 

0328 

0513 

0698 

0883 

185 

5 

371068 

1253 

1437 

1622 

1806 

1 99 1 

2175 

2360 

2544 

2728 

184 

6 

2912 

3096 

3280 

3464 

3647 

3831 

4015 

4198 

4382 

4565 

184 

7 

4748 

4932 

5"  5 

5298 

5481 

5664 

5846 

6029 

6212 

6394 

183 

8 

6577 

6759 

6942 

7124 

7306 

7488 

7670 

7852 

8034 

8216 

182 

9   8398 

8580 

8761 

8943 

9124 

9306 

9487 

9668 

9849 

0030 

181 

240 

38021 1 

0392 

0573 

0754 

0934 

1115 

1296 

1476 

1656 

1837 

181 

I 

2017 

2197 

2377 

2557 

27371  2917 

3097 

3277 

3456 

3636 

180 

2 

3815 

3995 

4174 

4353 

4533!  4712 

4891 

5070 

5249 

5428 

179 

3 

5606 

5785 

5964 

6142 

6321  6499 

6677 

6856 

7034 

7212  178 

4 

7390 

7568 

7746 

7923 

8ioij  8279 

8456 

8634 

8811 

8989  178 

5 

9166 

9343 

9520 

9698 

98751  0051 

0228 

0405 

0582 

0759  177 

6  390935 

1112 

1288 

1464 

1641^  1817 

1993 

2169 

2345 

2521I  176 

7   2697 

2873 

3048 

3224 

3400  3575 

3751 

3926 

4101 

4277  176 

8   4452 

4627 

4802 

4977 

5152  5326 

5501 

5676 

5850 

6025!  175 

9   6199 

6374 

6548 

6722 

6896  7071 

7245 

7419 

7592 

7766  174 

No. 

0 

1 

2 

3   1 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

Diff. 

N.WCK 


A.NCAIi. 


1 
>  I  14 

.N' :.  S  ~ 

S461  XC)34  SS'o^ 

i  C' 

r^  TTv~j^'^r 

j  Diir. 
173"" 

;.,-  ,^ 

'Y(Xi 

;  9154  9328;  9501 

1     .,'  -.f 

'■"'A' 

'192  r36,-  :;33S  0711 

0883  To56'  1228  173 

:  ;  1.,  1 

1  ;  - ; 

'"4> 

1917   2rS9   2261   2433   2605   2777   2949   172 

;   ;  1  ;  1 

; ;,  V  2 

U''4 

3^'3  3  3''io7  397^  4^49  43-°  449-,  4(>63  171 

4   4N  ;4 

>-  -,- 

:;!-() 

;;34f)  5517  56SS  S^S^\    6029  6199 

i  6370  171 

;   '•;-;. 

()-IO 

f)SSi 

7-'5'  7^-1  739I:  7561 

-  7731!  7901 

8070 

,  170 

')   S-4 

S4i'_ 

S<-9 

S-49  .S918,  9087  9257 

i  9426^  9595 

:  9764 

'  169 

'/''  1  ^ 

I  c  2 

2-1 

.440  C6C9'  C777;  0946 

Iii4i  I283 

:  H5I 

1  169 

S  41  ii>i: 

i-SS 

i<;^6 

2124  2293:  246r  2629 

2796  2964 

:  3132 

168 

; ;  ; 

-,4«'- 

3''^^ 

3SC3  3970'  4137  4305 

4472 

I  4639 

4806^  167 

4'4.-; 

>  14  ' 

^3C- 

5474  5^'4i'  5S08  5974 

6141 

6308 

6474  167 

•-»- 

fiS  - 

^'9-3 

7139  73c6  747^  7638 

7804 

'  7970 

8135  166 

:   S  ;  I 

S4r.- 

S  6  3  3 

S-9S  .S964  9129  9295 

9460 

9625 

9791  165 

1    '.';^'' 

121 

""2S6 

.431  c6i6  C781  0945 

Tiio 

;  1275 

1439 

165 

4  4;">  4 

1-6S 

'  V  3  3 

209-  2261  2426  259c 

2754 

2918 

3082 

164 

;   -,246 

341  c 

35"4 

3-3-  3901:  4065  4228 

4392 

4555 

4718 

164 

'.   4.NS2 

^  4^' 

>2CS 

5571  55341  5697  5860 

6023 

6186 

6349 

163 

^,11 

r,r,-4 

6S36 

6999  7161;  7324  7486 

7648 

7811 

7973 

162 

S   S  r  ; ; 

S29- 

.S'439 

S621  8783:  8944:  9106 

9268 

9429 

9591 

162 

';  T^- 

9914 

^^'7  5 

^236  C398,  r559  0720 

0881 

T042 

1203 

161 

4;i;^'4 

I  ^-> 

16S3 

1846  20071  -167  2328 

2488 

2649 

2809 

161 

1     29f):y 

3 '  -5  ' 

3290 

345°'  3^'i^^'  3770;  3930 

4090 

4249 

4409 

160 

2    4-Jnj 

4-^9 

4SSS 

5048'  52071  5367:  5526 

5685 

5844 

6004 

159 

3  <)  1  6  3 

632:. 

64 S  I 

6640  6-99  6957  71 16 

7275 

7433 

7592 

159 

4   ""  >  I 

"V-'V 

S:6- 

8226  8384  8542 

8701 

8859 

9017 

9175 

158 

^   ',:-,-, 

94V' 

964S 

9806   9964   ^122 

C279 

0437 

0594 

_ 

0752 

158 

"44  '-  V 

I  :(>(> 

1:24 

I3S1   153^   1695 

1852 

2009 

2166 

2323 

157 

;4S 

-''" 

2-93 

295c   5106.  3263 

3419 

3576 

3732 

3889 

157 

4  4  ^ 

4-  ' 

43>" 

4313  ■^(>(^9    48^5 

4981 

5137 

5293 

5449 

136 

'/     >  '  -r 

'~(> 

>9i> 

6:71  6226  6382 

6537 

6692 

6848 

7003 

155 

44-i;N 

SS61 

-46S 

7623  7778  7933 

8088 

8242 

8397 

8552 

155 

1     S  ~     1: 

r- '  3 

91-0  9324:  9478 

5633 

9787 

9941 

C095 

J  54 

-4'  -4'. 

r4r  :; 

^  3  ^  " 

o"ii  0865  1018 

1172 

1326 

1479 

1633 

154 

' 

";4'' 

293 

224-  2400^  2553 

2706 

2859 

3012 

3165 

153 

4   >  1 '  ^ 

'4"' 

3  ^'-4 

3 "7  39 3°  4082 

4235 

4387 

4540 

4692 

153 

^   4^4^ 

4  9V~ 
C.  <  I  s 

5302  5434  5606 
682,  6973  7,a- 

5758, 

7^76: 

5910 
7428 

6062 

7579 

6214 

7731 

152 
152 

"  ^  S  2 

S  c  :  : 

.S1S4 
9694 

8336  S487  8638 

8789 

8940 

9091 

9242 

151 

'n4i 
1:4  s 

9^4  3  999  5  ~i4^> 

C296, 

0447 

0597 

0748 

151 

1  I  9  s 

1348^  1499  i^H9 

1799 

1948 

2098 

2248 

15° 

-Si,  ' 

2C4S 

Zfxj- 

284-'  299-  -,146 

3296 

3445 

3594 

3744 

150 

4  4- 

4'"y  1 

434-  449^'  4<'^39 

4788  4936 

5085 

5234 

149 

(,\i,S 

"  I  (• 

^  ' '  S 

-if.4 

^8-9  5977  ^)126 

6274  6423 

6571 

6719 

149 

I   '^  •  4  ~ 

^4'/> 
<  1  'ill 

-31-  -4^''-  7^'' 8 
8-9-  893S  9083 

7756  7904 

8052 

8200 

148 

9233  9380 

9527 

9675 

148 

4  ■  I  ^'z  1 

'4-S 

,:':  'i'J  "^^'  ^'°4:  C851 

C998 

1145  147 

'  r-     -8-8  2C25  ^--71:  2318 

2464 

2610 

146 

4  -  1 ' ' 

- ''   ^ 

1  4'' 
4."'S 

3-93  ^34.  348-  3633  3779 

3925 

4071 

146 

-  s  1  1, 

r':'    f "'^  p^^^    5090  5^-35  5381I 

5526  146 

-'  9  ^1 2 

^"^  /'25^  639-  634a  6687 

6832 

6976  145 

■'            4   :   ;, 

_  r,_  1 

_lj 

8 

9   I  DilT. 

LOGARITHMS    OF    NUMBERS. 


521 


No. 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

Diff. 

300 

477121 

7266 

741 1 

7555 

7700 

7844 

7989 

8133 

8278 

8422 

145 

8566 

8711 

8855 

8999 

9143 

9287 

9431 

9575 

9719 

9863 

144 

2 

480007 

0151 

0294 

0438 

0582 

0725 

0869 

1012 

I156 

1299 

144 

3 

1443 

1586 

1729 

1872 

2016 

2159 

2302 

2445 

2588 

2731 

143 

4 

2874 

3016 

3159 

3302 

3445 

3587 

3730 

3872 

4015 

4157 

143 

5 

4300 

4442 

4585 

4727 

4869 

5011 

5153 

5295 

5437 

5579 

142 

6 

5721 

5863 

6005 

6147 

6289 

6430 

6572 

6714 

6855 

6997 

142 

7 

7138 

7280 

7421 

7563 

7704 

7845 

7986 

8127 

8269 

8410 

141 

8|  8551 

8692 

8833 

8974 

9114 

9^55 

9396 

9537 

9677 

9818 

141 

9 

9958 

0099 

0239 

0380 

0520 

0661 

0801 

0941 

T081 

I222 

140 

310 

491362 

1502 

1642 

1782 

1922 

2062 

2201 

2341 

2481 

2621 

140 

I 

2760 

2900 

3040 

3179 

3319 

3458 

3597 

3737 

3876 

4015 

139 

2 

4155 

4294 

4433 

4572 

471 1 

4850 

4989 

5128 

5267 

5406 

139 

3 

5544 

5683 

5822 

5960 

6099 

6238 

6376 

6515 

6653 

6791 

139 

4 

6930 

7068 

7206 

7344 

7483 

7621 

7759 

7897 

8035 

8173 

138 

5 

8311 

8448 

8586 

8724 

8862 

8999 

9137 

9275 

9412 

9550 

138 

6 

9687 

9824 

9962 

0099 

0236 

0374 

051 1 

0648 

0785 

0922 

137 

7 

501059 

1196 

1333 

1470 

1607 

1744 

1880 

2017 

2154 

2291 

137 

8 

2427 

2564 

2700 

2837 

2973 

3109 

3246 

3382 

3518 

3655 

136 

9 

3791 

3927 

4063 

4199 

4335 

4471 

4607 

4743 

4878 

5014 

136 

320 

505150 

5286 

5421 

5557 

5693 

5828 

5964 

6099 

6234 

6370 

136 

I 

6505 

6640 

6776 

6911 

7046 

7181 

7316 

7451 

7586 

7721 

135 

2 

7856 

7991 

8126 

8260 

8395 

8530 

8664 

8799 

8934 

9068 

135 

3 

9203 

9337 

9471 

9606 

9740 

9874 

0009 

0143 

0277 

041 1 

134 

4 

510545 

0679 

0813 

0947 

1081 

1215 

1349 

1482 

1616 

1750 

134 

5 

1883 

2017 

2151 

2284 

2418 

2551 

2684 

2818 

2951 

3084 

133 

6 

3218 

3351 

3484 

3617 

375° 

3883 

4016 

4149 

4282 

4415 

133 

7 

4548 

4681 

4813 

4946 

5079 

5211 

5344 

5476 

5609 

5741 

133 

8 

5874 

6006 

6139 

6271 

6403 

6535 

6668 

6800 

6932 

7064 

132 

9 

7196 

7328 

7460 

7592 

7724 

7855 

7987 

8119 

8251 

8382 

1  32 

330 

518514 

8646 

8777 

8909 

9040 

9171 

9303 

9434 

9566 

9697 

.31 

' 

9828 

9959 

0090 

0221 

0353 

0484 

0615 

0745 

0876 

1007 

131 

2 

521138 

1269 

1400 

1530 

1661 

1792 

1922 

2053 

2183 

2314 

131 

3 

2444 

2575 

2705 

2835 

2966 

3096 

3226 

3356 

3486 

3616 

130 

4 

3746 

3876 

4006 

4136 

4266 

4396 

4526 

4656 

4785 

4915 

130 

5 

5045 

5174 

5304 

5434 

5563 

5693 

5822 

5951 

6081 

6210 

129 

6 

6339 

6469 

6598 

6727 

6856 

6985 

7114 

72^43 

7372 

7501 

129 

7 

7630 

7759 

7888 

8016 

8145 

8274 

8402 

8531 

8660 

8788 

129 

8 

8917 

9045 

9174 

9302 

9430 

9559 

9687 

9815 

9943 

0072 

128 

9 

530200 

0328 

0456 

0584 

0712 

0840 

0968 

1096 

1223 

1351 

128 

340 

531479 

1607 

1734 

1862 

1990 

2117 

2245 

2372 

2500 

2627 

128 

I 

2754 

2882 

3009 

3136 

3264 

3391 

3518 

3645 

3772 

3899 

127 

2 

4026 

4153 

4280 

4407 

4534 

4661 

4787 

4914 

5041 

5167 

127 

3 

5294 

5421 

5547 

5674 

5800 

5927 

6053 

6180 

6306 

6432 

126 

4 

6558 

6685 

6811 

6937 

7063 

7189 

7315 

7441 

7567 

7693 

126 

5 

7819 

7945 

8071 

8197 

8322 

8448 

8574 

8699 

8825 

8951 

126 

6 

9076 

9202 

9327 

9452 

9578 

9703 

9829 

9954 

0079 

0204 

125 

7 

540329 

0455 

0580 

0705 

0830 

0955 

1080 

1205 

1330 

1454 

125 

8 

1579 

1704 

1829 

1953 

2078 

2203 

2327 

2452 

2576 

2701 

125 

9 

2825 

2950 

3074 

3199 

33^-3 

3447 

3571 

3696 

3820 

3944 

124 

No. 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

Diff. 

iltl>\.\N<'i;    MAMAl, 


, 

4."' 

4440 

4 

'• 

4812 

• 

i   8   [   9 

j  Dift-. 

44  ''^  4".- 

"4^64:^4688 

!  4936 

5060  5183 

1  .-4 

.- ;  -  ;4-,  I 

^6-S 

5802  5925  6049 

i  6172 

6296  6419 

1   124 

(1^4;  ()tit)() 

6-Sv 

691^, 

-036  7159'  7282 

7405 

7529  76521  123 

-,   "S'yS 

,Sc:2l 

S144 

8267 

8389:  8512 

8635 

8758  8881 

123 

.,.    ;   .,126 

V-49 

9"  J 

9494 

9616 

9739 

9861 

9984  oio6i  123 

V-  2  ;  S  c,  ;  ■;  I 

-4"  1 

C.-9S 

0-17 

084c 

0962 

1084I  i2o6|  1328 

1  122 

I4^     I"- 

1  ^-H 

I S I  6 

i93<^ 

2060 

!  2181 

2303 

1  2425 

25471  122 

lUhS       Z-i)C 

2911 

-,or, 

3155 

3276 

1  3398 

3519 

3640 

3762 

[  121 

'^^'s    4  4 

4126 

424- 

4368 

4489 

4610 

4731 

i  485^- 

4973 

121 

;  'y4  >'  - '  ^' 

q  -  -  r, 

^'45" 

557« 

5699 

;  5820 

5940 

6061 

6182 

121 

;'"';-;  642; 

r,.-44 

6664 

6-85 

6905 

'  7026 

7146 

7^-67 

7387 

120 

_.  -  _,,,_ 

--4S 

7S6S 

7988;  8108 

,  8228 

8349 

8469 

8589 

120 

.s-  .,  SS2V 

Sy4,S 

9068 

9 1 8  8 

9308 

9428 

9548 

9667 

9787 

120 

vv-  "--(' 

-146 

rz6-^ 

0385 

0504 

0624 

0743 

0863 

C982 

119 

.11, 1  1221 

'U- 

1459 

^57^ 

1698 

1817 

1936 

2055 

2174 

119 

22v;   2412 

-  ^  1 ' 

26,-0 

2769 

2887 

3006 

31^5 

3244 

3362 

119 

-,4^1   -,^':o 

""  1  S 

^^'.r 

3955 

4074 

4192 

43II 

4429 

4548 

119 

4''')'.  4-^'4 

4'r^> 

>  ■"" 

5139 

5257 

5376 

5494 

5612 

5730 

118 

^v^;  .-</.6 

r,:,S4 

6202' 

6320I  6437 

6555 

6673 

6791 

6909 

118 

-  -'■  -'44 

-262 

T9 

'497  7614 

773- 

7849 

7967 

8084 

118 

^2  2  S-iv 

S4'/. 

S.-54 

8671'  8788 

8905 

9023 

9140 

9257 

117 

'^"4  ';4V' 

</,-.s 

9"-T 

9842'  9959'  0076 

0193 

0309 

0426 

117 

-  C4-,  ■  <'''^ 

c--f) 

C89S 

ICIQ!   1126 

1243 

1359 

1476 

1592 

117 

I-  y  1S2,- 

KJ42 

20  5  S 

21-4,  2291 

2407 

-5-3 

2639 

2755 

116 

2S-2   2vS,^ 

3 '  -  4 

3220 

3  3  3^J^  345^ 

3568, 

3684 

3800 

3915 

116 

4  ;i  4'4- 

426', 

4r9 

4494  4610 

4--6: 

4841 

4957 

5072 

116 

;  I  S  >   ;  -  -  '^ 

;4"y 

^^^^ 

=;6^o;  ^765 

5880 

5996 

6111 

6226 

^^5 

(.-,41  f,4-- 

(>;-z 

668- 

6802J  69,. 

7032I 

7147 

7262 

7377 

115 

-4V2  -U   - 

--22 

-  8  -  6 

-951  8066 

8I8I 

8295 

8410 

8525 

^5 

^^:.y  S-;4 

SS6S 

898- 

9097;  9212 

93^6: 

9441 

9555 

9669 

114 

V"'^4  <)^')^ 

~  I  2 

-126 

r24i  03^5 

-  r     1 
0469 

0583 

0697 

oSii 

114 

'/  2  ;   1  ;  ,^ 

'  '  ^'  1 

1267 

1 381  149^ 

1608:  1722 

1836 

1950 

114 

-'''•'    -'"" 

221J  1 

24C4 

2JI8  2631 

2745  > 

2858 

2972 

3085 

114 

•"'V   V,I2 

-;42^) 

i^'19 

3632  3765 

3X79' 

3992 

4105 

4218 

113 

4;;i  4444 

4<" 

46- c 

47^3  4^96 

5009^ 

5122 

5235 

5348 

113 

^4^•I   >-^-4 

^fiS') 

^"99 

5912  6024 

6137I 

6250 

6362 

6475 

113 

()  >'  I  2 

692  q 

'-^37  7149 

7262   73741 

7486 

7599 

112 

I  1   ~  S  2  : 

"W' 

S;4- 

8160  8272 

8384   8496 

8608 

8720 

112 

^^>-  ^'^44 

';;;/, 

916- 

9-79  9391 

9303:  9615 

9726 

9838, 

1 12 

" 

'  '  ~  1 

:'284 

''396  C507 

0619   0730 

0842 

5953 

112 

I  '.;  1 1 -A 

12S'- 

•  V>9 

1310  1621 

I73-'  1843 

1955 

2c66' 

1 1 1 

•  -  Sfi  -  -,,- 

2;<;9 

2 .- 1 0 

262,  2-32 

2843'  2954 

3064 

3175^ 

III 

•:-^'<                 ,,V 

■^  >  .  S 

"^618 

3-29  384c 

3950,  4061 

4171 

4282 

III 

■^   ■  '  '   '      "^  ^      '> 

4^14 

4-24 

4>i34  4945 

5^55  5163 

5276; 

5386 

no 

,'"*'_'       \'     '' 

f)S  I  - 

v8  2~ 

593-  ^'047 

6157  6267I 

6377 

6487: 

no 

-<    '. 

692- 

7037  7'4f'' 

7236  7366! 

7476' 

7586 

1 10 

-.  -'"       /      ' 

"V'4 

8r24 

Si  34  8243  ^3^3  8462' 

8572' 

8681 

no 

"' 

'/   V 

9  I  I  9 

9  2  28   9337   9446   9556 

9665; 

9774 

109 

1 '  I 

21C 

'-  319  f  4->\  ^337  0646 

G755I  C864 

1C9 

I  I.yl 

I  299  ^ 

1408  1517; 

1625  1734I 

1843I  1951 

109 

1 

T~\ 

-A__J 

-M^-^.lJ 

8   1   9   1 

Diff. 

LOGARITHMS    OF    NUMBERS. 


528 


No. 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8   i   9 

Diff. 

400 

602060 

2169 

2277 

2386 

2494 

2603 

2711 

2819 

2928I  3036 

108 

I 

3144 

3253 

3361 

3469 

3577 

3686 

3794 

3902 

4010;  4118 

108 

2 

4226 

4334 

4442 

4550 

4658 

4766 

4874 

4982 

5089I  5197 

108 

3 

5305 

5413 

5521 

5628 

57361  5844 

5951 

6059 

6166J  6274 

108 

4 

6381 

6489 

6596 

6704 

6811 

6919 

7026 

7133 

72411  7348 

107 

5 

7455 

7562 

7669 

7777 

7884 

7991 

8098 

8205 

8312!  8419 

107 

6 

8526 

8633 

8740 

8847 

8954 

9061 

9167 

9274 

9381 

9488 

107 

7 

9594 

9701 

9808 

9914 

0021 

0128 

0234 

0341 

0447 

0554 

107 

8 

610660 

0767 

0873 

0979 

1086 

II92 

1298 

1405 

1511 

1617 

106 

9 

1723 

1829 

1936 

2042 

2148 

2254 

2360 

2466 

2572 

2678 

106 

410 

612784 

2890 

2996 

3102 

3207 

3313 

3419 

3525 

3630 

3736 

106 

I 

3842 

3947 

4053 

4159 

4264 

4370 

4475 

4581 

4686 

4792 

106 

2 

4897 

5003 

5108 

5213 

5319 

5424 

5529 

5634 

5740 

5845 

105 

3 

5950 

6055 

6160 

6265 

6370 

6476 

6581 

6686 

6790 

6895 

105 

4 

7000 

7105 

7210 

7315 

7420 

7525 

7629 

7734 

7839 

7943 

105 

5 

8048 

8153 

8257 

8362 

8466 

8571 

8676 

8780 

8884 

8989 

105 

6 

9093 

9198 

9302 

9406 

9511 

9615 

9719 

9824 

9928 

0032 

104 

7 

620136 

0240 

0344 

0448 

0552 

0656 

0760 

0864 

0968 

1072 

104 

8 

1176 

1280 

1384 

1488 

1592 

1695 

1799 

1903 

2007 

2110 

104 

9 

2214 

2318 

2421 

2525 

2628 

2732 

2835 

2939 

3042 

3146 

104 

420 

623249 

3353 

3456 

3559 

3663 

3766 

3869 

3973 

4076 

4179 

103 

I 

4282 

4385 

4488 

4591 

4695 

4798 

4901 

5004 

5107 

5210 

103 

2 

5312 

5415 

5518 

5621 

5724 

5827 

5929 

6032 

6135 

6238 

103 

3 

6340 

6443 

6546 

6648 

6751 

6853 

6956 

7058 

7161 

7263 

103 

4 

7366 

7468 

7571 

7673 

7775 

7878 

7980 

8082 

8185 

8287 

102 

5 

8389 

8491 

8593 

8695 

8797 

8900 

9002 

9104 

9206:  9308 

102 

6 

9410 

9512 

9613 

9715 

9817 

9919 

0021 

0123 

0224 

0326 

102 

7 

630428 

0530 

0631 

0733 

0835I  0936 

1038 

1139 

1241 

1342 

102 

,  8 

1444 

1545 

1647 

1748 

1849 

1951 

2052 

2153 

-255 

2356 

lol 

9 

2457 

2559 

2660 

2761 

2862 

2963 

3064 

3165 

3266 

3367 

lOl 

430 

633468 

3569 

3670 

3771 

3872 

3973 

4074 

4175 

4276 

4376 

lOl 

I 

4477 

4578 

4679 

4779 

4880 

4981 

5081 

5182 

5283 

5383 

lOI 

2 

5484 

5584 

5685 

5785 

5886 

5986 

6087 

6187 

6287 

6388 

100 

3 

6488 

6588 

6688 

6789 

6889 

6989 

7089 

7189 

7290 

7390 

100 

4 

749° 

7590 

7690 

7790 

7890 

7990 

8090 

8190 

8290 

8389 

100 

5 

8489 

8589 

8689 

8789 

8888 

8988 

9088 

9188 

9287 

9387 

100 

6 

9486 

9586 

9686 

9785 

9885 

9984 

0084 

0183 

02831  0382 

99 

7 

64048 1 

0581 

0680 

0779 

0879 

0978 

1077 

1177 

1276  1375 

99 

8 

1474 

1573 

1672 

1771 

1871 

1970 

2069 

2168 

2267  2366 

99 

9 

2465 

2563 

2662 

2761 

2860 

2959 

3058 

3156 

3255  3354 

99 

440 

643453 

3551 

3650 

3749 

3847 

3946 

4044 

4143 

4242!  4340 

98 

I 

4439 

4537 

4636 

4734 

4832!  4931 

5029 

5127 

52261  5324 

98 

2 

5422 

5521 

5619 

5717 

5815 

5913 

601 1 

6110 

6208  6306 

98 

3 

6404 

6502 

6600 

6698 

6796 

6894 

6992 

7089 

7187 

7285 

98 

4 

7383 

7481 

7579 

7676 

7774 

7872 

7969 

8067 

8165 

8262 

98 

5 

8360 

8458 

8555 

8653 

8750 

8848 

8945 

9043 

9140 

9237 

97 

6 

9335 

943^ 

9530 

9627 

9724 

9821 

9919 

0016 

0113 

0210 

97 

7 

650308 

0405 

0502 

0599 

0696 

0793 

0890 

0987 

1084  1181 

97 

8 

1278 

1375 

1472 

1569 

1666,  1762 

1859 

1956 

2053I  2150 

97 

9 

2246 

2343 

2440 

2536 

2633  2730 

2826 

2923 

3019  3116 

97 

No. 

0 

1 

-_jJ_^_ 

6 

7 

8   !   9 

_Diff. 

)LM 


ORDNANCE    ^MANUAL. 


4,-  6,-^ii3  330V  3405  350 

4l5|6|7i8|9 

1  Diff. 

i  35981  3695!  3791!  3888,  3984'  4080I   96 

,   4,--  42-3  4369  4465  4562^  46581  47541  4850:  4946_  5042I  96 

-      5'3'^  5-3n  533'  54^7  55^3!  S^iS 

)  5715  5810:  5906  6002    96 

3   6C9S  6194  6290  6386  6482;  6577 

6673'  6769  6864  6960    96 

4   -'-n6  -152  7247  7343  7438'  753^ 

I  7629  772; 

;  782c 

791^ 

96 

^   Sou  8107  8202  8298  8393'  8488 

8584!  8675 

:  87741  887c 

95 

6   S965  9060  9155^  9250  9346,  9441 

9536;  9631 

i  9726 

:  9821 

95 

9V'6   01 1  0106  0201 

:  0296 

!  0391 

0486  0581 

0676 

i  0771 

95 

S  6f)'S6^  0960  10^5 

115c 

!  1245 

1339 

1434 

1529 

1623 

1718 

95 

9   1S13  190-  2002i  2096 

i  ^'9' 

2286 

238c 

2475 

2569 

2663 

95 

46,:  C)62-:;S  2S;;2  2947'  3041 

3135 

3230 

3324 

3418 

3512 

3607 

94 

I   3-0'  3-95  3889!  3983 

4078 

4172;  4266 

4360 

4454 

4548 

94 

-   464^  4-36  4830 

49241  5018 

5112 

5206 

5299 

5393 

5487 

94 

3   5^81  5675;  5769 

5862  5956 

6050 

6143 

6237 

6331 

6424 

94 

4   65 1 S  6612  6705 

6799  6892 

6986 

7079 

7173 

7266 

7360 

94 

N  :'4n3  -546"  -640 

7733  7826 

7920 

8013 

8106 

8199 

8293 

93 

6   S3S6  S4-9'  8572 

8665  8759 

8852 

8945 

9038 

9131 

9224 

93 

-   9317  9410  9503I 

9596  9689 

9782 

9875 

9967 

0060 

0153 

93 

8  670246  0339  04311 

0524:  0617 

0710 

0802 

0895 

0988 

1080 

93 

V   11-3  1265  1358' 

H51,  1543 

1636 

1728 

1821 

1913 

2005 

93 

4--  6-209S  2190'  2283 

2375,  ^467 

2560 

2652 

2744 

2836 

2929 

92 

'   5  =  -'  3"3:  3-05; 

3^97:  3390 

3482 

3574 

3666 

3758 

3850 

92 

-   394:  4034'  4126 
3   4861  4953:  5045J 

4218 

4310 

4402 

4494 

4586 

4677 

4769 

92 

5137 

5228 

5320 

5412 

5503 

5595 

5687 

92 

4   5-8  587c'  5962I  6053!  6145 

6236 

6328 

6419 

6511 

6602 

92 

>   6694  6-85  6876  6968  7059 
6   -607  -698  7789'  7881'  7972 
-   8518  8609  8700  8791  8882 
8   94-8  9519  9610  9700  9791 
<y  680336  C426  0517  0607'  0698 

7151 

7242 

7333 

7424 

7516 

91 

8063 

8154 

8245 

8336 

8427 

91 

8973 

9064 

9155 

9246 

9337 

91 

9882 

9973 

0063 

0154 

0245 

91 

0789 

0879 

0970 

1060 

"51 

91 

480  6S1241   133^  1422  1513  ,603 

1693 

1784 

1874 

1964 

2055 

90 

'   -'45  2235  -326  2416,  2506 
^   3^4-  3137  3227.  3317,  3407: 

2596 

2686 

2777 

2867 

2957 

90 

34971 

35871 

3677 

3767 

3857 

90 

3  3947  4037,  4127  4217  4307 

4  4845  4935  5025^  5114I  5204! 

4396. 

4486: 

4576 

4666 

4756 

90 

5294'  5383I 

5473' 

5563 

5652 

90 

N   N^4-  nX^i  5921  6010  6100^  6189.  6279 
6   6636  6^26  6S,5  6904;  6994;  7083  7x72 

6368 

726i{ 

6458 

7351 

6547 
7440 

89 
89 

■  5-9  /61S  7707  7796 
S   8420  S509  8598  8687 
''   93^9  9398,  9486  9575' 

7886'  7975;  8064I 
8776;  8865  8953 
9664  9753!  9841J 

8153 
9042 
9930 

8242 

9131 
0019 

8331 
9220 

0107 

89 
89 
89 

4'.r  6,y',96  0285'  03-3  0462: 
;   ''8.  M-o  ,258  ,347| 

0550  0639'  0728 

0816 

0905 

0993 

89 

1435  1524  1612 

1700 

1789 

1877 

88 

^   'V''>  2053  2142  2230 

2318  2406 

2494 

2583 

2671 

2759 

88 

^     ^'  -^35  3°23  3111 

3199  3^87: 

3375! 

3463 

3551 

3639 

88 

:      "    ^,'5  3903  3991 
;    46  ^  4693  4-8,  4868 

6   ^4^2  cc6o  c6--  --aa' 

4078  4166  4254! 
4956^  5044  5,31 

4342 
5219. 

4430 

5307 

4517 
5394 

88 
88 

-   f^.i  r  ■'  .^'  ^'"^^  5332  5919  6007 

^  ^y/>    6444  6,3,  66,8  6706  6793  68801 

6094'  6182 
6968  70CC 

6269 

7142 

87 
87 

V  s;;;  ,:i,  ^t:t  i^^  m^  7665  775^1 7839: 7926I 8014! 

87 

^    -^^:i2__362  8449  8535 

8622;  8709!  8796!  8883 

17^ 

'      -i____  ^    1         ~       " 

4 

5    ; 

6   17     8   19 

Diff. 

LOGARITHMS    OF    NUMBERS. 


525 


No.  1   0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

.0 

G 

7 

8 

9 

Diff. 

500  698970 

9057 

9144 

9231 

9317 

9404 

9491 

9578 

9664 

9751 

87 

I   9838 

9924 

001 1 

0098 

0184 

0271 

5358 

0444 

0531 

0617 

87 

21700704 

0790 

0877 

0963 

1050 

1136 

1222 

1309 

1395 

1482 

86 

3 

1568 

1654 

1741 

1827 

1913 

1999 

2086 

2172 

2258 

2344 

86 

4 

2431 

2517 

2603 

2689 

2775 

2861 

2947 

3033 

3119 

3205 

86 

5 

3291 

3377 

3463 

3549 

3635 

3721 

3807 

3893 

3979 

4065 

86 

6 

4151 

4236 

4322 

4408 

4494 

4579 

4665 

4751 

4837 

4922 

86 

7 

5008 

5094 

5179 

5265 

5350 

5436 

5522 

5607 

5693 

5778 

86 

8 

5864 

5949 

6035 

6120 

6206 

6291 

6376 

6462 

6547 

6632 

85 

9 

6718 

6803 

6888 

6974 

7059 

7144 

7229 

7315 

7400 

7485 

85 

510 

707570 

7655 

7740 

7826 

7911 

7996 

8081 

8166 

8251 

8336 

85 

I 

8421 

8506 

8591 

8676 

8761 

8846 

8931 

9015 

9100 

9185 

85 

^ 

9270 

9355 

9440 

9524 

9609 

9694 

9779 

9863 

9948 

0033 

85 

3 

710117 

0202 

0287 

0371 

0456 

0540 

0625 

0710 

0794 

0879 

85 

4 

0963 

1048 

1132 

1217 

1301 

1385 

1470 

1554 

1639 

1723 

84 

5 

1807 

1892 

1976 

2060 

2144 

2229 

2313 

2397 

2481 

2566 

84 

6 

2650 

2734 

2818 

2902 

2986 

3070 

3154 

3238 

3323 

3407 

84 

7 

3491 

3575 

3659 

3742 

3826 

3910 

3994 

4078 

4162 

4246 

84 

8 

4330 

4414 

4497 

4581 

4665 

4749 

4833 

4916 

5000 

5084 

84 

9 

5167 

5251 

5335 

5418 

5502 

5586 

5669 

5753 

5836 

5920 

84 

520 

716003 

6087 

6170 

6254 

6337 

6421 

6504 

6588 

6671 

6754 

83 

I 

6838 

6921 

7004 

7088 

7171 

7254 

7338 

7421 

7504 

7587 

83 

2 

7671 

7754 

7837 

7920 

8003 

8086 

8169 

8253 

8336 

8419 

83 

3 

8502 

8585 

8668 

8751 

8834 

8917 

9000 

9083 

9165 

9248 

83 

4 

9331 

9414 

9497 

9580 

9663 

9745 

9828 

9911 

9994 

0077 

83 

5  720159 

0242 

0325 

0407 

0490 

0573 

0655 

0738 

0821 

0003 

83 

6 

0986 

1068 

1151 

1233 

1316 

1398 

1481 

1563 

1646 

1728 

82 

7 

1811 

1893 

1975 

2058 

2140 

2222 

2305 

2387 

2469 

2552 

82 

8 

2634 

2716 

2798 

2881 

2963 

3045 

3127 

3209 

3291 

3374 

82 

9 

3456 

3538 

3620 

3702 

3784 

3866 

3948 

4030 

4112 

4194 

82 

530  724276 

4358 

4440 

4522 

4604 

4685 

4767 

4849 

4931 

5013 

82 

I 

5095 

5176 

5258 

5340 

5422 

5503 

5585 

5667 

5748 

5830 

82 

2 

5912 

5993 

6075 

6156 

6238 

6320 

6401 

6483 

6564 

6646 

82 

3 

6727 

6809 

6890 

6972 

7053 

7134 

7216 

7297 

7379 

7460 

81 

4 

7541 

7623 

7704 

7785 

7866 

7948 

8029 

8110 

8191 

8273 

81 

5 

8354 

8435 

8516 

8597 

8678 

8759 

8841 

8922 

9003 

9084 

81 

6 

9165 

9246 

9327 

9408 

9489 

9570 

9651 

9732 

9813 

9893 

81 

7 

9974 

0055 

0136 

0217 

0298 

0378 

0459 

0540 

0621 

0702 

81 

8 

730782 

0863 

0944 

1024 

1 105 

1186 

1266 

1347 

1428 

1508 

81 

9 

1589 

1669 

1750 

1830 

191 1 

1991 

2072 

2152 

2233 

2313 

81 

540 

732394 

2474 

2555 

2635 

2715 

2796 

2876 

2956 

3037 

3117 

80 

I 

3197 

3278 

3358 

3438 

3518 

3598 

3679 

3759 

3839 

3919 

80 

2 

3999 

4079 

4160 

4240 

4320 

4400 

4480 

4560 

4640 

4720 

80 

3 

4800 

4880 

4960 

5040 

5120 

5200 

5279 

5359 

5439 

5519 

80 

4 

5599 

5679 

5759 

5838 

5918 

5998 

6078 

6157 

6237 

6317 

80 

5 

6397 

6476 

6556 

6635 

6715 

6795 

6874 

6954 

7034 

7113 

80 

6 

7193 

7272 

7352 

7431 

7511 

7590 

7670 

7749 

7829 

7908 

79 

7 

7987 

8067 

8146 

8225 

8305 

8384 

8463 

8543 

8622 

8701 

79 

8 

8781 

8860 

8939 

9018 

9097 

9177 

9256 

9335 

9414 

9493 

79 

9 

9572 

9651 

9731 

9810 

9889 

9968 

0047 

0126 

0205 

0284 

79 

No. 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

Diff. 

520 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


No.  1    0    [   1 

2    " 

15 

4 

5      6 

7 

8 

9 

Diff. 

550740363  0442 

0521 

0600 

0678 

0757  0836 

0915 

0994 

1073 

79 

I 

1152^  1230 

1309 

1388 

1467 

1546I  1624 

1703 

1782 

i860 

79 

2 

1939  2018 

2096 

2175 

2254 

2332 

241 1 

2489 

2568 

2647 

79 

3 

2725:  2804 

2882 

2961 

3039 

3118 

3196 

3275 

3353 

3431 

78 

4 

1   35101  3588 

3667 

3745  3823 

3902 

3980 

4058 

4136 

4215 

78 

5 

4293  4371 

4449 

4528  4606 

4684 

4762 

4840 

4919 

4997 

78 

6 

5075   5153 

5^31 

5309  5387 

5465 

5543 

5621 

5699 

5777 

78 

7 

5855 

5933 

601 1 

6089 

6167 

6245 

6323 

6401 

6479 

6556 

78 

8 

6634 

6712 

6790 

6868 

6945 

7023 

7101 

7179 

7256 

7334 

78 

9 

7412^  7489 

7567 

7645 

7722 

7800 

7878 

7955 

8033 

8110 

78 

560 

748188   8266 

8343 

8421 

8498 

8576 

8653 

8731 

8808 

8885 

77 

I   8963  9040 

9118 

9195 

9272 

9350 

9427 

9504 

9582 

9659 

77 

2   9736  9814 

9891 

9968 

0045 

0123 

0200 

0277 

0354 

0431 

77 

3750508 

0586 

0663 

0740 

0817 

0894 

0971 

1048 

1125 

1202 

77 

4 

1279 

1356 

1433 

1510 

1587 

1664 

1741 

1818 

1895 

1972 

77 

5 

2048 

2125 

2202 

2279 

2356 

2433 

2509 

2586 

2663 

2740 

77 

6 

2816 

2893 

2970 

3047 

3123 

3200 

3277 

3353 

3430 

3506 

77 

7 

3583 

3660 

3736 

3813 

3889 

3966 

4042 

4119 

4195 

4272 

77 

8 

434^ 

4425 

4501 

4578 

4654 

4730 

4807 

4883 

4960 

5036 

76 

9 

5112 

5189 

5265 

5341 

5417 

5494 

5570 

5646 

5722 

5799 

76 

570755875 

5951 

6027 

6103 

6180 

6256 

6332 

6408 

6484 

6560 

76 

ij   6636 

6712 

6788 

6864 

6940 

7016 

7092 

7168 

7244 

7320 

76 

2!  7396 

7472 

7548 

7624 

7700 

7775 

7851 

7927 

8003 

8079 

76 

3i  8155 

8230 

8306 

8382 

8458 

8533 

8609 

8685 

8761 

8836 

76 

4!  8912 

8988 

9063 

9139 

9214 

9290 

9366 

9441 

9517 

9592 

76 

5!  9668 

9743 

9819 

9894 

9970 

0045 

0121 

0196 

0272 

0347 

75 

6760422 

0498 

0573 

0649 

0724 

0799 

0875 

0950 

1025 

IIOI 

75 

7 

1176 

1251 

1326 

1402 

1477 

1552 

1627 

1702 

1778 

1853 

75 

8 

1928 

2003 

2078 

2153 

2228 

2303 

2378 

2453 

2529 

2604 

75 

9 

2679 

2754 

2829 

2904 

2978 

3053 

3128 

3203 

3278 

3353 

75 

580 

763428 

3503 

3578 

3653 

3727 

3802 

3877 

3952 

4027 

4101 

75 

I 

4176 

4251 

4326 

4400 

4475 

4550 

4624 

4699 

4774 

4848 

75 

^ 

49^3, 

4998 

5072 

5147 

5221 

5296 

5370 

5445 

5520 

5594 

75 

3 

5669 

5743 

5818 

5892 

5966 

6041 

6115 

6190 

6264 

6338 

74 

4 

6413 

6487 

6562 

6636 

6710 

6785 

6859 

6933 

7007 

7082 

74 

5 

'^'A 

7230 

7304 

7379 

7453 

7527 

7601 

7675 

7749 

7823 

74 

6 

7898, 

7972 

8046 

8120 

8194 

8268 

8342 

8416 

8490 

8564 

74 

7 

8638 

8712 

8786 

8860 

8934 

9008 

9082 

9156 

9230 

9303 

74 

8 

9377  9451 

9525 

9599 

9673 

9746 

9820 

9894 

9968 

0042 

74 

9'77oii5!  0189 

0263 

0336 

0410 

0484 

0557 

0631 

0705 

0778 

74 

590770852;  0926 

0999 

1073 

1146 

1220 

1293 

1367 

1440 

I5H 

74 

I 

1587: 1661 

1734 

1808 

1881 

1955 

2028 

2102 

2175 

2248 

73 

2 

23221  2395 

2468 

2542 

2615 

2688 

2762 

2835 

2908 

2981 

73 

3 

3055^  3128 

3201 

3^74 

3348 

3421 

3494 

3567 

3640 

3713 

73 

4;  3786,  3860 

3933 

4006 

4079 

4152 

4225 

4298 

4371 

4444 

73 

5;   4517!  4590 

4663 

4736 

4809 

4882 

4955 

5028 

5100 

5173 

73 

6|   5246;  5319 

5392 

5465 

5538 

5610 

5683 

5756 

5829 

5902 

73 

71   5974'  6047 

6120 

6193 

6265 

6338 

641 1 

6483 

6556 

6629 

73 

8,   6701!  6774 

6846 

6919 

6992 

7064 

7137 

7209 

7282 

7354 

73 

9 

7427;  7499 

7572 

7644 

7717 

7789 

7862 

7934 

8006 

8079 

7jL 

oil 

2  1 

8  1 

4 

ft 

f) 

7 

8 

n  i 

Diff. 

LOGARITHMS    OF   NUMBERS. 


527 


No. 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

Diff. 

600 

778151 

8224 

8296 

8368 

8441 

8513 

8585 

8658 

8730 

8802 

72 

I 

8874 

8947 

9019 

9091 

9163 

9236 

9308 

9380 

9452 

9524 

72 

2 

9596 

9669 

9741 

9813 

9885 

9957 

0029 

OIOI 

0173 

0245 

72 

3 

780317 

0389 

0461 

0533 

0605 

0677 

0749 

0821 

0893 

0965 

72 

4 

1037 

1 1 09 

I181 

1253 

1324 

1396 

1468 

1540 

1612 

1684 

72 

5 

1755 

1827 

1899 

1971 

2042 

2114 

2186 

2258 

2329 

2401 

72 

6 

2473 

2544 

2616 

2688 

2759 

2831 

2902 

2974 

3046 

3117 

72 

7 

3189 

3260 

3332 

3403 

3475 

3546 

3618 

3689 

3761 

3832 

7^ 

8 

3904 

3975 

4046 

4118 

4189 

4261 

4332 

4403 

4475 

4546 

7^ 

9 

4617 

4689 

4760 

4831 

4902 

4974 

5045 

5II6 

5187 

5^59 

7^ 

610 

785330 

5401 

5472 

5543 

5615 

5686 

5757 

5828 

5899 

5970 

71 

I 

6041 

6112 

6183 

6254 

6325 

6396 

6467 

6538 

6609 

6680 

71 

2 

6751 

6822 

6893 

6964 

7035 

7106 

7177 

7248 

7319 

7390 

71 

3 

7460 

7531 

7602 

7673 

7744 

7815 

7885 

7956 

8027 

8098 

71 

4 

8168 

8239 

8310 

8381 

8451 

8522 

8593 

8663 

8734 

8804 

71 

5 

8875 

8946 

9016 

9087 

9157 

9228 

9299 

9369 

9440 

9510 

71 

6 

9581 

9651 

9722 

9792 

9863 

9933 

0004 

0074 

0144 

0215 

70 

7 

790285 

0356 

0426 

0496 

0567 

0637 

0707 

0778 

0848 

0918 

70 

8 

0988 

1059 

I129 

1199 

1269 

1340 

1410 

1480 

1550 

1620 

70 

9 

1691 

1761 

1831 

1901 

1971 

2041 

2111 

2I8I 

2252 

2322 

70 

620 

792392 

2462 

2532 

2602 

2672 

2742 

2812 

2882 

2952 

3022 

70 

I 

3092 

3162 

3231 

3301 

3371 

3441 

3511 

3581 

3651 

3721 

70 

2 

3790 

3860 

3930 

4000 

4070 

4139 

4209 

4279 

4349 

4418 

70 

3 

4488 

4558 

4627 

4697 

4767 

4836 

4906 

4976 

5045 

5115 

70 

4 

5185 

5254 

5324 

5393 

5463 

5532 

5602 

5672 

5741 

5811 

70 

5 

5880 

5949 

6019 

6088 

6158 

6227 

6297 

6366 

6436 

6505 

69 

6 

6574 

6644 

6713 

6782 

6852 

6921 

6990 

7060 

7129 

7198 

69 

7 

7268 

7337 

7406 

7475 

7545 

7614 

7683 

7752 

7821 

7890 

69 

8 

7960 

8029 

8098 

8167 

8236 

8305 

8374 

8443 

8513 

8582 

69 

9 

8651 

8720 

8789 

8858 

8927 

8996 

9065 

9134 

9203 

9272 

69 

630 

799341 

9409 

9478!  9547 

9616 

9685 

9754 

9823 

9892 

9961 

69 

I 

800029 

0098 

0167 

0236 

0305 

0373 

0442 

05II 

0580 

0648 

69 

2 

0717 

0786 

0854 

0923 

0992 

1061 

1129 

II98 

1266 

1335 

69 

3 

1404 

1472 

1541 

1609 

1678 

1747 

1815 

1884 

1952 

2021 

69 

4 

2089 

2158 

2226 

2295 

2363 

2432 

2500 

2568 

2637 

2705 

68 

5 

2774 

2842 

2910 

2979 

3°47 

3116 

3184 

3252 

3321 

3389 

68 

6 

3457 

3525 

3594 

3662 

3730 

3798 

3867 

3935 

4003 

4071 

6S 

7 

4139 

4208 

4276 

4344 

4412 

4480 

4548 

4616 

4685 

4753 

68 

8 

4821 

4889 

4957 

5025 

5093 

5161 

5229 

5297 

5365 

5433 

68 

9 

5501 

5569 

5637 

5705 

5773 

5841 

5908 

5976 

6044 

6112 

68 

640 

806180 

6248 

6316 

6384 

6451 

6519 

6587 

6655 

6723 

6790 

68 

I 

6858 

6926 

6994 

7061 

7129 

7197 

7264 

7332 

7400 

7467 

68 

2   7535 

7603 

7670 

7738 

7806 

7873 

7941 

8008 

8076 

8143 

68 

3   8211 

8279 

8346 

8414 

8481 

8549 

8616 

8684 

8751 

8818 

67 

4   8886 

8953 

9021 

9088 

9156 

9223 

9290 

9358 

9425 

9492 

67 

5 

9560 

9627 

9694 

9762 

9829 

9896 

9964 

0031 

0098 

0165 

67 

6 

810233 

0300 

0367 

0434 

0501 

0569 

0636 

0703 

0770 

0837 

67 

7 

0904 

0971 

1039 

1106 

1173 

1240 

1307 

1374 

1441 

1508 

67 

8 

1575 

1642 

1709 

1776 

1843 

1910 

1977 

2044 

2111 

2178 

67 

9 

2245 

2312 

2379 

2445 

2512 

2579 

2646 

2713 

2780 

2847 

67 

No. 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

^J_^ 

8 

9 

Diff. 

ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


N,..     n               r  7"r|   3  " 

4 

5 

1   6   1   7 

8 

9 

Difif. 

6;;.  Si:.;i3  2y8o,  3047  31 14 

3181 

3247 

33h|  3381 

3448 

35H 

67 

I   ^vSi  364SI  3714  3781 

3848 

39M 

3981 

404S 

4114 

.  4181 

67 

z      424S  43 '4|  4381!  4447 

45  M 

4581 

4647 

47H 

478c 

4847 

67 

3   49' 5|  49Sc|  5046  5' 13 

5179 

5246 

5312 

5378 

5445 

5511 

66 

4   i;i;-S  <;644;  5711!  5777 

5843 

5910 

5976 

6042 

6109 

6175 

66 

^   6241  6308J  6374!  6440 

6506 

6573 

6639 

6705 

6771 

6838 

66 

(<      6904  6970]  7036  7102 

7169 

7235 

i  7301 

1  7367 

7433 

7499 

66 

-   7;i65'  7631  7698  7764'  7830 

7896 

7962 

!  8028 

8094 

8160 

66 

S   S226  8292  8358  8424 

8490 

8556 

8622 

1  8688 

8754 

8820 

66 

9   SSS5  8951  9017  9083 

9149 

9215 

9281 

9346 

9412 

9478 

66 

66;  Si9:;44  9610  9676  9741 

9807 

9873 

9939 

0004 

0070 

0136 

66 

I  S20201  0267  0333  0399 

0464 

0530 

0595 

0661 

0727 

0792 

66 

2   CS5S  C924  0989I  1055 

1120 

1186 

X251 

1317 

1382 

1448 

66 

3   1,-14  15-9  1645  1710 

1775 

1841 

1906 

1972 

2037 

2103 

65 

4   216S  2233  2299  2364 

2430 

^-495 

2560 

2626 

2691 

2756 

65 

5   2822  288-  2952  3018 

3083 

3148 

3213 

3279 

3344 

3409 

65 

<•;   34"4  3539  3605  3670 

3735 

3800 

3865 

3930 

3996 

4061 

65 

-'  4126  4191  4256  4321 

4386 

4451 

4516 

4581 

4646 

4711 

65 

8   4--6  4841  4906:  4971 

5036 

5101 

5166 

523^ 

5296 

5361 

65 

V   54-()  5491  555^1  5621 

5686 

5751 

5815 

5880 

5945 

6010 

65 

67-  S26:,-  6140  6204'  6269 

6334 

6399 

6464 

6528 

6593 

6658 

65 

1   6-23  6-87  6852  6917 

6981 

7046 

7111 

7175 

7240 

7305 

65 

-   "3^9  7434  "499  7563 

7628 

7692 

7757 

7821 

7886 

795^ 

65 

Sci,-  8080  8144  8209 

8273 

8338 

8402 

8467 

8531 

8595 

64 

4   Sh6j  8724  8789  8853 

8918 

8982 

9046 

9111 

9175 

9239 

64 

^       9304  9368  9432  9497 

9561 

9625 

9690 

9754 

9818 

9882 

64 

'-   994"  L^'ii  C075  0139 

0204 

6268 

0332 

0396 

0460 

0525 

64 

■■  S3.;S9  0653  07,7,  0781 

0845 

0909 

0973 

1037 

1 102 

1166 

64 

S   I2V--  1294  1358  1422 

i486 

1530 

1614 

1678 

1742 

1806 

64 

9   18-.  1934  1998  2062; 

2126 

2189 

^^53 

2317 

2381 

2445 

64 

6S-,  832,-09  2^-3  263-  2700 

2764 

2828 

2892 

2956 

3020 

3083 

64 

I   3'4-  321 1  3-75  333^1 
-   3-H  3>^4^  3912'  3975i 

3402, 

3466 

3530 

3593 

3657 

3721 

64 

4039; 

4103 

4166 

4230 

4294 

4357 

64 

>   4421  44S4  454'^  461 1 1 
4   .--56  5'2o  5.83  5247I 
>-   ,691  ^-34  58 1 7  5881 
''   f'P4  6587  645,  6514" 
693-  -020  7083  7146 

4675! 

4739: 

4802 

4866 

4929 

4993 

64 

5310 

53731 

5437 

5500 

5564 

5627 

63 

59441 

6007! 

6071 

6134 

6197 

6261 

63 

65771 

6641 

6704 

6767 

6830 

6894 

63 

721G 

7273' 

7336 

7399 

7462 

7525 

63 

^   "v''''^  7^'52  7715  7778;  7»4i: 

7904; 

7967 

8030 

8093 

8156 

63 

9   8219  ^^^^     8345  84081  " 

1 

8471J 

8534; 

8597 

8660 

8723 

8786 

63 

^'V  83S849  S912  8975  9038! 

1  'y4-^  954'  9  ^'04  9667 1 

2  S  •   I   A   r  I  A'l   ^  ..  .  - 

9101 

9729I 

9164! 
9792 

9227 
9855 

9289 
9918 

9352 
9981 

9415 

0043 

63 

.  ^  '-'  "-'^'^     °-32  0294,  0357^  0420 

0482: 

°545 

0608 

0671 

63 

,,  0-96  0839  0921  0984^  1046  1 109 

JI72 

1234 

1297 

63 

■*     ';>v  14^-  148,-  134-  1610^  1672  1735!  1797 

i860 

1922; 

63 

'.  ');'.'  ^6-"  '■;" ''"?  ':^^^  "'97  23601 2422 

2484 

2547 

62 

.   ,,.!  -'  -  -  >+  -79(^  2^59  2921  29831  3046 

3108 

3170 

62 

s    \'--  -"?:  '\v  '-^-^  34S2  3544  3606^  3669I 

3731 

-*    ! 
3793: 

62 

-  ^^   ^V'^   3'y^O   4042   4104'  4,66 

'   44--  4-V>  4601  4664.  4726  4788 

4229  429 1 j 
4850  4912J 

4353'  4415' 
4974!  5036' 

62 
62 

0  j  7  1 

8   1   9   1 

Diff. 

LOGARITHMS    OP   NUMBERS. 


529 


No. 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

0 

7 

8 

9 

Diff. 

700 

845098 

5160 

5222 

5284 

5346 

5408 

5470 

5532 

5594 

5656 

62 

1 

5718 

5780 

5842 

5904 

5966 

6028 

6090 

6151 

6213 

6275 

62 

2 

6337 

6399 

6461 

6523 

6585 

6646 

6708 

6770 

6832 

6894 

62 

3 

6955 

7017 

7079 

7141 

7202 

7264 

7326 

7388 

7449 

7511 

62 

4 

7573 

7634 

7696 

7758 

7819 

7881 

7943 

8004 

8066 

8128 

62 

5 

8189 

8251 

8312 

8374 

8435 

8497 

8559 

8620 

8682 

8743 

62 

6 

8805 

8866 

8928 

8989 

9051 

9112 

9174 

9235 

9297 

9358 

61 

7 

9419 

9481 

9542 

9604 

9665 

9726 

9788 

9849 

9911 

9972 

61 

8 

850033 

0095 

0156 

0217 

0279 

0340 

0401 

0462 

0524 

0585 

61 

9 

0646 

0707 

0769 

0830 

0891 

0952 

1014 

1075 

1 136 

II97 

61 

710 

851258 

1320 

1381 

1442 

1503 

1564 

1625 

1686 

1747 

1809 

61 

1870 

1931 

1992 

2053 

2114 

2175 

2236 

2297 

2358 
2968 

2419 

61 

a 

2480 

2541 

2602 

2663 

2724 

2785 

2846 

2907 

3029 

61 

3 

3090 

3150 

3211 

3272 

3333 

3394 

3455 

3516 

3577 

3637 

61 

4 

3698 

3759 

3820 

3881 

3941 

4002 

4063 

4124 

4185 

4245 

61 

5 

4306 

4367 

4428 

4488 

4549 

4610 

4670 

4731 

4792 

4852 

61 

6 

4913 

4974 

5034 

5095 

5156 

5216 

5277 

5337 

5398 

5459 

61 

7 

5519 

5580 

5640 

5701 

5761 

5822 

5882 

5943 

6003 

6064 

61 

8 

6124 

6185 

6245 

6306 

6366 

6427 

6487 

6548 

6608 

6668 

6o 

9 

6729 

6789 

6850 

6910 

6970 

7031 

7091 

7152 

7212 

7272 

60 

720 

857332 

7393 

7453 

7513 

7574 

7634 

7694 

7755 

7815 

7875 

60 

I 

7935 

7995 

8056 

8116 

8176 

8236 

8297 

8357 

8417 

8477 

60 

2 

8537 

8597 

8657 

8718 

8778 

8838 

8898 

8958 

9018 

9078 

60 

3 

9138 

9198 

9258 

9318 

9379 

9439 

9499 

9559 

9619 

9679 

60 

4 

9739 

9799 

9859 

9918 

9978 

0038 

0098 

0158 

0218 

0278 

60 

5 

860338 

0398 

0458 

0518 

0578 

0637 

0697 

0757 

0817 

0877 

60 

6 

0937 

0996 

1056 

II 16 

1 176 

1236 

1295 

1355 

1415 

1475 

6o 

7 

1534 

1594 

1654 

1714 

1773 

1833 

1893 

1952 

2012 

2072 

60 

8 

2131 

2191 

2251 

2310 

2370 

2430 

2489 

2549 

2608 

2668 

60 

9 

2728 

2787 

2847 

2906 

2966 

3025 

3085 

3H4 

3204 

3263 

60 

730 

8633:^3 

3382 

3442 

3501 

3561 

3620 

3680 

3739 

3799 

3858 

59 

I 

3917 

3977 

4036 

4096 

4155 

4214 

4274 

4333 

4392 

4452 

59 

2 

4511 

4570 

4630 

4689 

4748 

4808 

4867 

4926 

4985 

5045 

59 

3 

5104 

5163 

5222 

5282 

5341 

5400 

5459 

5519 

5578 

5637 

59 

4 

5696 

5755 

5814 

5874 

5933 

5992 

6051 

6110 

6169 

6228 

59 

5 

6287 

6346 

6405 

6465 

6524 

6583 

6642 

6701 

6760 

6819 

59 

6 

6878 

6937 

6996 

7055 

7114 

7173 

7232 

7291 

7350 

7409 

59 

7 

7467 

7526 

7585 

7644 

7703 

7762 

7821 

7880 

7939 

7998 

59 

8 

8056 

8115 

8174 

8233 

8292 

8350 

8409 

8468 

8527 

8586 

59 

9 

8644 

8703 

8762 

8821 

8879 

8938 

8997 

9056 

9114 

9173 

59 

740 

869232 

9290 

9349 

9408 

9466 

9525 

9584 

9642 

9701 

9760 

59 

I 

9818 

9877 

9935 

9994 

0053 

OIII 

0170 

0228 

0287 

0345 

59 

2 

870404 

0462 

0521 

0579 

0638 

0696 

0755 

0813 

0872 

0930 

58 

3 

0989 

1047 

1 106 

1 1 64 

1223 

1281 

1339 

1398 

1456 

1515 

58 

4 

1573 

1631 

1690 

1748 

1806 

1865 

1923 

1981 

2040 

2098 

58 

5 

2156 

2215 

2273 

2331 

2389 

2448 

2506 

2564 

2622 

2681 

58 

6 

2739 

2797 

2855 

2913 

2972 

3030 

3088 

3146 

3204 

3262 

58 

7 

3321 

3379 

3437 

3495 

3553 

3611 

.3669 

3727 

3785 

3844 

58 

8 

3902 

3960 

4018 

4076 

4134 

4192 

4250 

4308 

4366 

4424 

58 

9 

4482 

4540 

4598 

4656 

4714 

4772 

4830 

4888 

4945 

5003 

58 

No. 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

0 

rift- 

:.:;<) 

()iii>: 

S.WCl 

;  Af  AMWL. 

Nu     0 

1   4   j   0     f. 

1   7   !   8   1   9 

1  Diff. 

75  S-,()i 

5"9  517"!  5^35 

5293;  535' 

[  5409 

5466  5524  5582 

1   58 

1   564- 

s6vS  5756;  5813 

587J;  59^9 

5987 

60451  6102'  6160 

58 

2   6a  I  S 

62-6  6333 

6391 

6449'  6507 

6564 

6622  6680'  6737 

58 

3   <'-Vi 

6853  6910 

6968 

7026 

7083 

7141 

7199  72561  7314 

58 

4   T' 

74-9  74*^7 

7544 

7602 

7659 

7717 

7774 

i  783^1  7889 

58 

>   "94" 

8004  8062 

8119 

8177 

8234 

8292 

8349 

8407 

1  8464 

57 

6   S522 

S579;  8637 

8694 

8752 

8809 

8866 

8924 

8981 

9039 

57 

-   VC96 

9153  9211 

9268 

9325 

9383 

9440 

9497 

9555 

9612 

57 

S   v66y 

9-26.  9784 

9841 

9898 

9956 

0013 

0070 

0127 

0185 

57 

.;  SS0242 

0299  0356 

0413 

0471 

0528 

0585 

0642 

0699 

0756 

57 

76:  SScSi4 

c8-i'  0928 

0985 

1042 

1099 

1156 

1213 

1271 

1328 

57 

I   13S5 

1442  1499 

1556 

1613 

1670 

1727 

1784 

1841 

1898 

57 

-   '  9  ^'  i 

201  2:  2069 

2126 

2183 

2240 

2297 

2354i  2411 

2468 

57 

5   -5-5 

2581   2638 

2695 

2752 

2809 

2866 

2923 

2980 

3037 

57 

4   0-93 

3150^   3207 

3264 

332' 

3377 

3434 

349' 

3548 

3605 

57 

5   3«^'>i 

3"!^;  3775 

3S32 

3888 

3945 

4002 

4059 

4115 

417^- 

57 

6   4--9 

4^851  4342 

4399 

4455 

4512 

4569 

4625 

46821  4739 

57 

-   4795 

4852I  4909 

4965 

5022 

5078 

5'35 

5192 

5248 

5305 

57 

S   5361 

5418;  5474 

553' 

5587 

5644 

5700 

5757 

58x3 

5870 

57 

9   59-^ 

5983  6039 

6096 

6.5. 

6209 

6265 

6321 

6378 

6434 

56 

7-0  8S6491 

654-,  6604 

666o 

6716 

6773 

6829 

6885 

6942 

6998 

56 

'   7^.-4 

7111  7167 

7223 

7280 

7336 

7392 

7449 

75°5 

7561 

56 

2   -  6 1  - 

-674;  7730 

7786 

7842 

7898 

7955 

8011 

8067I  8123 

56 

5   S.-y 

S236,  82921  8348 

8404 

8460 

8516 

8573 

8629!  8685 

56 

4   ^-41 

879-!  8853 

8909 

8965 

9021 

9077 

9'34 

9190J  9246 

56 

5   93-- 

935^'  9414 

9470 

9526 

9582 

9638 

9694 

9750!  9806 

56 

6   (yS62 

99' S:  9974  "^3° 

0086 

0141 

0197 

0253 

0309!  0365 

56 

-  ^90421^ 

°477i  05331  05S9 

0645 

0700 

0756 

0812 

o868j  0924 

56 

S   c^Sg 

1035,  1091;  1147 

1203 

1259 

i3'4 

1370 

1426  1482 

56 

9   '5  3" 

'593!  "^•49;  '705 

1-60'  1816 

1872 

,928 

1983!  2039 

56 

78oS,;20.;5 

2150I  220b 

2262 

23'7i  2373 

2429 

2484!  2540J  2595 

56 

I   2651 

2-0-  2762 

2818 

2873:  2929 

2985! 

3°4o[  3096  3' 5' 

56 

3   3-^- 

3-6^:  33'8 

3373 

3429!  3484 

3540J 

35951  365' 

3706 

56 

3^--,  3-^73 

39-8 

3984,  4039 

4094I 

4150 

4205 

4261 

55 

4   431^' 

4371  4417  44f^i 

4538;  4593 

46481 

4704 

4759 

4814 

55 

q    4X-0 

49-5i  4980  5036 

509'i  5146 

5201! 

5^57 

5312 

5367 

55 

('       54^3 

547«,  5533  5588 

5644  5699 

5754! 

5809 

5864 

5920 

55 

"   597  5 

6030  6085  f>i4o 

6195  6251 

6306 

6361 

6416  6471 

55 

S   6526 

65811  6636  6692 

6747  6802 

6857I 

6912 

6967  7022 

55 

9   "'-'"" 

71 3^'  7187  7^^- 

7^97  7352 

74071 

7462 

75'7 

7572 

55 

-7089-62- 

7682:  7737  7792 

7847  7902 

7957: 

8012 

8067 

8122 

55 

I   S  I  -  6 

8231;  8286  8341 

8396  8451 

85061 

8561 

8615 

8670 

55 

z       S-25 

8-80  8835  8890 
93-8  93S3  9437 

8944  8999 

9054I 

9109 

9164 

9218 

55 

<y-"3 

949^  9547 

9602 

9656 

97" 

9766 

55 

4   V^-> 

'   '  >  '  3 
I4^.S 

9'^"  5  99  3"J  9985 

CO  3  9  C094 

0149; 

0203,  0258 

0312 

55 

0422  04-6  0^31 
-/^8  ,022  107- 

0586  0640 
1131  1186 

0695 

1 2401 

0749  0804 
1295  1349 

0859 
1404 

55 
55 

'313  iq6-  1622 

1676  1731,  1785:  1840^  1894  1948 

54 

__o, 

-  s-  21 12  2166 
2601  2655  2710 

1     •;    ;5  " 

2221   2275;  23^9;  2384;  2438   2492 

54 

■y   -s4" 

2764  2818 

4  J   5 

2873!  2927I  2981!  3036 

54 

Ni>.     II 

0  J 

8   1   9 

Diff. 

LOGARITHMS    OF    NUMBERS. 


531 


No. 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

Diff. 

800 

903090 

3144 

3199 

3^53 

3307 

3361 

3416 

3470 

3524 

3578 

54 

1 

3633 

3687 

3741 

3795 

3849 

3904 

3958 

4012 

4066 

4120 

54 

2 

4174 

4229 

4283 

4337 

4391 

4445 

4499 

4553 

4607 

4661 

54 

3 

4716 

4770 

4824 

4878 

4932 

4986 

5040 

5094 

5148 

5202 

54 

4 

5256 

5310 

5364 

5418 

5472 

5526 

5580 

5634 

5688 

5742 

54 

5 

5796 

5850 

5904 

5958 

6012 

6066 

6119 

6173 

6227 

6281 

54 

6 

6335 

6389 

6443 

6497 

6551 

6604 

6658 

6712 

6766 

6820 

54 

7 

6874 

6927 

6981 

7035 

7089 

7143 

7196 

7250 

7304 

7358 

54 

8 

741 1 

7465 

7519 

7573 

7626 

7680 

7734 

7787 

7841 

7895 

54 

9 

7949 

8002 

8056 

8110 

8163 

8217 

8270 

8324 

8378 

8431 

54 

810 

908485 

8539 

8592 

8646 

8699 

8753 

8807 

8860 

8914 

8967 

54 

I 

9021 

9074 

9128 

9181 

9235 

9289 

9342 

9396 

9449 

9503 

54 

2 

9556 

9610 

9663 

9716 

9770 

9823 

9877 

9930 

9984 

0037 

53 

3 

9 1 009 1 

0144 

0197 

0251 

0304 

0358 

041 1 

0464 

0518 

0571 

53 

4 

0624 

0678 

0731 

0784 

0838 

0891 

0944 

0998 

1051 

1 104 

53 

5 

1158 

I2II 

1264 

1317 

1371 

1424 

1477 

1530 

1584 

1637 

53 

6 

1690 

1743 

1797 

1850 

1903 

1956 

2009 

2063 

2116 

2169 

53 

7 

2222 

2275 

2328 

2381 

2435 

2488 

2541 

2594 

2647 

2700 

53 

8 

2753 

2806 

2859 

2913 

2966 

3019 

3072 

3125 

3178 

3231 

53 

9 

3284 

3337 

3390 

3443 

3496 

3549 

3602 

3655 

3708 

3761 

53 

820 

913814 

3867 

3920 

3973 

4026 

4079 

4132 

4184 

4237 

4290 

53 

I 

4343 

4396 

4449 

4502 

4555 

4608 

4660 

4713 

4766 

4819 

53 

2 

4872 

4925 

4977 

5030 

5083 

5136 

5189 

5241 

5294 

5347 

53 

3 

5400 

5453 

55°5 

5558 

5611 

5664 

5716 

5769 

5822 

5875 

53 

4!  5927 

5980 

6033 

6085 

6138 

6191 

6243 

6296 

6349 

6401 

53 

5   6454 

6507 

6559 

6612 

6664 

6717 

6770 

6822 

6875 

6927 

53 

6!   6980 

7033 

7085 

7138 

7190 

7243 

7295 

7348 

7400 

7453 

53 

7 

7506 

7558 

761 1 

7663 

7716 

7768 

7820 

7873 

7925 

7978 

52 

8 

8030 

8083 

8135 

8188 

8240 

8293 

8345 

8397 

8450 

8502 

52 

9 

8555 

8607 

8659 

8712 

8764 

8816 

8869 

8921 

8973 

9026 

52 

830 

919078 

9130 

9183 

9235 

9287 

9340 

9392 

9444 

9496 

9549 

52 

I 

9601 

9653 

9706 

9758 

9810 

9862 

9914 

9967 

0019 

0071 

5^ 

2 

920123 

0176 

0228 

0280 

0332 

0384 

0436 

0489 

0541 

C593 

52 

3 

0645 

0697 

0749 

0801 

0853 

0906 

0958 

lOIO 

1062 

1114 

52 

4 

1166 

1218 

1270 

1322 

1374 

1426 

1478 

1530 

1582 

1634 

52 

•  5 

1686 

1738 

1790 

1842 

1894 

1946 

1998 

2050 

2102 

2154 

52 

6 

2206 

2258 

2310 

2362 

2414 

2466 

2518 

2570 

2622 

2674 

52 

7 

2725 

2777 

2829 

2881 

2933 

2985 

3037 

3089 

3140 

3192 

52 

8 

3^-44 

3296 

3348 

3399 

3451 

3503 

3555 

3607 

3658 

3710 

52 

9 

3762 

3814 

3865 

3917 

3969 

4021 

4072 

4124 

4176 

4228 

5^ 

840 

924279 

4331 

4383 

4434 

4486 

4538 

4589 

4641 

4693 

4744 

52 

I 

4796 

4848 

4899 

4951 

5003 

5054 

5106 

5^57 

5209 

5261 

5^ 

2 

5312 

5364 

5415 

5467 

5518 

5570 

5621 

5673 

5725 

5776 

52 

3 

5828 

5879 

5931 

5982 

6034 

6085 

6137 

6188 

6240 

6291 

51 

4 

6342 

6394 

6445 

6497 

6548 

6600 

6651 

6702 

6754 

6805 

51 

5 

6857 

6908 

6959 

701 1 

7062 

7114 

7165 

7216 

7268 

7319 

51 

6 

7370 

7422 

7473 

75^4 

7576 

7627 

7678 

7730 

7781 

7832 

51 

7 

7^83 

7935 

7986 

8037 

8088 

8140 

8191 

8242 

8293 

8345 

51 

8 

8396 

8447 

8498 

8549 

8601 

8652 

8703 

8754 

8805 

8857 

51 

9 

8908 

8959 

9010 

9061 

9112 

9163 

9215 

9266 

9317 

9368 

51 

No. 

0 

„.!_ 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

Diff. 

O n  D  N A  N C  K    M A  N  U AL. 


\.. 

V-'y4'V 

1     -'     ."< 
V-!'-  95-',  9572 

9623 

5 

(^!_7_^ 

8 

9 

Diff. 

»S  ; 

9674 

9725 

9776 

"98^ 

9879 

51 

I 

VV  1 

V.;S.  -032.  C0S3 

0134 

0185 

0236 

0287 

0338 

0389 

51 

V, -44 

■-49'  054-  0592 

0643 

0694 

0745 

0796 

0847 

0898 

51 

- 

'  V4'y 

looj  105I1  I  102 

1153 

1204 

1254 

1305 

1356 

1407 

51 

4 

I4^^ 

I  :;c9  1560  1610 

1661 

1712 

1763 

1814 

1865 

I915 

51 

I  v66^ 

201-  2068  21 18 

2169 

2220 

2271 

2322 

2372 

2423 

51 

(, 

-4-4 

2,-24  2575I  2626 

2677 

2727 

2778 

2829 

2879 

2930 

51 

- 

:vSi 

3031  3082:  3133 

3183 

3234 

3285 

3335 

3386 

3437 

51 

s 

34S- 

3^,8  3589'  3639 

3690 

3740 

3791 

3841 

3892 

3943 

51 

V 

V}^)', 

4J44  4094'  4145 

4195 

4246 

4296 

4347 

4397 

4448 

5^ 

.S<) 

9U4V^ 

4549  4599'  4650 

4700 

4751 

4801 

4852 

4902 

4953 

50 

1 

S'J-^1 

50,-4  5104  5154 

5205 

5255 

5306 

5356 

5406 

5457 

50 

2 

,-,-,-8  s^)o8:  5658 

5709 

5759 

5809 

5860 

5910 

5960 

50 

- 

^.-11 

6j6i  61 1 i:  6162 

6212 

6262 

6313 

6363 

6413 

6463 

50 

4 

^^14 

6,-64  6614  6665 

6715 

6765 

6815 

6865 

6916 

6966 

50 

"T'l  i, 

-166  7117  7'67 

7217 

7267 

7317 

7367 

7418 

7468 

50 

*> 

-;;iS 

-:;6S  -61S  7668 

7718 

7769 

7819 

7869 

7919 

7969 

50 

- 

S.iv 

8^69  8119'  8169 

8219 

8269 

8320 

8370 

8420 

8470 

50 

•" 

•^  ^  - "' 

8"   8620  8670 

8720 

8770 

8820 

8870 

8920 

8970 

50 

', 

V  -■- 

93-0  9120:  9170 

9220 

9270 

9320 

9369 

9419 

9469 

50 

S7_ 

V'V^'V 

9^69  9619  9669 

9719 

9769 

9819 

9869 

9918 

9968 

50 

I 

V4-C1S 

cc6S  ciiS  0168 

0218 

0267 

0317 

0367 

0417 

0467 

50 

c^.6 

c,-66  c6i6  0666 

0716 

C765 

0815 

0865 

0915 

0964 

50 

; 

ic  14 

1^64  11J4:  1 1 63 

1213 

1263 

I3I3 

•1362 

1412 

1462 

50 

4 

I  ^i  I 

i;6i  1611  1660 

1710 

1760 

1809 

1859 

1909 

1958 

50 

^ 

2:.cS 

205S   2I0-'  2157 

2207 

2256 

2306 

^355 

2405 

^455 

50 

f, 

2;c4 

2;,-4  2603'  2653 

2702 

2752 

2801 

2851 

2901 

2950 

50 

" 

3c:-: 

3' 49  3-99:  3 '4^ 

3198 

3247 

3297 

3346 

3396 

3445 

49 

s 

UV^ 

3>44  3^93:  3643 

3692 

3742 

3791 

3841 

3890 

3939 

49 

V 

3  VS.; 

43^  4088:  4137 

4186 

4236 

4285 

4335 

4384 

4433 

49 

ss , 

7444^  ; 

45  3-  45S1:  4^-3' 

4680 

4729 

4779 

4828 

4877 

4927 

49 

' 

4V-6 

502;  5074'  5124 

5173 

5222 

5272 

5321 

5370 

5419 

49 

- 

U^'V 

,518  5^67;  s6i6 

5665 

5715 

5764 

5813 

5862 

5912 

49 

^ 

^</" 

('    10  6059I  ^'Jo^ 

6157 

62C7 

6256 

6305 

6354 

6403 

49 

■^ 

f.4,-2^ 

(>-^r.l      6351'  6600 

6649 

6698 

6747 

6796 

6845 

6894 

49 

^ 

^'94  V 

6992  -041;  7090 

7140 

7189 

7238 

7287 

7336 

7385 

4.9 

(i 

"4H 

-4S^  -^3-i  75S1 

7630 

7679 

7728 

7777 

7826 

7875 

49 

-'J~^ 

-9-3  8022]  8070 

8119 

8168 

8217 

8266 

8315 

8364 

49 

s 

.S41  V 

84^.2  851  il  8560 

8609 

8657 

8706 

8755 

8804 

8853 

49 

V 

s.,c2: 

.^95'  «999'  904S 

9097 

9146 

9195 

9244 

9292 

9341 

49 

^V 

94VV>-' 

9439  94''^Sj  9536 

9585 

9634 

9683 

9731 

9780 

9829 

49 

vs-,s 

9926  99-5:  C024 

0073 

01 2 1 

0170 

0219 

0267 

0316 

49 

V-  -/-^ 

C414  0462  051 1 

0560 

o6c8 

0657 

0706 

0754 

0803 

49 

'^  ^  I 

09-0  0949  C997 

1046 

1095 

1143 

1 192 

1240 

1289 

49 

"i 

I  3 ;  ,■> 

13^^'  1435  14S3 

1532 

1580 

1629I  1677 

1726 

1775 

49 

I  '^  2  3 

■S-2   .92c   ,969 

2017 

2066 

2114  2163 

2211 

2260 

48 

- ;  ^ 

-^^   2403^  2453 

2502 

2550 

-599:  -647 

2696 

2744 

48 

2>4i  2889  2938 

2986 

3034 

3083I  3131 

3180 

3228 

48 

>3-^  33-3  34:^1 

3470 

3518 

3566I  3615 

3663 

3711 

48 

,"_^_ 

3^  S  3S;6  3905 

J_9_53 

4 

4001 

4049;  4098 

4146 

4194 

_.'^L 

\ 

T) 

__  6   1   7 

8 

9 

Diff. 

LOGARITHMS   OF   NUMBERS. 


583 


No.  1   0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

Diir. 

900954243 

4291 

4339 

4387 

4435 

4484 

453^ 

4580 

4628 

4677 

48 

I 

4725 

4773 

4821 

4869 

4918 

4966 

5014 

5062 

5110 

5158 

48 

2 

5207 

5255 

5303 

5351 

5399 

5447 

5495 

5543 

5592 

5640 

48 

3 

5688 

5736 

5784 

5832 

5880 

5928 

5976 

6024 

6072 

6120 

48 

4 

6168 

6216 

6265 

6313 

6361 

6409 

6457 

6505 

6553 

6601 

48 

5 

6649 

"  6697 

6745 

6793 

6840 

6888 

6936 

6984 

7032 

7080 

48 

6 

7128 

7176 

7224 

7272 

7320 

7368 

7416 

7464 

7512 

7559 

48 

7 

7607 

7655 

7703 

7751 

7799 

7847 

7894 

7942 

7990 

8038 

48 

8 

8086 

8134 

8181 

8229 

8277 

8325 

8373 

8421 

8468 

8516 

48 

9 

8564 

8612 

8659 

8707 

8755 

8803 

8850 

8898 

8946 

8994 

48 

910959041 

9089 

9137 

9185 

9232 

9280 

9328 

9375 

9423 

9471 

48 

I 

9518 

9566 

9614 

9661 

9709 

9757 

9804 

9852 

9900 

9947 

48 

2 

9995 

0042 

0090 

0138 

0185 

0233 

0280 

0328 

0376 

0423 

48 

3:960471 

0518 

0566 

0613 

0661 

0709 

0756 

0804 

0851 

0899 

48 

4   0946 

0994 

1041 

1089 

1136 

1184 

1231 

1279 

1326 

1374 

48 

5!  1421 

1469 

1516 

1563 

1611 

1658 

1706 

1753 

1801 

1848 

47 

6!  189s 

1943 

1990 

2038 

2085 

2132 

2180 

2227 

2275 

2322 

47 

7 

2369 

2417 

2464 

2511 

2559 

2606 

2653 

2701 

2748 

2795 

47 

8 

2843 

2890 

2937 

2985 

3032 

3079 

3126 

3174 

3221 

3268 

47 

9 

3316 

3363 

3410 

3457 

3504 

3552 

3599 

3646 

3693 

3741 

47 

920^963788 

3835 

3882 

3929 

3977 

4024 

4071 

4118 

4165 

4212 

47 

I 

4260 

4307 

4354 

4401 

4448 

4495 

4542 

4590 

4637 

4684 

47 

2 

4731 

4778 

4825 

4872 

4919 

4966 

5013 

5061 

5108 

5155 

47 

3 

5202 

5249 

5296 

5343 

5390 

5437 

5484 

5531 

5578 

5625 

47 

4 

5672 

5719 

5766 

5813 

5860 

5907 

5954 

6001 

6048 

6095 

47 

5 

6142 

6189 

6236 

6283 

6329 

6376 

6423 

6470 

6517 

6564 

47 

6 

6611 

6658 

6705 

6752 

6799 

6845 

6892 

6939 

6986 

7033 

47 

7 

7080 

7127 

7173 

7220 

7267 

7314 

7361 

7408 

7454 

7501 

47 

8 

7548 

7595 

7642 

7688 

7735 

7782 

7829 

7875 

7922 

7969 

47 

9 

8016 

8062 

8109 

8156 

8203 

8249 

8296 

8343 

8390 

8436 

47 

930I968483 

8530 

8576 

8623 

8670 

8716 

8763 

8810 

8856 

8903 

47 

I   8950 

8996 

9043 

9090 

9136 

9183 

9229 

9276 

9323 

9369 

47 

2   9416 

9463 

9509 

9556 

9602 

9649 

9695 

9742 

9789 

9835 

47 

3   9882 

9928 

9975 

0021 

0068 

0114 

0161 

0207 

0254 

0300 

47 

4!970347 

0393 

0440 

0486 

0533 

0579 

0626 

0672 

0719 

0765 

46 

5I  0812 

0858 

0904 

0951 

0997 

1044 

1090 

1137 

1183 

1229 

46 

6   1276 

1322 

1369 

1415 

1461 

1508 

1554 

1 60 1 

1647 

1693 

46 

7   1740 

1786 

1832 

1879 

1925 

1971 

2018 

2064 

2110 

2157 

46 

8!   2203 

2249 

2295 

2342 

2388 

2434 

2481 

2527 

2573 

2619 

46 

91   2666 

2712 

2758 

2804 

2851 

2897 

2943 

2989 

3035 

3082 

46 

940973128 

3174 

3220 

3266 

3313 

3359 

3405 

3451 

3497 

3543 

46 

I   3590 

3636 

3682 

3728 

3774 

3820 

3866 

3913 

3959 

4005 

46 

2   4051 

4097 

4143 

4189 

4235 

4281 

4327 

4374 

4420 

4466 

46 

3|  4512 

4558 

4604 

4650 

4696 

4742 

4788 

4834 

4880 

4926 

46 

4|  4972 

5018 

5064 

5110 

5156 

5202 

5248 

5294 

5340 

5386 

46 

5 

5432 

5478 

5524 

5570 

5616 

5662 

5707 

5753 

5799 

5845 

46 

6 

5891 

5937 

5983 

6029 

6075 

6121 

6167 

6212 

6258 

6304 

46 

7 

6350 

6396 

6442 

6488 

6533 

6579 

6625 

6671 

6717 

6763 

46 

8 

6808 

6854 

6900 

6946 

6992 

7037 

7083 

7129 

7175 

7220 

46 

9 

7266 

7312 

7358 

7403 

7449 

7495 

7541 

7586 

7632 

7678 

46 

No. 

0 

1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

7 

8 

9 

Diff. 

5:u 


ORDNANCE   MANUAL. 


No. 
95^ 

f   0 

1 

1   2 

3 

1   4 

1   ^ 

(3 

7 

8 

9 

Diff. 

'977724 

7769 

7815 

7861 

7906 

7952 

7998 

8043 

8089 

8135 

46 

j!  8181 

8226 

8272 

i  8317 

8363 

8409 

8454 

8500 

8546 

8591 

46 

2t   8637 

8683 

8728 

\    8774 

8819 

8865 

89II 

8956 

9002 

9047 

46 

3I   9093 

9138 

9184 

9230 

9275 

9321 

9366 

9412 

9457 

9503 

46 

4'  9548|  9594 

9639 

9685 

9730 

9776 

9821 

9867 

9912 

9958 

46 

5  980003  0049 

0094 

0140 

0185 

0231 

0276 

0322 

0367 

0412 

45 

6.  0458  0503 

0549 

0594 

0640 

0685 

0730 

0776 

0821 

0867 

45 

7I  0912  0957 

1003 

1048 

1093 

1139 

I184 

1229 

1275 

1320 

45 

8,   13661  1411 

1456 

1501 

1547 

1592 

1637 

1683 

1728 

1773 

45 

9'   1819^  1864 

1909 

1954 

2000 

2045 

2090 

2135 

2181 

2226 

45 

960  982271  j  2316 

2362 

2407 

2452 

2497 

2543 

2588 

2633 

2678 

45 

I   2723^  2769 

2814 

2859 

2904 

2949 

2994 

3040 

3085 

3130 

45 

2   3175;  3220 

3265 

33,0 

3356 

3401 

3446 

3491 

3536 

3581 

45 

3,  3626,  3671 

3716 

3762 

3807 

3852 

3897 

3942 

3987 

4032 

45 

4   4077i  4122 

4167 

4212 

4257 

4302 

4347 

4392 

4437 

4482 

45 

5   45^7 

4572 

4617 

4662 

4707 

4752 

4797 

4842 

4887 

4932 

45 

6,  4977 

5022 

5067 

5112 

5157 

5202 

5247 

5292 

5337 

5382 

45 

7i  54^6;  5471 

5516 

5561 

5606 

5651 

5696 

5741 

5786 

5830 

45 

8i  5=^75  59^^ 

5965 

6010 

6055 

6100 

6144 

6189 

6234 

6279 

45 

9   6324^  6369 

6413 

6458 

6503 

6548 

6593 

6637 

6682 

6727 

45 

970986772  6S17 

6861 

6906 

6951 

6996 

7040 

7085 

7130 

7175 

45 

1.     7^19  7164 

7309 

7353 

7398 

7443 

7488 

7532 

7577 

7622 

45 

2!  7666  7711 

7756 

7800 

7845 

7890 

7934 

7979 

8024 

8068 

45 

3^  8.13'  8157 

8202 

8247 

8291 

8336 

8381 

8425 

8470 

8514 

45 

4:  8559,  8604 

8648 

8693 

8737 

8782 

8826 

8871 

8916 

8960 

45 

5;  9005  9049 

9094 

9138 

9183 

9227 

9272 

9316 

9361 

9405 

45 

6,  9450  9494 

9539 

9583 

9628 

9672 

9717 

9761 

9806 

9850 

44 

/■   9895,  9939 

9983 

0028 

0072 

0117 

0161 

0206 

0250 

0294 

44 

89903391  0383 

0428 

0472 

0516 

0561 

0605 

0650 

0694 

0738 

44 

9   07831  0827 

1 

0871 

0916 

0960 

1004 

1049 

1093 

1137 

I182 

44 

980  991226  1Z70 

1315 

1359 

1403 

1448 

1492 

1536 

1580 

1625 

44 

I,   1669  17,3 

1758 

1802 

1846 

1890 

1935 

1979 

2023 

2067 

44 

2|   .,,,      ' 

215b 

2200 

2244 

2288 

2333 

2377 

2421 

2465 

2509 

44 

3!   2554 

2598 

2642 

2686 

2730 

2774 

2819 

2863 

2907 

2951 

44 

4|  2995 

3039 

3083 

3127 

3172 

3216 

3260 

3304 

3348 

3392 

44 

5|  3436 
6i  3877 

3480 

35H 

3568 

3613 

3657 

3701 

3745 

3789 

3833 

44 

3921 

3965 

4009 

4053 

4097 

4141 

4185 

4229 

4273 

44 

7   4317 

4361 

4405 

4449 

4493 

4537 

4581 

4625 

4669 

4713 

44 

4801 

4845 

4889 

4933 

4977 

5021 

5065 

5108 

515- 

44 

9   5.96 

5240 

5284 

53^8 

5372 

5416 

5460 

5504 

5547 

5591 

44 

99^^995635 

5679 

n^ 

5767 

5811 

5854 

5898 

5942 

5986 

6030 

44 

,   '- 

0074 

61I7; 

6161 

6205 

6249 

6293 

6337 

6380 

6424 

6468 

44 

~ 

6555 

6599 

6643 

6687 

6731 

6774 

6818 

6862 

6906 

44 

3;  ^949 

6993 

7037 

7080 

7124 

7168 

7212 

7255 

7299 

7343 

44 

4   7386  7430 
5i  7823;  7867 
6,  82^9  8303 

7;   8695  8739 

7474 

7517 

7561 

7605 

7648 

7692 

7736 

7779 

44 

7910 

7954 

7998 

8041 

8085 

8129 

8172I  8216 

44 

8547 

8390 

8434 

8477 

8521 

8564 

8608  8652 

44 

8782 

8826 

8869 

8913 

8956 

9000 

9043  9087 

44 

^   9n'  9'74 

9218 
9652 

9696 
_  3_ 

9305 
9739 
_4 

9348 
9783 

9392! 
9826I 

9435 

9870 

9479  9522 
9913!  9957 

44 
43 

No.  1   n   1  1 

5 

6   1 

7 

-  8   1   9 

Diff. 

NATURAL    SINES    AND    TANGENTS. 


585 


Table  of  Natural  Sines  and  Tangents. 


Min. 


15 

30 
45 
00 

15 

30 

45 

00 

15 

30 
45 
00 

15 

30 
45 
00 

15 

30 
45 
00 

15 

30 

45 

00 

15 

30 
45 
00 

15 

30 
45 
00 

15 

30 
45 
00 

15 

3° 
45 
00 

15 

30 
45 
00 

15 

30 
45 
00 


0029089 
0043633 
0087265 
0130896 
0174524 
0218149 
0261769 

0305385 
0348995 
0392598 
0436194 
0479781 
0523360 
0566928 
0610485 
0654031 
0697565 
0741085 
0784591 
0828082 
0871557 
0915016 
0958458 
1001881 
1045285 
1088669 
1132032 
1175374 
1218693 
1261990 
1305262 
1348509 

1391731 
1434926 
1478094 
1521234 

1564345 
1607426 
1650476 
1693495 
1736482 

1779435 
1822355 
1865240 
1908090 
1950903 
1993679 
2036418 
20791 17 
2121777 


Tango  ut. 

Deg. 

Min.  1 

0029089 

12 

30 

0043634 

45 

0087269 

13 

00 

0130907 

15 

0174551 

30 

0218201 

45 

0261859 

14 

00 

0305528 

15 

0349208 

30 

0392901 

45 

0436609 

15 

00 

0480334 

15 

0524078 

30 

0567841 

45 

0611626 

16 

00 

0655435 

15 

0699268 

30 

0743128 

45 

0787017 

17 

00 

0830936 

15 

0874887 

30 

0918871 

45 

0962890 

18 

00 

1006947 

15 

1 05 1 042 

30 

1095178 

45 

"39356 

00 

I183578 

15 

1227846 

30 

1272161 

45 

1316525 

20 

00 

1360940 

15 

1405408 

30 

144993  I 

45 

1494510 

21 

00 

I539H7 

15 

1583844 

30 

1628603 

45 

1673426 

22 

00 

1718314 

15 

1763270 

30 

1808295 

45 

1853390 

23 

00 

1898559 

15 

1943803 

30 

1989124 

45 

2034523 

^4 

00 

2080003 

15 

2125566 

30 

2171213 

45 

Sine 


2164396 

2206974 
22495  1 1 
2292004 

2334454 
2376859 
2419219 

2461533 

2503800 
2546019 
2588190 
2630312 
2672384 
2714404 
2756374 
2798290 
2840153 
2881963 
2923717 
2965416 
3007058 
3048643 
3090170 
3131638 
3173047 

3214395 
3255682 
3296906 
3338069 
3379167 
3420201 
3461171 
3502074 
3542910 
3583679 
3624380 
3665012 

3705574 
3746066 
3786486 
3826834 
38671 10 
3907311 
3947439 
3987491 
4027467 
4067366 
4107189 
4146932 
4186597 


Tangent. 


2216947 
2262769 
2308682 
2354687 
2400788 
2446984 
2493280 
2539676 
2586176 
2632780 
2679492 
2726313 
2773245 
2820292 
2867454 
2914734 
2962135 
3009658 
3057307 
3105083 
3152988 
3201025 
3249197 
3297505 
3345953 
3394543 
3443276 
3492156 
3541 186 
3590367 
3639702 
3689195 

3738847 
3788661 
383S640 
3888787 
3939105 

3989595 
4040262 
4091 108 
4142136 
4193348 
4244748 
4296339 
4348124 
4400105 
4452287 
4504672 
4557263 
4610063 


536 


ORDNANCE    MANUAL. 


r^t/e  of  Natural  Sines  and  Ta 

ngents. 

— Continued. 

I)<>-. 

Mill. 

Sine. 

Tangent. 

~Deg. 

Miu. 

Sine. 

Tangent. 

^5 

00 

4226183 

4663077 

50 

00 

7660444 

II917536 

30 

4305111 

4769755 

30 

7716246 

12130970 

26 

00 

4383711 

4877326 

51 

00 

7771460 

12348972 

30 

4461978 

4985816 

30 

7826082 

12571723 

27 

00 

4539905 

5095254 

52 

00 

7880108 

12799416 

30 

4617486 

5205671 

30 

7933533 

13032254 

z8 

00 

4694716 

5317094 

53 

00 

7986355 

13270448 

30 

477^588 

5429557 

30 

8038569 

13514224 

29 

00 

4848096 

5543091 

54 

00 

8090170 

13763819 

30 

4924236 

5657728 

30 

8141155 

14019483 

30 

00 

5000000 

5773503 

55 

00 

8191520 

14281480 

30 

5075384 

5890450 

30 

8241262 

14550090 

31 

00 

5150381 

6008606 

56 

00 

8290376 

14825610 

30 

5224986 

6128008 

30 

8338858 

15108352 

3^ 

00 

5299193 

6248694 

57 

00 

8386706 

15398650 

30 

5372996 

6370703 

30 

8433914 

15696856 

33 

00 

5446390 

6494076 

58 

00 

8480481 

16003345 

30 

5519370 

6618856 

30 

8526402 

16318517 

34 

00 

5591929 

6745085 

59 

00 

8571673 

16642795 

30 

5664062 

6872810 

30 

8616292 

16976631 

35 

00 

5735764 

7002075 

60 

00 

8660254 

17320508 

30 

5807030 

713293I 

61 

00 

8746197 

18040478 

36 

00 

5877853 

7265425  ! 

62 

00 

8829476 

18807265 

30 

5948228 

7399611  1 

63 

00 

8910065 

19626105 

37 

00 

6018150 

7535541 

64 

00 

8987940 

20503038 

30 

6087614 

7673270 

65 

CO 

9063078 

21445069 

38 

00 

6156615 

7812856 

66 

00 

9135455 

22460368 

30 

6225146 

7954359  1 

67 

00 

9205049 

23558524 

39 

00 

6293204 

8097840 

68 

00 

9271839 

24750869 

30 

6360782 

8243364  1 

69 

00 

9335804 

26050891 

40 

CO 

6427876 

8390996 

70 

00 

9396926 

27474774 

30 

6494480 

8540807  j 

71 

00 

9455186 

29042109 

41 

00 

6560590 

8692867 

72 

00 

9510565 

30776835 

30 

6626200 

8847253 

73 

00 

9563048 

32708526 

42 

00 

6691306 

9004040 

74 

00 

9612617 

34874144 

30 

6755902 

9163312  ] 

75 

00 

9659258 

37320508 

43 

00 

6819984 

9325151 

76 

00 

9702957 

40107809 

30 

6883546 

9489646 

77 

00 

9743701 

433H759 

44 

00 

6946584 

9656888 

78 

00 

9781476 

47046301 

30 

7009093 

9826973  I 

79 

00 

9816272 

51445540 

45 

00 

7071068 

1 0000000 

80 

00 

9848078 

56712818 

30 

7132504 

10176074 

81 

00 

9876883 

63137515 

46 

00 

7193398 

10355303  ! 

82 

CO 

9902681 

71153697 

30 

7253744 

10537801  1 

,  83 

00 

9925462 

81443464 

47 

00 

7313537 

10723687 

84 

00 

9945219 

95143645 

30 

7372773 

10913085 

85 

00 

9961947 

114300520 

48 

00 

7431448 

11106125 

86 

00 

9975641 

143006660 

30 

7489557 

1 1 302944 

87 

00 

9986295 

19081 1370 

49 

00 

7547096 

11503684 

88 

00 

9993908 

286362530 

30 

7604060 

1 1708496 

89 

00 

9998477 

572899620 

LOGxlRITHMS    OE    SINES. 
Logarithms  Sine. 


537 


1 

0' 

10' 

20' 

30' 

40' 

50' 

60' 

o 

7.46372 

7.26475 

7-94084 

8.06577 

8.16268 

8.24185 

fc 

II 

8.24185 

8.30879 

8.36677 

8.41791 

8.46366 

8.50504 

8.54281 

188 

2! 

8.54281 

8.57756 

8.60973 

8.63968 

8.66768 

8-69399 

8.71880 

187 

3 

8.71880 

8.74225 

8.76451 

8.78567 

8.80585 

8.82513 

8.84358 

j86 

4 

8.84358 

8.86128 

8.87828 

8.89464 

8.91040 

8.92560 

8.94029 

;85 

5 

8.94029 

8.95449 

8.96824 

8.98157 

8.99449 

9.00704 

9.01923 

,84 

6 

9.01923 

9.03108 

9.04262 

9.05385 

9.06480 

9.07548 

9.08589 

,83 

7 

9.08589 

9.09606 

9.10599 

9.I1569 

9.12518 

9.13447 

9-H355 

182 

8 

9-H355 

9.15249 

9.16116 

9.16970 

9.17807 

9.18628 

9-19433 

81 

9 

9-19433 

9.20223 

9.20999 

9.21760 

9.22509 

9-23244 

9.23967 

80 

lO 

9.23967 

9.24677 

9.25376 

9.26063 

9.26739 

9.27404 

9.28059 

79 

II 

9.28059 

9.28704 

9.29339 

9-29965 

9.30581 

9.31189 

9.31787 

h 

12 

9.31787 

9.32378 

9-32959 

9-33533 

9.34099 

9-34657 

9-35208 

177 

13 

9.35208 

9-35752 

9.36288 

9.36818 

9-37341 

9.37857 

9.38367 

I76 

14 

9-38367 

9.38871 

9-39368 

9.39860 

9-40345 

9.40825 

9.41299 

|75 

15 

9.41299 

9.41768 

9.42231 

9.42689 

9.43142 

9-43590 

9-44033 

,74 

i6 

9-44033 

9.44472 

9.44905 

9-45334 

9-45758 

9.46178 

9-46593 

;73 

17 

9-46593 

9-47004 

9.4741 1 

9.47814 

9.48212 

9.48607 

9.48998 

172 

i8 

9.48998 

9-49385 

9.49768 

9  50147 

9-50523 

9-50895 

9.51264 

171 

19 

9.51264 

9.51629 

9.51991 

9-52349 

9.52704 

9-53056 

9-53405 

!7o 

20 

9-53405 

9-53750 

9-54093 

9-54432 

9-54768 

9.55102 

9-55432 

169 

21 

9-55432 

9-55760 

9.56085 

9.56407 

9.56726 

9-57043 

9-57357 

^68 

22 

9-57357 

9.57668 

9-57977 

9.58284 

9.58587 

9.58889 

9.59187 

;67 

23 

i  9-59187 

9-59484 

9.59778 

9.60070 

9.60359 

9.60646 

9.60931 

166 

241 

9.60931 

9.61214 

9.61494 

9.61772 

9.62048 

9.62322 

9.62594 

|65 

^5 

9.62594 

9.62864 

9.63132 

9.63398 

9.63662 

9-63924 

9.64184 

;64 

26 

9.64184 

9.64442 

9.64698 

9.64952 

9.65205 

9-65455 

9.65704 

I63 

27 

9.65704 

9.65951 

9.66197 

9.66440 

9.66682 

9.66922 

9.67160 

62 

28 

9.67160 

9-67397 

9.67632 

9.67866 

9.68098 

9.68328 

9.68557 

61 

29 

9-68557 

9.68784 

9.69009 

9.69233 

9.69456 

9-69677 

9-69897 

60 

30 

9.69897 

9-70115 

9.70331 

9.70546 

9.70760 

9-70773 

9.71183 

59 

31 

9.71183 

9-71393 

9.71601 

9.71808 

9.72014 

9.72218 

9.72421 

58 

32 

9.72421 

9.72622 

9.72822 

9.73021 

9-73219 

9-73415 

9.73610 

57 

33 

9.73610 

9.73804 

9-73997 

9.74188 

9-74379 

9-74568 

9.74756 

56 

34 

9-74756 

9.74942 

9.75128 

9.75312 

9-75496 

9-75678 

6.75859 

I55 

35 

9-75859 

9.76039 

9.76217 

9-76395 

9-76572 

9-76747 

9.76921 

154 

36 

9.76921 

9-77095 

9.77267 

9-77438 

9.77609 

9-77778 

9.77946 

j53 

37 

9.77946 

9-78113 

9.78279 

9.78444 

9.78608 

9-78772 

9.78934 

152 

38 

978934 

9-79095 

9-79255 

9.79415 

9-79573 

9.79730 

9-79887  :5x 

39 

9.79887 

9.80042 

9.80197 

9.80351 

9.80503 

9.80655 

9.80806  150 

40 

9.80806 

9.80956 

9.81106 

9.81254 

9.81401 

9.81548 

9.81694  49 

41 

9.81694 

9-81839 

9.81983 

9.82126 

9.82268 

9.82410 

9.82551  |;48 

42 

9.82551 

9.82691 

9.82830 

9.82968 

9.83105 

9.83242 

9-83378  147 

43 

9-83378 

9-83513 

9.83647 

9.83781 

9.83914 

9-84045 

9-84177  ii46 

44 

9.84177 

9-84307 

9-84437 

9.84566 

9.84694 

9.84821 

9-84948 

45 

'  ID 

1 

60' 

50' 

40' 

30' 

20' 

10' 

0' 

LOG.VRITHM   COSIXE. 

45 


;>:>« 


ORDNANCE  MANUAL. 


/  i 

74 

76 

7S 

"V 

So 

81 

S; 
S- 
^4 

S  ; 

s- 


9.84948 
9.S5693 
9.86412 

9.87107 
9.87778 
9.S8425 

9.89050 
9.89653 
9.90234 
9.90795 
9.91336 
9.91857 
9.92359 
9.92842 
9.95306 

9-93753 
9.94181 

9-94593 
9.949S8 
9.95366 
9.95-27 
9.96073 
9.96402 
9.96716 
9.97015 
9.9-298 

9.97567 

9. 97  S  20 
9.98059 
9.9S284 

9. 98  494 
9.98690 
9.98872 
9.99040 
9.99194 

9-993  35 

9- 99462 

9-99  57  5 
9.99675 

999-61 
999834 
9  99894 

9  9994^ 
9  'yV'r3 
')■')')')')-{ 


Lor,.\RiTHMS  Sine. 

10' 

20' 

30' 

40' 

50' 

60' 

1 
9.85074   9.85199 

9.85324 

9.85448 

9.85571 

9.85693 

44 

9.85815 

9-85936 

9.86056 

9.86175 

9.86294 

9.86412  ! 

43 

9.86530 

9.86647 

9.86763 

9.86878 

9.86993 

9.87107 

42 

9.S7220 

9-87333 

9-87445 

9-87557 

9.87667 

9.87778  ! 

41 

9.87887 

9.87996 

9.88104 

9.88212 

9.88319 

9.88425 

40 

9.88531 

9.88636 

9.88740 

9.88844 

9.88947 

9.89050 

39 

9.89152 

9.89253 

9-89354 

9.89454 

9-89554 

9.89653 

I38 

9.89751 

9.89849 

9-89946 

9.90043 

9.90139 

9.90234 

\H 

9.90329 

9.90424 

9.90517 

9.9061 1 

9.90703 

9-90795 

I36 

9.90887 

9.90978 

9.91068 

9.91158 

9.91247 

9.91336 

:35 

9.91424 

9.91512 

9-94599 

9.91685 

9.91771 

9.91857 

134 

9.91942 

9.92026 

9.92110 

9.92194 

9.92276 

9.92359 

33 

9.92440 

9.92522 

9.92602 

9.92683 

9.92762 

9.92842 

i32 

9.92920 

9.92998 

9.93076 

9-93^53 

9.93230 

9.93306 

131 

9.93382 

9-93457 

9-93532 

9.93606 

9.93679 

9-93753 

3° 

9-93825 

9.93898 

9.93969 

9.94040 

9.94111 

9.94181 

:29 

9.94251 

9.94321 

9.94389 

9.94458 

9.94526 

9-94593 

I28 

9.94660 

9.94726 

9.94792 

9-94858 

9-94923 

9.94988 

I27 

9.95052 

9.95115 

9.95179 

9.95241 

9-953°4 

9-95366 

,26 

9.95427 

9.95488 

9-95548 

9.95608 

9.95668 

9-95727 

I25 

9.95786 

9.95844 

9.95902 

9-95959 

9.96016 

9.96073 

124 

9.96129 

9.96184 

9.96239 

9.96294 

9-96348 

9.96402 

1^3 

9.96456  9.96509 

9.96561 

9.96613 

9.96665 

9.96716 

'22 

9.96767  1  9.96817 

9.96867 

9.96917 

9.96966 

9.97015 

'21 

9.97063  ;  9.97111 

9.97158 

9.97205 

9.9725a 

9-97298 

20 

9-97344  ;  9-97389 

9-97434 

9.97479 

9-97523 

9-97567 

|z9 

9-97610  9-97653 

9-97695 

9-97737 

9.97779 

9.97820 

1^8 

9.97861  1  9.97901 

9.97942 

9.97981 

9.98020 

9.98059 

!i7 

9.98098  1  9.98136 

9.98173 

9.98210 

9.98247 

9.98284 

>6 

9.98320  1  9-98355 

9.98391 

9.98425 

9.98460 

9.98494 

\^s 

9.98528 

9.98561 

9-98594 

9.98626 

9.98658 

9.98690 

i^^l- 

9.98721 

9.98752 

9.98783 

9.98813 

9.98843 

9.98872 

^3 

9.98901 

9.98930 

9.98958 

9.98986 

9.99013 

9.99040 

|l2 

9.99067 

9.99093 

9.99119 

9.99144 

9.99169 

9.99194 

|ll 

9.99219  I  9.99243 

9.99266 

9.99289 

9.99312 

9-99335 

10 

9-99357  1  9-99378 

9.99400 

9.99421 

9.99441 

9.99462 

9 

9.99481   9.99501 

9.99520 

9-99539 

9-99557 

9-99575 

8 

9.99592  9.99610 

9.99626 

9.99643 

9.99659 

9.99675 

7 

9.99690  9.99705 

9.99719 

9-99734 

9-99748 

9.99761 

6 

9-99-'74  ;  9-99787  '  9-99799 

9.99811 

9-99823 

9-99834 

5 

9.99845   9.99855  9.99865 

9-99875 

9.99885 

9-99894 

4 

9.99902    9.999II    9.99918  !  9.99926 

9-99933 

9.99940 

3 

9.99946  9.99952  9.99958  :  9.99964 

9.99968 

9-99973 

2. 

9  99977  '  9-99981   9-99985  1  9-99988 

9.99991 

9-99993 

I 

9  99995  9-99997  9-99998 

9.99999 

9.99999 

0 

.')'»' 

lJ1_ 

30' 

20' 

10' 

0' 

I 

J.oG  vuiTii.M  Cosine. 


LOGARITHMS    OF   TANGENTS. 


639 


Logarithms  Tangent. 


0' 

10' 

20' 

30' 

40' 

50' 

60' 

i 

o 

7.46372 

7.76476 

7.94085 

8.06580 

8.16272 

8.24192 

89 

I 

8.24192 

8.30888 

8.36689 

8,41806 

8.46384 

8.50526 

8.54308 

88 

2 

8.54308 

8.57787 

8.61009 

8.64009 

8.66816 

8.69452 

8.71939 

87 

3 

8.71939 

8.74292 

8.76524 

8.78648 

8.80674 

8.82610 

8.84464 

86 

4 

8.84464 

8.86243 

8.87952 

8.89598 

8.91184 

8.92715 

8.94195 

85 

5 

8.94195 

8.95626 

8.97013 

8.98357 

8.99662 

9.00929 

9.02162 

84 

6 

9.02162 

9.03360 

9.04528 

9.05665 

9.06775 

9.07857 

9.08914 

83 

7 

9.08914 

9.09946 

9.10955 

9. 1 1 942 

9.12908 

9.13854 

9.14780 

82 

8 

9.14780 

9.15687 

9.16577 

9.17449 

9.18305 

9. 19146 

9.19971 

81 

9 

9.19971 

9.20781 

9.21578 

9.22360 

9.23130 

9.23887 

9.24631 

80 

lO 

9.24631 

9.25364 

9.26086 

9.26796 

9.27496 

9.28185 

9.28863 

79 

II 

9.28865 

9-^9534 

9.30195 

9.30846 

9.31488 

9.32122 

9-32747 

78 

12 

9.32747 

9-33364 

9-33973 

9-34575 

9.35169 

9-35756 

9-36336 

77 

13 

9-36336 

9.36909 

9-37475 

9-38035 

9.38588 

9.39136 

9.39677 

76 

14 

9.39677 

9.40212 

9.40741 

9.41265 

9.41784 

9.42297 

9-42805 

75 

IS 

9.42805 

9.43308 

9.43805 

9.44298 

9.44787 

9.45270 

9-45749 

74 

i6 

9-45749 

9.46224 

9.46694 

9.47160 

9.47622 

9.48080 

9-48533 

73 

17 

9-48533 

9-48983 

9.49429 

9.49872 

9.50310 

9.50746 

9.51177 

72 

i8 

9.51177 

9.51605 

9.52030 

9.52452 

9.52870 

9-53285 

9.53697 

71 

19 

9-53697 

9.54106 

9-54511 

9.54914 

9-553H 

9-55712 

9.56106 

70 

20 

9.56106 

9.56498 

9.56887 

9-57273 

9-57657 

9.58038 

9.58417 

69 

21 

9-58417 

9.58794 

9.59168 

9-59539 

9.59909 

9.60276 

9.60641 

68 

22 

9.60641 

9.61003 

9.61364 

9.61722 

9.62078 

9-62433 

9.62785 

67 

^3 

9.62785 

9-63135 

9-63483 

9.63830 

9.64174 

9.64517 

9.64858 

66 

24 

9.64858 

9.65197 

9-65534 

9.65870 

9.66204 

9.66536 

9.66867 

65 

25 

9.66867 

9.67196 

9.67523 

9.67849 

9.68174 

9.68496 

9.68818 

64 

26 

9.68818 

9.69138 

9-69456 

9.69773 

9.70089 

9.70403 

9.70716 

63 

27 

9.70716 

9.71028 

9.71338 

9.71647 

9-71955 

9.72262 

9.72567 

62 

28 

9.72567 

9.72871 

9.73174 

9.73476 

9-73777 

9.74076 

9-74375 

61 

29 

9-74374 

9.74672 

9-74968 

9.75264 

9-75558 

9.75851 

9-76143 

60 

30 

9.76143 

9-76435 

9.76725 

9.77014 

9.77303 

9-77590 

9.77877 

59 

31 

9.77877 

9.78163 

9-78447 

9.78731 

9.79015 

9-79293 

9-79578 

58 

32 

9-79578 

9-79859 

9.80139 

9.80418 

9.80697 

9-80974 

9.81251 

57 

33 

9.81251 

9.81527 

9.81803 

9.82078 

9.82352 

9.82625 

9.82898  I56 

34 

9.82898 

9.83170 

9.83442 

9-83713 

9-83983 

9.84253 

9.84522 

55 

35 

9.84522 

9.84791 

9.85059 

9.85326 

9-85593 

9.85860 

9.86126 

54 

36 

9.86126 

9.86391 

9.86656 

9.86920 

9.87184 

9-87448 

9.87711 

53 

37 

9.87711 

9.87974 

9.88236 

9.88498 

9.88759 

9.89020 

9.89281 

52 

38 

9.89281 

9.89541 

9.89801 

9.90060 

9.90319 

9.90578 

9.90836 

15^ 

39 

1  9  90836 

9.91095 

9.91352 

9.91610 

9.91867 

9.92121 

9.92381 

50 

40 

9.92381 

9.92637 

9.92894 

9-93149 

9-93405 

9.93661 

9.93916 

49 

41 

1  9-93916 

9.94171 

9-94497 

9.94680 

9-94935 

995189 

9-95443 

48 

42 

9-95443 

9.95697 

9.95926 

9.96205 

9-96458 

9.96712 

9-96965 

47 

43 

■  9-96965 

9.97218 

9.97471 

9.97725 

9-97978 

9.98230 

9.98484 

46 

44 

1  9.98484 

9-98736 

9.98989 

9.99242 

9.99494 

9-99747 

0.00000 

45 

I 

63' 

50' 

40' 

30'       20' 

10' 

0' 

iOGARTTiiM  Cotangent. 


i\A.\«i;    MANUAL 


'■'    1 

■2n'      j   ;;o' 

"^^5o  '0-758 

4:)' 

50' 

CO' 

■ 

Pi 

.  ■  :  :;  i  '  ^^ 

o.oioio 

0.01263 

O.OI516 

44 

.  I  -f-'f 

'--    -~   i  0-C2275 

0.02528 

0.02781 

0.03034 

43 

■    ; :  ^ " 

-;U'  0-23794 

0.04048 

0.04302 

0.04556 

42 

.  4X1    : 

■  N  64  :  0.05319 

0-05573 

0.05828 

0.06083 

41 

'■;"'/ 

6;94  ]  0.C6S50 

0.07106 

0.07362 

0.07618 

40 

Si  32  0.08389 

0.08647 

0.08904 

0.09163 

39 

•  ' ,  4  --■  I 

:-A^o!o.c9939 

0.10199 

0.10458 

0. 107]  6 

58 

.  I  ',-  ;   ' 

1  I  240  '  0. 1  I  502 

0. 1 1763 

0.  12025 

0.12288 

37 

I  ;  ;  ;  i 

1 ;S I ^   0. 1  30^9 

0.13543 

0.13608 

0.13873 

36 

1  -r  1  "r  / 

14-r  (^     --1 4^'" 3  ,  0.14940 

0.15208 

0-15477 

35 

i  ,  -  :''   : 

iC, ,  16  1  0.16286 

0.16557 

0.16829 

0.17101 

34 

i-()4-  '  0.  1-921 

0. 18196 

O.1S472 

0.18748 

.33 

.  I  ,  ;  ;   : 

19302  C.19581 

0.19860 

0.20140 

0.20421 

;32 

. :  -  ; 

z?9S4  0.21268 

0.21  ^52 

0.21836 

0.22122 

31 

.:.:.;.  j     •;. 

2^696  0. 22985  Q.23274 

0.23564 

0.23856 

30 

.:4).,N   .. 

-4441   0.24-35 

0.25031 

0.25327 

0.25624 

29 

2'.. 22   C.26523 

0.26825 

0.27128 

0.27432 

^28 

.---;- 

zS,^4  C.28352 

0.28661 

0.28971 

0.29283  1 

27 

.:.,:',♦.   : 

2yy.:<   0.3:226 

0-30543 

0.30861 

0.311S1 

26 

.  ',  I  ^  5 

3.SZ6   0.32150 

0.32476 

0.32803 

Q.3313^! 

-5 

■  ■  •  -;- '  ^ 

3rv-  0.34129 

0.34465 

O.3.4S02 

0.35141  1 

24 

:--.■•■.;   ,-.. 

^^^^5  0.36.69 

0.36516  '  0.36864 

0.37214! 

-3 

,  :-.-''- 

;-',:.!   0.382-7 

0.38635 '  0.38996 

0-39359 

22 

■■"-""   ' 

4  -9'  -.4046,0  :  0.40S31  ^  0.41205 

0.41582  , 

21 

■►1  , '  I 

J  :  ;  ;  2  '.42-- 6  '  0.43112  '  o.j.3501 

0.43893  "20 

—  T  "" 

4-r''^N  •^.-^;o85  0.4548S  0.45893 

0.46302   ;   19 

-t '  "  '  + 

--'-'^   '---n4^  ;  0.4-969 

0.48394 

O.4SS22    '18 

•-■  ■-  f 

4'. '■•••>•   :-^.i:-  ^-5-570 

O.5IO16 

0.51466   '   17 

'  ■''' 

^"-"'"    '-^-''5.'    ■■^■53305,0.53775 

0.54250      16 

.  -  _.  ■  ■  - . 

-  -■-  '  5    '   ■  ^^'      I     ,  0.  -6194  ,  0.56692 

0.57194 

15 

"■^-^!^   -.--;-'-;|  o..-;92;8   0.^9787 

0.60322 

14 

'  N.,.:. 

''i4>i    •''!',  64  0.62324 

0.63090 

0.63663 

>3 

'■-1'^  V    •  .  6^424   r,.6602() 

0.66635 

0.67252 

12 

.1.  ■  \  -  - 

'^-11   '.(:■•)[  r-'^ 

0.69804 

0.70465 

0.71134 

II 

-INI.; 

'■-'■     '■>          ■"■>--•] 

-73';i3 

0-74635 

0.75368 

10 

-'.^  V   _.-:6;9 

0.38422  0.79218 

0.80028 

!  9 

■  ^  ^  -  ^ 

Mf"/4   -.82,-50 

0.8  3422  0.84312 

0.85219 

8 

■• ' '  I  ,  ; 

>•"  ^')i       ._ .  8  S :: :;  - 

0.89044 

0.90053 

0.91085 

7 

■ '  --  '  -^  ' 

'  '-^^   -■'/43U 

0.95471 

0.96639 

0.97838 

i  6 

.  -^         I 

;;-  .._!642 

1.02986 

1.04373 

I. 05804 

5 

~  ' .;   1 

^  M  ;;   1.1-4,1 

1.12047 

i-'3-56 

1-15535 

4 

1 '  ■  '  ,   1 

I  -  ■,  -. ;   I .  .•>.  I  ;  :;  I 

1.234-3 

T.  2  5  707 

1.28060 

■  3 

' 

"  ,  '  -f   I  .  -,  ;(;i,  : 

1.  3^9'yo 

1,42212 

I. 456. I 

1  2 

:  •  '   I 

'  s  ■  ^  1   1  .,'■''':  .: 

i.''33'o  1.69.11 

1.75807 

!  I 

■  . '   1 

'•■■.'>   -•■"-5<y'4 

-■-35-3 

a.5;6;7 

1° 

INDEX. 


ACCIDENTS :  Precautions  against,  in  laboratory,  256. 

ACCOUTREMENTS,  Infantry:  Nomenclature,  227.— Dimensions,  230.— Rifle, 
228.— Cavalry,  229.— Artillery,  229.— Weights,  223. 

ACETATE  OF  LEAD:  A  white  salt  of  a  sweetish  taste;  spec.  grav.  2.345,  261. 

AIR,  ATMOSPHERIC :  Density,  ^1  ^  to  gig  ^^  ^^^^  ^^  water,  438,  482. 

ALLOYS  :  Of  various  metals,  composition,  425. — Of  coins,  448. 

ALTITUDE:  Above  the  level  of  the  sea,  of  Washington,  St.  Louis,  Santa  Fe, 
and  San  Antonio,  463. 

AMMUNITION:  For  Small  Arms,  266.— Dimensions  and  weights,  270.  For 
Field  and  3Iountain  Guns,  271. — Fixing,  277. — Packing,  278. —  Dimensions  and 
weights,  279.  For  Siege  and  Garrison  Guns,  282. — Dimensions  and  weights,  287. 
— Preservation  and  storage,  316. — Breaking  up  unserviceable,  317. — Quantity  in 
each  ammunition-chest,  335,  336. — Quantity  for  field-train,  362;  for  siege-train, 
365;  for  armament  of  forts,  369. 

AMMUNITION-CHESTS:  For  Field-Carriages :  Nomenclature,  53.— Bill  of 
timber,  84. — Bill  of  iron,  94. — Dimensions  and  weight,  77. — Interior  arrange- 
ment, 332,  333.— Contents,  335,  336.— Weights,  packed,  359.— Boards  for  interior, 
360.  For  Mountain-Howitzers :  Nomenclature,  57. — Dimensions  andweight,  75. — 
Bill  of  timber,  87. — Bill  of  iron,  98. — Interior  arrangement,  334. — Contents,  336. — 
Contain  700  musket-cartridges,  363. — Number  for  a  battery,  363. 

ANGLE  OF  SIGHT,  NATURAL:  Definition,  15.— Of  guns,  19,  20. 

ANIMAL  POWER:  The  working-power  of  men  and  horses,  455,  471. 

ANTHRACITE  COAL :  Quality ;  Weight  per  cubic  foot,  429. 

ANTIMONY:  Spec.  grav. ;  Melting-point;  Impurities,  261. 

ANVIL-BLOCK,  for  Portable  Forge :  Dimensions  and  weight,  130. 

APPENDAGES  FOR  MUSKETS:  Nomenclature,  180.— Inspection,  189. 

AREAS  :  Of  plane  and  curved  surfaces,  474,  475. — Tables  of  areas  of  circles,  496. 

ARITHMETICAL  PROGRESSION:  Formula  for,  478. 

ARMAMENT  OF  FORTIFICATIONS:  Guns,  carriages,  and  ammunition  re- 
quired for,  369. 

ARMORER'S  TOOLS:  Number  for  arsenals,  211.— For  field-park,  363. 

ARMS,  SIDE:  Nomenclature,  322. — Dimensions  and  weights,  324. — Sparc  parts 
for  repairs,  326. 

45»  541 


IJ 


INDKX. 


ARMS.    SMALL:     X..monrlaturc,  177.- T);mcrsior.s    and    weights,    183.— In- 

„/,.,-  ,„.,,.   .„.,„-:,    is;;.— IJrnwuiii-,    19;'..— Packin.ir,    194.— Preservation    in 

^.  ,.,,  j,,.,  l-^iiiii-,  19<.— Pres(  rvatinn  in  service,  199.- Inspection  of  arms  in 
.,.,,:",,,  •j,i;,..  -  i;ei.-.ir.s  L'OG.— Irreparable,  207.— Of  foreign  countries,  407. 

ARTILLERY  :  Proportion  of,  for  a  field-train,  3(52.— For  a  siege-train,  364.— For 
aniiuiiriit  of  forts.  :;()9. — For  mountain-service,  3G^3. 

ARTILLERY-PRACTICE:  Ranges,  384.— Initial  velocities,  393.— Loss  of  velo- 
,;!y  fv  uiiida-e,  ;;'.).i.— Penetration  in  masonry,  390.— In  oak,  396.— In  fascines  and 

,s,,'.'."in-j.   -Will,  hot  shot,  i(i;;. 

ARTILLERY-SWORD,    Foot  :    Nomenclature,    222.— Dimensions    and  weight, 

ASH.  WHITE  :  Properties :  Uses,  40.5.— Strength  ;   Spec,  grav.,  431. 
ATMOSPHERE:  Weight  of,  per  s(iuarc  inch,  450. 
AXE.  FELLING:   Dimensions  and  weight,  130. 
AXLE-TREES:   Dimensions  and  weights  of  different  kind?,  6^^.. 

B. 

BABBITT'S  METAL:  Ceanposed  of  tin,  9  parts,  copper,  1  part,  425. 
BALANCE,  Common:   For  weighing,  409. 

BALLISTICS:   Fquation  of  the  trajectory  in  vacuo,  480.— In  air,  483. 
BALLS:    l.-nd :  Diameters  and  weights,  30.- Manner  of  making,  266.— Pene- 
tration. 2(;("..     Cnyt  Iron:  Diameter    and  weight,  34— 37.— Specific  gravity,  37. — 
Coinputatiou  of  weight,   3,7. —Inspection,   38.— Piling,   40.— Tables  of  piles,   42.— 
Pcnrtratiou.  :;'.h). 

BARBETTE-CARRIAGES:  Xomenclature,  03.— Dimensions  and  weights  of: 
]','■■■■  I.  n,  :^.  79,  S2;  Irnii,  s;',.— P.ills  of  iron,  10  L— 108.— Implements  and  equip- 
i:e-iits  ;'.71. — .Mvchanieal  mananivres.  '.'>S(). 

BAR-IRON:  Manufacture,  I  H.— Properties,  410.— Tests,  418.— Strength,  432. 
'-  ShiariuLT.  i;'..''. —  Piinrhiug,  4;'.3. 

BAROMETER:   Measurements  of  heights  by  means  of,  402. 

BARRELS  OF  MUSKETS:    How  made,   181.— Dimensions  and  weight,  183.— 
In-iHctinii  .III,!  ],ro.,f.  1- !.- -P.rowning,  l',)3. — Strength  and  durability,  207. 
BARRELS,    POWDER:   FalTieati.in,  2  !0.— Dimensions.  241. 
EARS:   .ManuMivring.  e'levating,  jiineh.  truck,  roller:   Dimensions^  Weights,  137. 
BASKET,  for  mortar-service:   Dimensions  and  weight,  130. 
BASS-WOOD:    I'roperiies,  tOO.— Strength  j   Spec,  grav.,  431. 
BATTERY,   './•  /V, /,/-.!,  ^7/,/-y  .-  Composition,  362.— Ammunition,  302.— Moun- 
i.,,i:  '■i.\Mi. '.;-■,  ;;r,;;.      (;„/r<n,!(;  the  best,  250. 

BATTERY-WAGON:  Xom  nelature,  51.— Dimensions  and  weights,  77.— Bill  of 
'•'!:'  I.  ^1'.  Pill  of  iron,  97.— Ivpiipmenl  for  lield-battery,  341.— Equipment  for 
i:    :  i   >  -:.'..  ;:i^.-\V..i-ht<  paeked.  300. 

BAYONET  :    .Vu./..  t :  Xomenelature,  179.— Length,  and  weight,  183.— Inspection, 
'      •      '    '   ■■'■■    Noiii.  nelnture.  177. — Length  and  weight,  183. 
BAYONET-SCABBARD:  Nomenclature;  Length,  227. 
BEAMS:   Iran-,,  r^c  ^treu.uth  :  Deflection,  430. 
BEAUME'S  AREOMETER:  Scale  in  eouivaleut  spec,  grav.,  440. 


INDEX.  543 

BEECH:    White:  Bed:  Used  for  saddle-trees,  fuzes,  etc.,  405.— Strength,  431. 

BELL-METAL :  Composed  of  copper,  28  parts,  tin,  22  parts,  425, 

BELLOWS  :  for  field-forge  :  Nomenclature,  50. — To  put  it  in  place.  50. 

BELTS:  Cartridge-box,  227.— Waist,  228.— Sword  shoulder,  228.— Sabre,  229. 

BILLET,  Leather :  Definition,  143. 

BILL-HOOK:  Dimensions  and  weight,  130. 

BILLS :  Of  timber  for  artillery-carriages,  84.— Of  iron,  89. 

BITUMINOUS  COAL :  Kinds,  428.— Qualities  of;  Weight,  429. 

BLACK  STAIN,  for  wood:   Composition;  Application,  174. 

BLOCKS  AND  ROLLERS,  for  mechanical  manoeuvres :  Dimensions  and  weights, 
121. 

BLUE  LIGHTS:  Preparation,  307.— Composition  for,  307,  327. 

BOARDS  :  Measurement  of,  446.— Table  of  superficial  feet  of,  411. 

BOILING-POINTS,  of  liquids,  458. 

BOLTS :  Classification  and  dimensions,  71,  72. 

BOOKS  :  For  siege-equipment,  368. 

BOOTH'S  PATENT  GREASE  for  axles :  Composition,  176. 

BORMANN  FUZE  :  Fabrication,  296.— Dimensions,  297. 

BOXES:  For  packing  muskets,  194. — Rifles,  195. — Small-arm  cartridges,  270. 
— Musket-balls,  270. — Field-ammunition,  279. — Percussion-caps,  302. 

BRASS :  Composition  of,  425. — Strength  and  specific  gravity,  432. 

BREECH-SIGHT  :  For  heavy  guns,  130.— Graduations,  138. 

BRIDLE:  For  Artillery,  144.— For  Mountain-Artillery,  151,— For  Cavalry,  155, 
— W^eight,  163,  167. 

BRONZE:  Composition,  22.— Properties,  22.— Analysis,  23.— Use  in  laboratory, 
262.— Strength  ;  Spec,  grav.,  432. 

BROOM,  for  mortar-batteries  :  Hickory  or  birch,  weight  3.75  lbs,  130. 

BROWNING  ARMS:  Instructions  for,  193. 

BROWNING-MIXTURE,  for  gun-barrels  :  Composition,  193. 

BUCKLES,  143.— Classification,  164. 

BUCKSHOT  CARTRIDGES,  contain  15  buckshot,  266.— Dimensions,  270. 

BUDGE-BARREL:  Fabrication;  Dimensions;  Weight,  130. 

BURNS :  Application  for,  257. 

c. 

CAISSON :  Nomenclature,  46. — Dimensions  and  weights,  77. — Bills  of  timber, 
85. — Bill  of  iron,  95. — Equipment  for  field,  337. — Weight,  equipped,  359. — Number 
of  rounds  of  ammunition,  359. — Number  with  a  field-battery,  362. 

CANISTERS:  For  Field- Service  :  Fabrication,  275. — Dimensions  and  weights, 
279.  For  Siege  and  Garrison  Service,  284. — Dimensions  and  weights,  287. — Pre- 
servation and  storage,  316. 

CANISTER-SHOT:  Dimensions  and  weights,  36.— Storage,  316. 

CANNON  :  For  siege-train,  364. 

CAPS,   Paper:  For  field-ammunition,  276. 

CAPS,  Percussion,  for  small  arms  :  Fabrication,  299. — Packing,  302. — Weight, 
303.— Materials  for,  303. 


;-,j|  INDEX. 

CAP-POUCH:  Xomcnclature;  Dimensions,  227. 

CARBINE  :   N'o  nuxlcl  adopted  ;  several  kinds  in  service,  177. 

CARBINE-SLING  :  Xomeuclature  ;  Dimensions,  229. 

CARBINE  THIMBLE,  158. 

CARRIAGES:  Mnintndature:  Field,  44. — Prairie,  54. — For  mountain-howitzer, 
56. — Sie;re.  oU. — Mortar-wagons,  01. — Barbette,  63. — Casemate,  65. — Flank  defence, 
M.  JUinnisioHs  and  Weujhtu :  Field,  74,  77. — Siege,  76,  77. — Wooden  barbette, 
7S,  7'.».— Culumbiad  barbette,  82. — Preservation,  67.  Bills  of  Timber :  Field,  84. — 
Mountain-howitzer,  87. — Siege,  88.  Bills  of  Iron:  Field,  89. — Mountain-howit- 
ypr,  ys. — ."^iegc,  100. — Barbette,  104. — Casemate,  109.  Number  for  a  field-battery, 
20:'. --For  a  siege-train,  .S64. — For  armament  of  fortifications,  369. 

CART,  Prairie  Ammunition:  Nomenclature,  56. — Track,  56.  Sling:  Nomen- 
claturi',  112. — Dimensions  and  weights,  119. — Bills  of  timber,  122. — Mechanical 
m:ui(i'ii\res,  '.'SI. 

CARTRIDGE-BAGS  :  For  Fidd-Gnns,  271,  279.  For  Siege  and  Garrison  Guns, 
2Sl*. — Dimensions,  287. — Preservation  and  storage,  316. 

CARTRIDGE-BLOCKS:  For  Field-Guns :  Fabrication,  272;  Dimensions,  279. 
Fm-  Sir;/,  ,111(1  Gdrrifon  Guns,  283. — Dimensions,  287. 

CARTRIDGE-BOX:  Infantry,  227,  230.— Rifle,  228,  230.— Cavalry,  229,  230. 

CARTRIDGES  :  For  Small  Arms:  Making,  266.— Dimensions  and  weights,  270. 
—  l;l;ink,  I't;;*. — Preservation  and  storage,  316.  For  Field-Guns :  Dimensions  and 
wei;,'lits,  27!». — For  ricochet  firing,  283. — Preservation  and  storage,  316. — For 
proving  ordnance,  283.  For  Siege  and  Garrison  Guns,  282. — Dimensions  and 
weij:!its.  2s:._l»icservation,  316. 

CASE-HARDENING :  Mode  of,  420. 

CASEMATE-CARRIAGES:  Nomenclature,  65.— Dimensions  and  weights:  Of 
w.H.d.n.  SO,  SI.— Iron,  82,  83.— Bills  of  iron,  109.— Equipment,  371.— Mechanical 
uiiiiiii'tivri'.-.  37'.'. 

CASEMATE-GIN:  Nomenclature,  112.— Dimensions  and  weights,  119.— Bill 
of  liinbrr.  122.— P.ill  of  iron,  124.— Mechanical  manoeuvres  with,  378. 

CASEMATE-TRUCK:  Nomenclature,  115.— Dimensions  and  weight,  119. 

CASK-GAUGING  :  llulcs  for,  470. 

CAST  IRON:  For  guns,  21.— Spec.  grav. ;  Tenacity,  25.— Strength  of,  432. 

CAVALRY-SABRE:  Nomondature,  222.— Dimensions  and  weights,  224. 

CENTRES  OF  GRAVITY:  Of  lines;  areas;  solids:  To  determine,  477. 

CHAINS  :  Classification  and  dimensions,  72.— Weight ;  Strength,  440. 

CHAPE,   Leather:  Definition,  143. 

CHARCOAL:  Preparation,  237,  258,  427.— Properties,  237,  258,  428. 

CHARGES:  For  proving  ordnance,  30.— For  proving  small  arms,  184.— For 
s.n.-^Il  :mn,s  27().-For  field-service,  279.— For  siege  and  garrison  service,  287.— 
For  H.M-,-hrll.«  and  spherical  case  shot,  279.— For  large  shells,  287. 

CHASSIS:  liarhrtto:  Nomenclature,  64.— Dimensions  and  weights,  78,  79,  82, 
S...     I  ,..,. >„!.':  NoiM.Miclaturc,  00.— Dimensions  and  weights,  80,  81,  82,  83. 

CHEMICAL   EQUIVALENTS  of  elementary  bodies,  430 

CHLORATE  OF  POTASSA:  Density;  Purity;  IIow  purchased,  260. 

CHOCKS:   I-orcas.matc-carriage,  130.-Gun  ;  Wheel;  Roller,  121. 


INDEX.  545 

CIRCLES  :  Tables  of  areas  and  circumferences,  496. 
CLEANING:  Arms,  202.— Swords,  226. 

COAL  :  Charcoal,  427.— Bituminous,  428.— Anthracite,  429.— Weights,  429. 
COAL-BOX:  For  field-forge,  51. 
COAL-SACK:  For  portable  forge,  130. 
COAL-TAR  :  IIow  obtained,  429.— A  lacker  for  guns,  172. 
COEHORN  MORTAR:  Dimensions  and  weight,  21.— Bed,  67. 
COINS  :    United  States  :  Dimensions,  weights,  and  alloy,  448.     Foreign,  453. 
COKE  :  How  made  ;  Qualities,  429. 

COLORED  FIRES  :  Preparation,  323. — Composition  for,  327. 
COLUMBIADS:  Nomenclature,  15,  16. — Dimensions  and  weights,  18,  20. 
COLUMNS  :  Strength  of,  435. 
COMBUSTIBLES  :  Heating-powers  of,  461. 
CONDUCTORS :  Lightning,  252.— Of  electricity,  best,  457. 
CONE-PICK:  Steel  wire  No.  18;  carried  in  cap-pouch,  227. 
COPPER:    For   manufacture  of  bronze  guns,  22.— For  laboratory-use,  262.— 
Tinning,  425.— Strength  of,  432. 
CUBES  :  Tables  of,  496. 

CURRYCOMB:  Nomenclature;  Dimensions  and  weight,  159. 
CYLINDERS:  Torsional  strength  of,  437,  438.— Area,  475.— Solidity,  476. 
CYPRESS:  Properties;  Uses,  406.— Strength;  Spec,  grav.,  431. 

D. 

DECORATIONS,  for  rockets  :  Stars,  serpents,  streamers,  etc.,  311. 

DENSIMETER,  Mercury  :  Description  and  use,  242. 

DIALS,   Sun  :  Construction  of,  463. 

DISJUNCTOR :  Use  of,  in  the  Electro-Ballistic  Pendulum,  250. 

DISMOUNTING  small  arms,  199. 

DISPART:  Definition,  15.— Of  guns,  19,  20. 

DOG-WOOD  :  Properties  ;  Uses,  406.— Strength  ;  Spec,  grav.,  431. 

DRAG-ROPE  :  Dimensions  and  weight,  130. 

DRAWING-PAPER:  Dimensions  of,  148. 

DYE  for  blacking  belts  :  Composition  ;  Preparation,  175. 

E. 

EFFECTS  of  shot  on  cast  iron,  402. 

ELECTRICITY  :  Relative  conducting-powers  of  metals,  457. 

ELECTRO-BALLISTIC  PENDULUM  :  Description,  249.— Use,  250. 

ELM:  Used  for  fellies  and  small  naves,  405. — Strength;  Spec,  grav.,  431. 

EMBRASURE-SHUTTERS  :  Number  of,  for  siege-train,  367. 

EQUATION  OF  TIME,  464. 

EQUIPMENT:  Of  field-carriages,  337.— Of  prairie-carriages,  338.— Of  moun- 
tain-howitzer, 338. — Of  forge  for  field-batterj',  339. — Of  battery-wagon  for  field- 
battery,  341. — Of  forge  for  park,  346. — Of  battery-wagon  for  park,  348. — Of  forge 


540  INDEX. 

for  mountain-howitzer,  358. — Of  field-train,  361. — Of  siege-train,  364. — Of  fortress- 
carriages.  370. — Of  mortar-batteries,  371. 

EXPANSION:  Of  shot,  when  heated  red  hot  for  firing,  404.— Of  various 
bodies  by  beat,  459. 

EYE-PINS :  Dimensions  of,  73. 

P. 

FALLING  BODIES :  Motion  of,  465. 

FASCINES,  Pitched  :  Preparation,  304.— Preservation,  317. 

FELLING-AXE:   Dimensions  and  weight,  130. 

FIELD-CARRIAGES:  Xumenclature,  44.— Dimensions  and  weights,  74.— Bills 
of  timber,  84.— Bills  of  iron,  89.— Equipment,  337.— Weights,  359.— For  field-train, 
302,  363. 

FIELD-GIN:  Xomenclature,  111. — Dimensions  and  weights,  119. — Bills  of  timber, 
122. — Bill  of  iron,  123. — Mechanical  manoeuvres,  378. 

FIELD-PARK  :  Composition  of,  363. 

FIELD-TRAIN:  How  regulated;  Composition  of,  361. 

FILES  :   Kind  ;  Dimensions  ;  How  to  select,  423. 

FIRE-BALLS  :  Fabrication,  306.— Preservation  in  store,  317. 

FIREWORKS  :  Ornamental,  319.— Compositions  for,  327. 

FIXED  AMMUNITION :  Manner  of  making,  277.— Weights  and  dimensions,  279. 

FLANK  DEFENCE  CARRIAGE  :  Nomenclature,  06.— Dimensions  and  weights, 
80,  81. 

FOOT-POUND :  Definition,  465. 

FORAGE  :  AVeights  of  diff'erent  kinds,  456. 

FORGE:  Field:  Nomenclature,  48. — Dimensions  and  weights,  77. — Bill  of 
tim1»er,  85.— Bill  of  iron,  95.— For  field-battery,  339.— For  field-park,  346.— 
Weiulits.  e()uipped,  360.     Portable:  Nomenclature,  58. — Weight,  75. 

FORGE-BUCKET  :  For  portable  forge,  131. 

F0RMUL31 :  In  mechanics,  464. — In  mensuration,  474. — In  trigonometry,  478. 

FRACTIONS  of  a  pound  :  Equivalents  in  ounces,  452. 

FREEZING-POINTS,  of  liquids,  461. 

FRICTION:  Laws  of,  409.— Of  plane  surfaces  upon  each  other,  470. 

FRICTION-PRIMERS:  Fabrication,  298.— Packing, 299.— Preservation  in  store, 
317. 

FRIGORIFIC  MIXTURES  :  How  made,  462. 

FULMINATE  OF  MERCURY :  Preparation  of,  300.— Preservation,  301. 

FULMINATING-POWDER :  Composition  of ;  Manipulation,  260. 

FUNNEL;   Dimensions  and  weight,  131. 

FURNACES  :  For  laboratory,  255.— For  heating  shot,  403. 

FUZE-IMPLEMENTS:  Cutter,-  Extractor;  Setter;  Saw;  Mallet:  Dimensions 
and  weights,  131. 

FUZE-PLUGS  :  For  heavy  guns,  289. 

FUZES:  For  Mortar- Slxdh :  Fabrication,  293.— Dimensions  and  weights,  297. 
For  JJ cavil  (Juiix:  Fabrication,  294.— Packing,  295.— Dimensions  and  weights,  297. 
For  Firhf-Omi^:  Fabrication,  295.— Dimensions  and  weights,  297.— Preservation 
in  store,  317. 


INDEX.  647 

G. 

GARRISON-GIN:  Nomenclature,  111. — Dimensions  and  weights,  119. — Bills  of 
timber,  122. — Bill  of  iron,  124. — Mechanical  manoeuvres,  378. 

GAUGES  :  For  shot  and  shells,  35.— For  rifle  musket,  215.— For  rifle,  220.— For 
gunpowder,  242. 

GAUGING  CASKS :  Rules  for,  476. 

GEOMETRICAL  PROGRESSION :  Law  of,  478. 

GIN-FALLS  :  Dimensions  and  weight,  119. 

GIN-HANDSPIKES:  Nomenclature,  136.— Dimensions  and  weight,  137. 

GINS  :  Nomenclature,  111. — Dimensions  and  weight,  119. — Bills  of  timber,  122. 
■ — Bill  of  iron,  123. — Mechanical  manoeuvres,  378. 

GLUE :  Qualities  of,  264.— To  dissolve,  265. 

GOLD  RAIN  :  How  made,  311.— Composition,  327. 

GOMER-CHAMBER:  Definition,  15. 

GRAPE  :  Stands  of,  284.— Dimensions  and  weights,  287. 

GRAPE-SHOT:  Dimensions  and  weights,  36. 

GRATES  for  heating  shot,  403. 

GRAVITY :  Specific,  of  fluids,  438.— Force  of,  465.— Centres  of,  of  lines,  areas, 
solids,  477. 

GREASE:  For  carriage- wheels,  176.— Booth's  patent,  176. 

GRENADES  :  Hand ;  Rampart,  36.— Firing  from  mortars,  285. 

GROMMETS  :  or.  Ring-wads  :  How  made  and  attached,  286. 

GUM  ARABIC :  Qualities  and  preparation  of,  264. 

GUM,  BLACK:   Properties  and  uses,  406.— Strength  ;  Spec,  grav.,  431. 

GUN-CARRIAGES  :  Field  :  Nomenclature,  44.— Dimensions  and  weights,  74.— 
Bills  of  timber,  84.— Bills  of  iron,  89.— Equipment,  337.— Weights,  equipped,  359. 
Siege  :  Nomenclature,  59. — Dimensions  and  weights,  76. — Bills  of  timber,  88. — Bills 
of  iron,  100. — Equipment,  366.  Barbette,  icooden  :  Dimensions  and  weights,  78,  82. 
— Equipment,  371.  Iron:  Nomenclature,  63. — Dimensions  and  weights,  83. — Bill 
of  iron,  104. — Equipment,  371.  Casemate,  wooden  :  Dimensions  and  weights,  80. — 
Equipment,  371.  Iron :  Nomenclature,  65. — Dimensions  and  weights,  S3. — Bill  of  iron, 
109. — Equipment,  371.  Moxintain-Hoicitzer  :  Nomenclature,  56. — Dimensions  and 
weight,  75. — Bill  of  timber,  87. — Bill  of  iron,  98. — Equipment,  338,  Prairie :  Nomen- 
clature, 54. — Preservation  of,  67. — Dimensions  and  weights,  74. — Equipment,  338. 
GUN-METAL:  Bronze,  22.— Cast  iron,  24.— Wrought  iron  and  steel,  25.— 
Strength  ;  Spec,  grav.,  432. 

GUNNER'S  IMPLEMENTS:  Gimlet;  Callipers;  Haversack;  Perpendicular, 
131. — Pincers;  Quadrant;  Sleeve;  Dimensions  and  weights,  432. 

GUNPOWDER  :  Kinds,  234.— Materials,  234.— Manufacture,  238.— Proportions, 
249.— Granulating,  239.— Glazing,  240.— Drying,  240.— Packing,  240.— Round, 
241. — Inspection  and  proof,  242. — Qualities,  242. — Size  of  grain,  242. — Density, 
242. — Analysis,  244. — Restoring  unserviceable,  245. — Preservation,  storage,  and 
transportation,  245. — Foreign,  247. — Pressure  of,  in  guns,  473. 

GUNS  :  Dimensions  and  weights,  18,  19,  20. — Proof,  30.— Preservation  of,  33.— 
Ranges,  284-287. 

GUN-SLING :  Dimensions,  228. 


5455  INDEX. 

H. 

HALE'S  ROCKETS:  Fabrication,  314.— Dimensions,  315.— Ranges,  395. 
HALTER  :  For  Artillery,  144.— For  Mountain-Artillery,  151.— For  Cavalry,  156. 
HAND-BARROW:  Nomenclature.  117. 

HANDBILL  :  (see  Bill-Hook  :)  Dimensions  and  weights,  130. 
HAND-CART:  Xomenclature,  115. — Dimensions  and  weights,  119. 
HAND  SLING-CART:  Xomenclature,  114.— Dimensions  and  weights,  119. 
HANDSPIKES :  Nomenclature,  136. — Dimensions  and  weights,  137. 
HARNESS  :  For  Field  and  Siege  Carriages  :  Nomenclature,  142.— Required  for 
tacli  h(.r.<e,  103.— Weight,  163.— Dimensions  of  parts,  165.— Inspection  of.  159.— 
31aterials  for  making,  1C6.— Storage,  160.— Spare  parts  for  repairs,  345,  351.— For 
a  liatUTv.  362.     For  Mountain-Service:  Nomenclature,  151. — Weight,  75. 

HAUSSE,  Pendulum,  for  Field-Service:  Description  of,  132.— Graduations  for,  133. 
HAVERSACK,   Gunner's:  Dimensions  and  weights,  131. 
HAY:  Dimon?ions  and  weights  of  bundles,  456. 

HEAT,  458.— Expansion  of  various  substances  by,  459.— Conduction  of,  459.— 
SpLvilic:  Latent,  460.— Of  combustion  of  different  substances,  461. 

HEIGHTS  :  Measurement  of,  by  barometer,    462.— Of  Washington,   St.  Louis, 
.Saute  Fo,  San  Antonio,  403. 
HICKORY:  Properties;  Uses,  405.— Strength;  Spec,  grav.,  431. 
HORSE-BRUSH:  Nomenclature,  158.— Dimensions  and  wei-ht,  159 
HORSE-POWER:  550  lbs.  raised  1  foot  in  1  minute,  465,  472. 
HORSES  :  Number  required  for  a  field-battery,  362.— Number  required  for  a  sie-e- 
tram,  ;;(;.J._Work  of,  455.— Work  done  by,  471. 
HORSESHOEING:  General  directions  for,  162. 

HORSESHOES:    Nomenclature;    Dimensions    and    weights,    161.     Horseshoe- 
uaifs:  Nomenclature;  Weights,  161. 

HOT  BLAST :  Use  of  increases  the  yield  of  iron,  412 
HOT  SHOT:   Firing,  403.-Expansion  of,  404. 

HOWITZERS:   Kinds  and  calibres,  13.-Nomenclature,  16.-Principal  dimen- 
sums  an.l  wei.^hts,  18,  20.-Inspection,  28.-Proof,  30.-Preservation,  33. 

S^^^tl!^^^'^^^^-  ^^'"^^^^"tute  for  the  lifting-jack:  Dimensions,  weight,  117. 
HYDRAULIC  RAMS  :  Proportions  of,  467. 
HYDROMETER:   Construction;  Dimensions;   Use,  439. 

I. 

ICE:   ."Strength  <,f  different  thicknesses  of  46'> 

IMPLEMENTS:    F.r  Field,  Mountain.  Siege: and  Garrison  Serriee  :   Nomencla- 

r      1  Dnnens.ons   and   weights,  13S._Pre,servation   in   store,  140.-Bill  of 

tnnbor^Ml.     K,,d  and  N.nnl.rr  :  For  field-carriages.  337.-For  prairie-carriages, 

:;;r-V'-'-7'''r       '*'"'■''  •'^•^'^-^^°^-  ^iege-earnages,  366.-For  fortress-car- 
ri.i-'-.  .,,11.  ..,  i._|,„r  firinir  Jiot  shot,  403. 

INCLINED  PLANE:   Power  of  46S 

INFANTRY  ACCOUTREMENTS  :  Nomenclature  ;  Dimensions  and  weights,  227, 
-•'".- .\latuial,<  lur  making,  231. 


INDEX.  549 

INITIAL  VELOCITIES  :  Of  cannon-balls,  393.— Of  lead  balls,  394,— Formula  for 
computing,  485. 

INJURIES  of  ordnance,  caused  by  service,  31. 

INSPECTION:  Of  ordnance,  27.— Of  shot  and  shells,  38.— Of  harness,  159.— 
Of  small  arms,  183. — Of  barrels,  184. — Of  small  arms  which  have  been  in  service, 
205. — Of  swords,  225. — Of  gun-carriage  iron,  417. 

INSTRUMENTS :  For  inspecting  ordnance,  25.— For  inspecting  shot  and  shells, 
38. — For  siege-train,  368. — For  armament  of  forts,  373. 

IRON,  BAR:  Manufacture;  Properties  and  test,  416. — Forging,  417. — Strength, 
432.— Tables  of  weight,  441-443. 

IRON,  CAST:  For  guns,  24.— Specific  gravity;  Tenacity,  25.— Varieties,  412.— 
Properties,  412. — Strength  ;  Spec,  grav.,  432. 

IRON  PIPES  :  Weight  of  different  sizes,  444. 

IRON  WIRE:  Strength  of  different  sizes  of,  434. 

IRON,  WROUGHT:  For  guns,  25.— Strength ;  Spec,  grav.,  432. 

IRREPARABLE  ARMS,  207. 

ISSUE  OF  ARMS,  198. 

J. 

JACK:  Lifting:  Nomenclature,  116. — Dimensions  and  weight,  120.  Hydraulic: 
Dimensions  and  weight,  117.  Screw :  For  field-service :  Dimensions  and  weight, 
134.     Lever :  Nomenclature,  117. — Dimensions  and  weight,  120. 


KIT:  Composition;  Preparation,  175. 
KNOTS  :  How  to  tie  them,  374. 

L. 

LABORATORY :  Buildings  for,  254.— Fixtures  and  furniture,  254— Materials, 
257.— Tools  and  implements,  328. 

LACKER :  For  iron  ordnance,  172. — For  small  arms,  173. — For  bright  work,  173. 

LADLES:  Fabrication,  129. — Dimensions  and  weights,  138. — Number  required, 
366,  370. 

LANCES:  Fabrication,  319.— Composition  for,  327.— Rate  of  burning,  327. 

LANYARD  for  friction-primers  :  Dimensions  and  weight,  132. 

LARIAT:  Dimensions  and  weight,  159. 

LASHING-ROPE  for  mountain-howitzer:  Dimensions  and  weight,  153. 

LAYER,  Leather:  Definition,  143. 

LEAD  :  Properties,  261. — Purity,  how  known ;  To  reduce  oxide,  261. — Strength ; 
Spec,  grav.,  431. 

LEAD  BALLS  :  Diameters  and  weights,  36. — To  compute  weight  of,  37. — Fabri- 
cation, 266. — Preservation,  316. 

LEADERS  for  fireworks  :  How  made,  323. 

LEATHER:  Kinds  of,  142. — Quality  for  harness  and  cavalry  equipments,  159. — 
Required  for  one  set  of  harness,  166. — For  accoutrements,  230. — Quantity  for  ac- 
coutrements, 231. 

46 


550  TNBEX. 

LEG-GUARD:  Nomenclature,  J 50.— Weight,  163. 

LEVER  :  Power  of,  408. 

LEVER-JACK:  ISToraenclature,  117. — Dimensions  and  weight,  120. 

LIFTING-JACK:  Nomenclature,  116.— Dimensions  and  weight,  120. 

LIGHT  ARTILLERY  SABRE :  Nomenclature,  222.— Dimensions,  weight,  224. 

LIGHT-BALLS:  Fabrication,  307. 

LIGHTNING-RODS:   Best  materials  for,  252.— To  put  up,  252. 

LIGHTS:  Fabrication,  320.— Compositions  for,  327. 

LIMBER:  Nomenclature:  Field,  45. — Prairie,  55. — Siege,  60.  Dimensions  and 
Weights:  Field  and  prairie,  74. — Siege,  76.  Bills  of  Timber:  For  field,  84. — For 
siege.  88.     Bills  of  Iron  :  For  iield,  93.— For  siege,  102. 

LIMBER-CHEST :  For  travelling-forge  and  battery-wagon,  54.— Weights,  77. 

LINCH-PINS  :  Dimensions  and  weights,  69. 

LINE  OF  SIGHT,  Natural:  Definition,  15.— Of  guns,  19,  20. 

LINES :  Mensuration  of,  474. 

LINIMENT,  for  burns,  257. 

LINK:  Dimensions  and  weight,  159. 

LOCK-CHAINS,  for  field  and  siege  carriages  :  Dimensions,  70. 

LOCK,  MUSKET  :  Nomenclature,  177.— Inspection,  186.— To  take  apart,  200.— 
To  clean,  202. 

LOGARITHMS,  478.— Of  numbers,  516.— Of  circular  parts,  537. 

LOOPS,  Iron,  143.— Classification,  164. 

M. 

MACHINES  for  siege  and  garrison  service:  Nomenclature,  111. — Dimensions 
and  weights,  119,  120. — Number  for  siege-train,  367. — Number  for  garrison,  372. 

MAGAZINES  for  gunpowder:  Arrangement;  how  entered;  aired;  guarded,  246. 

MAGNETIC  NEEDLE :  Declination,  at  different  places  ;  Dip,  463. 

MAN(EUVRING-HANDSPIKE  :  Nomenclature,  136.—Dimensions,  weights,  137. 

MARKS  :  On  ordnance,  31.— On  musket-barrels,  186.— On  musket-locks,  187. — 
On  mu^^kcts.  187. — On  powder-barrels,  244. 

MARRONS  :  Fabrication  and  use,  312. 

MATCH:  Slow:  Uses;  Preparation,  290.      Quick:   Uses;  Preparation,  291. 

MATERIALS:  Required  for  making  accoutrements,  231. — For  laboratory-use, 
257.— For  10,000  friction-primers,  299.— For  1,000,000  caps,  303.— For  constructions, 
405. — For  repairing  siege-carriages,  307. — For  repairing  fortress-carriages,  372. — • 
Strength  of;  Specific  gravity  of,  431-433. 

MATHEMATICAL  formula)  and  data,  474. 

MAUL  for  driving  pickets  :  Dimensions  and  weight,  132. 

MEASUREMENT  of  timber,  410. 

MEASURES:  United  States:  Length,  445.— Surface,  445.— Solidity,  446.— Ca- 
pacity, 440.— Weight,  447.— Value,  448.  Foreign:  Length,  448.— Surface ;  So- 
lidity ;   Capacity,  450.— Weight,  451.— Value,  453. 

MECHANICAL  MANOEUVRES,  376.— With  gins,  378. 

MECHANICAL  POWERS,  468. 

MELTING-POINTS  of  solids,  458. 


INDEX.  651 

MEN:  Working-power  of,  455,  471. 

MEN'S  HARNESS :  Dimensions  and  weight,  132. 

MENSURATION  of  timber  and  boards,  410,  446. 

MERINO,  for  cartridge-bags,  264. 

METALS  :  For  constructions.  Storage  and  preservation,  426. — Strength,  432. — 
Relative  malleability  ;  Ductility  ;  Capacity  of  conducting  electricity,  457. — Expan- 
sion by  heat,  459. 

METRES :   Length  of,  449,  454.— Table  for  reduction  to  inches,  493. 

MONEY:  United  States,  448.— Foreign,  453. 

MORTAR-BEDS :  Nomenclature,  67. 

MORTARS  :  Kind  and  calibres,  13. — Nomenclature,  15. — Dimensions  and  weights, 
18,21.— Proof,  30.— Preservation,  33.— Beds,  67.— Platforms,  117, 120.— Implements 
and  equipments,  366. — Mechanical  manoeuvres,  381. 

MORTAR-WAGON:  Nomenclature,  61. — Dimensions  and  weights,  77. — Bill  of 
timber,  88.— Bill  of  iron,  103. 

MOULDS,  for  wads  :  Dimensions,  287. 

MOUNTAIN-HOWITZER:  Dimensions  and  weight,  21.  Carriage:  Dimensions 
and  weight,  75. — Packing,  153. — Composition  of  a  battexy,  363. 

MOUNTINGS:  For  3fusJcet :  Nomenclature,  178.— Inspection,  188.— Cleaning, 
203.     ForRiJle:  Nomenclature,  179. 

MUSICIAN'S  SWORDS :  Nomenclature,  223.— Dimensions  and  weights,  224. 

MUSKET:  Rifle:  Nomenclature,  177. — Dimensions  and  weight,  183.  Model 
of  1842  :  Nomenclature,  179. — Dimensions  and  weight,  183. — Inspection,  183. — 
Packing,  194.      Cadet :  Nomenclature,  179. — Dimensions  and  weight,  183. 

MUSKET-CARTRIDGES :  Fabrication,  266.— Bundling,  268.— Packing,  268. 

N. 

NAILS:    Wrought  and  Cat :  Dimensions,  73.     Horseshoe:  Weight,  161. 
NAVE-BOXES :  Dimensions,  69. 
NEEDLE,  MAGNETIC :  Declination  and  dip,  463. 

NON-COMMISSIONED  OFFICER'S  SWORD:  Nomenclature,  223.— Dimensions 
and  weight,  224. 
NON-COMMISSIONED  OFFICER'S  SWORD-BELT:  Dimensions,  228. 
NOSE-BAG:  Nomenclature;  Dimensions,  150. 
NUTS:  Dimensions  and  weights,  71. 

o. 

OAK,  WHITE:  Properties;  Uses,  405.— Strength;  Spec,  grav.,  432. 

OATS  :  Weight  of  a  bushel ;  Of  a  cubic  foot,  456. 

ORDNANCE:  Kinds  and  calibres,  13.— Definitions  of  parts,  14.— Nomencla- 
ture, 15. — Designation,  17. — Principal  dimensions  and  weights,  18,  19,  20,  21. — • 
Inspection,  27. — Proof,  29. — Marks,  31. — Injuries  in  service,  31. — Spiking  and 
unspiking,  32. — Preservation,  33. — Proportion  for  a  field-train,  362. — For  a  siege- 
train,  364.— Of  England,  488.— Of  France;  Belgium,  489.— Spain ;  Prussia,  490. 
Russia;  Sweden,  491.— Saxony ;  Austria,  492.— Of  the  Navy  of  the  United  States,492. 


552  INDEX. 


p. 


PACKING:  Small  arms,  194.— With  straw,  196.— Swords,  226.— Small-arm 
cartridges,  268. — Musket-balls,  269. — Cartridge-bags,  271. — Field-ammunition, 
278. — Ammunition-boxes,  281. — Percussion-caps,  302. 

PACKING-BOXES:  For  muskets,  191.— For  rifles,  193.— For  small-arm  car- 
tridges, 270. — For  musket-balls,  270. — For  field-ammunition,  279. — For  portfires, 
297. — For  percussion-caps,  302. — For  war-rockets,  315. 

PACKS,  for  mountain-service:  Weights,  75. 

PACK-SADDLE:  Nomenclature,  151.— AVeight,  75.— Bill  of  timber,  87.— Bill 
of  iron,  99. 

PAINT:  Preparation  and  composition,  169. — Brainard's,  171. — Quantity  and 
kind  required  for  a  carriage,  176. 

PAPER,   Laboratory:   Kinds;  Proof j  Dimensions  and  weights,  263. 

PAPER  SHELLS:   Fabrication,  321.— Dimensions  and  weights,  326. 

PARK,  FIELD  :  Composition  of,  363. 

PASS-BOX  :  Dimensions  and  weight,  132. 

PASTE:  To  prepare  the  different  kinds  of,  264. 

PENDULUM,  Ballistic :  Used  to  determine  initial  velocities,  243. 

PENDULUM,  Captain  Benton's  :  Description,  249.— To  use,  250. 

PENDULUM-HAUSSE  :  Description  of,  132.— Graduations,  133. 

PENDULUMS:  Length  of,-  Time  of  vibration  of,  466.  ItevoJviny  :  Time  of 
revolution,  467. 

PENETRATION:  Of  Shot :  In  masonry,  396.— In  oak,  396,  399.— In  earth, 
397.— In  granite  and  brick,  401.— In  fascines  and  wool,  402.  Of  Shells,  397.  Of 
Small  Anns,  402.      Of  Sjiherical  Projectiles,  485. 

PENT-HOUSE:  Nomenclature,  117.— To  put  on,  117.— Bill  of  lumber,  126. 
—Bill  of  iron,  127. 

PERCUSSION-CAPS:  Fabrication,  299.— Packing,  302.— Number  required  for 
cartridges,  268. 

PETARD:  Use;  Fabrication;  Effects;  Substitute  for  a,  315.— For  ornamental 
fireworks.  321. 

PEWTER  :  Composed  of  tin,  4  parts,  lead,  1  part,  425. 

PICK-AXE  :  Dimensions  and  weight,  132. 

PIG  IRON :  Process  of  manufacture,  412.— Strength,  432. 

PILING  BALLS,  40.— To  find  the  number  in  a  pile,  40.— Tables  of  piles,  42. 

PINE  :  White,  pitch,  yellow  :  Properties,  405.— Strength  ;  Specific  gravity,  432. 

PINTLE:  Weight  of:  Barbette,  79,  82.— Casemate,  81. 

PINTLE-CROSS  :  For  temporary  batteries,  117. 

PIPES :  Thickness  of,  434,  435.— Weight  of  iron,  444. 

PISTOL  :  A  repeating,  issued  to  the  cavalry  and  light  artillery,  177. 

PISTOL-CARBINE:  Nomenclature,  180.— Dimensions  and  weight,  183. 

PITCH  :  How  made  ;  For  what  used,  430. 

PITCH  CEMENT:   Composition,  175. 

PITCHED  FASCINES  :  Preparation  of,  304.— How  used,  305. 

PLANTON'S  COMPOSITION  for  preserving  wood  or  iron,  173. 

PLATES  :  Cartridge-box,  227.— Waist-belt,  228.— Sabre-belt,  229. 


INDEX.  553 

PLATFOEM,  for  siege  guns  and  raortars,  117.  — Dimensions  and  weights,  120. 

PLATFORMS  :  For  Siege-Guns  :  Nomenclature,  117. — Dimensions  and  weights, 
120. — Bills  of  timber,  122.  For  Slcge-Mortars  :  Nomenclature,  117. — Dimensions 
and  weights,  120.— Bills  of  timber,  122. 

PLUMMET,  for  mortars :  Line  and  Bob,  weight  1  lb,,  134. 

POINTING-WIEE,  for  mortars:   Iron  wire  No.  7,  20  inches  long,  134. 

POLE-PAD:  Nomenclature;  Use;  Preservation,  150. 

POPLAR,  White:  Properties;  Uses,  405. — Strength;  Spec,  gravity,  432. 

PORTABLE  FORGE,  for  mountain-howitzers:  Nomenclature,  58, — Weight,  75. 

PORTFIRES:  Fabrication,  292.— Packing,  293.— Preservation  in  store,  317. 

POWDER.    (See  Gunpowder,  234.) 

POWDER-BARRELS  :  Fabrication,  240.— Dimensions,  241. 

POWDER-MEASURES:  Description;  Dimensions;  Weights,  134. 

POWERS  OF  NUMBERS  :  Tables  of,  496. 

PRAIRIE-CARRIAGE :  Nomenclature,  54.— Dimensions  and  weights,  74. — 
Equipment,  338. 

PREPONDERANCE:  Definition,  15.— Of  guns,  18,  19.— Of  howitzers,.21. 

PRESERVATION:  Carriages,  67.— Implements,  140.— Harness,  1  60.— Small 
arms,  197. — Small  arms  in  service,  199. — Ammunition  and  fireworks,  315. — Metals, 
426.— Finished  work,  426. 

PRESSURE-PISTON,  Captain  Rodman's  :  Description  and  use,  251. 

PRIMERS,  FRICTION:  Fabrication,  298.— Packing,  299.— Number  required  for 
field-ammunition,  335. — For  siege,  365. — For  forts,  370. 

PRIMING- WIRE,  for  field  and  garrison  guns :  Dimensions  and  weights,  134. 

PROGRESSION  :  Arithmetical  and  geometrical,  478. 

PROJECTILE:  Motion  of:  In  vacuo,  480.— In  the  air,  482.     Penetration,  485. 

PROLONGE:  Description;  Dimensions;  Weight,  134. 

PROOF:  Of  ordnance,  29.— Of  shot  and  shells,  39.— Of  musket-barrels,  184.— 
Of  springs,  186. — Of  swords  and  sabres,  225. — Of  gunpowder,  242. — Of  chains,  440. 

PULLEY :  Power  of,  468. 

PULLEY-BLOCKS,  for  gins  :  Nomenclature,  111,  112. 

PUNCHING  METALS  :  Force  required  for,  433. 

PYROMETER,  Wedgewood's  :  Scale,  458. 

Q. 

QUANTITY  OF  WORK  :  Definition,  465.— Done  by  men  and  horses,  471,  472. 
QUICK-MATCH  :  Preparation,  291.— Preservation  in  store,  317. 
QUOIN,  for  siege-mortars :  Dimensions;  Weight,  134. 

R. 

RACKS,  for  small  arms,  197. 

RAIN:  Quantity  that  falls  annually,  463.— Of  fire,  311.— Gold,  311. 
RAMMER-HEADS:  Fabrication,  128.— Dimensions  and  weights,  138. 
RAMMERS:  Fabrication,  128.— Dimensions  and  weights,  138. 
RAMRODS:  Nomenclature,  178.— Inspection,  188. 

46-:^ 


554  INDEX. 

EANGES:  Of  field-guns,  384,  385,  386.— Of  mountain-howitzers,  386.— Of 
siege-guns,  387. — Of  heavy  guns,  387. 

KASPS  :  Kinds  and  sizes,  423. 

RATIONS  :  Weight  and  bulk  of,  456. 

RECOIL  of  iron  carriages  :  IIow  regulated,  393. 

RED-HEAT   of  iron  :  Temperature  of,  458. 

REPAIRS  :  Of  small  arms,  206.— Of  swords,  226.— Of  accoutrements,  231. 

REPORT  OF  INSPECTION  :  Of  musket-barrels,  192.— Of  powder,  244. 

RESISTANCE  of  the  air  to  motion  of  projectiles,  482. 

RIFLE:  Xomcnclature,  179.— Dimensions  and  weight,  183. 

RIFLE-MTJSKET :  (see  Musket:)  Nomenclature,  177. — Dimensions,  weight,  183. 

RINGS:  For  Chains:  Dimensions,  73.  For  Strappinrj  Shot  and  Shells  :  Dimen- 
sions, 273. 

RIVETS:  Classification  and  dimensions,  72.— Copper,  231. 

ROCKETS,  SIGNAL:  Fabrication,  308.— Decorations  for,  311.— Dimensions  and 
weights,  313. 

ROCK-FIRE  :  Preparation,  303. — Preservation  in  store,  317. 

ROMAN  CANDLES  :  Fabrication,  322. 

ROPES  :  Size,  how  designated,  426.— Quality,  264,  426.— Strength,  426.— Preser- 
vation, 427. 

ROSIN:  IIow  obtained ;  Its  quality,  430. 

s. 

SABOTS  :  For  Fldd-Guns  :  Fabrication,  272.— Dimensions,  279.  For  Siege  and 
Garrison  Guns  :  Fabrication,  283.— Dimensions,  287.      0/  Shavings,  289. 

SABRES:  Nomenclature,  222.— Dimensions  and  weights,  224. 

SADDLE-BAGS:  Nomenclature,  158.— AVeight,  168. 

SADDLE-BLANKET:  Quality,-  Dimensions  and  weight,  158. 

SADDLES  :  Artillery  :  Driver's,  145.— Valise,  146.— Weight,  163.  Cavalry,  156. 
—Weight,  107. 

SAFE,  LEATHER  :  Definition,  143. 

SALTPETRE:  Properties,  234.— Where  found,  235.— Test  of  crude,  235.— Refin- 
ing, 235. — Test  of  refined,  236. — Pulverizing,  236,  257. — Purity  for  gunpowder,  237. 

SCRAPER,   for  siege-mortars  :  Dimensions  and  weight,  134. 

SCREW  :  Mechanical  power  of,  469. — Table  of  wood-screws,  424. 

SCREW-JACK,   for  field-service:  Dimensions  and  weight,  134. 

SERPENTS,  for  rockets:   Fabrication,  311.— Weight,  314. 

SHAFTS,  for  mountain-howitzer  carriage,  57. 

SHEARING  METALS  :  Force  required  for,  433. 

SHEET  IRON  :  Qualities,  421.— Thickness  and  weights,  422. 

SHEET  STEEL:  Qualities,  421.— Thickness  and  weights,  422. 

SHEET  TIN  :  Manufacture,  421.— Dimensions,  422. 

SHELLS  :  Dimensions  and  weights,  34. — To  compute  the  weight  of,  37. — To 
find  the  quantity  of  powder  to  fill,  37. — General  directions  for  fabricating,  37. — In- 
spection, 38.— Piling,  40.— Charging,  274,  279.— Strapping,  283.— Filling,  284.— 
Unloading,  318.— Twinges.  38.')  -3S0._P..netrations,  397. 


INDEX.  555 

SHELL-HOOKS  :  Dimensions  and  weight,  134 

SHOD  HANDSPIKES:  Nomenclature,  136.— Dimensions  and  weights,  137. 

SHOT:  Dimensions  and  weights,  34. — To  compute  weight  of,  37. — Inspection, 
38. — Piling  and  preservation,  40. — Strapping,  273. — Ranges,  3S4. — Penetrations, 
396,  402.— Expansion  when  heated,  404. 

SHOVEL:  Nomenclature;  Dimensions  and  weight,  135. 

SIEGE- ARTILLERY  :  Gu»8  :  Kind,  13.— Dimensions  and  weights,  18,  19,  20.— 
Proportion  in  a  siege-train,  364.  Carriages  :  Nomenclature,  59. — Dimensions  and 
weights,  76.— Bills  of  timber,  88.— Bills  of  iron,  100.— Equipment,  366. — Mecha- 
nical manoeuvres,  377. 

SIEGE-CARRIAGES :  Nomenclature,  59.— Dimensions  and  weights,  76,  77.— 
Equipment,  366. 

SIEGE-TRAIN  :  Composition  of,  364. 

SIEVES  :  For  laboratory,  325.— For  gunpowder,  242. 

SIGNAL-ROCKETS:  How  denominated,  308.— Fabrication,  309.— Dimensions 
and  weights,  313. — Decorations  for,  311. — Preservation  in  store,  317. 

SINES  :  Tables  of  natural,  535. — Tables  of  logarithms  of,  537. 

SLING-CARTS:  Nomenclature,  112. — Dimensions  and  weights,  119.  Hand: 
Nomenclature,  114. — Dimensions  and  weights,  119. — Bill  of  timber,  122. — Bill  of 
iron,  125. 

SLING-CHAINS:  Description;  Length,  114.— Weight,  119. 

SLOW-MATCH :  Preparation  and  packing,  290. — Preservation  in  store,  316. 

SMALL  ARMS:  Nomenclature,  177. — Dimensions  and  weights,  183. — Inspec- 
tion, 183. — Packing,  194. — Care  in  store,  198. — Repairs,  206. — For  armament  of 
forts,  370. — Of  foreign  countries,  487. 

SMELTING  IRON  :  Process  of;  Fuel  and  flux  used  in,  412. 

SOLDER  :  Silver  ;  Hard  ;  Plumber's ;  Tinner's ;  Pewterer's ;  Composition,  425. 

SOLDERING,   Liquor  for :  Composition,  425. 

SOLIDS  :  Expansion  by  heat,  459. — Mensuration,  476. — Centre  of  gravity,  477. 

SOUND :  Velocity,  about  1100  feet  in  a  second,  456. 

SPARE  PARTS  :  For  repairs  of  small  arms,  209.— Swords,  226.— Accoutrements, 
231. — Field-carriages  and  equipments,  363. — Siege-carriages,  367. — Fortress-car- 
riages, 372. 

SPATULA,  for  mortars:  Dimensions  and  weight,  134. 

SPECIFIC  GRAVITIES  :  Of  fluids,  438. 

SPHERICAL  CASE  SHOT :  Dimensions  and  weights,  35.— For  rifled  guns,  35. 
— Inspection,  39. — Filling  and  charging ;  Charge  for  firing;  Weights,  fixed,  275-279. 
— Packing,  281. — Proportion  in  ammunition-chest,  335. — For  a  battery,  362. — For 
a  siege-train,  365. — Ranges  and  time  of  flight,  384. — Initial  velocity,  399. — Velo- 
cities of,  at  X  distance  from  the  gun,  483,  484. 

SPIKING  GUNS :  Manner  of,  32.— To  fire  spiked  guns,  32. 

SPLICING  ROPES  :  Manner  of,  376. 

SPONGE-BUCKET  :  Nomenclature  ;  Dimensions  and  weight,  135. 

SPONGE-COVERS :  Fabrication,  129.— Dimensions  and  weights,  138. 

SPONGE-HEADS:  Fabrication,  ] 28.— Dimensions  and  weights,  138. 

SPONGES :  Fabrication,  128.— Dimensions  and  weights,  138.— For  mortars,  140. 


;);)(>  !NDKX. 

SPURS:   XoineiK'lature  ;  Dimensions  :ui<I  weiglit,  158, 

SQUARES  AND  ROOTS  of  numbers,  1 ',)(;. 

STARS,    lor  nickets:   Fabrication,  31  I  .—Compositions,  ,'527. 

STAVES,   for  implements:  Fabrication,  12'J.— Dimensions,  138. 

STEAM:   Ehistic  force  of,  473.— Steam  horse-power,  472. 

STEEL:  (iuns.  2'). — .Manufacture,  418. — Kinds  and  properties,  419. — Hardening 
and  ifni]icrinj;.   111). — Strength,  432. 

STEEL,  CAST:  Manufacture j  Properties;  Test  of,  419.— Strength ;  Specific 
gravity,   l.'!2. 

STEEL,   PUDDLED:   :\ranufacturc  ;  Properties;  Strength,  418. 

STEEL,   SHEAR:    Kinds;  Manufacture,  418. 

STOCKS,  MUSKET  :  Nomenclature,  178.— Inspection,  189. 

STORE-TRUCK:  Xomenclature,  116.— Dimensions  and  weights,  119. 

STRAPPING  shot  and  shells :  Different  modes  for :  Field,  273.— Siege  and  Gar- 
rison, 283. 

STRAPS,  for  strapping  shot  and  shells  :  For  field-guns,  273-279.— -For  siege 
and  garrison  guns,  287. 

STREAMERS,  for  rockets  :  Fabrication,  311.— Composition,  327. 

STRENGTH:  Of  iron  for  guns,  24.— Of  musket-barrels,  207.— Of  materials,  431, 
432. — Of  cliaitis,  410. — Of  lienip  and  iron-wire  ropes,  434. — Of  ice,  462. 

STRENGTH  OF  MATERIALS:  Tensile;  Transverse;  Resistance  to  compression, 
431,   il2. — Hesistauce  to  punching  and  shearing,  433. 

SULPHUR:  M'here  found,  237.— Properties,  238.— Refining,  238.— Pulverizing, 
238,  2.?J. 

SUN-CASES:  Fabrication,  320.— Composition  for,  327.— Dimensions;  Rate  of 
burning.  326. 

SURFACES:   Mcnsuratiim  of,  474.— Friction  of  difTerent  plane,  470. 

SWORDS  :  Noncommissioned  ofiicer's  ;  Musician's,  223,  22 !.— Foot- officer's,  224. 

T. 

TABLES  :  Ordnance,  1 8-21.— Shot  and  shells,  34-36.— Lead  balls,  36.— Cast-iron 
lialls,  3-7. — Piles  of  balls,  42. — Bolts,  nuts,  and  washers,  71.  JJimctxioiis  and  rvei'jlita  : 
Of  artillery-carriages,  74-83.— Of  machines,  119,  120.— Of  gins,  119.— Of  platforms, 
12(1. — Traverse-circles,  121. — Blocks  and  rollers,  121. — Buckles,  loops,  and  rings, 
161. — j'.ockets,  164.- — licather  parts  of  hiirness,  165. — Cavalry  equipments,  167. — 
Small  arms,  1S3. — Cartridge-boxes,  230. — Cartridges  for  small  arms,  270. — Field- 
aniiiimiiiioii.  279. — Siege  and  garrison  ammunition,  287. — Fuzes,  297. — Heights  of 
bn  ech-siglits,  3',M. — For  estimating  distances,  392. — Initial  velocities  of  cannon- 
l)all,^,  '.VX:,. — Initial  velocities  of  balls  fired  from  small  arms,  394. — Loss  of  velocity  by 
v.in'la':<\  3'.)5. —  Itangcs  of  war-rockets,  395. — Penetration  of  shot  in  masonry,  .396. 
—  I'riHtiatioji  of  shot  in  oak,  3)96-399. —  In  compact  earth,  397. — Penetration  of 
sli>  li-,  :'.'.)7. — PenetraUon  in  granite  and  brick,  401. — Penetration  of  small  arms, 
■lui'.—  .Mcn-ariiig  timlicr,  111. — Dimensions  of  sheet  tin;  Thickness  and  weight  of 
sli(  (  t  niitals,  IL'I'. — Jviuds  of  files  and  rasps,  423. — Wood-screws;  Cut  nails,  424. — 
Chi  niiral  e  luivalents  of  )K)dies,  430.— Strength  of  woods,  431.— Of  metals,  432.— 
Puiichiug  and  sheaving  metals,  4)53. — Strength  of  liemp  and  wire  rope,  434. — Spe- 


INDEX.  557 

cific  gravity  of  fluids,  438. — Weight  of  iron,  441-443.— Of  iron  pipes,  444.— Weights 
and  measures,  United  States,  445-447. — Coins,  448. — Foreign  measures  and  weights, 
449-452. — Foreign  coins,  453. — Equivalents  of  ounces  in  decimal  fractions  of  a 
pound,  452. — Comparison  of  French  and  United  States  measures,  454. — Regular 
polygons,  475. — Velocities  of  spherical  case  shot,  484. — Foreign  small  arms,  487. — 
Foreign  ordnance,  488. — Navy  ordnance,  492. — For  converting  metres  into  inches, 
493. — Kilogrammes  into  pounds,  and  grammes  into  grains,  494. — Density  of  water 
at  different  temperatures,  495. — Natural  sines  and  tangents,  535. — Powers  and  roots 
of  numbers,  496. — Logarithms  of  numbers,  516. — Logarithms  of  sines,  537. — Of 
tangents,  539. 

TANGENTS :  Table  of  natural  tangents,  535. 

TAR :  How  obtained  ;  Uses,  430. 

TAR-BTJCKET:  Nomenclature;  Dimensions  and  weight,  135. 

TARPAULINS,  of  three  sizes:  Dimensions  and  weights,  135. 

TARRED  LINKS:  Preparation  of,  306.— Burn,  how  long,  306.— Preservation 
in  store,  317. 

TENACITY  of  woods  and  metals,  431,  432. 

TEST:  Of  bronze;  Copper;  Tin,  22.— Gun-iron,  24.— Saltpetre,  crude,  235.— 
Refined,  236.— Lead,  261.— Bar-iron,  416.— Steel,  419.— Files,  423. 

THERMOMETERS  :  Comparison  of  different  scales,  458. 

THREAD,  Cartridge,  264.— Quantity  for,  270. 

THUMBSTALLS:  Dimensions  and  weights,  135. — Number  required,  237. 

TIMBER:  Kinds,  405.— Selection,  406.— Felling,  406.— Getting  out,  407.— In- 
spection, 407. — Defects,  408. — Seasoning  and  preservation,  409. — Kyanizing,  409. 
— Steaming,  409. — Piling,  409. — Kiln-drying,  410. — Charring,  410. — Measuring, 
410. — Specific  gravity  and  strength  of,  431.  Bills  of:  For  field-carriages,  84. — For 
siege,  88. — For  mountain-howitzer,  87. — For  repair  of  carriages,  367-372. 

TIN :  For  manufacture  of  bronze  guns,  22. — Analysis,  23.  Sheet :  421. — Dimen- 
sions, 422. 

TINNING  IRON  AND  COPPER :  Manner  of,  425. 

TOOL-CHESTS :  For  portable  forge,  58.— Contents,  357,  358. 

TOOLS :  Armorer's,  for  an  arsenal,  211. — Laboratory,  328.— For  field-forge,  340. 
— For  field-battery  wagon,  342. — For  park-forge,  346. — For  park-battery  wagon, 
349. — For  siege-train,  368. — For  armament  of  forts,  373. — For  forge  for  mountain- 
service,  356-358. 

TOP-CARRIAGE  :  Barbette  :  Nomenclature,  63.— Dimensions  and  weights,  78, 
79,  82,  83.     Casemate  :  Nomenclature,  65. — Dimensions  and  weights,  80,  81,  83. 

TORCHES  :  Preparation  of,  305. 

TORSION:  Resistance  of  cylinders  of  different  metals  to,  437. 

TOTJRBILLON:  (Piece  of  ornamental  fireworks:)  How  made,  321. 

TOURTEAUX.     (See  Tarred  Links,  305.) 

TOW-HOOK,  for  unpacking  ammunition-chests;  Dimensions  and  weight,  135. 

TRAIL  HANDSPIKE:  Nomenclature,  136.— Dimensions  and  weights,  137. 

TRAJECTORY  of  a  Ball :  In  vacuo,  480.— In  the  air,  483. 

TRAVERSE-CIRCLES:  Dimensions  and  weights,  121. 

TRAVELLING-FORGE:   Nomenclature,  48.— Dimensions  and  weights,  77.— 


558  INDEX. 

Bill  of  timber,  85.— Bill  of  iron,  95.— For  field-battery,  339.— For  field-park,  346. 
— AVcights  equipped,  360. 

TKIGONOMETRY :  Formulge,  478,  479. 

TRUCKS:  Casemate:  Store:  Nomenclature,  115-116. — Dimensions,  weights,  119. 

TRUNNION-CHAINS:  Number j  Use;  Dimensions;  Weights,  114. 

TUBE-POUCH:  Nomenclature;  Dimensions  and  weight,  135. — Number  required 
to  a  piece,  337. 

TURPENTINE:  How  obtained,  429.— Spirits  of,  430.— Weight,  169.— Propor- 
tions in  paint,  170,  171. 

u. 

UNLOADING  SHELLS :  Implements;  Precautions  in;  Manner  of,  318. 
UNSERVICEABLE  STORES,  breaking  up,  317. 
UNSPIKING  CANNON,  32. 

V. 

VALISE:  Nomenclature,  147.— Weight,  163. 

VALISE-SADDLE:  Use;  Nomenclature,  146.— Weight,  163. 

VALUE  of  foreign  coins,  453. 

VARIATIONS  allowed  in  ordnance,  29. 

VARNISH :  For  holsters,  174. — Copal,  174. — Japan,  175. — For  browned  arms, 
194. — For  percussion-caps,  301. 

VELOCITIES,  Initial :  To  determine,  250.— Of  iron  balls,  393.— Of  lead  balls, 
394. — Loss  by  windage,  395. — General  formulae  for  computing,  485. 

VELOCITY:  Of  Balls:  Loss  of,  by  resistance  of  the  air,  483.— Of  descent  in  air, 
485.— Of  sound,  456.— Of  the  wind,  457. 

VENT:  Position,  16.— Diameter,  18.— Replacing,  32. 

VENT-COVER,  for  field-pieces ;  Dimensions  and  weight,  135. 

VENTILATION:  How  much  required,  456. 

VENT-PIECE,  for  rifled  and  bronze  guns,  15,  16. 

VENT-PUNCH:  Dimensions  and  weight,  136. 

w. 

WADS:  Fabrication;  Weight,  286. — Dimensions  and  weights;  Moulds  for,  287. 

WALNUT,  BLACK :  Uses;  Properties,  405.— Strength  ;  Spec,  grav.,  432. 

WAR-ROCKETS:  Fabrication,  314.— Packing, 315.— How  fired,  315.— Preserva- 
tion in  store,  317. 

WASHERS:  Linch :  Shoulder:  Dimensions  and  weights,  70.     For  Bolts,  71. 

WATER:  Weight  of  a  cubic  foot  of,  438,  447. — Allowance  for  man  and  horse, 
455. — Density  at  different  temperatures,  459. — Displaced  by  the  same  glass  bulb, 
at  diiftTcnt  temperatures,  495. 

WATER-BUCKET:  Dimensions;  Weight,  136. 

WATERING-BRIDLE,  for  cavalry  :  Nomenclature,  156. 

WATERING-BUCKET,  for  field-service;  Dimensions  and  weight,  136. 

WEDGE:  Power  of,  469. 


INDEX.  559 

WEIGHTS  :  Of  guns  of  1861, 18.— Guns  of  1844,  19.— Howitzers,  20.— Mortars, 
21. — Proof-charges  for  guns,  31. — Shot  and  shells,  34. — Spherical  case  shot,  35. — 
Grape-shot,  36. — Lead  balls,  36. — Cast-iron  balls,  37. — Axle-trees,  68. — Linch-pins, 
69. — Washers,  70. — Nuts,  71. — Field-gun  carriages,  74. — Mountain-howitzer  car- 
riage, 75. — Siege-carriages,  76,  77. — Mortar -beds,  77. — Barbette-carriages,  wooden, 
78,  79. — Casemate-carriages,  wooden,  80,  81. — Columbiad  barbette  carriages,  82. — 
Wrought-iron  carriages,  83. — Sling-carts  and  trucks,  119. — Gins,  119. — Jacks,  120. 
— Platforms,  120. — Traverse-circles,  121. — Blocks  and  rollers,  121. — Handspikes, 
137. — Bars,  137. — Implements,  138. — Worms,  140. — Sponges  for  mortars,  140. — 
Horseshoes,  151. — Horseshoe-nails,  161. — Harness,  163. — Cavalry  equipments,  167. 
— Small  arras,  183. — Proof-charges  for  muskets,  184. — Box  of  small  arms,  196. — 
Swords  and  sabres,  224, — Cartridge-boxes,  230. — Laboratory-paper,  263. — Car- 
tridges for  small  arms,  270. — Field  ammunition,  280. — Siege  and  sea-coast  ammu- 
nition, 287. — Fuzes,  297. — Gun-carriages  and  caissons,  equipped  for  service,  359. 
— Forges  and  battery-wagons,  equipped  for  service,  360. — Sheet  metals,  422. — 
Coals,  429. — To  break  hemp  and  wire  rope,  454. — Bar  iron,  441. — Cast-iron  pipes, 
444. — United  States  weights,  447. — Foreign,  451. — Raised  by  men  and  horses,  471, 
472. 

WEIGHTS  AND  MEASURES :  United  States,  445-448.— Foreign,  448-453.— 
Comparison  of  French  and  United  States,  454. 

WELDING-COMPOSITION:  For  iron  or  steel,  421. 

WHEAT:  Weight  of  a  bushel;  Of  a  cubic  foot,  456. 

WHEEL  AND  AXLE:  Mechanical  power  of,  468. 

WHEEL-CASES:  For  fireworks,  322.— Dimensions,  326. 

WHEELS  :  Classification,  68.     SUng-cart :  Nomenclature,  113.— Weight,  119. 

WHEELS  AND  PINIONS :  Power  of,  468. 

WHIPS:  Manufacture,  150.— Weight;  Number  required,  163. 

WIND  :  Velocity  and  force  of,  457. 

WINDAGE  OF  BALLS:  Definition,  15.— Amount,  18-20.— Loss  of  velocity 
by,  395. 

WIPER,  for  mortars:  Tow  cloth,  1  yard  square,  136. 

WIRE-GAUGE :  Thickness  of  wire  and  sheet  metals  by,  422. 

WIRE-ROPE,  Iron:  Strength  of,  in  lbs.  and  equivalent  hemp  rope,  434. 

WOODS :  (see  Timber,  405 :)  Strength  and  spec.  grav.  of,  431,  432. 

WOOD-SCREWS:  Classification  and  dimensions,  424. 

WORMS  :  Fabrication,  129. — Dimensions  and  weights,  140. 

Y. 

YELLOW- WASH,  for  buildings  :  Composition  and  application,  172. 

z. 

ZING:  Properties;  Specific  gi-avity ;  Uses;  How  purchased,  262. 


(;  iTN  s,  M  ()  I)  K  I.  ii!(; 

'////■//  Fifh]  liiiii'liilhuh 


s'tft)/^  i [,'11' //.:/•/■ 


n 


! 

I  4:'>inrli  Si /-tit'  limi  'Riilft/ 1 . 


]/'  nifli  Sifi/r  Mfiiiir 


l\ 

i 
\ 

'' S null  Sity/t' . 

Mfvltt, 

r 

\            

[ 

/ 

\ 

'■hfiii   Mriltu- 


A 


/■">  nith    .S/v/   I't'tisl  Mt'i-hi 


h' iiifh   Sfii  li'/i.s/  , ]/,'!■/, ir 


•^ 


LS 


FIELD     CAKHIACI-: 


CAISSON 


I'L.ITK  :i. 


l"r{AVKLLlN(;    h'O  R  ( ;  [■; 

n 


Pl^ATK    -1. 


r.  AT'I-F'-.  I(  V     WA(;()X 


M O  r  Xl'AlN    ART  11. 1,  i'.  It  V 


SIElrK     CAiUnAdE 


ACOHTAK     WACrOX 


l'l.A-UF.   ». 


mn^rin 


BARBETTE  CARRIAGE  (WOOD  ) 


i        ®    •  -tj 


g^^ 

^ 


r  ASK  MATK   C  A  MLTAG  K   WOO  I) 


CARREArrE    >' OK  FLANK  CAS-EMATESiAVOOi)  PLATi:  11. 


PAKTS  OF  imm  CJ^HRIAGES 


rn^eiiiote  rati 


BAliBETTE    CATURIAGE.FKOlSrT  PINTLE  IIROS^J 


PLATE  13. 


C-.    ° 


CHAP.  in. 


BAKHETTE  (ARIMAGK,  TENTH  P",  IMN'I'l-H    IKOX 


PLATE  If. 


r 


rl_ E:: 


21 


rASKMATK  (   AUl?[Af'.K    \HCS 


r^     ^7 


KIKLTJ  AND  SIKCK  (UN 


-.^y 


-  /  &  7    ■     ■'■"',, 


r^\  ^-^     . 


\.'\ 


^     J 


.^vJ-5^ 


Q 


( '  A  S  !•;  M  A  T  V.     G  I  N 


I'LATE   17. 


si.ix(;    cAU'i" 


Kl  A  (•  T!  I  X  1'-  vS 


s  ? 


p^ 


s 


-^1 : 


minrrrir:: 


Ha]/' roll,' r 


],nriii  r,)///-i 


\     i^    1,111)   r/n>r/,' 

5l «  I 


1. J 


-r;/,>r/  ;v.//, 


////',•/!•  ^'/;,7//-  hiar/r 


U-u/ 


Sliil'luui   1 1 1, ink- 


A  HTILLIU!  V     S  AHDL  [•:  S 


l)riv,'r.,'  Sa,!,!/,- 


ra/i,v,^   Sa.hllr 


AU'ril,!,!'',  I{  V    1 1  AH  NKSS 


rj.ATE    -.il . 


'nir    \\'l,,:'l    //,v.sv 


aiX^3!= 


( '  A\^AT,  H  Y    Kqmi'MK  N  T  S 


/Av/./vA/// 


r 


//// 


uffn 


^Nl  J  h  W^  II 


ira/,-ruu,  Ihl 


Halln 


■iil'l" 


r  AVA  I,  U  V    K  Q  U  I  1 '  M  K  N  T  S 


Pi.yrrF.    Z3. 


j'Airrs  oi-'  Mi'SKi'iT 


PATi'l'S    dl''   MI'S  h'l'lT 


6 


l\' 


ir.^i'.  viu 


S  MAI.  I.    A  \\y\  s 


rLA'rh:  .m. 


CHAT  VUl 


PACin3:<V    SMALl.  AHMS, 


C.       O       O.      O       OS 
,   o o_„  _g o      o  V 


T       1^ 


:z?.- 


,.. 

\   ■' 

\ ;  1 ; 

1  /  '1 

S   9 

g    9 

o 

;  1  i 

1  1  1  1 

V: 

o    o 

o       o 

IffYMo- 


I  t     ■    n     ^ 


r/„„ 


LE 


W 


'-  t  '$^~ZIIi::~r. 


m 


iiii 


-^^131 


31  s^ 


GCTiS" 


'    il 

_  j 

\ 

_j 

Sa 

5 

_ 

1 

5 

i'     ^- 

5 

•^ 

J    =^ 

_ 

? 

- 

3 

^-..      . 

CSAT.  VUX. 


SWDRDS 


AJM'AJfJVTrs  roji  rKovi:MG  i'owder 


pi^TJi  za. 


LIU^HTNING   RODS 


I'Z^TJi   30. 


J 


jlia/fOKine 


Sf'4'UoN  of  KiAi/e  fbruha-ir/r 


SAB  O  T  S 


PL^TE  .11. 


AMMUJSflTIOU  CHESTS 


6Fcb:  (.. 


Plan. 


1 


Flan. 


I^ rdr  GlLfV 


FUut. 


L'FrJj-:  ffoinlx^r. 


2 4 I'd/:  I/owUzer. 


Wmlk: 


niTi 


'    J Jil    1 


;e7 


rixi 


■^ 


3^ 


iiBiii 


Elevaliorc. 


J 


/•/rMV/^/, 


l). 


i 


i^ J\lr.  /Icwi/zer. 


WtW^ 


^HH 


9 


0 


CTij^e.  jji . 


KNOTS 


Half  Hitch .        ^  p/^,^/^  ^,,^ 


S'in/fle  how  Eh/yt. 


SquJirf'  EnMb- 


Siiu<jrf  h<nvl£ri/^1 . 


Weavers  Kn of-  ■ 


f?ermarvirn.ot 


ZEalfEitrhe.s-  or 
Artifirers  Knot.    \ 


I 


Bonhle  rraTlX  Knot 

Artifirers  Kn/^t . 


Capstan^  or 
Fro  U '  ng  &IfnM . 


^^^^^^s^^s;^$s^^??s^s?;^^yN^^^g§sgi^ 


14  DAY  USE 

RETURN  TO  DESK  FROM  WHICH  BORROWED 

LOAN  DEPT. 

This  book  is  due  on  the  last  date  stamped  helow,  or 

on  the  date  to  which  renewed. 

Renewed  books  are  subject  to  immediate  recall. 


REC'D  LP 


H0V13'63-10.AM 


S^vJ) 


U^ 


^    /  U- 


-'l 


INTER-LIBRARY 


Lowr 


SEP  2  0  1967 


JUL  2  8  1988 


AUTO  Disc.  JUL  07 '88 


AJov/  /y 


1>-c     ir 


AUTQ.  DISC, 


SS\y>lZ  1988 


CIRCULATio 


M- 


LD  21A-40m-4,'63 
<D6471»10)476B 


General  Library 

University  of  California 

Berkeley 


2ZVCl't»0I^ 


LD  21A-50m-8,'61 
(Cl795sl0)476B 


General  Library  i 

University  of  California  i 


^B  49732 


INTERLIBRAEY  LOAN 

PleaJre  return  to  History 
and  World  Affairs  Section 
San  Diego  Public  Library. 


THE  UNIVERSITY  OF  CALIFORNIA  LIBRARY 


U.C.  BERKELEY  LIBRARIES 


CDQS3^S0S7 


